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The era of chemotherapy began in the 1940s, which is the basis of traditional antitumor approaches and, being one of the most high-tech treatment methods, is still widely used to treat various types of cancer. A promising direction in modern medicinal chemistry is currently the creation of hybrid molecules containing several pharmacophore fragments of different structures. This strategy is successfully used to increase the therapeutic efficacy of cytotoxic agents and reduce side effects. In this work, we synthesized 10 1-aryl derivatives of benzimidazole and benzotriazole and 11 hybrids based on them. Among the compounds obtained, the most promising hybrid molecules were diphenylamines, containing an amino group and a benzotriazole cycle in the ortho position to the bridging NH group, which showed significant cytotoxic activity, excellent antioxidant properties and the ability to suppress the migration activity of tumor cells. Taken together, our results demonstrate that substituted diphenylamine-based bipharmacophoric compounds may serve as a promising platform for further optimization to obtain effective antitumor compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coupling reactions play a crucial role in drug development enabling the rapid expansion of structure–activity relationships (SARs) during drug discovery programs to identify a clinical candidate and simplify subsequent drug development processes. In particular, their relevance in clinical medicine and drug discovery has increased significantly in the last two decades. To facilitate these metal-catalyzed coupling reactions, suitably designed ligands are necessary and from the industrial point of view, sustainable and cost-effective ligands are of current need. Benzotriazole, a non-toxic, thermally stable, and inexpensive bidentate ligand, exhibits strong electron donating and electron accepting properties, along with excellent solubility in various organic solvents. It has been extensively explored as a synthetic auxiliary in the past; in recent years, benzotriazole and its derivatives have been used as ligands in metal-catalyzed coupling reactions. The facile construction of carbon–carbon and carbon–heteroatom bonds in the presence of versatile benzotriazole ligands makes it an indispensable ligand for catalytic transformations. The present feature article mainly emphasizes the advances in the utilization of benzotriazole as a ligand in a diverse range of C–C, C–N, C–O, and C–S coupling reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Hexavalent chromium has been a benchmark corrosion inhibitor before it was phased out because of its carcinogenic properties. However, because it was phased out, many alternative corrosion inhibitors have been introduced but failed to meet the performance of this benchmark inhibitor. Consequently, benzotriazole (BTA) was reported to exhibit chromate-like inhibition performance. Subsequently, Intelli-ion was reported by researchers to exhibit chromate-like performance also with claims of being a unique alternative. This paper aims to review the inhibition performance of these two alternatives. Above all, promotes the unique inhibition performance of Intelli-ion that makes it suitable for application in many sectors. Design/methodology/approach: In this paper, the corrosion inhibition performances of BTA and Intelli-ion were compared systematically by reviewing some related literatures based on the opinion of the authors. Findings: Different methodologies for measuring the inhibition performance of BTA showed that it's an inhibitor of choice. However, the cut edge corrosion performance of Intelli-ion and BTA corrosion inhibitors on galvanized steel of 55% Wt.% Al, 44% Wt.% Zn and 1% Wt.% Si in 5 Wt.% NaCl solution was compared when subjected to scanning vibrating electrode technique (SVET) for 24 h. The results showed faint blue-colored region depicting negative cathodic current density for the Intelli-ion while there was a high-intensity of red-colored region depicting a positive anodic current density for BTA. In other words, the Intelli-ion inhibitor had a better overall cut-edge corrosion inhibition performance than the BTA inhibitor. Originality/value: This paper compares and further, summarizes the corrosion inhibition performance of Intelli-ion and BTA by evaluating SVET results from the literature. In addition, it serves as an overview and reference for the unique inhibition performance of Intelli-ion when applied in field applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we present a copper‐catalyzed rapid and efficient method for cross‐coupling of N‐hydroxy benzotriazole with boronic acids under microwave irradiation for the synthesis of 1‐aryl benzotriazole 3‐oxides. This protocol tolerates a wide range of substituted boronic acids to provide the corresponding products in good to excellent yields. The features of this strategy include a broad substrate scope, high functional group tolerance, short reaction time, and good to excellent yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper(I) halide cluster‐based coordination compounds have attracted significant attention in the development of novel scintillators due to their mild synthesis methods, high luminescence efficiency, tunable emission wavelength, high‐Z element incorporation, and large structural diversity. However, a major obstacle for these crystalline materials with covalent/coordination network structures is their insolubility, which poses significant challenges for the low‐cost and large‐scale production of scintillation films. In this study, copper(I) iodide and benzotriazole derivative ligands with diverse cationic substituents are employed to fabricate all‐in‐one (AIO) colloidal copper(I) iodide cluster‐based scintillator suspensions. These suspensions, characterized by distinctive ionic and coordination bonds, are synthesized via confined growth in the presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). Furthermore, they demonstrate exceptional compatibility with polymer matrices, facilitating the production of uniform and flexible scintillation films with highly efficient radioluminescence through blade coating. The resulting films achieved an excellent spatial resolution of 17 lp mm−1. This surfactant‐assisted fabrication method for colloidal scintillators, combined with microelectronic printing for film preparation, demonstrates significant potential for developing flexible scintillation films for high‐resolution X‐ray imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) due to non-responding viruses, fungi, bacteria and parasites leads to discovery of new antimicrobial medicines which can control the risk of disease spread, severe illness, disability and death. Heterocyclic chemistry has always been a continuous supplier of novel antimicrobial agents which are in great demand in pharma sector. Therefore, compounds such as 1-(Chloromethyl)-1H-Benzotriazole, 1; 1-((1-H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazol-1-yl)methyl)phenyl hydrazine, 2; 1-((1-H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazol-1-yl)methyl)hydrazine, 3; and N-(benzo[e][1,2,4]triazin-4(3-H)-ylmethylbenzenamine, 4 were designed, and synthesized through conventional and microwave-assisted methods. All of these novel benzotriazoles were explored through in-vitro antimicrobial studies and in silico studies. Antimicrobial activity was carried out against bacterial strains Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and fungal strains Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans at concentrations 5, 10 and 15 mg/ml. In silico studies was carried out with 4CAW: Aspergillus fumigatus N-myristoyl transferase in complex with myristoyl CoA and a pyrazole sulphonamide ligand. Our antimicrobial and molecular docking studies revealed that all of the derivatives showed promising activity, moreover molecular docking gave significant values of ligand posed energy and docking run elapsed time which further endorsed the astonishing characteristic of benzotriazole derivatives esp. N-(benzo[e]a[1,2,4] triazin-4(3-H)-ylmethylbenzenamine for biological and therapeutic leads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structurally symmetric dyes using functionalized fluorenes and benzotriazole as the main building moieties have been synthesized and found to exhibit efficient dual-state emission (DSE) and interesting two-wavelength or dual amplified spontaneous emission (dual-ASE) behaviors in the solution phase, which may benefit the development of organic gain materials with dual-wavelength amplification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen-based heterocycles such as pyrazole, imidazole, 1,2,4-triazole, benzimidazole, and benzotriazole substituted fused pyran derivatives (6a–e, 8a–e, 10a–e, 12a–e, & 14a–e) have been synthesized and tested for their in vitro anticancer efficacies against MCF7, A549, and HCT116 cancer cell lines. Among the compounds, 6e, 14b, and 8c were identified as the most potent against MCF7, A549, and HCT116, with IC50 values of 12.46 ± 2.72 μM, 0.23 ± 0.12 μM, and 7.58 ± 1.01 μM, respectively. Further studies demonstrated that these compounds can change cellular and nuclear morphology and inhibit colony formation in the tested cancer cells. They also remarkably block/inhibit the cell cycle progression of cancer cells at various phases. DNA damage analysis and apoptosis studies revealed that these compounds have the potential to induce DNA double-strand breaks and apoptosis. In silico absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) properties of the potent compounds were assessed, revealing that all the compounds exhibited favorable pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties. The potent compounds identified from this study can be considered as a lead for further drug design and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical Communications is a journal published by The Royal Society of Chemistry, which is a leading chemistry community. The journal features articles on various topics in the chemical sciences. The contents list of the journal includes articles on subjects such as photoredox catalysis, supramolecular compounds, carbon nitride nanosheets, and more. The journal also highlights a cover image by Yun-Bao Jiang. The articles cover a range of research areas and provide valuable insights for those interested in chemistry. [Extracted from the article]

The creation of anticorrosion hybrid zinc-based coatings containing chitosan particles with low (LMC) or high (HMC) molecular weight is an effective method for safe and durable exploitation of different steel infrastructures. In this work, hybrid coatings consisting of zinc and two types of chitosan particles (LMC or HMC) were obtained to protect low-carbon steel from corrosion attack in a chloride environment. Chitosans with different molecular weights (CS50 Mw 50–190 kDa and CS190 Mw 190–310 kDa) have been applied. Furthermore, both particle types were prepared with or without additional content of incorporated corrosion inhibitor benzotriazole (BTA). The chitosan particles were obtained and thereafter electrodeposited in the form of hybrid coatings on mild steel substrates. The electrokinetic charge and hydrodynamic size of the particles and the stability of their aqueous suspensions were evaluated using dynamic light scattering. The concentration of BTA loaded into the particles was determined by the difference between the initial concentration of the compound added during the particle preparation and the concentration in the supernatant after centrifugation of the dispersion. The hybrid coatings were compared concerning their surface morphology, topography, and hydrophilicity (SEM and AFM analysis, water contact angle measurement) as well as corrosion and electrochemical behavior (potentiodynamic polarization curves—PD, polarization resistance—Rp, cyclic voltammetry—CVA). The protective characteristics of the coatings were studied in 5% NaCl solution. The results obtained from the PD studies demonstrated lower corrosion current densities of all hybrid coatings compared to the ordinary zinc one. In addition, the Rp tests showed enhanced protective ability and corrosion resistance of LMC and LMCB compared to the ordinary zinc, HMC, and HMCB, respectively. The obtained scientific information presented the effect of the molecular weight and ζ-potential of the particles on the anticorrosion ability of the hybrid coatings compared to the ordinary zinc one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyaniline (PANI) doped with hydrochloric acid and phytic acid are prepared as benzotriazole (BTA) inhibitor carriers, and their anticorrosion properties are studied on epoxy resin-coated Q235 steel. The structure and morphology of the prepared PANI materials are investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The thermal stability of PANI and its release rate of corrosion inhibitor are measured, and the test results indicate that hydrochloric acid-doped PANI can accommodate a larger amount of corrosion inhibitor. The results of contact angle and water absorption tests show that the PANI loaded with BTA can improve the hydrophobicity and reduce the water absorption of the coating. The anticorrosion performances of epoxy coatings with 0.6 wt% PANI are investigated in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution using electrochemical tests. The experimental results reveal that PANI loaded with BTA shows a good anticorrosion effect in the epoxy coating. Particularly, phytic acid-doped PANI loaded with BTA has a better inhibition efficiency (93.6%), which is superior to hydrochloric acid-doped PANI loaded with BTA (86.4%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aminobenzotriazole (ABT) is commonly used as a non‐selective inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes to assign contributions of CYP versus non‐CYP pathways to the metabolism of new chemical entities. Despite widespread use, a systematic review of the drug–drug interaction (DDI) potential for ABT has not been published nor have the implications for using it in plated hepatocyte models for low clearance reaction phenotyping. The goal being to investigate the utility of ABT as a pan‐CYP inhibitor for reaction phenotyping of low clearance compounds by evaluating stability over the incubation period, inhibition potential against UGT and sulfotransferase enzymes, and interaction with nuclear receptors involved in the regulation of drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters. Induction potential for additional inhibitors used to ascribe fraction metabolism (fm), pathway including erythromycin, ketoconazole, azamulin, atipamezole, ZY12201, and quinidine was also investigated. ABT significantly inhibited the clearance of a non‐selective UGT substrate 4‐methylumbelliferone, with several UGTs shown to be inhibited using selective probe substrates in human hepatocytes and rUGTs. The inhibitors screened in the induction assay were shown to induce enzymes regulated through Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor, Constitutive Androstane Receptor, and Pregnane X Receptor. Lastly, a case study identifying the mechanisms of a clinical DDI between Palbociclib and ARV‐471 is provided as an example of the potential consequences of using ABT to derive fm. This work demonstrates that ABT is not an ideal pan‐CYP inhibitor for reaction phenotyping of low clearance compounds and establishes a workflow that can be used to enable robust characterization of other prospective inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The corrosion inhibition performance of a novel corrosion inhibitor, 1-aminobenzotriazole drug (1-ABT), was comprehensively evaluated through a range of experimental and computational techniques. The effectiveness of 1-ABT as a corrosion inhibitor was investigated using weight loss measurements, electrochemical methods, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Xray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and quantum chemical/molecular dynamics studies. Experimental findings revealed a positive relationship between the inhibition effectiveness of 1-ABT and its concentration, while displaying a negative correlation with temperature. Notably, the highest achieved inhibition efficiency of approximately 98 % was observed at a concentration of 400 ppm. The adsorption behavior of 1-ABT on the metal surface was found to conform to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, indicating monolayer formation. The thermodynamic analysis further supported the physiochemisorption nature of the adsorption process. XPS analysis and theoretical investigations confirmed the adsorption of 1-ABT molecules onto the steel surface, with the interaction between the N atoms of 1- ABT and the vacant d-orbitals of Fe atoms playing a significant role. SEM examinations provided additional evidence, demonstrating a notable reduction in the corrosion rate in the presence of 1-ABT. These findings contribute to the understanding of the corrosion inhibition mechanisms and highlight the potential of 1-ABT as an effective inhibitor for mitigating corrosion in various applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastic additives that maintain integrity have been extensively studied for potential toxicity to fish; however, chemicals that protect polymers from (artificial) UV degradation are less studied. Benzotriazole UV stabilizers (BUVSs) are the most widely used UV stabilizers in plastics and are often used in sunscreens, cosmetics, paint, and food packaging. BUVSs can negatively affect aquatic wildlife when released into the environment via plastic degradation. In this review, we summarize the distribution of BUVSs globally and discuss neurotoxicological endpoints measured in fish to understand how these plastic additives can affect the neurological health of teleost fishes. BUVSs have been detected in aquatic environments at concentrations ranging from 0.05 up to 99,200 ng/L. Studies show that BUVSs affect behavioral responses and acetylcholinesterase activity, indicators of neurotoxicity. Our computational analysis using transcriptome data suggests certain pathways associated with neurodegeneration are responsive to exposure to BUVSs, like "Complement Activation in Alzheimer's Disease". Based on our review, we identify some research needs for future investigations: (1) molecular studies in the central nervous system to define precise mechanisms of neurotoxicity; (2) a wider range of tests for assessing aberrant behaviors given that BUVSs can affect the activity of larval zebrafish; and (3) histopathology of the nervous system to accompany biochemical analyses. These data are expected to enhance understanding of the neurotoxicity potential of benzotriazoles and other plastic additives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New methods have been developed for the synthesis of the substituted quinolines and quinazolinones derivatives by utilizing N-(2-aminobenzoyl)benzotriazoles under mild reaction conditions. 3-Acyl-2-alkyl(aryl)-4-hydroxyquinolines were obtained in modarete yields by the reaction of N-(2-aminobenzoyl)benzotriazoles and diketones in the presence of tert-BuOK. 3-Acylamino-4(3H) quinazolinones were obtained in good yields via N-(2-aminobenzoyl)benzotriazoles, orthoester and hyrazides in one-pot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a zeolite-imidazole framework (ZIF-8) was first synthesized and used as a corrosion inhibitor container to enhance the anti-corrosion property. After encapsulated the benzotriazole (BTA) corrosion inhibitor and coated with epoxy resin (EP) on the surface of Cu plate, the obtained sample B-ZIF-8@EP exhibited enhanced corrosion protection with high impedance and positive self-corrosion potential due to the release of BTA in the corrosion process. It is believed that this work is very helpful for extending the diversity of anti-corrosion coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first metal‐free catalyzed C−H selective fluorination of benzotriazole amides and sulfonamide derivatives was achieved at the C‐7 position using NFSI (N‐fluorobenzenesulfonymide) as the fluorine source. The control experiment showed that the reaction underwent a free radical process that tolerated an excellent range of substrates with mild to good yields (>46 examples, yield up to 71 %). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of flexible molecular systems in solution, without strictly controlling their behaviour, has frequently been productive. Their potential could increase by a more holistic view of the reaction(s) process(es) in which they are involved. In this perspective, we introduce a broader approach – "Chemical Chartographisis" – and discuss three projects in detail to illustrate its potential. The topics involve bimetallic 3d/4f species and coordination compounds built from benzotriazole-based and (a)symmetric salan ligands and focus on catalytic and, in less detail, biological-related examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A commercial carbon cloth (CC) was oxidized by HNO3 acid and the features of the plain and oxidized CC were evaluated. The results of characterization illustrated that HNO3 oxidization duplicated the oxygen-containing functional groups and the surface area of the CC. The adsorption performance of the plain and oxidized CC (Oxi-CC) toward benzotriazole (BTR) was compared. The results disclosed that the uptake of BTR by oxidized CC was greater than the plain CC. Thence, the affinity of oxidized CC toward BTR was assessed at different conditions. It was found that the adsorption was quick, occurred at pH 9 and improved by adding NaCl or CaCl2 to the BTR solution. The kinetic and isotherm studies revealed that the surface of Oxi-CC is heterogeneous and the adsorption of BTR follows a physical process and forms multilayer over the Oxi-CC surface. The regenerability and reusability study illustrated that only deionized water can completely regenerate the Oxi-CC and that the Oxi-CC can be reused for five cycles without any loss of performance. The high maximum adsorption capacity of Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm model (252 mg/g), ease of separation and regeneration, and maintaining the adsorption capacity for several cycles revealed the high efficiency and economical and environmental feasibility of Oxi-CC as an adsorbent for BTR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, the photodegradation performances of N-doped TiO2 photocatalysts with enhanced absorption of visible light were exploited for the abatement of some representative contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). Pristine TiO2 and N-TiO2 were synthesized using hydrothermal (HT) and sol–gel (SG) routes, they were characterized using XRD and UV-Vis spectroscopy, and their band gaps were determined via analysis in diffuse reflectance. Their photodegradation efficiency was tested on a mixture of recalcitrant organic pollutants, namely, benzotriazole, diclofenac, sulfamethoxazole, and bisphenol A, using a solar simulator lamp with two different cut-off filters (λ > 340 nm and λ > 400 nm). The evaluation of the photocatalytic performances was initially carried out in spiked ultrapure water and subsequently in aqueous matrices of increasing complexity such as Po River water and water coming from an aquaculture plant. The exclusive utilization of visible light (λ > 400 nm) highlighted the advantage of introducing the dopant into the TiO2 photocatalyst since this modification allows for the material to be responsive to visible light, which is not sufficient in the case of pristine TiO2 and the higher efficiency of materials obtained via the sol–gel route. Thanks to the doping, improved performance was obtained in both ultrapure water and real water matrices, indicating the potential of the doped material for future applications in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relevant virulence traits in Candida spp. are associated with dimorphic change and biofilm formation, which became an important target to reduce antifungal resistance. In this work, Co(II) complexes containing a benzotriazole derivative ligand showed a promising capacity of reducing these virulence traits. These complexes exhibited higher antifungal activities than the free ligands against all the Candida albicans and non-albicans strains tested, where compounds 2 and 4 showed minimum inhibitory concentration values between 15.62 and 125 μg mL−1. Moreover, four complexes (2–5) of Co(II) and Cu(II) with benzotriazole ligand were synthesized. These compounds were obtained as air-stable solids and characterized by melting point, thermogravimetric analysis, infrared, Raman and ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy. The analysis of the characterization data allowed us to identify that all the complexes had 1:1 (M:L) stoichiometries. Additionally, Density Functional Theory calculations were carried out for 2 and 3 to propose a probable geometry of both compounds. The conformer Da of 2 was the most stable conformer according to the Energy Decomposition Analysis; while the conformers of 3 have a fluxional behavior in this analysis that did not allow us to determine the most probable conformer. These results provide an important platform for the design of new compounds with antifungal activities and the capacity to attack other target of relevance to reduce antimicrobial resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quaternary ammonium salt (QAS) Hyamine 1622 and benzotriazole (BTAH) were used to form a protective layer on copper surface to resist the corrosion by immersing the copper into the inhibitors-containing solutions. The inhibitor’s anticorrosion properties are studied in neutral 3.5 wt.% NaCl medium by anodic polarization, Tafel polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and OCP exposure. The surface characterization is analyzed by Contact angle(CA) measurement, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy(SEM). The electrochemical tests show that they can act as single inhibitor to form a passive layer to resist Cu corrosion, and the anticorrosion properties of Cu can be improved by using binary Hyamine 1622/BTAH inhibitors. XPS results indicate that both BATH and Hyamine 1622 molecule can be chemisorbed onto the copper surface and make complex films with Cu species. CA measurement revealed the enhancement of hydrophobicity by combining QSA with BTAH. OCP exposure in neutral medium for 72 h evidently reveals that the passive layer formed by binary inhibitors decreases the pit corrosion. Better hydrophobic nature and more compact passive layer give rise to excellent inhibition properties of binary inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic coatings provide an effective way to improve the corrosion resistance of metals. Traditional organic varnishes, however, either contain highly polluting or toxic components or lack self-healing ability. In this article, we report a feasible method of preparing polyaniline-modified halloysite nanotubes (PANI@HNTs). They were loaded with a corrosion inhibitor, benzotriazole (BTA), and were tested as multifunctional anticorrosion additives for environmentally friendly epoxy waterborne coatings. The PANI@HNTs were formed via the in situ polymerization of aniline in the presence of halloysites. The BTA loading was then carried out and reached up to 14.5 wt.%. The BTA retention ability of the PANI@HNTs was significantly improved in comparison to that of pure HNT. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests of the coatings immersed in a 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution showed that the barrier and corrosion inhibition effects were enhanced by two to four orders of magnitude with the incorporation of BTA-loaded PANI@HNTs. The salt spray tests on artificially scratched coatings revealed that the surfaces protected by varnishes doped with the BTA-loaded PANI@HNTs exhibited the lowest degree of corrosion compared to the control samples, illustrating the self-healing potential of the modified coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenolic benzotriazoles (BTZs) are used globally as light stabilizers in various plastic products to protect them from photooxidative degradation. The same physical–chemical properties that confer their functionality, like a sufficient photostability and a high octanol–water partition coefficient, also raise concerns on their potential for environmental persistence and bioaccumulation based on in silico predictive tools. To evaluate their bioaccumulation potential in aquatic organisms, standardized fish bioaccumulation studies according to OECD TG 305 were conducted with four of the most commonly used BTZs: UV 234, UV 329, UV P, and UV 326. The resulting growth‐ and lipid‐corrected BCF values revealed that UV 234, UV 329, and UV P were below the bioaccumulation threshold (BCF ≤ 2000), but UV 326 is considered very bioaccumulative (BCF ≥ 5000) with respect to the bioaccumulation criteria under REACH. Comparing these experimentally derived data with quantitative structure activity related or other calculated values using a logarithmic partitioning coefficient octanol–water (log Pow) driven mathematical formula revealed significant discrepancies demonstrating the weakness of current in silico approaches for this group of substances. Furthermore, available environmental monitoring data demonstrate that these rudimentary in silico approaches can lead to unreliable bioaccumulation estimates for this chemical class due to considerable uncertainties in underlying assumptions (e.g., concentration and route of exposure). However, using more sophisticated in silico methods (i.e., CATALOGIC base‐line model), the derived BCF values were better aligned with the experimentally derived ones. This paper studies the routing algorithms in the low earth orbit satellite network. Considering that the evaluation of inter‐satellite links in previous studies is relatively simple and the security of data transmission paths is poor, a linear programming routing algorithm based on a mathematical model and a multi‐object optimization Dijkstra algorithm are proposed. The simulation results show that they perform well in many respects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2018, 29: 1281 65 Kubota, K. Ito, H. Trends Chem. 2020, 2: 1066 66 Leitch, J A. Browne, D L. Chem. Eur. J. 2021, 27: 9721 67 Leonardi, M. Villacampa, M. Menéndez, J C. Chem. Sci. 2018, 9: 2042 68 Boldyreva, E. Faraday Discuss. Keywords: green chemistry; mechanochemistry; solid-state synthesis; synthetic organic chemistry; mechanoenzymology; sustainable chemistry; ball milling EN green chemistry mechanochemistry solid-state synthesis synthetic organic chemistry mechanoenzymology sustainable chemistry ball milling 2439 2459 21 07/31/23 20230817 NES 230817 Graph 1 Introduction Mechanochemistry, that is chemical transformations initiated or sustained by mechanical grinding or milling, or alternatively by twin-screw extrusion (TSE), with no or minimal solvent usage, has expanded from a laboratory curiosity to a useful, rapidly developing strategy for the preparation of molecules and amplification of their chemical reactivity. Chem. 2017, 13: 1907 20 Grätz, S. Borchardt, L. RSC Adv. 2016, 6: 64799 21 Willis-Fox, N. Rognin, E. Aljohani, T A. Daly, R. Chem. 2018, 4: 2499 22 Muñoz-Batista, M J. Rodriguez-Padron, D. Puente-Santiago, A R. Luque, R. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2018, 6: 9530 23 Dabral, S. Wotruba, H. Hernández, J G. Bolm, C. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2018, 6: 3242 24 Tan, D. Loots, L. Frisci'c, T. Chem. Commun. Xu, D.-Q. Green Chem. 2012, 14: 893 177 Jörres, M. Mersmann, S. Raabe, G. Bolm, C. Green Chem. 2013, 15: 612 178 Kristofíková, D. Meciarová, M. Rakovsky, E. Sebesta, R. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2020, 8: 14417 179 Némethová, V. Kristofíková, D. Meciarová, M. Sebesta, R. Chem. Rec. 2023, 23: e202200283 180 Mack, J. Shumba, M. Green Chem. 2007, 9: 328 181 Williams, M T. J. Morrill, L C. Browne, D L. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2020, 8: 17876 182 Veverková, E. Modrocká, V. Sebesta, R. Eur. J. Org. [Extracted from the article]

In the giant large-scale integrated circuits manufacturing process, chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) for Cu interconnection can lead to chemical corrosion on Cu surface if inhibitors are not added to the CMP slurry. This paper concentrated on the synergistic effect of benzotriazole (BTA) and pyrazole (PZ). Electrochemical tests and UV–Vis spectra showed that they were effective inhibitors. The adsorption mechanism was investigated by fitting the adsorption isotherm and using quantum chemical calculations. Finally, the synergistic effect of BTA and PZ was studied by electrochemical experiments and corrosion characterization. The outcomes demonstrated that the surface quality and inhibition effect of composite inhibitor (BTA/PZ) were better than that of single inhibitor. This result could be the consequence of changes in the density and structure of the passive film composed of Cu and inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a chlorophenol (CP) 3D-QSAR model with a double activity (bioaccumulation and degradation) combination was established. 19 CPs were divided into a training set and test set according to the ratio of 4:1. The cross-validation coefficient (q2) and non-cross-validation coefficient (R2) of the model were 0.803 (> 0.5) and 0.925 (> 0.9), respectively, indicating a good stability and predictive ability of the 3D-QSAR. 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) was used as a target molecule, and 46 derivatives with low comprehensive effects were designed. Out of the 46 derivatives, 11 derivatives were screened to have the good insecticidal and preservative properties. From the perspective of the toxicity of zebrafish, 4 out of the 11 derivatives were found to have lower aquatic toxicity effects. Through the food chain simulation of cyanobacteria-daphnia-swamp-mandarin fish, it was found that the bioaccumulation effect of the four derivatives was lower than that of 2,4, 6-TCP. Finally, molecular dynamics simulation was conducted using 2-CH2NH2 substituted derivatives, and it was found that the degradation effect by laccase (white rot fungi) was significantly improved in the presence of violuric acid, hydroxybenzotriazole, and syringaldehyde. This study can provide theoretical support for the development of environment-friendly technology for emerging pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, the photocatalytic generation of an important solar fuel—H2O2—by a thiophene‐coupled anthraquinone (AQ) and benzotriazole‐based donor (D)–acceptor (A) polymer (PAQBTz) nanoparticles is systematically reported. The visible‐light active and redox‐active D–A type polymer is synthesized employing the Stille coupling polycondensation, and the nanoparticles are obtained by dispersing the PAQBTz polymer and polyvinylpyrrolidone solution, prepared in tetrahydrofuran to water. The polymer nanoparticles (PNPs) produce 1.61 and 1.36 mM mg−1 hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the acidic and neutral media, respectively, under AM1.5G simulated sunlight irradiation (λ > 420 nm) with ≈2% modified Solar to Chemical Conversion (SCC) efficiency after 1 h of visible light illumination in acidic condition. The results of the various experiments lay bare the different aspects governing H2O2 production and indicate the H2O2 synthesis through the superoxide anion‐mediated and anthraquinone‐mediated routes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accumulation of defects and ion migration at the surfaces and grain boundaries of perovskite impedes the improvement of performance and stability in perovskite solar cells. Therefore, developing strategies to reduce trap‐assisted nonradiative recombination and suppress ion migration in perovskite films is urgently needed. Herein, a multifunctional pseudohalogen salt additive, (benzotriazol‐1‐yloxy) dipyrrolidinocarbenium hexafluorophosphate (denoted as BDPF6), composed of a benzotriazole derivative cation and hexafluorophosphate anion, is incorporated into the perovskite precursor solution. The anion vacancies of perovskite films are filled by PF6−$\text{PF}_{6}^{-}$, whereas the cation and anion in BDPF6 form ionic and coordination bonds with the perovskites. The BDPF6 additive promotes the crystallization of perovskite films with large grain size, reducing defect densities, prolonging carrier lifetimes, and inhibiting ion migration. Thus, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the BDPF6‐modified device remarkably improves from 20.36% to 22.68%. The unencapsulated BDPF6‐modified device maintains 97% of its initial PCE after 1,400 h of exposure to an ambient environment with a relative humidity of 10–20%, whereas the control device maintains only 85% of its initial PCE. Similarly, the BDPF6‐modified device maintains 78% of its original PCE after aging at 60 °C for 1,400 h, whereas the control device only maintains 55%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultural heritage metallic artifacts are often subjected to environmental factors that promote degradation through corrosion processes. Anticorrosion protection is needed both for the long-term preservation of outdoor monuments and the short-term conservation of archaeological artifacts. In this work, functional nanocoatings based on ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) in a silica matrix are prepared as a replacement for a commercial Incralac lacquer. Facile sol–gel synthesis is employed for obtaining silica filmogenic materials, using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and 3-glycidyloxypropyl trimethoxysilane (GPTMS). Silica-based nanocomposite coatings, with and without ZnO NPs and benzotriazole (BTA) as anticorrosion agents, applied on copper coupons by brushing are characterized by using VIS and FTIR spectroscopy, SEM and AFM and compared to Incralac lacquer as reference materials. The optical and morphological properties of the proposed silica coatings are similar to the Incralac specimens. The protective effect against corrosion is investigated on the copper coupons as model metallic objects subjected to a corrosion test by using potentiodynamic polarization in a 3.5% NaCl solution at ambient temperature. The influence of the presence of BTA and ZnO NPs in both silica and Incralac coatings is studied, and the variations in the anticorrosive, morphological and optical properties with the concentration of ZnO NPs are evidenced. The presence of moderate concentrations of ZnO in both nanomaterials leads to changes in the color parameters slightly above the limit accepted in the field of cultural heritage (ΔE* 5.09 and 6.13), while a high ZnO concentration of 3% leads to higher values (ΔE* > 10). Regarding the anticorrosive effect, the silica-based coatings with ZnO and BTA present similar efficiencies to that of the Incralac reference material (corrosion rates in the range of 0.044–0.067 mm/year for silica coatings compared to 0.055 mm/year for Incralac). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, narrow-bandgap polymer acceptors combining a benzotriazole (BTz)-core fused-ring segment, named the PZT series, were used with a high-absorption-efficiency polymer (PBDB) compound with branched 2-butyl octyl, linear n-octyl, and methyl to be utilized as a graded-index (GI) active layer of the polymer solar cells (PSCs) to increase the photocurrent and enhance solar efficiency compared to the existing PBDB-T:PZT and PBDB-T:PZT-γ. In addition, a two-dimensional photonic crystal (2D-PhC) structure was utilized as a light-trapping anti-reflection coating (ARC) thin film based on indium tin oxide (ITO) to reduce incident light reflection and enhance its absorption. The dimensions of the cell layers were optimized to achieve the maximum power-conversion efficiency (PCE). Furthermore, the design and simulations were conducted from a 300 nm to 1200 nm wavelength range using a finite difference time-domain (FDTD) analysis. One of the most important results expected from the study was the design of a nano solar cell at (64 µm)2 with a PCE of 25.1%, a short-circuit current density (JSC) of 27.74 mA/cm2, and an open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 0.986 V. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. In the production of hybrid medicines, the principle of hybrid blocks of molecules is used. Of interest are the processes of combining fragments with biological activity - thienopyrimidine and benzotriazole, synthesis and study of their structure. Purpose Reaction of nucleophilic substitution of 5,6-disubstituted 4-chlorothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine with 1H-1,2,3-benzotriazole in the presence of tertiary amines and synthesis of new types of hybrid molecules. Methodology. Derivatives of the target product were studied by IR, 1H, 13C NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Originality. Synthesis of substituted-4-chlorothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives under various conditions was carried out, a new type of thienopyrimidine-benzotriazole hybrid molecules was synthesized, and their physicochemical properties were determined. Findings. Hybrid molecules with alternating fragments of different activity, and substances in the molecules of which there was a C (sp2) - N bond were obtained. The structure was studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acryl chemistry provides the convenience of manufacturing various functional polymers because of a lot of commercially available monomers and a facile polymerization method. In this study, novel fluorinated acrylic polymers with a benzotriazole pendant were successfully synthesized via radical polymerization. These polymers exhibited considerably high thermal stabilities and low surface energies because of fluorinated alkyl groups along with excellent optical properties owing to the presence of fluorinated alkyl groups and the intense UV absorption of the benzotriazole moiety (i.e., relatively low refractive indices), illustrating perfect UV-blocking performances of up to approximately 380 nm. Moreover, polymer-coated PET films exhibited high visible-light transmittance due to the antireflection in the interface between the PET substrate and the polymer film. The present benzotriazole-containing fluorinated acrylic polymers are expected to be used as UV-blocking organic coating materials, especially for organic solar cell applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the first synthesis of benzotriazole was performed in the 19th century still new methods for their preparation have developed. In this micro review authors focus mostly on the various synthetic strategies developed so far to synthesize benzotriazole and its derivatives by different strategies, such as metal‐free, metal‐assisted [3 + 2] cycloaddition reactions, cyclocondensations, flow methods, heterocyclizations, and so forth. This micro review combines recent (2005–2022 till date) information on the strategies used for the synthesis of benzotriazoles. Moreover, a brief overview of the bio applications of the benzotriazole scaffold along with pharmacological activity is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of oxidation processes with the efficient generation of powerful radicals is the most interesting and thought-provoking dimension of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation. This study reports the successful preparation of a magnetic spinel of CuFe2O4 using a facile, non-toxic, and cost-efficient co-precipitation method. The prepared material exhibited a synergetic effect with photocatalytic PMS oxidation, which was effective in degrading the recalcitrant benzotriazole (BTA). Moreover, central composite design (CCD) analysis confirmed that the highest BTA degradation rate reached 81.4% after 70 min of irradiation time under the optimum operating conditions of CuFe2O4 = 0.4 g L−1, PMS = 2 mM, and BTA = 20 mg L−1. Furthermore, the active species capture experiments conducted in this study revealed the influence of various species, including •OH, SO4•−, O2•−, and h+ in the CuFe2O4/UV/PMS system. The results showed that SO4•− played a predominant role in BTA photodegradation. The combination of photocatalysis and PMS activation enhanced the consumption of metal ions in the redox cycle reactions, thus minimizing metal ion leaching. Additionally, this maintained the reusability of the catalyst with reasonable mineralization efficiency, which reached more than 40% total organic carbon removal after four batch experiments. The presence of common inorganic anions was found to have a retardant effect on BTA oxidation, with the order of retardation following: HCO3− > Cl− > NO3− > SO42−. Overall, this work demonstrated a simple and environmentally benign strategy to exploit the synergy between the photocatalytic activity of CuFe2O4 and PMS activation for the treatment of wastewater contaminated with widely used industrial chemicals such as BTA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

UV-benzotriazoles have been identified as water micropollutants that cause serious problems for human health and the environment. Their low concentration in water bodies complicates their detection by direct water analysis, slowing the corrective actions to avoid bioaccumulation. In this regard, the use of graphene-based materials with a high affinity for non-polar molecules has been demonstrated to be a potential tool for the optimal separation and concentration of this type of molecules in solid phase extraction (SPE) processes. This work evaluates the potential of novel reduced graphene oxide aerogels (rGO) as extractants of mixtures of three UV-benzotriazoles in water at low concentrations. These rGO aerogels incorporate graphenic domains into a tough structure of polymeric chains by adding graphene oxide during the synthesis of resorcinol-formaldehyde gels. Aerogels with a different content and ordering of graphenic domains were obtained and characterized using Raman, XRD, SEM and nitrogen adsorption isotherms (−196 °C). The rGO aerogels that performed better as solid phase extractants were those containing 60% rGO. Aerogels with lower rGO contents (40%) required a high-temperature (2000 °C) treatment to render competitive results. The SPE methodology using selected rGO aerogels was optimized by varying the elution solvent, elution time and volume. The best performances, i.e., recoveries of 80–100% and enrichment factors of 12.5–50, were accomplished when using 0.8 mL of tetrahydrofuran (THF) as an elution solvent. As a result, a fast (10 min) and simple extraction method of UV-benzotriazoles in water was attained, achieving a detection limit of 1 ng mL−1. Selected aerogels were finally tested for the SPE of spiked samples of river waters, showing a similar performance to that observed with synthetic mixtures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The removal of four Contaminants of Emerging Concern, namely bisphenol A, sulfamethoxazole, diclofenac and benzotriazole; two odorous compounds, geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol, frequently detected in recirculating aquaculture systems; and Hg(II) was investigated using ZnO-based materials doped or co-doped with Ce and Cu under simulated solar radiation. Photocatalysts were synthetized via a hydrothermal route and their efficiency was assessed by changing some operational parameters in different water matrices of increasing complexity. The mixture of contaminants was successfully degraded in just 1 h, while the complete mineralization was achieved in a few hours; experiments performed in an actual aquaculture water confirmed the efficiency and broad versatility of the synthesized materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Abrasive-blasted steel surfaces exhibit a complex, multi-substrate environment. Adsorption to contaminant substrates can reduce the amount of available corrosion inhibitor and decrease its efficiency. Knowledge of where inhibitors preferentially adsorb is required. The quantitative extent and strength of adsorption of the representative corrosion inhibitor benzotriazole (BTAH) from toluene to particular substrates is given, including corrections for solution self-association, and complemented by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), sum-frequency generation spectroscopy (SFG), and quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) measurements. All substrates show adsorbed BTAH layers. Based on the adsorption strength, preferential adsorption is found to be in the order steel > iron oxide > calcium carbonate and garnet > silica – this is relevant when there is limited BTAH. However, with ample BTAH, the amounts adsorbed in the plateau regions of the isotherm are more relevant and the order is calcium carbonate and silica > iron oxide > garnet > steel. Although the contaminant substrates deplete the BTAH concentration, the steel should still have a complete monolayer of BTAH inhibitor. This work is part of a larger initiative developing novel methods of corrosion inhibitor delivery via the blasting process, to prevent corrosion between blasting and repainting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2-(5-Chloro-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-di-(tert -butyl)phenol (UV-327) is used as an ultraviolet (UV) absorber in plastic materials and coatings. To investigate its metabolism and to assess human exposure, analytical methods are necessary for the determination of UV-327 and its metabolites in human biological specimens. The method thus presented targets the determination of UV-327 and several of its predicted metabolites in blood using protein precipitation, dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) and derivatization. The trimethylsilylated analytes and internal standards are separated by gas chromatography and analyzed with tandem mass spectrometry. The DLLME procedure was optimized with respect to the type and volume of disperser and extraction solvents, the pH value of the sample solution and the addition of salt. During method development, an effective ex vivo lactone/hydroxyl carboxylic acid interconversion was observed for two metabolites, each containing a carboxyl group adjacent to the phenolic hydroxyl group. The analytes resulting from interconversion enabled a more sensitive and reliable determination of the metabolites compared to their native structures. Method validation revealed limits of detection between 0.02 and 0.36 µg/L. The mean relative recovery rates ranged from 91% to 118%. Precision and repeatability were demonstrated by relative standard deviations in the range of 0.6–14.2% and 1.1–13.7%, respectively. The presently described procedure enables the sensitive and robust analysis of UV-327 and its metabolites in human blood and allows the elucidation of the human UV-327 metabolism as well as the assessment of exposure in potentially exposed individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nantokite (CuCl) locked inside subsurface micro-pits has been recognised as the driving force to the form of corrosion called bronze disease. The use of the traditional corrosion inhibitor benzotriazole is questioned because of toxicity. So there is a need for alternative conservation treatments. This work is focused on the experimental design to test the effectiveness of sodium oxalate followed by treatment with limewater to face bronze disease on outdoor bronzes. A number of foundry bronze coupons were exposed to weathering at Genoa Experimental Marine Station (GEMS) exposure site and sprayed twice a week with a 5% NaCl solution for the first 124 days. After 562 days of natural weathering, the patinas on coupons were characterised with non-destructive techniques (NDT) and the presence of nantokite was verified. We designed a workflow, as similar as possible to conservation treatments on real artworks, to test a 3% w/v sodium oxalate treatment with two different application times, with or without limewater, on the coupons. The effectiveness of the treatments was analysed by comparison of surface properties by several NDT measurements. A statistical approach and XRD measurements directly on the corroded bronze surfaces are suggested as an effective way to characterise and compare the overall behaviour of bronze disease treatments for conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synergistic inhibition effect of sodium phytate (PA) and benzotriazole (BTA) on 20SiMn steel in 3.5 wt-% NaCl solutions was studied using electrochemical methods, SEM, FTIR, XPS and quantum chemical calculations based on density functional theory (DFT). Results indicate that a protective bi-layer film is formed with the presence of the mixture of PA and BTA: the inner layer consists of iron oxides, while the outer one is an adsorption layer of BTA and PA. Based on the analysis of XPS and DFT, the function of BTA belongs to chemisorption, while that of PA obeys Langmuir adsorption isotherm and could be mainly assigned to physisorption. The inhibition efficiency of the mixture inhibitor is 99.12%, with a synergism parameter of 3.62, which could be ascribed to a cross-linking structure containing more BTA promoted by PA through hydrogen bonds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of all‐polymer solar cells (all‐PSCs) have already exceeded 17%. However, the limited absorption range of an all‐polymer system results in significantly reduced short‐circuit current density (Jsc), which eventually influences the PCE improvement. To broaden the light absorption of polymer acceptors, herein, benzotriazole is introduced in the core unit of small molecule acceptors and thus two narrow‐bandgap polymer acceptors named PTz‐BO and PTz‐C11 featuring the same molecular backbone and different side‐chain length are synthesized. Compared with PTz‐C11, the PTz‐BO based‐all PSCs deliver a slightly reduced Jsc, a large open‐circuit voltage (Voc) and a low voltage loss below 0.50 V. Moreover, ternary all‐PSCs are constructed by introducing PTz‐C11 as a guest component. Benefiting from the reduced recombination, improved exciton generation and dissociation, and balanced charge transport, a high efficiency of 16.58% is obtained for the ternary all‐PSCs, with a high Jsc over 25 mA cm−2 without sacrificing the Voc. Such result represents the highest efficiency reported for benzotriazole‐based all‐PSCs in the literature thus far. This work demonstrates the great potential of benzotriazole for the synthesis of efficient narrow‐bandgap polymer acceptors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to synthesize benzotriazole-based bis-Schiff base scaffolds (1–20) and assess them in vitro for α-glucosidase inhibitory potentials. All the synthetics analogs based on benzotriazole-based bis-Schiff base scaffolds were found to display an outstanding inhibition profile on screening against the α-glucosidase enzyme. The synthetic scaffolds showed a varied range of inhibition profiles having IC50 values ranging from 1.10 ± 0.05 µM to 28.30 ± 0.60 µM when compared to acarbose as a standard drug (IC50 = 10.30 ± 0.20 µM). Among the series, fifteen scaffolds 1–3, 5, 6, 9–16, 18–20 were identified to be more potent than standard acarbose, while the five remaining scaffolds 4, 7, 8, 16, and 17, also showed potency against the α-glucosidase enzyme but were found to be less potent than standard acarbose. The structure of all the newly synthesized scaffolds was confirmed using different spectroscopic techniques such as HREI-MS and 1H- and 13C- NMR spectroscopy. To find a structure-activity relationship, molecular docking studies were carried out to understand the binding mode of the active inhibitors with the active sites of the enzyme and the results supported the experimental data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dye-sensitized solar cell, known as an emergent technology, has been attracted attention around the world. It has been easily produced by a mesoporous semiconductor oxide (SO), with a dye. On the other hand, some unexpected reactions as the back-electron recombination, reducing the solar cell efficiency. The presence of some molecules to act as an oxide passivation might rise up the collection reaction rate, and enhance the photoelectrochemical solar system parameters. The molecule used as a dye additive, must effortlessly adsorb in SO and potentiate the dye deaggregation. This work aims to study the benzotriazole (BTAH) insertion in DSSC with TiO2, evaluating its capability as a passivator molecule in such PV technology. The electrochemical results showed better electrochemical energy conversion efficiency with lower resistance with BTAH at 2.0 mg mL−1, achieving a jsc = 9.92 ± 0.26, Voc = 0.770 ± 0.022, FF = 0.557 ± 0.014, ɳ = 4.26 ± 0.13 with superior electron lifetime and amazing recombination prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, multifunctional knitted fabrics with ultraviolet resistance and antibacterial properties are presented. The functional coating was fabricated on cotton fabric through a facile one step pad-dry process after being dipped in benzotriazole derivative and titanium dioxide mixture solution. Alkali catalyzed polymerization was applied to synthesis amino-benzotriazole, which could form covalent bonds with cellulose after fixation on cotton fiber. The coating was compacted and agglutinated to the cotton fibers, which were observed by scanning electron microscopy, the wash fastness also revealed the bonding capacity. The ultraviolet protection factor was calculated by the transmittance value, the results illustrated tremendous improvement in the ultraviolet protection factor of the functionalized knitted fabrics, since the energy absorption and surface nanoparticles scatters of incident ultraviolet radiation. Moreover, the attenuation rate of ultraviolet resistance is low. The bursting strength, pilling resistance, air permeability and moisture resistance of the functionalized knitted fabrics demonstrated their good wearing comfort properties. In addition, the as-constructed fabrics also showed a strong ability to resist Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to solve the problem of cotton fiber lacking UV resistance, a water-soluble UV absorber was prepared from o-nitroaniline and 2-naphthol-6 sodium sulfonate hydrate and acted on cotton fabric to endow cotton fabric with UV resistance. O-nitroaniline was diazotized and coupled with 2-naphthol-6 sodium sulfonate hydrate to form 2-naphthol-7 sulfoazo-o-nitrobenzene intermediate. Then intermediate was reduced by a certain amount of basic sodium hydrosulfite to form a water-soluble benzotriazole ultraviolet absorber. As azo reaction is a classical reaction, the best reduction conditions of intermediates were studied by single factor experiments. The results show that the optimal reduction conditions are as follows; the molar ratio of sodium hydroxide to intermediates is 0.4:1, the molar ratio of sodium hydroxide to intermediates is 1.1:1, the reaction temperature was 30 °C, the reaction time was 1 h. The molar ratio of hydrochloric acid to intermediate is 2:1. The results show that the UV protection factor of the finished cotton fabric can reach 58.77, the wrinkle recovery angle can reach 92°, the breaking strength can reach 226 N, and the air permeability can reach 2 567 L / (m² s). The UV absorber prepared in this study is water-soluble and improves the absorption performance of benzotriazole ultraviolet absorber, which has good application value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]