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A new chapter started.for collective actions with the 2020 Dutch Mass Damage Settlement in Collective Actions Act (WAMCA) and the E.U. Directive on representative actions for consumer cases. The expansion of the class action mechanism has not only raised procedural and practical questions but has also triggered debates on the funding of inherently expensive collective claims for damages. Absent appropriate public legal aid schemes, third-party litigation funding has been on the rise and commercial funding has become one of the most discussed and controversial topics in European civil justice. Developments in collective actions andfunding have prompted the Dutch Ministry of Justice to commission a study on the financing of collective actions and the desirability of establishing a litigation fund. This paper reviews Dutch collective actions and the quest for suitable funding mechanisms under the WAMCA at the background of E.U. developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this article is to contribute on the mobile as a methodological concept through a feminist ethnomethodological ethnography on collective actions of sex workers in northern Chile, based on three methodological tools: transit, liminality and intimate connections. We define transit as the movements between virtual, face-to-face, hybrid and mobile spaces according to the participants' everyday life. Liminality as the analysis of borders, as spaces of encounter and misencounter to observe heterogeneity and the confrontation of differences. Intimate connections as the monitoring of materialities of significant presence in the field, which are assembled with the methods of the participants and take on diverse meanings. Thus, we propose an ethnographic practice that moves and mobilizes according to its participants, that breaks dualisms, that is fluid and, in this framework, becomes politically and ethically entangled. Not only for epistemological purposes, but also to actively contribute to the production of other meanings, of other different worlds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the development of collective action certification under the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA). Topics discussed include distinction of collective actions from class actions, development of the two-step certification process and its effects on FLSA collective actions, and steps taken by the defense counsel seeking to convince a district court to apply something other than the conditional certification standard at the outset of any collective action.

Resumen: La libertad de asociación puede englobar el derecho sindical a emprender acciones colectivas en interés de los afiliados. En ese sentido, se presume que los sindicatos aumentan la libertad de los trabajadores. Sin embargo, no se ha estudiado suficientemente la vinculación entre esa libertad, entendida como realización personal, y la acción colectiva sindical que crea coaliciones con la sociedad civil. Partiendo de los conceptos de libertad de Berlin (1969) y MacCallum (1967), en este artículo se evalúa cómo influyen esas coaliciones en la libertad de los trabajadores. Posteriormente, desde una perspectiva democrática radical (Laclau y Mouffe 2001) de la participación sindical en el movimiento de transición justa en Nueva Zelandia, se examina si los sindicatos amplían esa libertad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the updates and trends in social media and collective action in Brazil by citing the experiences of delivery workers and truck drivers as examples. Also cited are how social media was used by workers to organize their strikes, and the various types of workers mobilization like street protests and the joint protests of workers.

Urban violence and threats to personal safety are everyday issues of shared concern for Chinese migrants in France. They push Chinese migrants to act as local residents and to interact with the host country in various and unexpected ways, whether openly or inconspicuously, in order to improve their living environment and negotiate their place in the host society. Drawing on an ethnography of Chinese immigrants living in the banlieues of Paris and their everyday social practices in relation to the issues of violence and insecurity, this article documents the strategies of everyday resistance used by Chinese immigrants, grounded in their local knowledge. In a shift toward further local participation, they perform these actions as local residents, resulting in a de facto citizenship. 摘要: 城市暴力与不安全是与在法华人密切相关的议题。出乎意料的是，这一让华人深受其扰的问题却推动了他们以在地居民的角色与移居国进行各种或公开的或隐蔽的互动，旨在改善移民自己所处的居住环境，并以此为契机对自己在移居国的位置进行讨价还价。本文基于对一处位于巴黎郊区的中国移民聚居区及其华人居民围绕着与暴力和不安全问题所做的日常社会实践的民族志调查，分析了中国移民基于他们积累的当地知识而发展出来的日常抗争策略。在此基础上，这些作为在地居民的实践推动中国移民更深入地参与到当地的社会生活之中，并最终产生了事实公民身份。 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a court case in which the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit ruled that arbitration-bound workers are not entitled to notice of collective action proceeding under the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA). In the case Bigger v. Facebook, Inc., Facebook staff Susie Bigger filed a lawsuit when her employer refused to pay her overtime as her position is allegedly overtime-exempt. The circuit reversed a district court's ruling favoring Bigger.

The hostility of the common law in respect of collective action by workers in the form of strikes is notorious. To provide workers with a right to strike, legislative intervention is necessary. In New Zealand and Australia, legislative enactment of the right to strike has taken the form of the "immunity approach" whereby strike action which meets the prerequisites for protection under the relevant statute receives immunity from common law action, while that which does not remains subject to potential liability at common law. This article analyses the adoption of the immunity approach in Australia under the relevant federal industrial relations statutes that have operated since 1993. Commencing with discussion of the hostility of the common law to collective action and the principle of legality, a presumption of statutory interpretation that presumes Parliament would not have abrogated common law rights without an express intention to do so, this article examines how the scope of protected industrial action in Australia has been consistently narrowed through hostile judicial interpretation. Such interpretation has been grounded in an approach which narrows the extent that common law rights are restricted by the statute and construes the statutory enactment of a right to strike as conferring a "privilege" on those industrial actors who remain "worthy" enough to access it. Considering the progressively negative impact on the right to strike of this approach, the argument in this article echoes calls made by Gordon Anderson in 1987 to reject the continued role of the common law in the regulation of industrial action. It is argued that the law of strikes in Australia should be codified. Such an approach should assist in downplaying judicial tendencies to interpret the right to strike as a privilege rather than as a necessary component of a functioning system of voluntary collective bargaining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reflects on repertoires of collective action and performance practices in Rosario. They have in common the holding of a set of human rights organizations and other actors in artistic interventions in order to claim against state violence. We address two historical modulations of a broader process (1976-2001). First (1980s): it lies in the relationship of human rights organizations and a series of repertoires of political-artistic action. Second (1990s): includes the HIJOS group and various actors and groups in performing aesthetic, pedagogical and political actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the case of DOCUPERU, an organization that creates audiovisual contents intended to reect on the use of the collaborative documentary, which aims to promote an inclusive culture of active citizens. It is determined that the products designed by José Balado and his team result from collective actions that allow the marginal communities to gain access to some ways of self-representation, rebuilding their memory and speaking of their quotidianness. Firstly this paper presents an overview of the cultural agency. fien, it explains how these forms of amateur production have led to a new boost for the collaborative documentary. Finally, an interview to Balado is transcribed herein; this way he explains the fundamentals making possible to create such collective life experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the relationship between collective action and the size of worker and employer groups in the United States. It proposes and tests a theory of union formation and strikes. Using a new county-by-industry level dataset containing the location of unions, the location of strikes, average establishment size, and the number of establishments around the turn of the twentieth century, I find that unions were more likely to form and strikes were more likely to occur in counties with intermediate-sized worker groups and large employer groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The opacity that underlines the substantive content and interpretation of pari passu clause in financial contracting requires more clarity to ensure predictability for the contracting parties relying on it to access fund in the financial markets. The re-awakening of the contextual and textual controversy that underpins the clause by the NML case has once again re-enacted the divergent positions, namely: the broad or payment interpretation and narrow or equal ranking obligation. Consequently, there is a need for more clarity on the substantive content of the pari passu clause so that contracting parties will not be prejudiced in the event of dispute. Effectively, parties can achieve this by clarifying ex ante the applicable meaning of the clause. The contracting parties may state in the financial contractual agreement that the applicable meaning of the clause is a broad or payment interpretation. Alternatively, the contracting parties may adopt narrow interpretation; or entirely exclude the application of the pari passu clause. Also, parties may need to incorporate collective action clause (CAC) to ensure that the collective decisions of the majority of lenders prevail over undue proclivity for holdouts of the minority. This will dispel the possibility of controversy ex post over rateable payment, while ensuring orderly debt restructuring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusess the Netherlands Supreme Court case concerning the right of workers and trade unions to boycott an enterprise in which there is a collective conflict. In this case Enerco BV called on the Tribunal of Amsterdam to issue an injunction ordering the trade unions to lift trade unions call for a boycott, alleging that collective action was not covered by Article 6(4) of the European Social Charter.

The goal of the paper is to identify and discuss the factors shaping the local leaders' attitude towards metropolitan collaboration. The focus is on the relations within the political space and it is set in institutional collective actions dilemmas context. This article is based on 103 in-depth interviews with politicians and officials as well as on analysis of statistical and financial data. The results generally confirm the most often discussed set of factors that influence the collaboration in metropolitan areas but also induce to pay attention to the details. It is very difficult to define what it is positive incentive to collaboration in general - it has to be shaped to the chosen place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a study of a collective action oriented to developing rural sustainable tourism in the west of Paraná state, Brazil. We have endeavoured to identify the advantages and disadvantages experienced by rural entrepreneurs while participating in a collective action group. We have carried out a qualitative case study of a descriptive nature, and after interviewing participant entrepreneurs, we concluded that collective action was essential for the development of sustainable rural tourism. Overall, the advantages surpass the disadvantages. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jurisdictions all over the world are experimenting with different forms of collective actions in order to provide compensation for large numbers of victims with small claims in competition cases. This article surveys two nearly simultaneous developments: the cautious development of collective actions in competition cases outside the United States and the narrowing of class actions in the United States. This article then focuses on the key issue that will determine the fate of the nascent movement toward collective actions, namely the need for an opt-out mechanism to provide proper incentives with the collective assertion of small value claims. We conclude that, as a matter of both theory and practice, opt-in mechanisms are merely an inadequate form of joinder ill suited for collective actions in competition cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explains how a permissive planning permit system is embedded in Belgian/Flemish society and how this contributes to urban sprawl. We base our analysis on an institutionalist approach as developed in previous and current research and analyse the Flemish planning permit system since 1962 as one of different interacting planning systems, all (re)produced, maintained, transformed and struggled over by specific individual and collective actors and shaped by a range of institutional dynamics. The analysis shows how in the dynamics of the Flemish planning permit system, a general struggle between actors defending property-based private initiative and actors arguing for collective action in space is especially apparent. In this struggle, property ownership expressed through a permissive planning permit system and limited enforcement of regulations is seen to be predominant, especially in the 1960s, 1980s and 2000s. Changes in the 1990s, making the planning permit system more strict, have partly and momentarily challenged the institutional frame which structures the predominant planning permit practice, but left the logic of individual property largely untouched. Today, the Flemish planning permit system has again been reoriented towards the protection of private property, which hampers the capacity of government to implement a coherent spatial policy. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article reflects on the practical problems associated with the rise in Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) litigation and the fairness issues that accompany employment arbitration. It presents an analysis of Federal Arbitration Act (FAA) which governs the rules and policies surrounding arbitral procedure in the U.S. It also mentions that FAA aimed to decrease judicial hostility toward arbitration and the interpretations of arbitration clauses and class and collective action waivers.

ABSTRACT The global trend in common-pool resource (CPR) governance is to decentralize resource use management to local user groups. Since the survival and sustainability of self-governing organizations are closely linked to the satisfaction of its members, listening to users who have the largest stake in CPR sustainability is crucial. The literature on CPR governance has two shortcomings: its analyses are restricted to the local community, excluding higher institutional and government levels; and power asymmetry among users is neglected, even though it can undermine collective action and hinder effective CPR management. In this study, multiple governance levels were linked, and the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework - which contextualizes how interactions among local actors lead to institutional outcomes that shape both individual and collective actions - was extended by controlling for the impact of power relations on institutional performance. The outcomes of irrigation management decentralization were assessed via three case studies on locally managed irrigation institutions from two provinces in Turkey. It was found that power asymmetries have a significant impact on user satisfaction across the cases, albeit in different directions. The implication of this finding is that, in contexts where land distribution is highly unequal, inequalities may have contradictory effects depending on how power operates and is reflected in CPR management. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the widespread use of electronic communications by the employees and factors which limits the effectiveness of electronic collective action. Topics discussed include legal protections that might help to reduce employer resistance to digital collective action, the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) which provide protection for employees and the U.S. National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) guidelines regarding the use of social media by employees.

Since Werner Sombart visited the United States at the beginning of the 20th century, scholars and activists have debated whether the American labor movement is “exceptionally” weak and conservative, and why. While some have accepted Exceptionalism and attributed it to the conservative values of American workers, others have attributed it instead to the power of business and the repressive posture of the American government. This article argues that the American legal tradition contributed to “exceptionalism” by privileging individual rights over collective action, and by limiting the power of organizations, including governments as well as unions, over individual choice. While this individualist bias was modified in the 1930s, the Supreme Court quickly restored the individual bias in American labor law, leading to the collapse of unions in the later 20th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses judicial deference and the expansion of the U.S. Federal Arbitration Act (FAA) in the wake of the U.S. National Labor Relations Board's determination in the 2012 case of D.R. Horton Inc. that it is unlawful under the country's National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) for employers to require employees to arbitrate all employment-related claims on an individual basis. Substantive statutory rights are mentioned, along with class and collective action claims in America.

Collective action dilemmas emerge from the process of financial services negotiation in the World Trade Organization. This study attempts to analyze the dynamics of collective actions among the bilateral as well as regional collaboration in the World Trade Organization. The authors extend a typology to describe the WTO collaboration through the dimensions of "dominant actors' involvement" and "decision -making approach". The four modes of the WTO collaboration could be 1) multilateral collaboration led by dominant actors, 2) multilateral collaborative partnerships, 3) bilateral formal agreements and 4) claims by single side or bilateral informal agreements. Empirical cases of the WTO collaboration areis employed to describe and analyze the above four modes of collaboration. This study further explores the appropriate strategies in response to the action dynamics of the four modes. Adopting the strategies, the participating members would be able to create a win-win situation among the international collaboration actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the U.S. National Labor Relations Board's (NLRB's) ruling in the 2014 case of Fresh & Easy Neighborhood Market Inc. which deals with American labor and sexual harassment laws, as well as collective action in the U.S. It states that the NLRB determined that the U.S. National Labor Relations Act protects workers seeking colleagues' assistance in filing sexual harassment complaints. Individual rights under Title VII of the U.S. Civil Rights Act of 1964 are also examined.

Copyright of Latin American Policy is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Article introduces the Common Terms of Reference (CTR) for Collective Action Clauses (CACs) that have been a mandatory part of the contract terms for all sovereign-bond issues of all eighteen euro-zone members since 2013. This includes all bond issues by economic and financial heavyweights such as Germany and France. By harmonizing these CTRs, the euro-zone members are setting a new international standard for CACs in sovereign-bond issues. This contribution to this symposium issue starts by presenting the main elements of CACs in sovereign-bond terms from a general, and of the CTR from a specific, perspective. These elements are majority voting requirements, aggregation clauses and representatives on both sides of the bond contracts. This introduction is followed by the body of the Article, which consists of a legal analysis of the most relevant and unresolved issues of majority voting in sovereign-bond debt restructurings. While disenfranchisement clauses address the important issue of conflicts of interest, they cannot provide answers to the modern phenomenon that some influential bondholders are in a situation that privileges them over ordinary investors. This is particularly visible in the euro zone where banks, sovereigns, the funding facilities ESM and EFSF, and, above all, the euro system hold tremendous amounts of euro-zone sovereign debt. The Article approaches the issue from a contractual perspective, suggesting a mechanism to resolve potential conflicts between ordinary investors and the extraordinary role played by such powerful bondholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Rural space seeks a new development model, for which “flexibility” is the key-word, that is the ability to adapt rapidly to the new, constantly changing, conditions of globalized markets. It is argued that flexibility can be achieved by society itself by developing its social capital, which allows for cooperation among actors in order to meet mutual goals. In rural communities, particularly in Greece, although it is expected that the social capital is increased because of acquaintanceships and frequent interactions among members, cooperation among farmers is limited and less than frequent. The purpose of this study is to examine the social capital of a rural society, by focusing on young farmers, because they are expected to play an essential role in the formulation and implementation of a modern model of rural development. Linkages between social capital, trust and collective actions are examined through an empirical investigation of young farmers in an exemplary rural area of Greece in order to provide an explanation as to the processes through which social capital can it play a positive role in the development of a rural society. The empirical analysis yields two findings of crucial importance. First, contrary to a priori expectations, the social capital of young farmers in Greek rural society is limited, considering that both the participation in voluntary organizations (especially in producer groups) and the level of trust, as depicted within the empirical analysis, are low. This entails limited collective actions, which actually translates to limited access to innovation. Second, young farmers' increased trust to institutions (institutional trust) is linked to poor participation in collective actions. On the other hand, young farmers with reduced trust to institutions and enhanced trust to individuals (personal trust) are predominantly those who endeavor collective actions, which allow them to become flexible in order to better adapt to new conditions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

An essay on contemporary scholarly production and publishing in Brazil, focusing on academic productivism, research and scholarly communication, is presented. Topics discussed include the impossibility of addressing the issue of scholarly communication separately from those of the structure and context of its production. Also mentioned are suggestions that involve the participation of the Scientific Electronic Libarary Online (SciELO) in the articulation of editors' collective actions.

The article explores whether the U.S. Supreme Court has gone too far in its protection of consumer arbitration. It discusses how the use of collective action waivers has left consumers without a viable way of privately enforcing their rights, particularly in the antitrust law context. It outlines the history of arbitration and the use of collective action waivers. It also explores the effect of the court's jurisprudence on both corporations and consumers.

Will autocratic governments implement policies to satisfy the people's demands in order to prevent large scale social unrest? This article explores this question through quantitative analysis of the political economy of public goods provision in Chinese provinces. Data were collected on the number of labour disputes to measure collective actions. My sample includes provincial leaders whose incentives to deliver public goods can either be explained as a result of upward accountability towards the Centre or downward accountability towards the citizens. The confounding factor of upward accountability is ruled out by using two-step estimation, and the reverse causality between public goods provision and collective actions is controlled by using instrumental variables. This result suggests that provincial leaders will implement policies more in favour of the citizens in response to intensified labour disputes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the academia, the right-protection activities by Chinese peasants have been categorized as "resistance on a daily basis", "fighting with legal rights", and "going by regulations". The present study was based on two land expropriation cases in northeast Guangxi. The study revealed that the general features of the right-protection activities by the peasants involved could be summarized as "fighting with rationality and legality", the expression of which was some kind in between "resistance on a daily basis" and "fighting with legal rights" within the scope of being "rational" and "legal" when determining the rationales for behavior, selecting strategies, and setting goals. To be more specific, the peasants actively used the strategy of delaying the handover of the land to be expropriated for a better price, adopted the behavioral strategy based on both rationality and legality in collective actions, ensured control over the situation, and tried to avoid collisions with the local governments. This kind of resistance had its root in the rural culture and the tension due to the legitimacy of the Chinese government's strong need for social stability and the local government's desire for economic achievements and its efforts to maintain stability, all of which had led to a kind of "unspoken agreement" to let the peasants in the right-protection activities have an equal voice in the dialogue with the local government. When the government comprised a bit, the peasants made advances; when the government became firm, the peasants compromised a bit. Both sides utilized their respective political and social resources to fight for a resolution that would be in the best interest to itself. The pragmatism in the peasants' right-protection activities was the survival strategy and action logic of these peasants who were living in the peripheral region of the structural network woven by power and interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Anuario de Historia Regional y de las Fronteras is the property of Universidad Industrial de Santander and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Access to justice remains a major challenge in EU consumer law, which has become more pressing with growing cross-border purchases, negatively affecting the common market. Moreover, a recent surge in supranational mass damages cases has highlighted market failures and the need for collective procedures. Under the Lisbon Treaty, new opportunities have arisen to close this civil justice gap. This article analyzes how the wider competences of the EU on access to justice can facilitate consumer redress, by putting special emphasis on the issue of the affordability of litigation, which has been so far underexplored. This work argues that collective procedures, combined with coherent out-of-court mechanisms and funding schemes, are key elements of an effective consumer dispute resolution system. In particular, specific cases and financing models are assessed, which have the potential to foster judicial protection of consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Community Economic Development (CED) scholars posit that creating worker cooperatives--businesses owned and managed by their workers--is a progressive approach to CED with the potential to go beyond job creation and spur grassroots political activism. Yet many workers ' rights organizations and workers ' rights advocates, especially those serving low-wage immigrant workers, struggle with connecting worker cooperatives to broader efforts for economic, political, or social change. This Article argues that forming a worker cooperative that acts as a change agent requires more than simply structuring the business as a worker cooperative. Although cooperative corporation laws and cooperative principles set a floor-- typically, one person, one vote--that floor alone does not guarantee political activism or broader change; collective organization does not inherently lead to collective action. Worker cooperatives face challenges in connecting to broader movements and serving as more than job-creation vehicles. These challenges include the inherent tension between a co-operative's identity as a business and that of a values-oriented association of people, the limited scale of cooperatives, the significant resources required to start and maintain them, and concerns over member priorities and retention. Creating worker co-operatives as progressive institutions requires surmounting these challenges and actively prioritizing broader aims when incubating, recruiting for, structuring, governing, and operating cooperatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study extends research on strategic decision making into the realm of strategic alliances by examining the interactive effect of decision process characteristics at the firm and alliance levels on alliance performance. Located both within and at the boundary between partners, alliance-related decision processes have to balance each partner’s self-interest on one hand and collective actions on the other hand, with both partners being dependent on each other’s collaboration. Using primary, cross-sectional data obtained from 103 high-technology alliances, the authors study the effects of procedural rationality and politics in decision making. The results corroborate the importance of procedural rationality that facilitates collective actions between alliance partners but also uncover the pitfall of an unconditional reliance on procedural rationality at the firm level. The results further show that politically charged decision processes impair decision makers’ ability to reconcile individual interests both within and between alliance partners and therefore jeopardize alliance performance. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article focuses on discovery disputes in collections actions under the U.S. Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA). It discusses several court cases of the U.S. including Lusardi v. Xerox Corp., Daniel v. Quail International, and Fast v. Applebee-s International, Inc. It informs about several factors required for collective actions which includes that the discovery should be simple, should meet the standards of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure, and should not deprive plaintiff-s class status

Over the past decade, US catfish producers have been collectively engaging in protectionist rent seeking against lower-priced import competition, most notably from Vietnam. This one-sided strategy, which has ironically characterized the so-called Catfish Wars thus far, has lead to the imposition of several nontariff barriers (NTBs). For Vietnamese exporters, uncertainty as to trade conditions in the United States, including the ultimate impact of the low-visibility NTBs in existence, has been a persistent problem. This problem is characteristic of a contemporary phenomenon affecting exporters worldwide: the prevalence of disguised forms of protectionism. Viewing the Catfish Wars as a rent-seeking problem, this article discusses the incentives and other factors that lead to disguised protectionism. Further, it discusses how exporters doing business in the United States can reduce the potential impact of disguised protectionism though coordinating with consumer-oriented groups. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A case study is presented which examines the role of Chinese courts in resolving cases related to labor disputes and conflicts in China. Topics explored include the ability of the courts to act upon efforts of workers' collective action, political implications associated with court decisions, and an overview of various judicial decisions related to labor disputes in the city of Dongguan, China.

Copyright of Socialinių Mokslų Studijos is the property of Mykolas Romeris University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Established already in Biblical times, the Matthew effect refers to the fact that in societies the rich tend to get richer and the potent even more powerful. Here we investigate a game theoretical model describing the evolution of cooperation on structured populations where the distribution of public goods is driven by the reproductive success of individuals. Phase diagrams reveal that cooperation is promoted irrespective of the uncertainty by strategy adoptions and the type of interaction graph, yet the complete dominance of cooperators is elusive due to the spontaneous emergence of superpersistent defectors that owe their survival to extremely rare microscopic patterns. This indicates that success-driven mechanisms are crucial for effectively harvesting benefits from collective actions but that they may also account for the observed persistence of maladaptive behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sociologie du Travail is the property of Association pour le Developpement de la Sociologie du Travail and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)