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This article examines how the network of settler colonial systems in Canada worked to ensure the widespread and intentional cover-up that allowed one man to remain in the Indian Residential School (irs) system for over two decades (from 1910 to 1932) despite overwhelming evidence of his abuse. Using genocide scholar Andrew Woolford's metaphor of settler colonial mesh as a framework, this article details the 1930 case against Birtle Indian Residential School Principal Henry B. Currie to understand the multiple strategies of concealment used to protect him. A multitude of actors and institutions were involved in the coverup: the Indian agent and the Department of Indian Affairs, the Presbyterian Church, the court systems, and the public press. Strategies of concealment included blatant bribery, transferring accused principals to other schools, document falsification, forced marriages, and misreporting runaways, along with the irs system itself, which kept children from their families and support systems. The article concludes with a discussion of settler claims of ignorance and the role archives play in revealing the truth about abusers within the irs system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the 19th-century U.S.-Mexico borderlands and the contract warfare and genocide that took place there against Native Americans. The author discusses bounty laws in Chihuahua, Durango, and Sonora, examines the influence Southern Apaches and Comanches asserted in these regions, and explores the racial, cultural, and political motivations behind this violence.

Violence against Indigenous individuals and the land is exacerbated by the Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL). Such violence stems from and is sustained by structures of settler colonialism. Analyzing RISE (2017), a documentary television series which followed the Standing Rock occupation, I argue the Water Protectors enacted their inherent sovereignty through strategies of survivance that delinked from settler colonialism and provided gendered relinking to Indigenous knowledges. The Water Protectors' decolonial talk presented embodied messages of Indigenous survivance that highlighted their agency to resist settler colonialism. By asserting their active decolonial presence, the Water Protectors challenged settler colonial gendered violence, constructing new realities where Indigenous peoples and the earth are decolonized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Article utilizes the crime of genocide's requisite elements to analyze the massacres of the Tagaeri and Taromenane Peoples (Tagaeri-Taromenane). The Tagaeri-Taromenane are Indigenous peoples living in voluntary isolation in the Ecuadorian Amazon who are endangered by the oil and timber industries and the expansion of peasant settlements in their territory. This Article first provides a brief history of the Tagaeri-Taromenane massacres and then discusses the "intent to destroy a group" element of the crime of genocide as enumerated in international human rights jurisprudence. In concluding, the authors propose that the oil industry's public and private actors' direct control over the events that led to the massacres could establish criminal liability for those actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a dearth of criminological scholarship on how the political persuasions of governments affect Indigenous people as it relates to human rights and environmental consequences, whether positive or negative, for Indigenous peoples. To address this gap, we develop a comparative instrumental case study of the policies concerning Indigenous peoples implemented during two political periods in Brazil: the administrations of presidents Silva (2003–2010) and Rousseff (2011–2016) and the administrations of Temer (2016–2018) and Bolsonaro (2019–). We explore the consequences for Indigenous peoples of these leftist and the right-wing governments. We argue that governments of both political leanings victimize Indigenous populations, with leftist governments using structural violence and right-wing governments engaging additionally in symbolic and direct violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Rohingya ethnic group of Myanmar's Rakhine State have suffered systemic discrimination and violence for several decades. An overwhelming majority of Rohingya had to either flee their homes, or stay and suffer from deplorable conditions. While a majority of states have condemned the atrocities perpetrated on the Rohingya, decisive action or even unequivocal condemnation in the U.N. General Assembly has been stymied by various political and strategic factors. The Gambia, a small African state, has taken upon itself to test the legal responsibility of Myanmar for atrocities on the Rohingya by filing a case at the International Court of Justice ("I.C.J." or "the Court") in November 2019. This Article seeks to explore how the case may play out as it proceeds in the I.C.J. and what it may or may not mean for the Rohingya by analyzing the Court's provisional order, its record of hearings, and its jurisprudence along with other international courts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genocide is a sensitive topic. While the Genocide Convention is traditionally understood, especially in the popular imagination, to prohibit mass killings, its provisions prohibit a far broader array of conduct. While killings of Indigenous peoples have thus frequently been considered to fall within the bounds of the Genocide Convention, crimes against culture--like the taking of ancestral or sacred Indigenous lands--have been considered outside of its bounds. While many of these takings continue to occur today, Indigenous loss of land has been consistent throughout history. This Comment argues that cultural genocide, both as a means and as an end, are properly included within the terms of the Genocide Convention. This Comment further argues that the doctrine of continuing violations, which allows tribunals to exercise jurisdiction over failures to investigate and remediate violations of the Convention, including violations that occurred before a state's ratification of the Convention, may provide recourse for pre- and post- Convention wrongs committed against Indigenous peoples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes how human rights uprisings in Canada often occur because of Canada's lack of recognition and respect for Indigenous laws. The most recent example noted involves pipe line construction on traditional Wet'suwet'en territory in British Columbia, the building of which proceeded without considering Indigenous laws and customs. The result was country-wide blockades and protests by First Nations that brought the nation's economy to a halt. The paper argues that these uprisings happen because Canada's justice system and the lawyers, judges, policy makers, and politicians that operate within it are generally ill prepared to comprehend or reconcile the relationship between colonial legal systems and Indigenous systems of law. The article goes on to illustrate how the historic Indian Residential School Settlement--the largest and most comprehensive in Canadian history--was achieved by following Indigenous law and processes, harmonized in part with principles of the common law of tort. The article then ends with a discussion about how Indigenous laws could be made more accessible and intelligible and how they could be applied territorially and generally. The paper makes the ultimate point that different perspectives and legal theories are necessary to craft appropriate reparations and the processes used to achieve them. Unless Indigenous laws, traditions, and practices are central to the design and implementation of reparations for colonial misdeeds, state responses to the cultural genocide perpetrated against Indigenous peoples in Canada will not open pathways to either healing or reconciliation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The truth commission of Guatemala stated that a genocide was committed against Indigenous Peoples in Guatemala. The truth commission of Canada concluded that a cultural genocide was committed against Aboriginal Peoples in Canada. The article questions the contribution of the truth commissions of Guatemala and Canada to the recognition of a genocide. Their contribution is analyzed in two areas. The article argues that the work of the two truth commissions shows that the context of a country and the perception of the crime influence the findings on genocide. It also states that the work of the two truth commissions on genocide is part of a movement towards an evolution of the 1948 United Nations Genocide Convention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines major issues affecting the Batwa indigenous group in Rwanda. Topics discussed include the lack of recognition, exclusion and marginalisation, crimes against a Batwa community in the southern province, and lack of sufficient income-generating activities due to discrimination and lack of education and land.

The article reports on key events in 2018 that affected the Afar, Kunama, Saho and Nara, four of the indigenous peoples in Eritrea. Topics discussed include the appropriation of indigenous land and other crimes against indigenous peoples, the Eritrea-Ethiopia rapprochement, and cases wherein international criminal law statutes and precedents would consider Ethiopian officials as parties and/or accessories to the country's crimes against humanity.

The article reviews key events that affected the lives of the Maori, the indigenous people of Aotearoa, in 2018. They include the persistent indifference and hostility experienced by indigenous rights defenders, the launch of the Office for Maori Crown Relations, and the Crown's breaches of the Treaty of Waitangi.

The article highlights major issues that affected the lives of indigenous peoples in Paraguay in 2018. Topics discussed include the legacy of the outgoing administration of President Horacio Cartes, the disappearance and threats to indigenous peoples in response to territorial claims, and indigenous participation in the general elections held on April 20.

The article reviews key events that affected indigenous communities in Ecuador in 2018. Topics discussed include the march for water, life and against corruption that was organized by several indigenous organizations of the Central and Southern Sierra, the debate and negotiations around intercultural education, and the resistance to mining by the A'i Cofán community of Sinangoe.

The article highlights key events that affected indigenous peoples and communities in Colombia in 2018. Topics discussed include the murder and human rights violations against indigenous peoples, the peace negotiations between the national government and the Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia, and the indigenous movement's struggle to promote the values of its people.

The article reports on major issues that affected the lives of indigenous peoples in Chile in 2018. Topics discussed include the reelection of Sebastián Piñera as president, the murder of Mapuche member Camilo Catrillanca and its impact on the inter-ethnic conflict between the state and the Mapuche people in Araucania, and the criminalization of indigenous protest.

The article highlights key issues that affected the lives of indigenous peoples in Argentina in 2018. It discusses the situation of indigenous human rights defenders, feminism and the indigenous women's movement, and the prosecution, criminalisation and harassment of indigenous peoples across the country.

The article highlights key issues that affected indigenous communities in Mexico in 2018. Topics discussed include native languages, poverty, and the victory of Andrés Manuel López Obrador in the presidential elections. Also mentioned are crimes against indigenous defenders of the environment, indigenous population in agricultural labour markets in the U.S., and the Zapatista Army of National Liberation and the Maya Train project.

The article offers a comprehensive review of major issues impacting the lives of indigenous communities in Canada. Topics discussed include the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, conflict over resource development giving the example of Coastal GasLink and the Wet'suwet'en, and the inquiry into murdered and missing indigenous women and girls. Also mentioned are the recommendations of the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination.

The article highlights the Confluence Story Gathering Collection of interviews with indigenous elders, leaders, artists and educators who live along the Columbia River. Topics discussed are function of Celilo Falls as an economic hub and epicenter of trade, fishing rights struggle of the Columbia River people, violence inflicted by the U.S. government onto the people, destruction of tribal sovereignty in Oregon and tribal efforts for federal recognition, and role of language in trade.

The article discusses the 1930s El Salvadorian government's genocide and terror against indigenous peoples known as La Matanza and the race laws that followed. An overview of the Indigenous peoples of El Salvador and campesino (peasant farmer) workers' rebellion against the El Salvadorian authoritarian leader General Maximiliano Hernandez Martinez is provided.

The article reflects on the articles within the issue on the themes of biopolitics and the government regulation of Indigenous peoples' lifeways and culture from the 19th century through the early 21st century. Topics, including indigenous resistance to government, attempts to assimilate indigenous Australians and whites settler colonists' abduction of indigenous girls, are discussed.

The article discusses various issues involving the indigenous peoples in Tunisia, and it mentions the Amazigh population in Tunisia, Tamazight-speaking people in the country, and the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. The Tunisian government's failure to implement recommendations from the United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights is examined, along with Tunisian Arabs and indigenous victims of racist attacks.

The article explores several decisions in which the Navajo Supreme Court has applied it to questions involving juveniles, such as child protection, children in need of supervision, termination of parental rights, and other matters. Topics discussed include Navajo (Dine) Fundamental Law' and some of its foundational concepts concerning children and families; role of Dine Fundamental Law in addressing disputes involving Navajo children and families.

The article acknowledges the experience of South Dakota Native youth in the juvenile justice system with issues like racism, jurisdiction, and tribal sovereignty. Topics discussed includes native youth that face significant disparities; juvenile justice system in South Dakota as it impacts Native youth; and tribal-federal relations in South Dakota is usually framed as a story of betrayal and loss.

When Gonarezhou was declared a game sanctuary in 1934, there followed concerted efforts to remove all people resident in the park-designated area. This was a process that gained traction from the mid-1950s and was only accomplished in 1968. This study interrogates the various responses of the Shangaan to their displacement from Gonarezhou National Park (GNP), a terrain they called home. Three case studies are used to illustrate the varied reactions. The forced removals are examined in the broader discourse of the history of colonial conquest, land alienation and African resistance to colonially-imposed projects. By interrogating archival sources, oral testimonies and secondary literature, the study contends that the Shangaan of southeastern Zimbabwe put up stiff resistance to eviction from the land of their ancestors. It also notes that while literature on the history of national parks in Zimbabwe abounds, the subject of Shangaan eviction experiences has attracted limited academic scholarship. This article seeks to augment the knowledge on Shangaan contest for the control of the Gonarezhou terrain during the period from 1957 to 1968. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is anchored in two recent and concurrent openings, openings that offer opportunities for geographers to consider new modes of engaging colonial violence. The first opening is the release, in Canada, of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission's final report and calls to action. By demanding new types of settler-subject attention to Indigenous peoples and places, it opens new spaces for extending reflection about anti-Indigenous racism and colonial violence in Canadian consciousness. The second opening is geography's growing uptake of creative and humanities-informed theories and practices. These manifest in new knowledges and practices with consequent possibilities for addressing colonial violence. I consider these two openings first by proposing changes to conversations about settler-normalized violences lived by Indigenous peoples, and, second by engaging poets working to radically re/configure language and written expression. Specifically, the paper ends with a call for geographers-particularly non-Indigenous settler geographers-to rethink ways (and forms) by which we produce knowledge, especially about colonialism and Indigenous geographies and especially in and through writing practices. The paper is experimental in form, meant to disrupt easy uptake or digestion of ideas that must remain-for settler subjects-fundamentally ragged, upsetting, and always beyond conclusion, coherence, or closure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through an examination of the deaths of two young men in a detention center fire in Kashechewan, Ontario, this article examines links between legal testimony, temporality, competing forms of evidence (oral histories, visual recordings and corporeal forms of memory) and the consolidation of particular racial and historical logics through these discursive and visual fields. I argue that an analysis of testimony in colonial inquiries reveals that the relationship between everyday life and exceptional violence often restricts the development of narrative coherence between historical forms of injustice and contemporary instances of violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers the author's insights on assassination of people that opposes environmental destruction such as charismatic leaders and indigenous people. Topics mentioned include the international cooperation to prevent assassination, the promotion of human rights in environmental management, and the indigenous leaders who give their lives in resistance to territorial dispossession and pollution.

The sexual exploitation of youth is a complex and multidimensional social problem. Understanding the antecedents and factors that entrap youth into the world of sexual exploitation is imperative for effective interventions. This article presents a visual entitled the Waters of Sexual Exploitation that is used as a training tool for social service personnel to understand the world of sexually exploited youth. The visual was developed through an extensive review of the literature as well as interviews with individuals involved in the sex trade, with specific focus on the overrepresentation of Aboriginal youth who are sexually exploited. The Waters of Sexual Exploitation visual helps to capture the complex relationships that develop between sexually exploited youth, the people that exploit the youth, and the helpers working with youth exiting this world. The visual is enhanced by the inclusion of the lived experience of a survivor of this world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this essay, I use Taika Waititi's 2016 Hunt for the Wilderpeople as a lens through which to discuss the management of Indigenous life by the settler colonial state, whereby certain Indigenous subjectivities are 'let to die' for the overall health of the body politic. I then turn to examine how the theatrical paramilitarised performances in the film are reflected in the on-going nature of colonial violence directed towards the Ngāi Tūhoe people, exemplified in the 2007 'anti-terror' raids codenamed 'Operation 8', and the more recent (but less well known) raids that have targeted Tūhoe since 2007. I stipulate that such raids demonstrate a return to sites of 'originary violence' as per Irene Watson's thesis (2009), where Crown sovereignty is violently reinscribed upon the frontier to reinforce the supremacy of the state. This discussion continues Vijay Devadas' argument that Operation 8 revealed a 'racialised sovereignty' that constitutes the 'legitimacy and power of state sovereignty ... in Aotearoa' (2008, 124). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper takes the ratification of the U.N. Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples as its departure point. Reactions to the Declaration have thus far been mixed. According to advocates, these events signal ‘a new consensus’ that brings ‘to an end the nation states’ history of oppression of indigenous peoples’. According to critics, however, we have uncritically assumed an alliance between human rights and Aboriginal rights initiatives. This paper draws on these conflicting accounts, the theories of Rancière, and a discussion of a current Canadian court case to offer an assessment of the political possibilities of the UN declaration. Overall we argue that the value of the Declaration rests on our interpretation of the political process by which these rights are enacted. The possibilities of rights-based politics are always contextually dependent. In some instances a human rights frame can represent radical repositionings and rearticulations while at the same time always risking the possibility of co-optation. The acts of politics, in particular acts of dissensus, are the key factors that will impact whether the Rights of Indigenous Peoples lead to transformation or to the reinforcement of the status quo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Did frontier conflict in Australia amount to genocide? Answers to this question have revolved around topics such as contemporary understandings of the conflict, intent, the applicability of the term to Australian history and considerations of Indigenous agency. In this historiographical article, we argue that ‘genocide’ is a useful framework with which to understand the frontier experience in the Australian colonies. From that perspective, we provide a critical review of the literature up to the present. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A literary criticism of the book "Darwin" by Tess Lea is presented. It mentions that the book offers an important provocation for scholarship in Northern Australia along several axes. It highlights the juxtaposition of biography and memory and the senses with geography and entomology in the book. The book narrates violence inflicted on Indigenous people in the north and casual brutality that accompanied settlement along Australia's northern 'frontier.'

We examined social and physical violence experienced by American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) women in prostitution and their impacts on the mental and physical health of 105 women (81% Anishinaabe, mean age = 35 years) recruited through service agencies in three Minnesota cities. In childhood, abuse, foster care, arrests, and prostitution were typical. Homelessness, rape, assault, racism, and pimping were common. The women's most prevalent physical symptoms included muscle pain, impaired memory or concentration, and headaches. Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder and dissociation were common, with more severe psychological symptoms associated with worse health. Most of the women wanted to leave prostitution and they most often identified counseling and peer support as necessary to accomplish this. Most saw colonization and prostitution of AI/AN women as connected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article focuses on the issue of human rights abuse of mining industries. Topics include the factors that cause the proliferation of mining activities on a global scale including the demands for metals as energy sources and increasing demands for metals due to economic expansion of some countries and the reports of social conflict and human rights abuse brought by the expansion of mining industries. Also highlighted are mining companies involved in genocide and human rights abuse.

The article explores the historical definition of genocide and the population decline of Native Americans following contact with European settlers. The author reflects on the concept of genocidal intent in relation to massacres, state-sponsored body-part bounties, and mass death in government detention. Emphasis is given to the decline and eradication of the Pequot Indians of Connecticut and the Yuki Indians of California.

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various reports within the issue on topics including empathy in human relations, interpretations of the law, and immorality and the killing of indigenous persons in Colombia and Arctic Quebec.

The article discusses the reports of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) and its mechanisms to protect the rights of indigenous peoples. Topics include the recommendations on how states can fulfill their obligations to respect and guarantee the rights of the indigenous communities, the increase in the number of missing and murdered indigenous women and a report on the human rights situation in Colombia.

The article examines the social condition of indigenous peoples in Brazil. Topics discussed include the census of indigenous population in the country, the possibility of indigenous rights violation and threat of demarcation of indigenous lands brought by constitutional amendment, and the issue of violence against indigenous people.

The article focuses on the social conditions of indigenous peoples in Ecuador. Topics discussed include the census of indigenous population in the country, the various crimes against indigenous communities in Ecuador such as the social implication of the massacre of the Taromenane family by an indigenous group in 2013 wherein claims that the said attack is due to the presence of oil deposit in the area.