Search

Paratuberculosis is a chronic wasting disease of granulomatous enteritis in ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (M. paratuberculosis, MAP) resulting in heavy economic losses to dairy industries worldwide. Currently, commercial vaccines were not effective in preventing pathogen shedding and were reported with serious side effects. To develop a novel and smarter paratuberculosis vaccine, we utilized PLGA nanoparticles encapsulating the Bfra antigen (Bfra-PLGA NPs). We observed that mice vaccinated with Bfra-PLGA NPs exhibited an enhanced secretory IFN-γ, CD4+ T cells response and antibody IgG against MAP infection. In addition, secretions of the inflammatory cytokine TNF-α and IL-10 were increased following treatment with Bfra-PLGA NPs. A significant reduction in bacterial load was observed in the livers and spleens of animals vaccinated with Bfra-PLGA NPs. Furthermore, Bfra-PLGA NPs were effective to alleviate the pathological lesions of livers in mice. Overall, our approach provides a rational basis for employing PLGA nanoparticles to develop improved vaccines that induced protective immunity against paratuberculosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The COVID-19 pandemic has been compared to world wars or other tragic events in terms of the death toll it has taken and huge economic losses it has caused. It is not a finished process, so it is difficult to predict the scale of its impact. According to IMF estimates, the contraction of the world economy will be much greater than in the years of the financial crisis of 2008-2009. The negative effects in different countries may depend on the severity and extent of the applied lock-down or interventions undertaken by governments. Changes taking place in various sectors of the economy are of a different nature. The effects of the pandemic can be also seen in the insurance segment. The aim of this article is to find answers to the following research questions: 1. To what extent did the COVID-19 pandemic affect the situation on the insurance market? 2. In which areas are its consequences particularly visible? 3. What kind of opportunities and threats does the pandemic bring from the perspective of the insurance market? Methodology. The analysis used available scientific publications, reports prepared by the Polish Financial Supervision Authority, Polish Insurance Association and entities conducting brokerage activities or selected consulting companies. The result of the research. In a few days, in March 2020, a real revolution took place on the insurance market. The insurers faced the need to introduce completely remote customer service. They also had to launch new tools, which in many cases were still in the testing phase and which they did not have the opportunity to use on a large scale. With the onset of the pandemic, they were quickly implemented. It was related to additional funds, huge commitment and discipline of all employees, liquidators, agents, sales departments, and administration. Consequent on this, clients gained full access to all services and insurance products, without leaving home. On the other hand, pandemic has led to the significant changes within the demand for the insurance services and customers' expectations, but also to growing scale of damages and compensation paid to the clients leading to the higher insurance premiums. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The High Court's decision in Timber Creek is the first to consider the assessment of compensation under the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) for acts which extinguish native title rights and interests. The decision establishes a number of propositions fundamental to the operation of the compensation provisions of the Act. The decision leaves for future resolution a range of other equally important issues. This article identifies and examines some of those issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tsunamis pose significant challenges for disaster reduction efforts due to the multi-hazard, cascading nature of these events, including a range of different potential triggering and consequential hazards. Although infrequent, they have the potential to cause devastating human and economic losses. Effective urban planning has been recognised as an important strategy for reducing disaster risk in cities. However, there have been limited studies on urban planning for tsunami-prone areas, and there have been wide ranging strategies adopted globally. This is an international study aimed at exploring the status of urban planning in tsunami areas and better understanding potential urban planning strategies to reduce disaster risk in coastal regions. Drawing upon the work of an international collaborative research team, in this article, we present the findings of a systematic review of the urban planning literature. Using the PRISMA guidelines, 56 papers were selected, and three guiding questions informed the review. Further empirical investigations were carried out in Sri Lanka by a local research team, including twelve semi-structured interviews with representatives from agencies in urban planning, construction, and disaster management, and a focus group representing town and country planning, architecture, structural engineering, disaster management, landscape and geospatial planning, building services, green buildings and infrastructure and environmental management fields. The combined analysis reveals insights into the characteristics of the literature, as well as the nature of existing strategies for urban planning in tsunami-prone areas, grouped into six broad themes: community participation, spatial planning, soft and hard engineering;,evacuation planning, and resilience thinking. The findings also reveal limitations in existing strategies, including their failure to address multi-hazard threats and systemic risk, as well as inadequate community participation, and limited access to timely disaster risk information. The findings are used to inform an initial model of urban planning strategies in tsunami-prone areas that can be used before a hazard event occurs, during and in the immediate response to a hazard event, and during recovery and reconstruction following a disaster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Veterinarska Stanica is the property of Croatian Veterinary Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This review provides insight on potential host-specific factors that increase individual susceptibility to infection and transmission of bovine digital dermatitis. Digital dermatitis is increasing in prevalence within herds worldwide and yields economic losses for producers and welfare issues for animals. A total of 34 relevant studies were reviewed based on the inclusion criteria. A decrease in susceptibility to disease was found in animals with specific genomic and hoof characteristics, thus citing the importance of sire selection when designing a breeding program. Animals with superior health status that lacked co-morbidities and mounted immune responses to infection were less likely to develop disease. Primiparous cattle and those in peak production were more likely to develop lesions, as were over-or-under-conditioned Holstein-Friesian breeds. Cattle with superior hoof conformation and gait were poor hosts for bacteria and therefore less likely to develop and spread infection. The lowest risk of transmission of digital dermatitis occurred during the dry period and post peak lactation and cattle with advanced lesions contributed to the persistence of the disease within a herd. It is hoped that this review will help producers design breeding and management programs for their herds, and help veterinarians advise clients on the subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decisions on liability for pure economic loss, the Supreme Court of Canada appears to have moved toward a rights-based model of recovery in tort law. This article argues that the liability rule from Winnipeg Condo is not compatible with the rights-based model, despite Justices Brown and Martin's attempt to render them consistent in Maple Leaf. The two can be made compatible, however, if Winnipeg Condo is reconceptualized as a case of recovery in negligent performance of a service. I suggest that one way of reading Maple Leaf presents a barrier to this approach to Winnipeg Condo, namely one which would introduce a subjective intent requirement for establishing a duty of care in negligent performance of a service. I contend that the Court of Appeal for Ontario may have already interpreted it that way, and that this represents an unfortunate development for tort law. A more appropriate requirement would be objective intent, a standard familiar from the law of contract formation. Once that standard is in place, Winnipeg Condo can be reconceptualized as negligent performance of a service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The High Court of Australia's decision in Northern Territory v Griffiths (2019) 269 CLR 1 ('the Timber Creek compensation case') provided long-awaited judicial guidance on the operation of the compensation provisions of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth). It is now clear that compensation for extinguished native title rights and interests incorporates awards for: economic loss; simple interest on that economic loss; and cultural loss. The cultural loss component of the High Court's judgment has been widely praised. Yet there is a gap in the literature in respect of the Court's analysis of the economic value of extinguished native title. Additionally, as compensation for invalid future acts was not argued before the Court, the applicable principles in that area are not yet clear. Accordingly, this case note focuses on those elements of the Timber Creek litigation. It contends that, viewed through the lens of substantive equality, the High Court's economic valuation of the claimants' native title rights and interests is open to criticism. That said, the judgment is a step towards achieving substantive equality in native title, particularly when viewed in the light of recent native title jurisprudence. It is, however, open to question as to whether substantive equality can be achieved without further judicial guidance on the compensation payable for invalid future acts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the independent tort doctrine. Topics covered include confusion surrounding the doctrine and its enforcement that persists and has continued following Tiara Condominium Association, Inc. v. Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc., the economic loss rule, and the doctrine's broader impact upon Florida business and commerce.

Florida courts rely on the same legislative findings to both uphold noneconomic damage caps in medical malpractice actions in some scenarios and strike down the same caps in others. However, Florida' s position does not mirror the nationwide stance on this issue. After offering an overview of the national trend regarding the caps-an analysis of the Florida caps and corresponding cases-this Note will explain some inconsistencies in Florida case law. It will further discuss the future of Florida's medical malpractice caps in the wake of a newly constructed conservative Supreme Court. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For years, products liability law has failed to provide a remedy for consumers who suffer financial injury as a result of purchasing defective products manufacturers place and keep in the marketplace. The economic loss rule and defect manifestation requirements have, to date, foreclosed products liability claims when consumers suffer only economic injury and severely hampered recovery through other claims. Prior discussion of consumer economic loss litigation has been critical and embraced the necessity of the injury‐based economic loss rule and defect manifestation requirements to protect manufacturers from perceived endless liability. While a few scholars have addressed some of the deficiencies behind the economic loss rule, this article builds on those discussions, addressing for the first time the flawed rationales behind defect manifestation requirements, and deconstructs in detail the outdated and flawed assumptions or fallacies upon which the rationales behind both doctrines are based. After deconstructing and exposing the, at best, questionable assumptions behind the economic loss rule and defect manifestation requirements, the article advocates a novel expansion of products liability law that provides a remedy for consumer economic loss caused by dangerously defective products. This proposed framework provides the proper demarcation between contract and tort, is consistent with earlier justifications eliminating privity and negligence, better aligns consumer safety with manufacturers' economic interests, bridges the current liability gap, and streamlines existing litigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data controllers and processors are increasingly finding themselves the targets of hackers who steal the personal identifiable information (PII) stored in their systems and sell it on the dark web. Data subjects, whose PII is exposed in a data breach, routinely have been turning to data breach litigation as a means of compensation for the damages that they suffer. Routinely, plaintiffs have pleaded negligence causes of action against data controllers or processors. A plaintiff's ability to overcome procedural hurdles, not the merits of their case, often dictates the success or failure of these tort claims. One prominent hurdle is the economic loss doctrine (ELD), a rule that restricts tort recovery for purely economic damages. The ELD is a ubiquitous doctrine with a variety of applications and paradigms in tort law. Data breach litigation, however, does not implicate the doctrine's policy goals of promoting private ordering and preventing unlimited and unforeseeable liability. Instead, this Note argues that the ELD in data breach litigation should be more pliable and include a special relationship test that the plaintiffs are presumed to satisfy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Federal courts have grappled with the issue of whether or not to include in-and-out traders in federal securities class action lawsuits. One set of courts has excluded in-and-out traders on the grounds that they could not prove loss causation, while another set of courts has included in-and-out traders because of the possibility that they could prove that they had suffered a loss. In Mineworker's Pension Scheme versus First Solar, Inc., the Ninth Circuit recently addressed what should be the correct standard for loss causation. While the Ninth Circuit's decision resolved its own intra-circuit split, the Court's decision widened an already existing circuit split. Where some circuits have adopted a restrictive view of loss causation that requires a corrective disclosure revealing the fraud, the Ninth Circuit adopted the view of loss causation that requires a corrective disclosure revealing the fraud, the Ninth Circuit adopted the view that loss causation only requires that plaintiff's economic loss be proximately caused by a defendant's misstatement. By embracing the Ninth Circuit's standard, this note argues that in-and-out traders can show economic loss in the absence of any corrective disclosures. Through proximate cause's intervening event pattern, it can be shown that an in-and-out trader has suffered a loss in the absence of a disclosure, obviating the need to show that a corrective statement was issued to the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a guide on how to calculate economic losses in U.S. 8th Circuit employment cases as of September 2020. Also cited are the ruling by the Supreme Court in the case Bostock v. Clayton City, Georgia on the protection of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) workers by Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, and the essential elements for calculation of lost earnings like pay, worklife, interest, taxes, and benefits.

This paper proposes a new standard for determining legal responsibility in the law of negligence, but particularly pure economic loss cases across Commonwealth jurisdictions. The paper argues that the prevailing standards for determining pure economic loss do not measure up to the novel legal challenges and promises thrown up by the innovation economy. This paper argues that courts should always commence their determination of legal responsibility with consideration given to the public cost-benefit implications of the defendant's actions. It is on this basis that courts should initiate their decision on whether to impose responsibility or exclude it. Where, however, disputes do not raise public interest concerns, then courts should determine each case based on its peculiar justice needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In two recent cases, the courts have had to grapple with liability issues arising from the spread of Japanese Knotweed, a pernicious weed, which is said to cause structural damage. One of those cases, Network Rail Infrastructure Ltd v Williams , was heard by the UK Court of Appeal where the arguments focused on the applicability of the tort of nuisance. The claimants were principally concerned about the property blight caused by the spread of the weed from a railway embankment onto their land. The litigation raises some important doctrinal points on the recoverability of economic loss in private nuisance. On a wider level, it also sheds light on how environmental harms can be framed as private financial losses which engage remedies in tort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Romanian Journal of Intellectual Property Law / Revista Română de Dreptul Proprietăţii Intelectuale is the property of Universul Juridic Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the early 1990s, ecological and fishery data from the Gulf of Nicoya (Pacific Ocean) were holistically analyzed, and a trophic model was constructed using the Ecopath modeling approach. The results indicated that this tropical estuary, which is a Costa Rican fishery hot spot, was already overexploited by shrimp trawlers and the longline fleet, and recent observations suggest further deteriorations in this system. To evaluate the ecosystem and socioeconomic changes in the Gulf of Nicoya over the last 20 years, the 1993 model was reconstructed with data from 2013 to compare both system states. Although the summary statistics of both states (i.e., 1993 and 2013) suggested that the system maintained its general functionality and even enabled the total harvest to increase by approximately 20%, a more detailed analysis of the levels of the functional groups suggested that the system was further degraded as follows: (1) most shrimp, eel, and catfish species decreased their share in the catches, with severe economic losses for the fishery; (2) of the species that substantially increased their share in the catches, most were short-lived, low-value species, such as small pelagic and small demersal fishes; and (3) catches of long-lived, high-trophic-level fish, such as rays, sharks, mackerels, and barracudas, decreased. A picture emerged in which the advancing fishery of low-trophic-level species with low economic value enabled the total harvest to increase, while valuable shrimp resources and higher-trophic-level species were depleted. These developments caused a tremendous economic loss of approximately 50%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adverse impacts and increasing economic losses from tropical cyclones (TCs) are a major focus in respect to the potential global warming of 1.5 °C or even 2.0 °C. Based on observed meteorological data and county‐scale loss records, loss‐inducing rainfall and wind speed thresholds are identified using the regional climate model CCLM to project future TC events in China. An established damage function is combined with future gross domestic product predictions under five shared socio‐economic pathways. At the 1.5 °C warming level, normalized TC losses will be four times higher than in the reference period (1986–2005). At the 2.0 °C warming level, a sevenfold increase is projected. Relative to the 1.5 °C warming level, TCs will become more frequent under the 2.0 °C scenario, especially along the southeast coast of China. Nearly 0.2–0.5% of the increase in gross domestic product might be offset by TC losses between the 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C warming levels, and the single highest TC loss at 2.0 °C may double that at 1.5 °C, with a larger affected area and more severe rainstorms and wind speeds. Rainfall is attributed more often to TC losses than wind speed. Limiting global warming at 1.5 °C would avoid an estimated increase in TC losses of more than 120 billion CNY annually. Based on a simple linear regression approach, normalized event‐based (a) and annual aggregated (b) TC losses in China will be four times higher at the 1.5 °C warming level than in the reference period (1986–2005). Relative to the 1.5 °C warming level, TCs will become more frequent under the 2.0 °C scenario, especially along the southeast coast of China. Limiting global warming at 1.5 °C would avoid an estimated increase in TC losses of more than 120 billion CNY annually. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, tourism has undergone major development, directly affecting economic growth. So in this paper I tried to elaborate some of the issues and main themes in the field of tourism and its role and impact on the world economy, which is precisely the purpose of this work. In this way, tourism enables the creation of additional income and greater economic impacts in tourist resorts or regions. On the other hand, tourism affects employment, the regulation of space and the development of tourist and hotel facilities, higher national incomes and the increase of foreign currency funds by foreign tourist. Apart to the positive economic effects, tourism also has negative effects on the economy. Therefore, it is briefly mentioned that: tourism can cause poor economic losses, economic distortions in the national economy and at the same time appear to be a negative factor in the balance of payments. In addition, within the economic and positive effects of tourism, their direct and indirect impacts are analyzed. At the end of the work, after describing and presenting general data on tourism movements in the world economy, I have presented the conclusions and recommendations that I think will contribute to the development and elimination of the negative impacts of tourism in the world economy and to work more to further promote positive impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies have reported that economic development can contribute to reducing vulnerability to natural hazards. However, there exist considerable variations in the association between economic growth and vulnerability, especially at the sub-country scale. Based on climatic hazard impact (indicated by mortality and direct economic losses (DEL)) and economic development data for 31 provinces in the mainland of China from 1990 to 2015, trends of disaster impact, and trends of vulnerability (indicated by mortality rate and DEL rate), were detected using the Mann-Kendall trend test at the provincial level. Next, the relationship between income and vulnerability was characterized. At the provincial level during 1990-2015, there was a clear transformation of the climatic hazard impact landscape from high average annual mortality to high average annual DEL. Both the mortality and the DEL rates presented downward trends for most provinces. The magnitude of vulnerability decrease was higher in the economically developed provinces compared to the underdeveloped provinces, and vulnerability declined nonlinearly with income increase. A vulnerability trap appears to exist approximately below 1600 US$ for income—above this threshold, a province's vulnerability significantly decreased. Mortality and economic vulnerability to climatic hazards are correlated with economic development, but causal links between economic development and vulnerability reduction need further investigation. Our findings suggest that shortening the transitional period from the low-income trap and reducing inter-provincial disparity of economic development may be powerful tools for reducing vulnerability to climatic hazards, especially for economically underdeveloped regions. These should also be important considerations in developing efficient adaption strategies for climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of social media tools and the pervasiveness of smart terminals, social media has become a significant source of information for many individuals. However, false information can spread rapidly, which may result in negative social impacts and serious economic losses. Thus, reducing the unfavorable effects of false information has become an urgent challenge. In this paper, a new competitive model called DMCU is proposed to describe the dissemination of information with constant updates in social media. In the model, we focus on the competitive relationship between the original false information and updated information, and then propose the priority of related information. To more effectively evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed model, data sets containing actual social media activity are utilized in experiments. Simulation results demonstrate that the DMCU model can precisely describe the process of information dissemination with constant updates, and that it can be used to forecast information dissemination trends on social media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the determination of damages in U.S. commercial arbitration cases, and it mentions the ability to quantify damages, as well as categories of damages such as exemplary and consequential damages. An economic loss rule and legal liability are addressed, along with the awarding of damages when one party is held responsible for causing harm or loss to another party. Compensatory and restitutionary damages are assessed.

The article presents a reference guide covering Florida's 2017 product liability law, focusing on product design defects. Topics discussed are the state of the product liability law on the state and federal court levels in the areas of design defect, manufacturing defect and failure to warn, trends and developments concerning procedural considerations in the practice of the said law including economic loss doctrine and affirmative defenses or discovery rule, and evidence and jury instructions.

The article presents an overview of economic loss rule in commercial litigation in the U.S.

Information about inspection of slaughtered animals is a basic approach to review the epidemiological pattern of infectious diseases. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine the prevalence of hydatidosis as well as estimate of relevant economic losses in livestock slaughtered in Kermanshah Province, western Iran, throughout the years 2010-2015. A total of 539,861 livestock examined; 12,413 (2.29%) were infected with hydatidosis. Overall, 4713 (3.21%) of cattle, 6720 (1.97%) of sheep, and 980 (1.86%) of goats were found to be infected with hydatidosis. The total economic loss was USD 457,582. The direct economic loss in cattle was USD 134,164, in sheep USD 53,908, and in goats USD 7407. Furthermore, the indirect economic loss in cattle, sheep, and goats was USD 220,211, USD 41,197, and USD 695, respectively. Targeted investigations on the prevalence of this disease, especially in endemic areas, as well as continuous and regular actions such as the training of those who deal with livestock, the sanitary condemnation of infected organs, the reduction of stray dog population, and the grazing of livestock on safe pasture can provide a clear horizon for an appropriate solution to minimize the infected cases and prevent huge economic losses due to hydatidosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures are prone to soft-story mechanism. This deficiency can be eliminated by introducing rocking wall system. Previously studied rocking wall systems usually have the rocking wall situated outside the frame, which results in some challenges and inconvenience. In the study, a novel infilled rocking wall frame (IRWF) system is proposed, which uses infilled RC wall to create a rocking wall within the RC frame. To evaluate seismic performance of the proposed system, both an IRWF model and an RC frame (RCF) model were designed according to Chinese seismic design code. Time history analysis and incremental dynamic analysis were conducted to compare both systems. The results show that IRWF system has more uniform drift and higher collapse margin ratio compared to the RCF system. Economic evaluation of IRWF system was investigated using the state-of-the-art ATC-58 performance-based assessment methodology. The result shows superior performance of the IRWF system. The annualized loss of the IRWF model is about 28% less than the RCF model. This shows IRWF system is a viable and efficient alternative resilient seismic force resisting system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2014 High Court of Australia case Brookfield Multiplex Ltd v Owners Corporation Strata Plan No 61288 gave insights into the narrowed field within which a duty of care in negligence to prevent pure economic loss will be found. As recent cases and commentary have recognised, however, the Court's approach is by no means unproblematic in its underlying assumptions and application. We argue, in particular, that the legislative scheme in existence across Australia is at present more a 'patchwork quilt' than 'security blanket' for vulnerable owners of residential properties. Thus, the common law's retreat from the field of liability is, we argue, premature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycotoxicosis is an important problem in poultry industry causing global economic losses constituting a great threat. The present study was designed to investigate the ameliorative effects of four different antimycotoxicosis compounds (AMCs) against production, economic performance and humoral immunity induced by intoxication of dietary aflatoxin (AF) and/or ochratoxin (OT) in broiler chicks. Experiment (I), AF (23 ppb) and OT (17 ppb) were fed alone or mixed and in association with antimycotoxin feed additives, product A or B (1 and 0.5 g/kg feed), respectively. In experiment (II), the intoxicated chicks treated with antimycotoxin drugs, product C or D in drinking water (1ml/liter/3 successive days and 0.5 ml/liter/one day), respectively. Results revealed that chicks intoxicated with AF and/or OT showed significant (P<0.05) increase in feed conversion ratio (FCR) and mortality percentages (%) while the antibody titers against Newcastle disease (ND) virus were significantly (P<0.05) reduced. It is interesting to note that the adverse effects on FCR and mortality % were significantly (P<0.05) reduced in the single AF or OT contaminated diets with dietary supplementation of product A but in the mixed AF and OT contaminated diet, FCR were significantly (P<0.05) decreased with addition of product B. Also, product B showed significant (P<0.05) increase in the antibody titers against ND in all AF and/or OT contaminated groups. Moreover, the treatment of AF and/or OT intoxicated chicks with product C or D in the drinking water was reported significant (P<0.05) decrease in the mortality% and non-significant (P>0.05) change in FCR and ND antibody titers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large-scale surveillance is crucial for understanding the evolution and the emergence of avian influenza viruses ( AIVs) in endemic areas. Circulation of highly pathogenic avian influenza ( HPAI) subtype H5N1 is continuously causing significant economic losses to the Egyptian poultry industry and is a threat to public health. In this report, a HPAI H5N1 strain (A/chicken/Egypt/Fadllah-7/2014) was detected from a vaccinated flock showing clinical signs of infection. Genetic characterization of the isolate indicated a high level of nucleotide identity (95-98%) with variant and classical groups of H5N1. Moreover, multiple-nucleotide and amino acid alignments revealed several prominent and characteristic substitutions in the surface glycoprotein, which may have biological relevance to the pathobiology of the virus. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the reported isolate closely relates to H5N1 AIVs subclade 2.2.1.1 in spite of no reports of this subclade since 2011 from AI reported cases in Egyptian avian species. In conclusion, our results highlight the re-emergence of a novel H5N1 AIV variant subclade 2.2.1.1 that could escape immunity induced by vaccines. This discovery illustrates the importance of continuous monitoring of poultry in this country for controlling AIV including identifying sources of vaccine seed viruses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abortions cause heavy economic losses for the bovine sector. The use of a standardized panel of analyses covering a large spectrum of pathogens responsible of abortion in cattle allowed demonstrating the direct involvement of at least one pathogen in 57% of analysed abortions in the southern part of Belgium. This result suggests a margin of improvement in the diagnostic efficacy. In order to evaluate the interest to broaden the list of pathogens included in the panel of analyses, the implication of bovine herpesvirus 4 (Bo HV-4) in abortion was assessed by two different studies. In the first study, coupled serology was performed after abortion on 714 dams to identify specific seroconversion against Bo HV-4. The overall seroconversion in cows was 19.5%, with a higher frequency in primiparous compared to multiparous females. In addition, the type of breed (beef cattle) and the time period from the fourth quarter 2008 until the last quarter 2009 were significantly related to the seroconversion of cows. The second study investigated the virus ability to infect the foetus. In this study, 368 cases of bovine abortions were specifically tested for Bo HV-4, using PCR on foetus tissues and ELISA on dam and foetus sera. The results showed a maternal seroprevalence of 64.7%, a foetal seroprevalence of 0.8% and a PCR prevalence in foetuses of 1.1%, demonstrating the ability of Bo HV-4 to infect the foetus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic loss doctrine has prevented countless plaintiffs from recovering their economic losses in tort. However, over the last several decades, numerous courts have found exceptions to this doctrine. Alaska currently provides two important exceptions: the independent duty exception and the design professional exception. These two exceptions as applied provide for inconsistent results which create liability for design professionals and cut off liability for non-design professionals. Providing the same approach and analysis for all professionals creates greater consistency and predictability and provides an opportunity for design professionals to limit their exposure to negligence claims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tailing discharged in mineral processing plants is not only an economical loss, but also an environmental problem in mining industry. For example, fine grained tailing of Emet Boron Concentrator in Kutahya/Turkey is discharged to the slurry pond. However, the B 2 O 3 content of the tailing is about 26%, and therefore, it can be accepted as a valuable boron source after the determination of suitable method/methods to recycle these tailings. In this context, this study was aimed to utilize a column flotation technique to recycle the colemanite tailings after scrubbing-classification process. The effect of some operational parameters such as bias factor and superficial gas velocity was investigated on column flotation of colemanite in terms of recovery and grade. According to the results, a concentrate having nearly 45% B 2 O 3 with a recovery of 99% was obtained from the tailings sample with 26% B 2 O 3 using the flotation column. Finally, a colemanite concentrate of 43.12% B 2 O 3 was produced with a recovery of 93.46% using scrubbing-classification followed by flotation processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reproductive and urinary tract abnormalities are a cause of infertility, reproductive inefficiency, and economic losses in goats. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence and nature of reproductive and urinary tract abnormalities encountered in female goats slaughtered at Nyagatare abattoir in the Eastern Province of Rwanda. Reproductive and urinary organs from 369 female goat carcasses were opened by incision and then given a thorough macroscopic examination by visually inspecting and palpating for evidence of abnormalities. The results showed that there was an overall occurrence of 7.8% reproductive organ/tract abnormalities and 10.6% urinary organ/tract abnormalities. Ovarian hypoplasia was the reproductive abnormality with the highest overall occurrence (32.3%) and renal calculi were the urinary organ abnormality with the highest occurrence (38.1%). 95.2% of the reproductive organ/tract abnormalities observed usually result in infertility and 91.3% of the urinary organ/tract abnormalities observed result in economic losses through condemnation of kidneys at slaughter. The high incidence of the observed urinary organ/tract abnormalities represents a potential public health challenge. There was no significant difference in the occurrence of reproductive organ/tract abnormalities according to breed (p > 0.05, n = 31). There was also no significant difference in the occurrence of urinary organ abnormalities according to breed (p > 0.05, n = 42). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes and evaluates from a comparative perspective the approach to tort liability for pure economic loss adopted in the Restatement (Third) Torts: Liability for Economic Harm. The analysis highlights three fundamental issues: whether a claim in tort can arise concurrently with a claim in contract; whether claims for professional negligence merit special treatment and, if so, how; and whether claims relating to negligent misrepresentation should be subject to the same rules as apply to negligence generally. Consideration of how these issues are addressed in English, French, and German law suggests that debates in the United States might usefully be informed by European experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A table of contents for the issue is presented.

The article presents the author's evaluation on studies about stochastic assessment of economic losses that is associated with hurricane hazard for whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei that is cultivated form a floating cages in northwestern Mexico. These include the discontradiction of the results of studies regarding possible rejection of higher prices of shrimp in November compensating for the risk of hurricane impact and the validity of using the suggested intensive rearing techniques.

The article discusses Australian legal claims involving construction law, defective buildings, and the tort of negligence economic loss, and it mentions the potential return of an exclusionary rule of evidence in the country, as well as litigation involving issues such as a reasonable care standard.