Search

This article examines the legal and ethical complexities of surrogacy, highlighting the need for consistent legal frameworks to protect the rights of all parties involved. Surrogacy, offering hope to individuals and couples facing infertility, also presents legal challenges due to varying international and national views on its legality and ethics. The absence of uniform laws leads to issues like "reproductive tourism," where people seek surrogacy in countries with lenient regulations, potentially leading to exploitation due to economic disparities. A major concern is the determination of parental rights and legal parentage, often leading to disputes and emotional distress due to unclear laws. This lack of clarity necessitates definitive legislation to safeguard everyone involved in surrogacy arrangements. Additionally, the involvement of financial compensation raises questions about the commodification of reproduction and the ethical implications of paying for a child's birth. The article stresses that surrogacy laws must be comprehensive and uniform to protect children's rights, surrogates, and biological parents. It calls for a unified approach to regulation, addressing concerns of exploitation, commodification, and the potential use of surrogacy for child trafficking, ensuring that arrangements are voluntary, free from coercion, and ethically sound.

Child sex trafficking is an international dilemma. While child sex trafficking has been practiced for centuries, international leaders began focusing prominently on the phenomenon in the early 1990s. Political documents preceding this surge in concern include the 1902 International Agreement for the Suppression of White Slave Traffic, which thwarted the facilitation of selling women and girls abroad. Further, in 1910, the Mann Act forbade the transportation of persons, specifically women, for sex work. The United Nations took serious steps in 2000 when it enacted the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, which identified the use of modern-day slavery and discussed the process of internationally eradicating both labor and sex trafficking. Fundamentally, the United Nations focused on the training of immigration and police officials. By the time victims interact with these entities, however, it is often too late for the entities to help them. The United Nations protocol thus uses a criminal justice approach to halting child sex trafficking, but this Note will examine why this approach is not as effective as it could be and why the United States has set the standard for child sex trafficking identification through its public health approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Economic Administrative & Legal Sciences is the property of Arab Journal of Sciences & Research Publishing (AJSRP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Trafficking in human beings is considered to be the modern slavery. In the last few decades, it has spread and is continuing to spread all across the world due to its high-demand character and also due to the complex transborder network of organised crime working underground. In order to counteract this phenomenon, there needs to be a similarly complex network of international actors, such as international organisations, states, NGOs and all the other actors involved, which intensively and efficiently cooperate in order to prevent THB, prosecute offenders and protect victims. Most counter trafficking efforts have accelerated after 2000, when the UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons Especially Women and Children was adopted. Therefore, in the area of legal measures, much has been done, but in the area of gathering data, prosecution of offenders and protection and assistance of victims there is still much to be done. This article will make a general overview of the most important EU documents issued in the area of counter trafficking, in addition to the UN Protocol, assessing the legal and policy framework that is already in place in the EU concerning this aspect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Child domestic work is one of the issues often connected with human trafficking in popular discourses. The idea of ignorant and unsuspecting parents and children being tricked into situations of trafficking for domestic labour is rife and has driven education and awareness campaigns as keys to addressing trafficking. This paper offers a critique of awareness creation as an anti-trafficking strategy. Based on an ethnographic study of child domestic work in South-West Nigeria and an analysis of secondary sources, this article reviews the ignorance assumption in trafficking discourses. It contends that the existing strategy of awareness creation, often framed to discourage migration and work, misrepresents young domestic workers and/or their parents and fails to address the issues that children and/or their parents are faced with. The paper concludes by arguing for the need to address the structural root causes of trafficking rather than simply raise awareness of individual migrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses in‐depth qualitative data, obtained as part of research examining human trafficking from Slovakia to the United Kingdom, to explore the place of children in human trafficking processes. Rather than foregrounding cases of children as direct subjects of abuse, the paper focuses on instances where children are used to control, manipulate and exploit relatives embroiled in human trafficking. We study examples when children are moved across national borders and those when they remain in the home country, and show how in both accounts their (absent) presence constitutes a significant means for facilitating, maintaining and intensifying the exploitation of their adult relatives. Through doing so, the paper demonstrates how identifying the distinct spaces and moments within which children appear in narratives of exploitation has the potential to uncover nefarious practices occurring within the human trafficking process, as well as the indirect effects of human trafficking on family dynamics. The paper extends conceptual understandings of agency in human trafficking by illustrating how children are simultaneously subjects of exploitation and emplaced through complex channels within the exploitation of others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Formal registration of newborns and infants is a necessity to secure their rights for health care or education and to support law enforcement agencies in the fight against the trafficking of children or their illegal adoption. Ideally, all these requirements can be met using a newborn and infant biometric. Difficulties arise due to the small size and fragility of the infants’ physical structures and the effects of rapid physical growth. We review the literature for suitable biometrics and investigate the footprint; asking (a) if there is a time frame shortly after birth when the friction ridge skin pattern of a newborn can be reliably captured; and (b) if the footprint crease pattern is a suitable newborn and infant biometric. For (a), we were unable to confirm the existence of such a time frame. For (b), we performed automatic verification experiments on a small test set of 20 pairs of crease patterns, and then a larger test set, achieving EERs of 22.22% and 46.39%, respectively. The comparison of two dizygotic twins did not show any noteworthy performance difference. Based on these results we do not recommend the foot crease pattern as a newborn or infant biometric for automatic verification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the governance of unaccompanied asylum-seeking children (UASC) and former UASC in the U.K. and reveals the expanding reach of asylum privatisation to unaccompanied children. In the process, the principle of the 'best interests of the child' enshrined in international and national law is being reconfigured through practices of service outsourcing and out-of-county placement that are used to distance local authorities from their statutory responsibilities. Drawing on a mixed-methods approach that combines quantitative data on the distribution and circumstances of UASC and in-depth qualitative interviews with service providers, we identify three intertwining processes that contribute to redefining 'best interests': first, the increasing distance in goals and priorities of managers and frontline workers is exacerbated by the emergence of new actors operating within the for-profit sector; second, decisions based on budget saving goals lead to young people being moved around the country and undermining their capacity to access support; third, restructuring and mainstreaming services for UASC misplace the expertise needed in this complex area. As a result of these processes, spaces for resisting such changes are increasingly restricted and 'best interests' are reshaped in ways which frontline workers think may be detrimental to the well-being of children and young people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between October 2013 and July 2016, over 156,000 children travelling without their guardians were apprehended at the U.S.-Mexico border and transferred to the care of the Office of Refugee Resettlement (ORR). During that same period, ORR placed over 123,000 unaccompanied migrant youth - predominantly from Central America - with a parent or other adult sponsor residing in the U.S. Following placement, local communities are tasked with integrating migrant youth, many of whom experience pre- and in-transit migration traumas, family separation, limited/interrupted schooling, and unauthorised legal status, placing them at heightened risk for psychological distress, academic disengagement, maltreatment, and human trafficking. Nonetheless, fewer than 10% of young people receive formal post-release services (PRS). This paper addresses the paucity of research on the experiences of the 90% of children and youth without access to PRS. To bridge this gap, this article: (a) describes the post-release experiences of unaccompanied youth, focusing on legal, family, health, and educational contexts; (b) identifies methodological and ethical challenges and solutions in conducting research with this population of young people and their families; and (c) proposes research to identify structural challenges to the provision of services and to inform best practices in support of unaccompanied youth. [196 words] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper sheds light on the ambiguous position of children who migrate without a parent or guardian as they become adults in the European Union (EU). Through a critical analysis of three prevailing frames ('best interests', 'durable solutions' and 'belonging'), which largely inform policy and practice related to this group, it explores the tension between policy assumptions and what we know of the lived experiences and aspirations of these young people. It ultimately reveals a policy framework shaped by a state-centric view of migration, a static conception of belonging and a bias towards a political preference for return. Such a stance underestimates young people's agency and willingness to embrace risk in their efforts to secure a viable future. The net result is policy which fails to offer a 'durable solution' or act in the 'best interests' of individual migrant young people or of society as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The domestication of child-related treaties is not a straightforward process in Nigeria. Unlike treaties with another thematic focus, the majority of constituent states must give their full consent before any child-related instrument may be domesticated at the federal level and subsequently re-enacted in the domestic states. In many ways, the plural legal orders in the country and the differing perceptions of childhood make consensus difficult to achieve in terms of child rights legislation. In this regard, even though the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child has been domesticated (through a contestable procedure), 11 of Nigeria's 36 constituent states have failed to re-enact the domesticating instrument. This study elaborates on this problem, and then examines some instruments that are not affected by the domestication challenges and may offer useful protection to children with regard to certain sectoral aspects, especially child labour and child trafficking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The health impacts of repeated exposure to distressing concepts such as child exploitation materials (CEM, aka 'child pornography') have become a major concern to law enforcement agencies and associated entities. Existing methods for 'flagging' materials largely rely upon prior knowledge, whilst predictive methods are unreliable, particularly when compared with equivalent tools used for detecting 'lawful' pornography. In this paper we detail the design and implementation of a deep-learning based CEM classifier, leveraging existing pornography detection methods to overcome infrastructure and corpora limitations in this field. Specifically, we further existing research through direct access to numerous contemporary, real-world, annotated cases taken from Australian Federal Police holdings, demonstrating the dangers of overfitting due to the influence of individual users' proclivities. We quantify the performance of skin tone analysis in CEM cases, showing it to be of limited use. We assess the performance of our classifier and show it to be sufficient for use in forensic triage and 'early warning' of CEM, but of limited efficacy for categorising against existing scales for measuring child abuse severity. We identify limitations currently faced by researchers and practitioners in this field, whose restricted access to training material is exacerbated by inconsistent and unsuitable annotation schemas. Whilst adequate for their intended use, we show existing schemas to be unsuitable for training machine learning (ML) models, and introduce a new, flexible, objective, and tested annotation schema specifically designed for cross-jurisdictional collaborative use. This work, combined with a world-first 'illicit data airlock' project currently under construction, has the potential to bring a 'ground truth' dataset and processing facilities to researchers worldwide without compromising quality, safety, ethics and legality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on combatting domestic minor sex trafficking in the child welfare system in the U.S. Topics discussed include rise of child sex-trafficking victims on the country; issues of lack of connection in traumatizes children hinder their ability to form healthy attachment and causing them to seek love; and the advantages of permanency planning.

Recent research on child migration has largely departed from the early trafficking narrative and has tended to highlight young people’s agency and the ways in which children’s migration can play a key role in their ‘future-seeking’. While we acknowledge that Ethiopian girls migrating to the Middle East in order to undertake domestic work primarily move voluntarily for economic reasons, our research – which used a multi-layered, qualitative research approach with girls and their families in the West Gojjam and North Wollo Zones of the Amhara National Regional State – found that the financial, physical, and psychological costs of such migration can far outweigh the benefits. Indeed, we conclude that the earlier trafficking narrative may, in this case, represent the most appropriate lens through which to view girls’ choices and experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on challenges surrounding the practice of unregulated custody transfers in the U.S. Topics discussed include safeguarding the best interests of children adopted internationally; efforts of international law in prevention of problems surrounding children's rights, illegal adoption, and human trafficking; and Child Rights Convention.

The article discusses New York State anti-sex trafficking laws in relation to corporate social responsibility and the potential role of hotelkeepers as mandated reporters of child sex trafficking in New York State. The U.S. End Child Prostitution and Trafficking (ECPAT-USA) network of social service organizations is addressed, along with effort to get private companies to sign "The Code of Conduct for the Protection of Children from Sexual Exploitation in Travel and Tourism."

The trafficking of children is an organised crime that threatens national security. Various stakeholders have been prompted to respond to this scourge but with minimal success. The trafficking of human beings, particularly children, across international borders is undoubtedly the most significant new facet of organised crime. The objective of this Article is to integrate perceptions of experts within the Criminal Justice System [CJS] (specifically police officials and the public prosecutors) and the Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) on the trafficking of children in South Africa. Fourteen (14) selected participants formed part of the key informant interviews conducted by the researchers. It was found that the problem of child trafficking is moving "from a matter of regional and national concern to one of international debate and possible global persuasion and policy intervention" (Basu & Tzannatos, 2003: 147). The researchers recommend that in crafting policy for modifying this enormous problem of our times, it is imperative to start with a proper theoretical and empirical understanding of the phenomenon. The article provides answers to the questions: What gives rise to child trafficking? What are the consequences of this practice? What intervention systems are or should be in place? The article refers to the large and rapidly growing literature on this subject, focusing mainly on the new literature. This Article also looks at some of the broad policy implications of these new findings, with the objective of contributing to better informed discussion and policy design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the experiences of child-victims of trafficking in Lagos State, Nigeria. The phenomenon of child trafficking is a scourge that has undermined the fundamental human rights of several trafficked children across the globe despite the various legal mechanisms put in place to combat it. Trafficked children suffer a great deal in the entire trafficking cycle - right from the point of recruitment, to destination, often in an excruciating and harrowing manner. Whilst some of these children die untimely in the process, others who barely manage to survive the horror are often not relived of it even into adulthood. Efforts to combat this scourge by the Lagos State Government have not been adequate due to certain pressing factors embedded in the milieu within which the State operates. Moreover, the Child Rights Act of 2007 introduced by the State Government has not been effective in combating this menace, given the increasing rate of the phenomenon in the State. This study adopts the qualitative approach. Interviews were conducted with Staff of the National Agency for the Prohibition against Trafficking in Persons (NAPTIP), the Nigerian Police Force (NPF), Nigerian Immigration Services (NIS) and child-victims in NAPTIP's custody. Documents were also analysed to complement the qualitative data. Findings indicated that despite the various initiatives and attempts at combating trafficking in children by the Lagos State Government, its credibility have persistently been undermined by certain factors in the socio-cultural, economic, political and technological environments of the State. The study further made recommendations from the research findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Social Work. Experience & Methods / Socialinis Darbas: Patirtis ir Metodai is the property of Vytautas Magnus University, Faculty of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Turkish Journal of Police Studies / Polis Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Turkish National Police Academy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the role and responsibility of parliamentary legislators in handling global orphanage trafficking. Topics discussed include the issue of family separation and child exploitation that served as a form of modern of slavery, the examples of reform on child care systems and deinstitutionalisation in Australia and Africa, and the key role of the Commonwealth in handling and recognizing child exploitation.

The article focuses on the need of reforms in the federal guidelines for sentencing in child pornography. Topics discussed include importance of increasing relation between demographic identity and the severity of sentences for child pornography, enactment of the U.S. Protection of Children Against Sexual Exploitation Act for preventing children from psychological harm of trafficking, and the laws for regulating criminal intent of offenders involved in trafficking and child pornography.

The article focuses on the social visibility doctrine of the U.S Board of Immigration Appeals' (BIA) on the issue of human trafficking. Topics discussed include the U.N Protocol to prevent, suppress and punish trafficking in persons, especially women and children, immutable characteristic test adopted by the BIA and the U.S asylum law. Other topics include the circuit split between immutable characteristic and social visibility, problems of victims of human trafficking and immigration laws.

By raising the cultural, social and educational level of citizens, child trafficking as social and criminal phenomenon begins to be freely discussed and recognised, which should be protected by the competent institutions. Today, the pornography tolerance limits are wider than ever. It can be freely stated that in some way pornography is a component of the world's popular culture. Despite an impressive, if disparate, array of international legal protections, it is clear that child labor, forced marriage and commercial sexual exploitation of children and adults were increasing, virtually unchecked in many parts of the world. Globalization, bringing with it the promise of wider markets and greater profits, has created a complex new network and even new forms of exploitation. We all believed that trafficking was an appropriate focus for international law. In this paper, by applying the method of comparison, a presentation of the valid legislation has been made, which refers to the protection of the rights of women and children, whereupon the efforts of certain countries (especially the underdeveloped ones offering poor legislative solutions) to bring their solutions closer to the rest of the more developed countries which regulated this matter long time ago are evident. Perhaps, this is the most convenient manner for approaching the universally acceptable principles. Certain changes are constantly being made in the system of crimes against sexual freedom and sexual morality, especially the establishment of criminal-law protection of women and children from acts of sexual abuse, and new incriminations are provided for as most adequate solution of the newly emerged problem - a trend which should be followed by Macedonian penal legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses issues concerning child sex trafficking in the U.S. It discusses several measures in fighting child sex trafficking in the country. It mentions data about judicial human trafficking opinions which can give insight into how traffickers commit their crimes as well as discusses the passage of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act.

This essay presents a profile of the "Keep Them Safe Project" public child services program enacted by the South African Sports Coalition (SASCOL) between June 9-July 12, during the 2010 FIFA Soccer World Cup. Details are given outlining how the program was created to organize a school holiday period to protect children from various kinds of abuse and trafficking. Attention is then given to the program's narrative story methodology to frame its activities.

Child trafficking, including commercial sexual exploitation (CSE), is one of the fastest growing and most lucrative criminal activities in the world. The global enslavement of children affects countless numbers of victims who are trafficked within their home countries or transported away from their homes and treated as commodities to be bought, sold, and resold for labor or sexual exploitation. All over the world, girls are particularly likely to be trafficked into the sex trade: Girls and women constitute 98% of those who are trafficked for CSE. Health and safety standards in exploitative settings are generally extremely low, and the degree of experienced violence has been linked with adverse physical, psychological, and social-emotional development. The human-rights-based approach to child trafficking provides a comprehensive conceptual framework whereby victim-focused and law enforcement responses can be developed, implemented, and evaluated. This article highlights promising policies and programs designed to prevent child trafficking and CSE by combating demand for sex with children, reducing supply, and strengthening communities. The literature reviewed includes academic publications as well as international and governmental and nongovernmental reports. Implications for social policy and future research are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

“Child Trafficking in Thailand: Prevention and Prosecution Challenges” examines the deep rooted problem of child trafficking in Thailand and the systemic realities of marginalization, corruption, low police training and salaries and poverty that have led to ineffective law enforcement against traffickers. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article offers information on child sex trafficking in the U.S. Topics discussed include the U.S. federal government laws to prevent trafficking including the Mann Act, the PROTECT Act and the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act (TVPA), the U.S. states' anti-trafficking laws and non-governmental organization ECPAT International (End Child Prostitution, Child Pornography and Trafficking of Children for Sexual Purposes) guidelines to help child victims.

This article offers the first examination of its kind of the content and nature of anti-trafficking policy as it is pursued in Benin. The article draws on data gathered from policy and project documents and from interviews and participant observation with actors integral to the constitution of policy in (and with influence over) the Beninese anti-trafficking community. It attempts to bridge the oft-lamented gap between page and practice by conducting analysis not only of the representation of policy in text, but also of its lived manifestations in processes, interactions and structures. It argues that the various different actors that comprise Benin's anti-trafficking pantheon seek to accomplish one fundamental goal - to protect children from trafficking - through two overarching strategies - the promotion of 'healthy' childhoods and the pre-emptive prevention of child movement. The article examines each of the main strands of policy and concludes by offering a Foucauldian analysis of their operation. It thus fills a major gap in the academic understanding of anti-trafficking policy in the Beninese context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transnational advocacy networks' anti-child trafficking efforts have led to significant progress in the Mekong Subregion by bringing the child trafficking issue onto the global social policy agenda, resulting in new child protection legislation and improved inter-agency collaboration in the region. However, a significant gap in both the literature on TANs and TAN practice is the lack of monitoring and evaluation of TAN 'effectiveness'. This article discusses the recent literature on TAN effectiveness and discusses the 'key elements' of TAN effectiveness, as highlighted by child trafficking experts operating in TANs in the Greater Mekong Subregion. Research into the area of TAN effectiveness is important for improving our knowledge of what TANs are achieving in terms of preventing child trafficking and protecting victims, as well as improving our knowledge of the different meanings and interpretations of TAN 'effectiveness'. Furthermore, research into this area is important for improving our understanding of how TANs are well positioned to provide an effective response to the child sex trafficking problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research, examines the phenomenon of trafficking of moldavan minors for sexual exploitation in the European countries. Also, in order to realize the best prevention and contrast of the trafficking of minors, the research underlines the necessity of harmonization of all the national legislations (up to now 27 different approaches pertaining to each EU member states) according the numerous directives formulated and reproposed by the European authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Always in order to realize the best prevention and contrast of the trafficking of minors, the research underlines the necessity of armonization all the national legislations (up to now well 27 differet approaches pertaining to each EU member states) according the numerous directives formulated and reproposed by the European authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the concerns relating to prevalence of minor victims involved in domestic sex trafficking. It presents the significance of Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000 (VTVPA), and emphasize the need to bring reforms in state statutes by evaluating the lack of consideration of minor victims in the existing statutes. It further emphasizes that all states should adopt similar language to TVPA in order to protect all types of sex trafficking victims.

This paper critically examines policy in Benin against child trafficking. Drawing on interviews and participant observation with adolescent labour migrants and their communities, it problematises both the assumptions underpinning anti-trafficking policy and the appropriateness of the initiatives that comprise it. It suggests that, in order truly to protect the young labour migrants defined as trafficked, the policymaking establishment needs to focus more closely on the structural economic underpinnings of migration and exploitation, and to adopt a more participatory approach to policymaking. Protéger les enfants de la traite au Bénin : la nécessité de politiques publiques et de participation Cet article examine dans un esprit critique les politiques du Bénin de lutte contre la traite des enfants. Grâce à des entretiens et l'observation des participants avec des travailleurs migrants et leurs communautés respectives, il problématise à la fois les suppositions qui étayent les politiques publiques de lutte contre la traite et le caractère approprié des initiatives que ces politiques englobent. Il suggère qu'afin de vraiment protéger les jeunes travailleurs migrants définis comme victimes de la traite, les instances chargées de formuler les politiques publiques doivent se concentrer davantage sur les bases structurelles économiques de la migration et de l'exploitation et adopter une approche plus participative de la formulation de politiques. Protegendo crianças do tráfico em Benin: necessidade de políticas e participação Este artigo examina criticamente a política em Benin contra o tráfico de crianças. Baseando-se em entrevistas e observação participante com imigrantes trabalhadores adolescentes e suas comunidades, o artigo problematiza os pressupostos que apóiam a política anti-tráfico e a adequação das iniciativas que a compõem. O artigo sugere que, para proteger verdadeiramente os jovens imigrantes trabalhadores definidos como vítimas do tráfico, a formulação de políticas precisa concentrar-se mais na base econômica estrutural da imigração e da exploração, e adotar uma abordagem mais participativa na formulação de políticas. La protección de la niñez ante el tráfico de personas en Benín: la necesidad de políticas públicas y participación Este ensayo hace un examen crítico de las políticas contra el tráfico de niños y niñas en Benín. Basado en entrevistas a adolescentes que migran en busca de trabajo y en la observación directa en sus comunidades, el ensayo cuestiona tanto los supuestos que subyacen tras las políticas contra el tráfico como si las acciones emprendidas son o no adecuadas. El ensayo demuestra que, para que la protección de los jóvenes trabajadores migrantes en situación de tráfico sea eficaz, los responsables políticos tendrán que atender con más empeño las causas económicas y estructurales de la migración y la explotación y tendrán que impulsar métodos más participativos para la elaboración de políticas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the importance of anti-trafficking laws to protect children from child abuse and exploitation in the U.S. It states that the government must implement a multimodal approach combined with legal, medical, and service strategies to fight against human trafficking and create protective environment for survivors. It highlights the importance of enhancing child protective laws and policies with the inclusion of human trafficking to better address issues face by children.

The article discusses the legal principle of statelessness as of September 2011, focusing on the vulnerability of people worldwide who are trafficked, neglected, and oppressed due to their statelessness, as well as an international legal remedy to designed to eliminate statelessness. Stateless people are reportedly those who lack the proper credentials or identifying information to make them an official citizen of a country. This problem is allegedly very common in Asian countries such as Thailand where children, who are forced to work to support their families, are often abused due to their apparent statelessness.

Copyright of Criminologie is the property of Presses de l'Universite de Montreal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper is based on an in-progress Ph.D. research themed: "Modeling the Differential Incidence of Child Abuse, Neglect and Exploitation in Poor Households in South Africa". The aim of the research is to build a theoretical grounding and to propose a practical model for understanding child abuse. The research argues that the gaps and shortcomings in understanding child abuse are, to a large extent, the consequence of an over-estimation of socio-economic variables as main variables contributing to the incidence of child abuse. The paper does not attempt to collect data on child trafficking to explain its extent in South Africa but aims to suggest the use of the Integrated Modeled Theory (IMT) to facilitate the understanding of the incidence of child abuse in general and child trafficking in particular. The IMT combines contributing variables from various theories to explain the incidence of child abuse (including child trafficking) and suggests mechanisms for prevention of and interventions against child abuse (child trafficking). The IMT is therefore a tool that assists in the decision-making process for prevention and intervention actions against child trafficking during and after the 2010 Fifa World Cup tournament seen as a great opportunity for child traffickers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the text of the Yokohama Global Commitment 2001 presented at the 2nd World Congress Against Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children in Japan on December 20, 2001. The representatives reaffirm the protection and promotion of interests and rights of the child to be protected from all forms of sexual exploitation. They call for more effective implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child by Member States and related instruments.