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The COVID‐19 pandemic forced the postponement of some international events, such as the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games, which negatively impacted residents and the local tourism industry. Therefore, it is necessary to understand residents' support for hosting major sporting events. We surveyed 769 residents using a structural equation model and applied social exchange theory (SET) to analyse the 31st Summer Universiade and examine their support for hosting major sporting events. The results revealed a significant relationship between postponement risk perception and the perceived costs and benefits, which affected the residents' support for hosting major events. These findings confirmed perceived benefits and costs as key factors determining residents' support for/opposition to major events. We proposed the residents' postponement risk perception concept, integrated it into the event tourism research model, and expanded the explanatory power of SET in unconventional contexts, providing stakeholders with references for planning and hosting events under special circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines how the strategy of constructing the social problem of animal cruelty in Russia has become successful in the context of preparing and holding sports mega- events. The constructionist theory of social problems by M. Spector, J. Kitsius, and J. Best is developed on the basis of N. Elias’s civilization theory, as well as on the studies of mega- events in non-western countries. The analytical scheme of hierarchically interconnected levels of industries of social problems initiating, in interaction, the very actualization of various social conditions on the threshold of mega- events is offered: these are regional, national, and international. Two cities were chosen, Kazan and Sochi, for the empirical fields of research. The research sample included materials from the media of regional and federal publications. The articles on the topic of stray animals in Sochi and Kazan in the eve of the sports mega- events were also searched on the websites of major international news agencies and newspapers. The method of discourse analysis was applied to the rhetoric of the main actors, to identify the main techniques of typification and the main discourses that are formed around the issue of the homeless animals’ treatment. Longitudinal media analysis allowed us to see how the rhetoric of actors of the national industry of social problems changes under the pressure of the international industry of social problems. We consider discursive constructions that are actively promoted at the regional level, but are modified or disappear at the federal and international levels.

The article provides an analysis of the results of the All-Russian Summer Universiades in the period from 2008 to 2022, taking into account the characteristics of the contingent of participants – athletes and coaches representing educational organizations of higher education. The list of sports that were organized in different years of the Universiade is presented. Educational organizations of higher education and regions that are more often among the winners and prizewinners of the All-Russian Summer Universiades are shown.

The article analyzes performance of the Russian national team at the World Summer and Winter University Games from 2013 to 2021. A brief historic overview of the participation of the USSR national team at the Universiades is outlined. The enumeration of sports, the number and list of participants representing the Russian Federation at the World University Games are given. Dynamics of the awards won, as well as the percentage of athletes with titles and grades at the 2019 Universiades are shown. On the basis of the material under study, relevant conclusions are made.

Introduction: Purchase behavior in the case of merchandise licensed by major sports events has seldom been studied. To fill this gap, this study tested a hypothetical model, which integrated related studies on professional sports, interscholastic sports, normal merchandise, and tourist souvenirs, using the Taipei 2017 Universiade as a case study. Methods: A survey was conducted with consumers who visited and made purchases at four physical stores in Taipei City; 462 valid questionnaires were collected. The questionnaire content included personal background, sport event identification, product attributes, perceived value, and purchase intention. The relationships between variables were tested using a structural equation model. Results: The results supported the path of "sport event identification → perceived value → purchase intention" indicated by the purchase of products licensed by professional sports and interscholastic sports. Specifically, sport event identification not only directly affected purchase intention, but also indirectly affected it through perceived value. The results also supported the path of "product attributes → perceived value → purchase intention" when perceived value was an intermediate variable derived from the purchase of normal merchandise and tourist souvenirs. Sport event identification had an overall higher effect on purchase intention than product attributes. Conclusion: Sport event identification can affect purchase intention directly as well as indirectly through perceived value. However, product attributes can only trigger purchase intention through the intermediate effect of perceived value. The results of this study not only illustrate the practical implications of the variables sport event identification and product attributes, but also provide possible directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The International University Sports Federation, which includes swimming in its Summer World University Games, has received the University Games World Championship title since 1959. Swimming has been presented at the 1st Universiade since 1959, to date 30 have been held. The purpose of this study is to determine the indicators of swimming skills among men and women of different ages at 14 World Swimming Universities in Stage I (1959-1991), and among 14 facts Swimming World Universiade in Stage II (1993-2019). Material: The results of the swimmers-finalists were summarized and analyzed for Stage I among 538 men and 456 women and for Stage II, among 828 men and 816 women. Results: The formation dynamics of swimming athletic skills for various marathon distances for different age groups were identify for men and women and the total significant difference in average speed indicators for all distances for men and women were determined. The formation dynamics of physical swimming skills for various marathon distances for different age groups are presented in detail and significant differences in the average swimming speed for all marathon distances are determined. Conclusions: The obtained results will make a significant scientific and methodological contribution to the further improvement of physical education and sports in a gender approach in the process of training and improvement evaluation of youth in the physical education and sport. This can motivate the youth to achieve better swimming result at prestigious competitions, which are the summer swimming marathons at all World University Games, Stage I and II. This study presents the details of the past and present state development of trends in athlete skills formation among swimmers of all ages and gender over a long period of time: from birth, development and stabilization of the ability to properly and reliably improve to the level of prestigious competitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: International sports competitions are one of the mass gathering events which require a well-planned medical care system for large numbers of participants. The Universiade, the World University Games, is organized for university athletes every two years. Methods: The medical service organization was presented and the medical care for injuries and illnesses provided during the 24th Summer Universiade were described. Results: During 1 to 23 August 2007, a total of 5,641 patients aged 12-89 years (including 1,700 athletes) received medical care. There were 2,535 cases (44.9%) using the Athletesั Village Polyclinic, 2,755 cases (48.8%) using the on-site medical units, and 351 cases (6.2%) using Thammasat Hospital. For the patients presented at the Athletesั Village Polyclinic, muscle strain was the most common injury (n=287, 34.1%), and musculoskeletal system problems were the most common illnesses (n= 484, 27.33%). Nineteen patients required hospital admission at Thammasat Hospital. Conclusion: This information might be useful for planning medical services in international multi-sport competitions in the future.

Copyright of ZARCH: Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in Architecture & Urbanism is the property of Universidad de Zaragoza and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents information on the Federation Internationale du Sports Universitaire (FISU) and its World University Games. The FISU is of European origin and was founded in 1948 in Luxembourg. Some of the important objectives of the FISU are: to encourage the development of physical education and sports among students of all countries by exchanging information on university sports; organizing international university sports; upholding and promoting the moral values of sport on an amateur basis; promoting sports competitions; exchanging student athletes; and fostering international understanding among future world leaders. Ever since 1948, the FISU's Executive Committees have involved national leaders representing such professions as education, law, medicine, physical education and sport administration. In 1957, through the membership of the United States National Student Association, the U.S. became affiliated with the FISU. Currently, FISU has approximately 60 member nations governed by a General Assembly that meets every two years following the summer World University Games. It holds summer and winter games for university students.

This study examines the impact of word of mouth (WOM) communication through social media and how it affects satisfaction with the Summer Universiade in Taipei. This study hopes to understand the usage characteristics of social media among university students and the implementation of social media and their effectiveness as a marketing strategy for sport organization. The hypotheses were verified using a survey of 572 university students from four universities that hosted competitions for the Summer Universiade Games. Data were analyzed using t test, Pearson’s correlation analysis and two-way ANOVA analysis. The results indicated that WOM has impacted satisfaction via social media, and the level of understanding of sporting events was significantly affected by WOM communication and overall satisfaction. Moreover, gender showed no significant differences in WOM communication and overall satisfaction with sporting events. However, male participants had significantly higher value in WOM dissemination than female respondents. In addition, the spectators’ understanding of the sporting event on WOM communication and overall satisfaction was not affected by the continued use of social media. Suggestions are provided, including sufficient sports marketing and service quality from the organizers, in order to maintain good sports events and enhance spectators’ feelings.

Sports is an integral part of the training of the military and police forces’ members, and Olympic sports disciplines, such as fencing, shooting and equestrian sports, are closely related to the traditional military training. The current situation in the Balkans reveals that the sports infrastructure in the possession of the Serbian Armed Forces and the Police Force is, in most cases, unused. Sporting events are impossible to organize without the consent of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, which is responsible for the necessary security assessments of sports competitions and sports facilities (stadiums, halls, swimming pools). Security is the most important prerequisite for holding the sports competitions, and new technologies are indispensable in providing security of sports competitions. We are witnessing ever more frequent incidents both in sports fields and facilities, and in sports associations, clubs, companies and media. Exactly because of its value, the sports industry becomes a source of conflict situations in which the interests of different groups are intertwined, having their origin in fans or nationalist ideologies. Using various examples, the paper demonstrates the role and importance of the Armed Forces and the Police Force in the sports industry in Serbia. Without their help, many sporting events could be hard to organize.

Objective: to determine the directions of increasing the innovative potential of a region through the development of innovative technologies and competences in the process of preparation and implementation of large investment projects in the Republic of Tatarstan.Methods: methodology of project management, institutional approach.Results: it is proved that the main large-scale directions of innovative potential development in the Republic of Tatarstan as a result of prepara- tion and implementing of Universiade 2013 in Kazan are: knowledge management, information technologies, risk management. It is shown that in the framework of the considered innovative areas, a complete system was formed of competences of employees and managers in the fields of education, trade, hospitality and service.Scientific novelty: the key directions were defined of increasing the innovative potential of a region through the development of innovative technologies and competences in the process of preparation and implementation of large investment projects by the example of the World Summer Student Games in Kazan in 2013.Practical significance: on the basis of specific examples, the authors illustrate the practice-oriented mechanism of innovative potential de- velopment of a region as a result of implementation of large investment projects.

After the terrorist attack at theBostonMarathon, Federal and Republican executive bodies took increased security measures during the XXVII World Summer Universiade inKazan. Bodies and Organizations of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-being (Rospotrebnadzor) were participants of all preparatory activities and directly provided security of the Student Games inKazan. This report analyzes the experience of providing radiation safety by Rospotrebnadzor experts at the stage of preparation for the Universiade. So far, Rospotrebnadzor organizations had no experience of providing radiation safety of such large-scale events. Analysis of the performed work with account for both positive and negative experiences is especially important in the context of preparations for the safety providing of the Olympic Winter Games inSochiin 2014.

In the second communication, the authors present and analyze in detail in chronological order all the activities performed in the course of providing radiation safety of the XXVII World Summer Universiade in Kazan. Special attention is given to assessing the effectiveness of the measures envisaged and implemented. Recommendations to improve the planning system have been developed, the list of measures ensuring radiation safety of the participants and guests to be held before and during large-scale events to ensure radiation safety was specified.

Chemical mass balance (CMB) modeling and radiocarbon measurements were combined to evaluate the sources of carbonaceous fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) in Shenzhen, China during and after the 2011 summer Universiade games when air pollution control measurements were implemented to achieve air quality targets. Ambient PM 2.5 filter samples were collected daily at two sampling sites (Peking University Shenzhen campus and Longgang) over 24 consecutive days, covering the controlled and uncontrolled periods. During the controlled period, the average PM 2.5 concentration was less than half of what it was after the controls were lifted. Organic carbon (OC), organic molecular markers (e.g., levoglucosan, hopanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), and secondary organic carbon (SOC) tracers were all significantly lower during the controlled period. After pollution controls ended, at Peking University, OC source contributions included gasoline and diesel engines (24%), coal combustion (6%), biomass burning (12.2%), vegetative detritus (2%), biogenic SOC (from isoprene, α-pinene, and β-caryophyllene; 7.1%), aromatic SOC (23%), and other sources not included in the model (25%). At Longgang after the controls ended, similar source contributions were observed: gasoline and diesel engines (23%), coal combustion (7%), biomass burning (17.7%), vegetative detritus (1%), biogenic SOC (from isoprene, α-pinene, and β-caryophyllene; 5.3%), aromatic SOC (13%), and other sources (33%). The contributions of the following sources were smaller during the pollution controls: biogenic SOC (by a factor of 10–16), aromatic SOC (4–12), coal combustion (1.5–6.8), and biomass burning (2.3–4.9). CMB model results and radiocarbon measurements both indicated that fossil carbon dominated over modern carbon, regardless of pollution controls. However, the CMB model needs further improvement to apportion contemporary carbon (i.e. biomass burning, biogenic SOC) in this region. This work defines the major contributors to carbonaceous PM 2.5 in Shenzhen and demonstrates that control measures for primary emissions could significantly reduce secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a brief summary of examples of social-economic consequences of hosting large-scale international competitions. By the example of Universiade-2013 in Kazan the author shows the influence of a large-scale international sports event on the social-economic development of a host region, basing on institutional approach. The fact of the investment attractivity growth is proved by example of Tatarstan Republic.

The aim of this research is to assess the burnout levels of the personnel in 25 th Winter Universiade, Erzurum 2011 Coordination Center and to comprehend whether there is any reaction to some demographic factors or not. In this research, Maslach Burnout Inventory (MTE) developed by Maslach and Jackson (1981) and translated into Turkish by Ergin (1922) was applied on 79 women and 144 men, 223 in total working for the coordination to acquire data about the burnout level. During the statistical evaluation of the acquired data, frequency analysis, descriptive statistics, independent Group t-test and single sided variance analysis (Anova) were applied. There has been no great difference among the burnout levels concerning gender, status, education and marital status.(p>0,05)

The article views the region investment attraction as not only its objective cumulate characteristics, but also takes into account the interests and positions of existing and potential investors which form the priorities of the investment atmosphere development of Tatarstan Republic. The authors develop the technique of estimation of the regional level managerial decisions and activities influence on the region investment attraction, as well as the correlation between these changes and the stated priorities of the regional investment policy (on the example of Universiade-2013 in Kazan).

This article intends to understand factors that determine provincial governments’ attitudes in supporting China’s international mega sports events. Through examining the tasks completed by the Guangdong provincial government for the 2010 Guangzhou Asian Games and the 2011 Shenzhen Summer World University Games, the findings confirmed that the political consideration of central leaders, the personal judgements of provincial authorities as well as the factional connection of municipal chiefs were all significant. The article concludes that to scrutinize all the powerful figures of the central, provincial and municipal governments is essential for future academic works with the aim of comprehending the attitude of the Chinese provincial governments towards any sport-related issues. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The 16th Universiade, an international multi-sport event, was hosted in Shenzhen, China from 12 to 23 August 2011. During this time, officials instituted the Pearl River Delta action plan in order to enhance the air quality of Shenzhen. To determine the effect of these controls, the current study examined the trace elements, water-soluble ions, and stable lead isotopic ratios in atmospheric particulate matter (PM) collected during the controlled (when the restrictions were in place) and uncontrolled periods. Fine particles (PM2.5) were collected at two sampling sites in Shenzhen: "LG"--a residential building in the Longgang District, with significant point sources around it and "PU"--Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School in the Nanshan District, with no significant point sources. Results from this study showed a significant increase in the concentrations of elements during the uncontrolled periods. For instance, samples at the LG site showed (controlled to uncontrolled periods) concentrations (in ng·m-3) of: Fe (152 to 290), As (3.65 to 8.38), Pb (9.52 to 70.8), and Zn (98.6 to 286). Similarly, samples at the PU site showed elemental concentrations (in ng·m-3) of: Fe (114 to 301), As (0.634 to 8.36), Pb (4.86 to 58.1), and Zn (29.5 to 259). Soluble Fe ranged from 7%-15% for the total measured Fe, indicating an urban source of Fe. Ambient PM2.5 collected at the PU site has an average 206Pb/204Pb ratio of 18.257 and 18.260 during controlled and uncontrolled periods, respectively. The LG site has an average 206Pb/204Pb ratio of 18.183 and 18.030 during controlled and uncontrolled periods, respectively. The 206Pb/204Pb ratios at the PU and the LG sites during the controlled and uncontrolled periods were similar, indicating a common Pb source. To characterize the sources of trace elements, principal component analysis was applied to the elements and ions. Although the relative importance of each component varied, the major sources for both sites were identified as residual oil combustion, secondary inorganic aerosols, sea spray, and combustion. The PM2.5 levels were severely decreased during the controlled period, but it is unclear if this was a result of the controls or change in meteorology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to identify dimensions of brand image of an international sport event. Athletes and official team delegates participating in the 2009 Summer Universiade held in Belgrade, Serbia, were interviewed. Data analysis revealed five core event image dimensions: competition, emotional, social, cultural, and organizational. These themes related to past research but showed a more balanced interplay between the competition and socio-cultural images of the event. Implications for event and tourism marketing include the communication of certain imageries to key consumer groups as well as the provision of experiences that reinforce or alter event imagery. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The purpose of this paper is to examine why athletes do not dope in sport. The research treats the 'problem' of doping as an issue of 'control' and draws on control theory (Hopwood, 1974; Byers, 2013) to analyze athletes choices not to engage in doping. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with current Canadian athletes, former athletes, coaches, and officials from seven different sports that competed in the CIS (Canadian Interuniversity Sport), national and international events, professional sport, Pan American Games, provincial teams, and World University Games. In total, 20 interviews were conducted with 7 female and 13 male participants. Results indicate that an overabundance of administrative formal control mechanisms may be creating confusion and inefficiency in the doping control system. More powerful control mechanisms such as social and self-controls seem to be operating amongst athletes and issues of trust and the role of emotion are significant concepts that require further research in this context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study seeks to identify and explain the key factors supporting the bid of Taiwan [Taipei] to host the 2017 Summer Universiade. In tackling this subject, this study employs content analysis to elucidate how and to what extent the issues associated with this successful bid are portrayed by investigating a collection of material, including nine interviews and a review of published and unpublished documentary materials derived from government reports, parliamentary debates, academic journals, and media commentaries, among other sources. The study concludes that the experience of having hosted international sporting events, having existing facilities and venues, and having tacit consent and support from China were all important contributing factors to Taiwan's success. Among these factors, the ‘acquiescence’ from the Chinese government and relevant actors to Taiwan's ‘demands’ appeared to play a particularly important role. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article analyses how two large-scale sports events in Russia shape regional identities and brands, and prompt different social and administrative effects in urban milieus. These two mega-events are the Universiade in Kazan’ in 2013 and the Football World Cup to take place in 11 Russian cities, among which we focus more specifically on Nizhny Novgorod. We argue that the logic of municipal and regional authorities is largely based on post-political thinking, with such main priorities as building consensus, securing public order, stimulating consumption, developing investment opportunities, renovating urban areas, and branding and globally promoting regions’ competitive advantages. This logic, however, is often contested by groups concerned about financial transparency and accountability, managerial efficiency, environmental protection, preservation of historical areas and other public issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research is to determine the level of anxiety experienced by the personnel of the 25th Winter Universiade Coordination Center and to observe whether there is any correlation with certain demographic factors. Spielberg State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was implemented as pre-test and post-test on 79 women and 144 men, 223 in total working for the coordination 4 months and 4 days before the competitions, to acquire data about the levels of anxiety. Frequency analysis for the SPSS program, independent sample t-tests and one way ANOVA were applied during the statistical evaluation of the acquired data. According to the data acquired, the study concludes that the trait anxiety level experienced by the personnel of the coordination decreased as days passed toward the beginning of the competition, and in contrast, state anxiety levels increased as the beginning of the competition approached. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the environmental case of the 2013 Universiade in Kazan, this research highlights that despite the variety of tools employed for citizen engagement, the key procedures can be claimed as ‘false dialogues’. The study identifies the key factors for such a discrepancy. The main external barriers for post-socialist Russian cities include the limited time frame for building sports venues, poor execution of environmental legislation, and complicated bureaucratic procedures maintained by governmental actors. The internal factors are polarized positions in the community due to the complexity of the project, the gap between the citizen environmental concern and actual engagement in environmentally friendly behaviours associated with the lack of the environmental knowledge, time, and financial resources, lack of knowledge of the environmental impact assessment process, and dominance of the material and paternalistic values and low trust in government proponents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to compare the views of the local spectators concerning the effects of the Winter Universiade and the European Youth Olympic Festival, two mega sport events held in Turkey in 2011. The participating group was composed of 878 local spectators who watched the games. The Mega Event Impact Scale, developed by Jie and Yan (2010), was used as the data collection tool. Dimensions forming the scale were compared according to the demographic characteristics of the sample group in order to define the views of the local spectators on the effects of mega events. The results revealed significant differences in the sample group in relation to the demographical characteristics of gender, education, occupation and income status regarding the effects of the Winter Universiade and the European Youth Olympic Festival events. The monthly income of the local spectators who attended the events did not influence the effects perceived. Sample group views on both positive and negative effects of these two events have high averages. In other words, positive and negative effects were detected in both the Winter Universiade held in Erzurum and the European Youth Olympic Festival held in Trabzon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research is to determine the level of anxiety experienced by the personnel for the 25th Winter Universiade Coordination Center and to observe whether there is any reaction against some demographical factors. Spielberg State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was implemented as pre-test and post-test on 79 women and 144 men, 223 in total working for the coordination 4 months and 4 days to the competitions to acquire data about the level of anxiety. Results. Frequency analysis for the SPSS program, independent samples t-tests and one way ANOVA were applied during the statistical evaluation of the acquired data. Conclusions. According to the data acquired, the study concludes that the trait anxiety level experienced by the personnel of the coordination decreased as days passed toward the beginning of the competition and in contrast, state anxiety level of them increased as the beginning of the competition approached. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Nigde University Journal of Physical Education & Sport Sciences / Nigde Üniversitesi Beden Egitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Journal of Physical Education & Sports Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This text gives an account of racist actions against Roma people carried out by Belgrade authorities in spring and summer 2009 prior to and during the international sports games the 'Belgrade Universiade 2009' and during the Serbian presidency of the international 'Decade of Roma Inclusion 2005-2015'. It examines the coloniality of power within Europe through analyzing the EU's neo-liberal capitalist mechanisms, the historical patterns of racism and their contemporary presence in the EU integration and security policy, bringing them into relation with Yugoslavian wars and war ideology. The actions I will analyze are important, as they make visible the processes of discrimination and segregation in the EU and furthermore, they allow for a different development of the relation between capitalism and antiromaism. By reflecting the relation of capitalism and antiromaism we will see that the concept of 'inclusion' as it is promoted by the 'Roma Decade' is based exactly upon the exclusion of differences. Finally the text exposes the solidarity mode of resistance to the given state of things, looking at protests by Roma and anti-racist actions in arts and culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Pamukkale Journal of Sport Sciences is the property of Pamukkale University School of Sport Sciences & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this article is to discuss whether the Universiade 2005 Izmir Games had any tangible or intangible benefits to the city of Izmir and to the overall improvement of the competitive sporting ability of the nation of Turkey internationally. The Universiade 2005 Izmir was also one of the most expensive to be organized. Together with the city of Izmir, the Turkish government spent nearly $100 million USD in order to be able to successfully complete the Games. Local and national governments and the NGO resources were the major resources to fund the games. Sources such as ticket sales and advertisement sponsorships were minor in scale, but respectively used to fund the Games. The city of Izmir consisted of 93 sport facility locations in 2004, jumping to 141 by 2007. Not all established facility locations were able to be used due to type of facility not needed, location or beyond reasonable repair cost. Under the patronage of this authority, a total of 59 facilities were used for training and the competition sites. Ten (10) facilities were built new just for the purpose of the Universiade Games, and 49 sites were either renewed or fixed for the Games. A grand total of 18,753 volunteers were recruited for the Games and 84% of the volunteers were citizens of the city of Izmir. The volunteers were recruited from 77 universities and 75 cities around Turkey. Of the 18,753 volunteers 56% of them were females and 44% were males, collectively 72% of the volunteers were university students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the real-time wind direction and speed data from an automatic meteorological monitoring network in Shenzhen, the wind characteristics of Jue Diao Sha maritime area are analyzed. As indicated in the results, the wind speed of this area is higher than that over the land, the average wind speed is above 3 m/s and the probability for the maximum wind speed to drop below 20 m/s is above 90%. Moreover, the probability for the hourly swing angle of wind direction to become less than 50° is above 80%, suggesting that the wind conditions in the Jue Diao Sha area could meet the requirements of the sporting events. According to the numerical simulation, this area is the best selected site among three candidates. Furthermore, the characteristics of daily land and sea breezes are such that it is suggested the game will be best carried out from 1000 to 1700 Beijing Standard Time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to get the shape factor of wind load on the stadium, numerical simulation of wind pressure distribution was performed on the stadium for Shenzhen universiade based on the Reynolds-averaged N - S equations and Reynolds stress equation model (RSM). The finite volume method was employed to discretize the governing differential equations and the SIMPLE pressure correction iteration algorithm was adopted to solve the nonlinear equations. Numerical results are found to have good agreement with experimental results. On this basis, the characteristics of wind pressure distribution and the flow field characteristics were discussed by considering wind direction and wind attack angles. At last, according to the roof shape and the regularity of wind pressure distribution, mean wind pressure coefficients of regions were provided. The results show that wind direction has great influence on the separation and vortex shedding of the wind flow. The angle of attack has little influence on the wind pressure distribution on the roof, its influence on the local peak value is less than 15% and that on the whole influence is less than 5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a 12-year-old living in Moscow in 1973, I watched Canada's Glenda Reiser win the 1,500m at the World University Games, and, as children do, decided that would be me. Raised to believe I could do whatever I set my mind to, off I went. But the journey was to be far more complicated than I could ever have anticipated. Each time I felt I was making progress in my quest for excellence, a barrier would appear. I felt like Sisyphus who was sentenced to roll a rock up a hill. Each time it reached the top, the rock rolled back down again. His crime had been to challenge Zeus. Mine was much less grandiose: I wanted only to reach my maximum potential free of restrictions created by the sport system. Athletes are still rolling their rocks up hills. They shouldn't be. The role of the system should be to flatten the barriers, to ease the way, to widen the path. Unfortunately, much of the time that is not what happens. But it could be, and what follows is the story of an effort to help athletes get to the top of the hill a little more easily, with less interference from the system. My thesis is a simple one: athletes want to perform. Their performance, and the supports needed to create it, should be the focus of the sport system. To ensure that focus, athletes and their coaches must get involved. If, as athletes, we do not shape and support the systems we need, we will roll our rocks for evermore. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous researches had showed that the value of the World University Record represents over 90 % from the value of the World Record in seniors' events. Based on that, the aim of this research was to identify the actual stage and the trends that are present all over the world in the university track and field, and to elaborate some objective premises in the selection of the components of the national team in order to participate to the 2009 edition of the Universidad, in order to achieve during the competition some results that will allow the qualification in the finals and getting the medals. Methods: During the research we used a system of documentation, analysis and interpretation of the research results methods: the documentation method from internet sources: I.A.A.F. site, I.F.U.S., W.U.C. Bangkok, W.U.C., Osaka; the statistical and mathematical method; the analogy method. Results: The phenomenon that comes out from the running and jumps events is similar in the throws event too. So, the best position of the medalists in the 24th edition of the W.U.G is the 3rd place, obtained in discuss throw, in women case, and the 4th place in the javelin, in men case. These are the events were the two world university champions improve their performances. Conclusions: The fact that from all the medalists of the last edition of the Summer Universidad, only two concurred medals in the edition from the same year of the seniors W.C., urges to profound discussions concerning the participation of the good athletes to this competition, the value of the student results on the world plan and the trends to the world performances of the of the seniors track and field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]