Search

Copyright of African Journal of Reproductive Health is the property of Women's Health & Action Research Centre and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Why do some international agreements fail to achieve their goals? Rather than states' engaging in cheap talk, evasion, or shallow commitments, the World Health Organization's (WHO) International Health Regulations (IHR)—the agreement governing states' and WHO's response to global health emergencies—point to the unintended consequences of information provision. The IHR have a dual goal of providing public health protection from health threats while minimizing unnecessary interference in international traffic. As such, during major outbreaks WHO provides information about spread and severity, as well as guidance about how states should respond, primarily regarding border policies. During COVID-19, border restrictions such as entry restrictions, flight suspensions, and border closures have been commonplace even though WHO recommended against such policies when it declared the outbreak a public health emergency in January 2020. Building on findings from the 2014 Ebola outbreak, we argue that without raising the cost of disregarding (or the benefits of following) recommendations against border restrictions, information from WHO about outbreak spread and severity leads states to impose border restrictions inconsistent with WHO's guidance. Using new data from COVID-19, we show that WHO's public health emergency declaration and pandemic announcement are associated with increases in the number of states imposing border restrictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of South African Journal of Cultural History is the property of South African Society for Cultural History and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

There were reported cholera epidemics in some States in Nigeria. Cholera is an acute diarrhea disease with marked epidemic propensity, caused by colonization of the small intestine by Vibrio cholerae serogroup 01 or 0139. Cholera, like other infectious diseases epidemics, has propensity for sending metastatic seed to any susceptible remote community. If the metastatic seed can be promptly diagnosed and managed appropriately, the spread and development of new epicenter can be aborted. This report is a case of metastatic cholera who presented in a tertiary hospital in Edo State, Nigeria. The case was promptly detected and effectively managed using good surveillance system, inter-departmental collaboration, swift responses, good laboratory practices, patient isolation and infection prevention and control measures, coupled with appropriate fluid and antimicrobial treatments. This prevented cholera epidemic in the hospital and Edo State in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Frontières is the property of Universite du Quebec a Montreal, Revue Frontieres and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study aims at the socio-historical framework of the epidemiological phenomenon as it originates within society and ends with it within a historical pattern that represents temporal determination, and a social pattern that represents the interactions between it and its social environment. The study reveals the active variables in epidemics, their history and geographical context, then addressing the interactions resulting from them and ending with their repercussions, then the methods of societal confrontation to reduce any epidemic phenomenon that threatens human existence such as separation, isolation and quarantine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of British Journal of Canadian Studies is the property of Liverpool University Press / Journals and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cette revue de littérature s’intéresse à la question des épidémies et à leurs études à l’intérieur des Amériques dans la revue Recherches amérindiennes au Québec (1971-2021). Bien que peu d’écrits aient été consacrés au sujet dans la revue depuis ses débuts, les épidémies et leurs impacts sur les sociétés autochtones (autant démographiques que religieux, politiques, militaires ou sociaux) se sont révélés un facteur déterminant dans la conquête des Amériques. Cette invisibilité du choc microbien, ainsi que l’hécatombe qui s’en est suivi semble généralisée dans la littérature. Pourtant, l’arrivée des Européens dans le « Nouveau-Monde » a mené à l’apparition de maladies aux effets dévastateurs sur les populations autochtones. Les missionnaires, les commerçants autochtones, ainsi que les politiques et les alliances ont joué des rôles centraux dans la propagation des maladies en Amérique.

Depuis les années 1800, les Anicinapek ont connu diverses épidémies qui ont laissé des traces dans leur mémoire et leurs pratiques, ravivées lors du confinement du printemps 2020. Ces traces diffèrent de celles laissées dans les chroniques des auteurs allochtones : les autorités gouvernementales et ecclésiastiques les ont pensés sans ressources, sans savoirs et sans médicaments efficaces. Dans une perspective de décolonisation des savoirs, nous remettons en question l’hégémonie du discours allochtone sur les épidémies historiques chez les Autochtones en explorant comment les Anicinapek ont conceptualisé la notion d’épidémies, ainsi que les pratiques qu’ils pouvaient déployer face à elles. Cet article se fonde en priorité sur un corpus de données formé à partir de deux types de sources : des récits oraux recueillis lors d’enquêtes longitudinales ; et des documents écrits par des Anicinapek. À partir de cet angle émique, sont exposées les assises idéologiques et cosmologiques du système de santé anicinape, de la moitié du xixe siècle jusqu’aux années 1970.

À l’automne 1948, une « maladie étrange » fait son apparition à Igluligaarjuk (Chesterfield Inlet), un petit village de la baie d’Hudson. Les Soeurs Grises en charge de l’hôpital sont les premières à sonner l’alerte. Dans les camps, les décès se multiplient et les enterrements s’opèrent dans la précipitation. Des médecins sont envoyés d’urgence en avion, tel le docteur Moody qui décrète une vaste zone de confinement au début de l’hiver 1949, l’une des plus grandes dans l’histoire canadienne. Du côté des Inuit, la vague des décès continue. Des évacuations se font par avion et plusieurs Inuit meurent dans le sud du pays, loin de leurs familles. À l’été 1949, de nombreux malades refusent alors d’être évacués. D’autres cherchent des solutions du côté des chamanes. La tradition orale a gardé en mémoire le cas de Nagjuk qui finit par s’offrir lui-même en sacrifice, ayant indiqué auparavant à ses compagnons que seule sa mort pourrait stopper le mal. À partir de plusieurs témoignages recueillis auprès d’Inuit de la région et de soeurs missionnaires qui ont vécu l’épidémie jour après jour, une double analyse est proposée. La première, historique, revient sur la chronologie des événements tels qu’ils sont rapportés par les soeurs. La seconde, de portée anthropologique, interroge les gestes du chamane à se donner la mort. L’épidémie de poliomyélite révèle l’importance de la force vitale et la pratique du don de soi au sein du chamanisme inuit.

Cet article traite des épidémies qui ont frappé les populations de chiens dans l’Arctique oriental canadien (Nunavik et Nunavut) entre 1920 et 1970. Rapportées par des policiers, des représentants de l’État, des chercheurs ainsi que des explorateurs de passage, ces épidémies sont connues, mais n’ont jamais fait l’objet d’un examen systématique. Les objectifs de cet article consistent donc à décrire les épidémies canines, à mieux comprendre les motivations et les interventions du gouvernement canadien à leur égard, de même qu’à identifier les conséquences des épidémies et des interventions gouvernementales pour les Inuit. Cet article permet de documenter un nombre très important d’épidémies survenues entre 1920 et 1970 dans l’Arctique oriental canadien. Il permet aussi de constater que les interventions du gouvernement canadien à l’égard des épidémies s’appuient sur sa politique globale à l’égard de l’Arctique et qu’elles ne sont pas similaires au début et à la fin de la période étudiée. Il permet enfin constater que si les Inuit semblaient s’accommoder des épidémies lorsqu’ils pouvaient le faire dans leurs propres termes, les interventions gouvernementales engendraient beaucoup de frustrations.

On 27 March 2020, Pope Francis led a special prayer to seek divine intervention for the cessation of the global corona virus pandemic. At the end of the prayer, the pontiff, carrying a monstrance with the Blessed Sacrament, pronounced an extraordinary Urbi et Orbi blessing. At its worst, nature can be overwhelming and destructive in its universal ability to strike fear and terror that ridicules the best efforts of science. In such moments of universal terror and dread, human beings, in their helplessness and regardless of place and time, instinctively seek to escape their fate. In most instances, they do so either through faith or reason (science) alone, or through a combination of both. Supernatural powers are invoked through prayers and entreaties to assist mortals in their afflictions. For its part, reason dictates what needs to be done in terms of practical and necessary measures to alleviate pain and suffering while waiting for divine intervention. This article explores the historical response of Christianity during epidemic outbreaks. It does so more specifically through the lens of Catholic religious tradition and practices, in order to highlight a few instances when the Catholic Church partnered with science to shield human beings from nature's threat of extinction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revue d'études Autochtones is the property of Societe Recherches Autochtones au Quebec and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue d'études Autochtones is the property of Societe Recherches Autochtones au Quebec and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue d'études Autochtones is the property of Societe Recherches Autochtones au Quebec and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Litua: Studies & Research / Litua: Studii și Cercetări is the property of Muzeul Judetean Gorj Alexandru Stefulescu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Outbreaks of respiratory disease, febrile illness and rash occurred in two adjoining rural communities of Imo State, Southeastern, Nigeria, at different times between 2006 and 2020. Laboratory investigation was carried out to determine the aetiological agent of the outbreak. Methodology: Oropharyngeal swabs were collected from 6 individuals showing symptoms of disease, within 3-4 days of appearance of rash. Venous blood samples were also collected from a total of 41 symptomatic persons, their contacts and individuals with resolved infections. Swabs were inoculated into Vero, HEp-2c, B95a and MDCK cell lines. Sera were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for immunoglobulin G and M to rubella and measles viruses, while immunofluorescence assay was used to detect Lassa fever virus immunoglobulins. Descriptive data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Results: Four of the 6 (66.7%) swab samples showed viral activity or cytopathic effect characterized by clumping of cells in Vero cells while 2 (33.3%) in Hep-2c characterized by rounding up of cells. Thirty-nine (95.1%) sera were positive for measles IgG while 13 (31.7%) were positive for IgM. Thirty-six (87.8%) sera were positive for rubella IgG but none was positive for IgM. None of the sera was positive for Lassa fever virus IgG and IgM. Conclusion: Measles virus was responsible for the outbreak among previously vaccinated population in the communities, while Rubella and Lassa fever viruses were excluded as the etiological agents of the outbreak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: La surveillance des épidémies de maladies infectieuses se fait traditionnellement par le recensement individuel des cas cliniques, de la mortalité et des dépistages. Le suivi collectif par l'analyse de biomarqueurs dans les eaux usées est une nouvelle approche complémentaire qui se développe grâce aux progrès analytiques. Dans le cas des maladies infectieuses virales, elle accompagne les études épidémiologiques pour l'estimation de la prévalence au sein de la population raccordée à un même réseau de collecte des eaux usées. Dans le cadre de la pandémie de Covid-19, ce type d'approche s'est largement et rapidement développé dans le monde en raison des avantages espérés. L'article s'appuie sur les premiers travaux publiés depuis janvier 2020 dans une littérature en évolution rapide. Il montre que la méthode présente des limites liées notamment à la stratégie d'échantillonnage, aux effets analytiques de matrice, à la variabilité inter-laboratoires des résultats, et aux incertitudes sur l'excrétion virale individuelle dans les fèces. Elle utilise, dans la quasi-totalité des cas, une détection par PCR quantitative du génome du virus SARS-CoV-2 et n'est donc pas en mesure de caractériser son infectivité. Les résultats montrent une relation relativement bonne entre la concentration du génome dans les eaux usées et le nombre de cas infectieux confirmés. Les détections de virus semblent apparaître quelques jours avant les évolutions constatées sur la base de la clinique et des dépistages. Cela permettrait aux autorités sanitaires d'être alertées de la progression géographique d'une épidémie attendue ou d'anticiper leur réaction en cas de nouveau départ d'une épidémie en cours. La connaissance des tendances évolutives de la contamination par le virus des eaux usées dans des communes, voire des quartiers de villes, permet aussi de mieux cibler géographiquement et au fil du temps les actions de santé publique destinées à faire barrière à sa circulation dans la population desservie par leurs réseaux d'assainissement. En lien avec la surveillance sanitaire, la méthode a vocation à contribuer au développement de modèles épidémiologiques permettant de prévoir l'évolution de la pandémie à l'échelle locale. Elle est appelée à se développer en surveillance de site sentinelle permanente sur les territoires, fournissant en temps réel des indications épidémiologiques précoces. Cette surveillance des eaux usées peut aussi alimenter une banque d'échantillons témoins pour l'analyse rétrospective des premiers temps d'épidémies virales sur un territoire. Surveillance of infectious disease pandemics is traditionally carried out by the inventory of individual clinical cases, mortality, and biological testing. Collective monitoring through the analysis of biomarkers in wastewater is a new complementary approach developed due to progress in analytical chemistry. It supports epidemiological studies for the estimation of the prevalence of viral infectious diseases within communities connected to the same wastewater sewage network. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, this type of approach has developed widely and rapidly around the world, due to its anticipated benefits. The article builds on early work published since January 2020 in a rapidly evolving literature. It shows that the method has limitations related in particular to the sampling strategy, analytical matrix effects, interlaboratory variability of results, and also uncertainties about individual viral excretion in feces. In almost all cases, it uses genomic detection of SARS-CoV-2 virus by quantitative PCR and is therefore unable to characterize its infectivity. The results showed a relatively good relation between genome concentrations in wastewater and numbers of confirmed cases. The virus detections seemed to appear a few days before the changes observed on the basis of the clinical and test screenings and can alert the health authorities to the geographical progression of an expected epidemic or to anticipate their reaction in the event of a new spike of the current epidemic. Knowledge of the evolutionary trends of wastewater virus contamination in cities, or even in city districts, also makes it possible to better target geographically and over time the public health management actions intended to prevent the circulation of the virus in the population served by their sewerage systems. In connection with health surveillance, the method is intended to contribute to the development of epidemiological models to predict the evolution of the pandemic at the local level. It is expected to develop into a permanent surveillance network over the territories, providing early, real-time epidemiological indications. Wastewater monitoring could also feed a pool of control samples to determine retrospectively when a new outbreak of viral infection has entered a territory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Population & Sociétés is the property of Institut National d'Etudes Demographiques and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In case of emergency public authorities can take extraordinary measures, which alter the balance stricken between the relevant constitutional principles in ordinary situations. This has also an effect on procedures for the adoption of administrative rules and decisions. This chapter studies five typical manifestations of this process in view of the measures taken to cope with the health, economic and social crisis: acceleration, simplification, replacement, suspension and suppression of administrative procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ler Historia is the property of Ler Historia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Infections have been as old as mankind. Documented epidemics in the past were recently coupled with climatological changes, namely with bad weather periods. This is particularly evident for epidemics in the Roman Empire and in Medieval and Renaissance Europe. Also recently does climate change prove to have impact on the increase of vector bound viral infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: La France – ... le monde ! – est en émoi devant la pandémie de coronavirus, partie de Chine en fin d'année dernière, et qui fait de nombreuses victimes dans nos pays. Si le nombre de sujets atteints reste actuellement bien moindre que celui de nos grippes saisonnières (qui frappent régulièrement entre 1 et 4 millions de Français par an), sa mortalité actuelle est dix à vingt fois supérieure et explique ce « branle-bas de combat ». Sans disserter sur l'épidémie en cours dont tous les tenants ne sont pas encore connus à l'heure où j'écris, il peut être intéressant de se repencher sur les grandes épidémies du passé, pour voir quelles leçons en ont été tirées... et parfois oubliées ! France –... the world! – is in turmoil at the coronavirus pandemic, which left China at the end of last year, and which is claiming many victims in our countries. If the number of people affected currently remains much lower than that of our seasonal flu (which regularly strikes between 1 and 4 million French people per year), its current mortality rate is ten to twenty times higher and explains this "battle-bustle". Without going into the current epidemic, all of which are not yet known at the time of writing, it may be interesting to look back at the great epidemics of the past, to see what lessons have been learned from them... and sometimes forgotten! [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La querelle du contagionisme qui aboutit, pendant plusieurs décennies au XIXe siècle, à la victoire d'une doctrine qui affirmait la non-contagiosité des grandes maladies épidémiques, a été racontée avec brio en 1948 par Erwin Ackerknecht. Son récit constitue un point de départ au rôle, maintenant reconnu, de l'idéologie en médecine. L'histoire sera reprise ainsi que l'interprétation donnée par Ackerknecht selon laquelle le succès de la doctrine provenait des convictions bourgeoises et libérales de ses partisans. Nous y ajouterons qu'il s'agissait d'une élite qui cultivait des intentions généreuses et qu'elle s'était coupée des gens ordinaires, dont les praticiens du terrain exerçant en province. L'exemple de l'épidémie récente de choléra en Haïti montre le risque toujours actuel d'une contamination de la médecine par l'idéologie et la politique ainsi que l'absolue nécessité de confronter les théories aux faits. With the title "Anticontagionism between 1821–1867", Erwin Ackerknecht's 1948 Fielding Garrison lecture to the American Association for the History of Medicine marked a milestone in the history of medicine by showing how medicine could be influenced by politics and ideology. His account tells of the quarrel, particularly lively in France, between supporters and opponents of contagionism, a quarrel which led to the official doctrine that major epidemic diseases were not contagious (this doctrine in the form of dogma was only abandoned at the end of the century thanks to the progress of medical knowledge). The order in which the Academy of Medicine reviewed the reports it had requested is important, from the first when Étienne Pariset was sent to Spain to study two epidemics of yellow fever and wrongly asserted the contagious nature of the infection (and this assertion was quickly challenged) to the second when it became aware of the unanimous anticontagionist reports of French doctors who had been working in Egypt on the victims of the plague epidemic of 1834–1835. The Academy, i.e. the elite of the profession, had forged an anticontagionist conviction which it asserted during the cholera epidemic of 1832 neglecting the contrary opinion of provincial practitioners. The anticontagionist dogma – and this is Ackerknecht's interpretation – came from the bourgeois and liberal convictions of its supporters. They considered contagionism to be a medieval doctrine which, in their view, neglected the lamentable living and housing conditions of the poorest, those who were the most numerous victims of the epidemics. Their liberal criticism also concerned the organisation of quarantines, which were considered inefficient and blocked trade. We would add that it was an elite with generous intentions and that it had cut itself off from ordinary people. The example of the recent epidemic of cholera in Haiti shows the ever-present risk of medical contamination by ideology and politics, and the absolute necessity of confronting theories with facts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is an exploratory proof of concept analysis of individuals and families experiencing the public health crisis of the COVID-19 pandemic in 16 countries around the globe. The objective is to explore how individuals and families are coping with their regular and new roles during the COVID-19 pandemic in general and, in particular, under the "Stay-at-Home Directive" (SAHD). SAHD is one of the crucial public health directives to contain the pandemic. The study examines the concepts role strain, role compartmentalization and two of the three types of health-related behaviour (preventive health behaviour and sick-role behaviour). The secondary data examined through qualitative content analysis are 75 personal interviews with individuals published in the news media. The interviews were identified using a systematic search of published news media articles around the world in FACTIVA during the period 1 January to 30 March 2020, the first three months of the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings confirm the positive influence of role compartmentalization in decreasing role strain in the context of a public health crisis as families re-arrange their lives under SAHD. This influence appears stronger among healthy families (not yet infected by the virus) and among individuals who are parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Épidémiologie et Santé Animale is the property of Association pour l'Etude de l'Epidemiologie des Maladies Animales (AEEMA) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Several African countries including Nigeria have been battling with public health challenges for decades. Nigeria is currently facing several public health emergencies including cholera, circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus infection, cerebrospinal meningitis, monkey pox, measles, Lassa fever, and Yellow fever outbreaks in some states, as well as a humanitarian crisis in the northeast region of the country. Sporadic outbreaks of Yellow fever have been occurring in the country since September 2017 involving all thirty six states of the Federation, resulting in about 90 deaths (case fatality rate of 2.2%) and 31 deaths among confirmed cases (case fatality rate of 19.0%). Although, there is currently no specific treatment for Yellow fever, vaccination with the Yellow fever vaccine provides life-long protection, and is the most important means of preventing the disease. Despite the availability of an effective vaccine, the re-emergence of Yellow fever is directly correlated with its continuous dissemination in several countries to date. Timely detection of Yellow fever and rapid response through emergency vaccination campaigns are essential for controlling outbreaks. Vector surveillance and control are important components of reducing transmission in epidemic situations. This review attempts to provide update information on the current situation of Yellow fever in Nigeria with highlights on the history, pathogenesis and diagnosis of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cahiers des Dix is the property of Societe des Dix and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Panorama Económico is the property of Universidad de Cartagena and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Résumé Les infections respiratoires basses demeurent dans le monde la principale cause de mortalité d'origine infectieuse. La grippe y est particulièrement impliquée, que ce soit intrinsèquement ou plus encore, en faisant le lit des infections et superinfections bactériennes. Elle est aussi responsable de la décompensation de nombreuses comorbidités, et favoriserait l'apparition de certains infarctus du myocarde et d'accidents vasculaires cérébraux. Plus que les thérapies antivirales dont l'impact reste limité, les mesures préventives chez les patients à risque, et tout particulièrement la vaccination, demeurent un enjeu majeur de santé publique. La grippe reste donc toujours un défi de tous les instants et à tous les niveaux, de la prévention vaccinale, à la reconnaissance des formes atypiques, en passant par la prise en charge précoce des complications bactériennes. Abstract Lower respiratory infections remain the deadliest communicable disease in the world. Influenza infections are particularly involved, whether intrinsically, or more frequently, by promoting bacterial infections and superinfections. The flu is also responsible for the decompensation of many comorbidities and could lead to some myocardial infarction and stroke. The effect of antiviral therapies is limited but preventives measures, such as vaccination, remain a major public health issue. The flu is a major challenge at all levels and all times, from vaccine prevention, to the recognition of atypical forms, and the early management of bacterial complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cahiers des Dix is the property of Societe des Dix and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Outre-Mers: Revue d'Histoire is the property of Societe Francaise d'Histoire d'Outre Mer and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ler Historia is the property of Ler Historia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ler Historia is the property of Ler Historia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Understanding the processes that underlie species fluctuations is crucial to the development of efficient management strategies for outbreaks of destructive forest pests. Yet, the role of biotic and abiotic factors as well as their interactions in synchronizing outbreaks is not understood, despite many empirical and theoretical studies of species fluctuations. Here, we use a combined statistical-simulation model to investigate how defoliation spread and autocorrelated weather affect outbreaks of a major defoliator of North American boreal forest, the spruce budworm ( Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens)). We modelled the regional dynamics of spruce budworm and based the model on data collected from spatiotemporal aerial surveys of defoliation from 1968-2015 in Quebec, Canada. The effects of weather on local forest stand defoliation and mortality transitions, along with defoliation spread probability and distance, were estimated statistically. Simulations were run with these estimates to identify the effects of spatiotemporal weather autocorrelation on synchronicity of outbreaks. Defoliation spread together with weather variables was found to best fit the observed outbreak size. Simulation models suggest that positive temporal autocorrelation in weather promotes outbreaks, indicating that a series of suitable years could encourage outbreaks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early-instar caterpillars experience very high and often very variable mortality; if it is density dependent, it can be a key factor in outbreak dynamics. Plant physical and chemical defenses can be extremely effective against young caterpillars, even of specialists. Phenological asynchrony with host plants can lead to dispersal and mortality in the early instars and increased predation or poor nutrition in later instars. Predation on early-instar larvae (including cannibalism) can be extremely high, parasitism appears generally low, and pathogens acquired early in larval development can lead to high mortality in later stadia. Four well-studied species reveal very different roles of early-instar mortality in population dynamics. In spruce budworm and gypsy moth, early-instar mortality rates can be very high; they do not drive outbreak cycles because density dependence is weak, but can modulate cycles and contribute to outbreak size and duration. For the autumnal moth, early-instar survival depends on host plant synchrony, but may or may not be density dependent. For monarch butterflies, the relative importance of larval mortality rates in population dynamics remains unclear. Tritrophic interactions between herbivores, host plants, natural enemies, and microbes play complex and species-specific roles in early-instar ecology, leading to emergent dynamics in population fluctuations. The phenology of these relationships is often poorly understood, making their responses to climate change unpredictable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]