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The purpose of the study is to test the model developed in relation to the mediator role of the need for social approval in the relationship between perfectionism and codependency. The study was conducted on a total of 188 students (144 females and 44 males) attending the Education Faculty of Amasya University. In the study, Spann-Fischer Codependency Scale, Need for Social Approval Scale and Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale were used. The theoretical model proposed in the study was tested with the structural equation model. In the analysis of the collected data, LISREL 8.51 was used. The goodness-of-fit indices calculated for the model were found to be good. The goodness-of-fit indices found for the structural model are as follows: RMSEA=0.07, Standardized RMR=0.08, NNFI=0.90, CFI=0.91 and IFI=0.91. It was found that the structural model constructed to reveal the mediator role of the need for social approval in the relationship between perfectionism and codependency has a good fit and the need for social approval was found to have a partial mediator role in the model.

Objective. To determine the importance of the family support group in the treatment of codependency, based in reports made by relatives of a therapeutic community for drug addicts. Methods. Study conducted in a therapeutic community for alcohol and other drug addicts in a city in the southern extreme of Brazil. This is a qualitative, exploratory and descriptive research with eight drug addict relatives. Data collection occurred through semi-structured interviews and the use of a field diary, focusing on the family orientation group as a space for the health promotion of family members of psychoactive substance users. Results. Through discursive analysis, it was found that the family orientation group constitutes an important tool of educational character, capable of responding to the family demands of chemical dependence, as well as rethinking and modifying attitudes and characteristic behaviors of co-dependence. Conclusion. The support group is fundamental as a care strategy for codependent families, and may act more effectively when professionals are trained to intervene in the phenomenon of codependency. Resumen Objetivo. Conocer, a partir del relato de familiares de una comunidad terapéutica para dependientes químicos, la importancia del grupo de apoyo familiar en el tratamiento de la codependencia. Métodos. Este estudio se realizó en una comunidad terapéutica para consumidores de alcohol y otras sustancias en una ciudad del extremo sur en Brasil. Se trata de una investigación cualitativa, descriptiva, con la participación de ocho familiares de dependientes químicos. La recolección de datos se realizó con entrevista semiestructurada y con el uso del diario de campo, teniendo como foco el grupo de orientación familiar como un espacio para la promoción de la salud de familiares de usuarios de sustancias psicoactivas. Resultados. En el análisis discursivo, se constató que el Grupo de Orientación Familiar es una importante herramienta de carácter educativo, capaz de responder a las demandas familiares sobre la dependencia química, así como repensar y modificar actitudes y comportamientos característicos de la codependencia. Conclusión. El apoyo grupal es fundamental como estrategia de cuidado a las familias codependientes y puede ser aún más eficaz cuando los profesionales son capacitados para intervenir el fenómeno de la codependencia. Resumo Objetivo. Conhecer, a partir do relato de familiares de uma comunidade terapêutica para dependentes químicos, a importância do grupo de apoio familiar no tratamento da codependência. Métodos. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, exploratória e descritiva com oito familiares de dependentes químicos. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio da entrevista semiestruturada e pelo uso do diário de campo, tendo como foco o grupo de orientação familiar como um espaço para a promoção da saúde de familiares de usuários de substância psicoativas. Resultados. Mediante análise discursiva, constatou-se que o Grupo de Orientação Familiar se constitui em uma importante ferramenta de caráter educativo, capaz de responder as demandas familiares da dependência química, bem como repensar e modificar atitudes e comportamentos característicos da codependência. Conclusão. O grupo de apoio é fundamental como uma estratégia de cuidado às famílias codependentes, podendo atuar de modo mais eficaz quando os profissionais são capacitados para intervirem no fenômeno da codependência.

Objective Over the past decade, cannabis use has become increasingly popular in states that include Colorado. During this time, alcohol use disorders (AUDs) and alcohol-related medical conditions have also been consistently recognized as public health problems with increasing prevalence in the state. Despite the widespread use of cannabis in Colorado, the epidemiology of cannabis use among those with AUDs has been poorly described. Therefore, we sought to examine cannabis use among individuals with likely AUDs and individuals with low-risk alcohol use during a time of major Colorado legislative changes before and after legalization of recreational cannabis in 2012. Methods This study was a secondary data analysis conducted with information from 303 participants (80% male) in the Denver, CO metropolitan enrolled between August 2007 and April 2016 for studies related to alcohol and lung health. Of these participants, 188 (62%) were completing inpatient alcohol detoxification with likely AUDs. All participants completed the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) to establish their likelihood of an AUD, and all had information on current cannabis use assessed by questionnaire and urine toxicology testing. Results Individuals with likely AUDs more commonly used cannabis compared to control participants (42% vs 27%, p = 0.007). In multiple logistic regression analyses, participant type (likely AUD versus control), tobacco smoking, and age were significantly associated with cannabis smoking; however, the year of participant enrollment was not. Adjusted odds for cannabis use among participants with likely AUDs were 2.97 (1.51–5.82), p = 0.002, while odds for cannabis use among tobacco smokers were 3.67 (1.94–6.93), p Conclusions Our findings highlight the exceptionally high odds of cannabis use among individuals with likely AUDs undergoing alcohol detoxification at a Colorado treatment facility before and after legalization of recreational cannabis. Targeted investigations into the medical and psychiatric consequences of combined alcohol and cannabis use are urgently needed to define its health impact in these vulnerable individuals.

CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior A dependência de Substâncias Psicoativas é um grave problema de saúde pública mundial, com ônus para o indivíduo, a família e a sociedade. Nessa perspectiva, é indissociável o papel familiar na recuperação do membro adoecido. Considerando o abalo biopsicossocioespiritual que afeta a família, a desinformação e o despreparo para o enfrentamento de situações cotidianas, ela se torna codependente e um doente em potencial, desenvolvendo patologias que interferem em suas dimensões de vida. Diante desse cotidiano que frequentemente permeia o sofrimento, o adoecimento familiar ocorre gradativamente. Nesse contexto, a porta de entrada para o serviço em saúde, que deve acolher essa família e esse indivíduo, é o serviço de Atenção Primária á Saúde, percebida com muitos desafios frente a esta problemática. Esta pesquisa objetiva compreender o cotidiano de familiares de pessoas dependentes de substâncias psicoativas no contexto da atenção primária à saúde. Trata-se de um estudo de natureza qualitativa descritiva, com abordagem fenomenológica, fundamentado no referencial metodológico de Michel Maffesoli, visando à aproximação com o objeto proposto. A coleta de dados ocorreu entre fevereiro e julho de 2018, por meio de entrevistas particulares e semiestruturadas, contou com oito mulheres participantes e teve como cenário uma unidade básica de saúde orientada pela estratégia saúde da família. A finalização da coleta de entrevistas se deu pelo adensamento dos dados pertinentes ao objetivo da pesquisa. A análise de dados ocorreu respeitando as etapas do método proposto por Maffesoli, além da proposta estabelecida por Minayo. Como resultado emergiram cinco categorias, a saber: Sentimentos relacionados ao conviver com o adicto cotidianamente; Casa: Lar, doce lar ou prisão domiciliar? A dor na alma: da exaustão emocional à depressão; Deus como único auxílio; Profissionais da Atenção primaria á Saúde: aptos ou inaptos frente ao cotidiano do familiar codependente de substâncias psicoativas? Esta pesquisa revela o cotidiano de familiares que convivem com um adicto, carregado de muito sofrimento e uma gama de sentimentos, os quais adquirem uma patologia emocional de codependência, com grave desfecho para a ideação suicida, e a esfera domiciliar é principal cenário negativo. A figura divina e a fé configuram-se como única fonte de esperança e possibilidade de melhoria. Revelaram-se os desafios que essa problemática apresenta à Atenção Primária á Saúde, que se mostrou deficitária e limitada para enfrentá-los. Evidenciou-se o anseio dos usuários por um acolhimento solidário e humanizado. A pesquisa contribui para criar possibilidades, ferramentas e ações que visem ao empoderamento familiar no cotidiano vivido, de forma a amenizar os impactos gerados pela adicção, destacar o importante papel de uma Atenção Primária á Saúde com profissionais proativos e empáticos, aptos para o manejo clínico e pessoal, com respostas efetivas, resolutivas e eficazes no enfrentamento da adicção no território. Além disso, chama atenção de diversos setores sociais e do governo para a criação de políticas públicas de saúde e sociais voltadas exclusivamente para a família, visando a sua autonomia e auxiliando nas tomadas de decisão na abordagem desse problema. Contribui também com a literatura científica e conclama que mais estudos sejam realizados em diferentes contextos com foco na família codependente de substâncias psicoativas. The dependence of Psychoactive Substances is configured in the current scenario as a serious problem of world public health, with burdens for the individual, family and society. In this perspective, the family role in the recovery of the sick member is indissociable. To the detriment of the biopsychosocioespiritual concussion that affects the family, the disinformation and the lack of preparation to face daily situations, the family becomes codependent and a potential patient, developing diseases that interfere in their dimensions of life. And faced with this daily life that often permeates suffering, family sickness occurs gradually. In this context, the door of entry for the health service that should welcome this family and this individual is the primary care service, perceived with many challenges in face of this problem. This research aims to understand the daily life of relatives of people dependent on psychoactive substances in the context of primary health care. A descriptive qualitative study, with a phenomenological approach, based on the methodological framework of Michel Maffesoli, aiming at the approximation with the proposed object. The data collection took place between February and July of 2018, through private and semi-structured interviews, with eight women participants and had as scenario a basic health unit guided by the family health strategy. The conclusion of the interview collection was due to the increase in the data pertinent to the research objective. The analysis of data occurred respecting the steps of the method proposed by Maffesoli, in addition to the proposal established by Minayo. As a result, five categories emerged, namely: Feelings related to living with the addict daily; Home: Home sweet home or house arrest ?; The pain in the soul: From emotional exhaustion to depression; God as sole help; Basic care professionals: fit or unfit for the everyday life of the codependent relative of psychoactive substances ?. This research reveals the daily life of family members who live with an addict family member burdened with much suffering and a range of feelings, in which they enter into an emotional pathology of codependency, with a serious outcome for suicidal ideation, with the domicile sphere as the main negative scenario. The divine figure and faith are the only source of hope and possibility for improvement. It revealed the challenges faced by basic care in face of this problem, which proved to be deficient and limited in solving and serving these clients. The users' longing for a solidary and humanized welcome was evidenced. The understanding of the research contributes to create possibilities, tools and actions that aim at the family empowerment in the daily life lived, in order to mitigate the impacts generated by the addiction, to highlight the important role of a basic attention with proactive and empathic professionals, suitable for the management clinical and personal, that present effective, resolutive and effective responses in the face of addiction in the territory. In addition, to draw the attention of various social sectors and the government to the creation of public health and social policies aimed exclusively at the family aiming at their autonomy and helping in the decision making of this problem. The research contributes with the scientific literature and calls for more studies to be carried out in different contexts with a focus on the codependent family of psychoactive substances.

In the 1970s and 1980s, both research and clinical facilities for alcohol and drug abusing persons expanded very rapidly. The expansion of detoxification, treatment and rehabilitation facilities for substance abusers created a demand for training in relevant skills. In the increasing recognition of alcoholism as a distressing personal and social problem, and with increasing third-party payments for treatment available, inevitably, facilities to treat alcoholics and other kinds of drug abusers have increased. Public interest and governmental interest in alcohol and drug problems have been intensifying for two decades, and in the 1988 election, drug abuse and the call for more treatment resources was a campaign issue. There is a burgeoning development of research on family processes and family therapy, and there is also an increasing, challenging professional literature on conceptions of addiction. In midcentury urban America, the state of theory and practices relating to causes and treatment of mental disorders, was heavily influenced by psychoanalysis.

Objective: to analyze the frequency of the “caregiver role strain” nursing diagnosis in informal caregivers for the elderly, the defining characteristics and the related factors. Method: a cross-sectional, descriptive study carried out with 99 informal caregivers for elderly residents living in the areas covered by five units of the Family Health Strategy of Cuiabá, Mato Grasso, Brazil. Data collect took place between July and September 2017, through home interviews. A questionnaire elaborated from the literature on the diagnosis A questionnaire elaborated from the literature on the diagnosis caregiver role strain established by NANDA-International taxonomy II was used. A descriptive analysis with relative and absolute frequency was accomplished. Results: the frequency of the “caregiver role stress” nursing diagnosis found in caregivers was 98.0%. The most common defining characteristics were: difficulty in seeing the care receiver with the disease (69.1%); apprehension about the future health of the care recipient (66.0%); apprehension about the welfare of the care recipient, if the caregiver is unable to offer it (61.9%); apprehension about the future ability to provide care (60.8%); apprehension about the possible institutionalization of the care recipient (55.7%); concern with the routine care (55.7%) and social isolation (51.5%). The related factors most frequently found were: duration of care (92.8%); 24-hour a day care responsibilities (75.3%); dependence (77.3%) and alteration in the cognitive function was (73.2%) in the elderly; physical conditions (73.2%) and codependency of the caregiver (61.9%). Conclusion: the frequency of the “caregiver role strain” nursing diagnosis found in this study is high, its defining characteristics concerning mainly the caregiver's apprehension with the elderly and the related factors refer to the demands of the care provided. The nurse and other team’s professionals must pay attention to the caregivers as well as to the elderly being cared of in the health units, helping them to overcome the difficulties involved in performing their role. RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar la frecuencia del diagnóstico de enfermería “tensión del rol del cuidador” en cuidadores informales de ancianos, las características que lo definen y los factores relacionados. Método: estudio transversal y descriptivo, realizado con 99 cuidadores informales de ancianos residentes en las áreas de cobertura de cinco unidades de la Estrategia de Salud Familiar de Cuiabá, Mato Grasso, Brasil. Se realizó la recolección de datos entre julio y septiembre de 2017, por medio de entrevistas en los domicilios. Se utilizó una encuesta elaborada a partir de la literatura sobre el diagnóstico “tensión del rol del cuidador” establecido por la taxonomía II de NANDA Internacional. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo con frecuencia relativa y absoluta. Resultados: la frecuencia del diagnóstico de enfermería “tensión del rol del cuidador” que se encontró en los entrevistados fue del 98%. Las características definitorias más frecuentes fueron: dificultad para ver al receptor de los cuidados con la enfermedad (69,1%); preocupación por el futuro estado de salud del receptor de los cuidados (66%); preocupación por el bienestar del receptor de los cuidados, en caso de no poder ofrecerlos (61,9%); preocupación por la capacidad futura para proporcionar los cuidados (60,8%); preocupación por el posible ingreso del receptor de cuidados a una institución (55,7%); preocupación por la rutina de los cuidados (55,7%) y por el aislamiento social (51,5%). Los factores relacionados que se encontraron con más frecuencia fueron: duración de los cuidados (92,8%); responsabilidades por el cuidado las 24 horas del día (75,3%); dependencia (77,3%) y alteración de la función cognitiva (73,2%) del anciano; condiciones físicas (73,2%) y codependencia del cuidador (61,9%). Conclusión: la frecuencia del diagnóstico de enfermería “tensión del rol del cuidador”, encontrada en este estudio, es elevada y sus características definitorias apuntan, principalmente, a la preocupación que tiene el cuidador hacia el anciano, y los factores relacionados se refieren a las demandas del cuidado proporcionado. El enfermero y los demás profesionales del equipo deben brindar atención tanto a los cuidadores como a los ancianos asistidos en las unidades de salud, ayudándolos a superar las dificultades que implica el desempeño de su función. RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a frequência do diagnóstico de enfermagem “tensão do papel de cuidador” em cuidadores informais de idosos, as características definidoras e os fatores relacionados. Método: estudo transversal, descritivo, realizado com 99 cuidadores informais de idosos residentes nas áreas de abrangência de cinco unidades de Estratégia Saúde da Família de Cuiabá, Mato Grasso, Brasil. A coleta de dados ocorreu entre julho e setembro de 2017, por meio de entrevista em domicílio. Foi utilizado questionário elaborado a partir da literatura sobre diagnostico “tensão do papel de cuidador” estabelecido pela taxonomia II da NANDA-Internacional. Realizou análise descritiva com frequência relativa e absoluta. Resultados: a frequência do diagnóstico de enfermagem “tensão do papel de cuidador” encontrada nos cuidadores foi de 98,0%. As características definidoras mais frequentes foram: dificuldade em ver o receptor de cuidados com a enfermidade (69,1%); apreensão quanto à saúde futura do receptor de cuidados (66,0%); apreensão quanto ao bem-estar do receptor de cuidados, caso seja incapaz de oferecê-los (61,9%); apreensão quanto à capacidade futura para fornecer cuidados (60,8%); apreensão quanto à possível institucionalização do receptor de cuidados (55,7%); preocupação com a rotina de cuidados (55,7%) e isolamento social (51,5%). Os fatores relacionados mais frequentes encontrados foram: duração dos cuidados (92,8%); responsabilidades de cuidado 24 horas por dia (75,3%); dependência (77,3%) e alteração na função cognitiva (73,2%) do idoso; condições físicas (73,2%) e codependência do cuidador (61,9%). Conclusão: a frequência do diagnóstico de enfermagem “tensão do papel de cuidador” encontrada neste estudo é alta, suas características definidoras dizem respeito principalmente à apreensão que o cuidador tem com o idoso e os fatores relacionados se referem às demandas de cuidado prestado. O enfermeiro e demais profissionais da equipe de saúde devem estar atentos aos cuidadores tanto quanto aos idosos assistidos nas unidades de saúde, ajudando-os a superar as dificuldades envolvidas no desempenho do seu papel.

Objetivo: Investigar o impacto gerado em mulheres que possuem familiares com alcoolismo, em situação de vulnerabilidade social. Método: Pesquisa exploratória e descritiva, de cunho quanlitativo, que, por critério de saturação, contou com 11 participantes, mulheres familiares de pessoas com dependência ao álcool, que responderam a um roteiro de entrevista semiestruturado, compreendido por análise de conteúdo. Resultados: Os discursos elencaram em sete classes temáticas: 1. Causas do consumo do álcool; 2. Consequências do beber para o alcoolista; 3. Comportamento da família diante do alcoolista; 4. Sentimentos recorrentes dos familiares; 5. Adoecimento da família com alcoolista; 6. Tipos de ajuda/tratamento para o alcoolista e a família; e 7. Expectativas futuras sobre o alcoolista. Conclusão: A família adoece junto ao alcoolista, necessitando de acompanhamento. Descritores:Alcoolismo, Codependência, Família.

Bu araştırmada psikoloji lisans öğrencilerinin, klinik psikoloji yüksek lisans öğrencilerinin ve klinik psikologların karşılıklı bağımlılık düzeylerinin incelenmesi, karşılıklı bağımlılığın çeşitli demografik değişkenlere (eğitim durumu, cinsiyet, doğum sırası, süpervizyon alıp almama, psikolojik tedavi geçmişi, kişinin kendisinin ya da ailesinden birinin madde/alkol kullanımı, çocuklukta ve/veya yetişkinlikte ailenin bakımını üstlendiği kişinin olup olmaması ve yaş) göre farklılaşıp farklılaşmadığının araştırılması ve karşılıklı bağımlılık düzeyleri ile yetişkin bağlanma boyutları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi hedeflenmiştir. 320 katılımcının olduğu araştırmada veri toplama araçları olarak demografik bilgi formu ile EşBağımlılık Belirleme Ölçeği (EşBBÖ) ve Yakın İlişkilerde Yaşantılar Envanteri-II (YİYE-II) kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın bulgularına göre karşılıklı bağımlılık ve bağlanmanın kaygılı ve kaçınmacı boyutları arasında olumlu yönde anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuştur. Araştırmanın bağımlı değişkeni olan karşılıklı bağımlılığın sosyodemografik değişkenler ile ilişkisi incelendiğinde; karşılıklı bağımlılık ile eğitim düzeyi ve süpervizyon alınması arasında anlamlı bir farklılaşma olduğu belirlenmiştir. Kadınlarda erkeklere göre karşılıklı bağımlılığın anlamlı derecede daha fazla olduğu görülmüştür. Karşılıklı bağımlılık ve katılımcının psikolojik tedavi geçmişi olması arasında anlamlı bir farklılaşma olduğu görülmüştür. Karşılıklı bağımlılık ve yaş arasında olumsuz yönde anlamlı bir ilişki olduğu gözlenmiştir. Karşılıklı bağımlılık ile doğum sırası arasında anlamlı bir farklılaşma olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Eğitim düzeyine göre yetişkin bağlanma boyutları incelendiğinde, eğitim düzeyi ile kaygılı ve kaçınmacı bağlanma boyutları arasında anlamlı bir farklılaşma olduğu görülmüştür., The aims of this study are to investigate the codependency levels of psychology undergraduate students, clinical psychology graduate students and clinical psychologists, to investigate whether codependency differs according to various demographic variables (education level, gender, birth order, getting supervision or not, psychological treatment history, substance/alcohol use of a person himself or someone from his/her family, the presence of someone in need of care at the family in childhood and/or adulthood, and age) and to investigate the relationship between codependency levels and adult attachment dimensions. In the research involving 320 participants, demographic information form, Codependency Assessment Tool (CODAT) and Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R) are used as data collection tools. According to the findings of the study, a significant positive relationship was found between codependency and the anxious and avoidant dimensions of attachment. When the relationship of codependency, which is the dependent variable of the study, with sociodemographic variables is examined; there was a significant difference between codependency and education level and getting supervision. It was seen that codependency is significantly higher in females than males. There was significant difference between codependency level and participant's psychological treatment history. There was a significant negative relationship between codependency and age. There was no significant difference between codependency and birth order. When the adult attachment dimensions are examined according to education level, it was seen that there was a significant difference between the education level and the anxious and avoidant attachment dimensions.

Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Bu araştırma, kronik ruhsal hastalığı olan bireye bakım verenlerde eş bağımlılık ve ilişkili faktörleri belirlemek amacıyla tanımlayıcı ve ilişki arayıcı türde yapılmıştır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu Ankara Numune Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi'nde kronik ruhsal hastalık tanısıyla en az 6 aydır tedavi gören hastaların primer bakım sorumluluğunu alan ve en az okuryazar olan gelişigüzel örneklem metodu ile seçilmiş 379 hasta yakını oluşturmuştur. Araştırmanın verileri 07 Kasım 2018-11 Mart 2019 tarihleri arasında toplanmıştır. Araştırma verilerinin toplanmasında; araştırmacılar tarafından hazırlanan bilgi formu ve Eş Bağımlılık Belirleme Ölçeği (EşBBÖ) kullanılmıştır. Veriler sayı, yüzde, ortalama ± standart sapma olarak özetlenmiştir, analizde, Shapiro Wilks, Mann Whitney U, Kruskal Wallis, Tukey Testi, Pearson Korelasyon Katsayısı, Tek Yönlü Varyans Analizi kullanılmıştır. İstatistik olarak p0.05). Kronik ruhsal hastalığı olan bireylere bakım verenlerde hafif düzey eş bağımlılık olduğu (58.42±12.71) tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, kronik ruhsal hastalığı olan bireylere verilen sağlık hizmetlerinin yanı sıra, bakım vericilerin de değerlendirilmesi, var olan risk durumlarının tespit edilmesi ve erken profesyonel yardım almalarının sağlanması önerilebilir., This research was carried out with descriptive and regression models in order to determine codependency and related factors in caregivers of individuals with chronic mental illness. The study group is chosen by random sampling method and consisted of 379 patient's relatives, who are literate at least and took the primary care responsibility of the patients treated for at least 6 months with the diagnosis of chronic mental illness in Ankara Numune Training and Research Hospital. The data of the research was collected between November 7, 2018-March 11, 2019. Data form prepared by the researchers and Codependency Determination Scale (CDS) were used to collect the research data. Data are summarized in figures, percentage, mean ± standard deviation. Shapiro-Wilk Test, Mann-Whitney U Test, Kruskal- Wallis Test, Tukey's Test, Pearson's Correlation Coefficient and One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were used in the analysis. Values as p0.05). It was found that there was a slight level of codependency (58.42 ± 12.71) in the caregivers of individuals with chronic mental illness. In conclusion, evaluation of caregivers, identification of existing risk situations and providing early professional help to caregivers might be suggested, in addition to the health services provided to individuals with chronic mental illness.

Šī pētījuma mērķis bija noskaidrot, vai pastāv savstarpēja saistība starp līdzatkarību, pašdiferencāciju un personības iezīmēm sievietēm. Pētījumā piedalījās 113 sievietes (N = 113), vecumā no 20 līdz 30 gadiem (M = 24,5, SD = 3,23), kuras ir vismaz 1 gadu ilgās romantiskās attiecībās. Respondenti aizpildīja trīs aptaujas: Līdzatkarības noteikšanas aptauju, Lielā Piecinieka Aptauju (BFI) un Pašdiferencācijas aptauju - Īso versiju (DSI-SF), kura tika adaptēta latviešu valodā bakalaura darba ietvaros. Pētījuma rezultāti parāda: statistiski nozīmīgu negatīvu korelāciju starp līdzatkarību un pašdiferencāciju; statistiski nozīmīgu negatīvu saistību starp līdzatkarību un atvērtību pieredzei, apzinīgumu, ekstraversiju, labvēlīgumu; statistiski nozīmīgu pozitīvu saistību starp līdzatkarību un neirotismu; statistiski nozīmīgu pozitīvu saistību starp pašdiferencāciju un atvērtību pieredzei, apzinīgumu, ekstraversiju, labvēlīgumu un statistiski negatīvu saistību starp pašdiferencāciju un neirotismu. Šis ir pirmais pētījums Latvijā, kur kopā tiek aplūkoti šie trīs konstrukti. Pētījums apstiprina Latvijā adaptētās Pašdiferencācijas aptaujas - Īsās versijas validitāti. Tiek apspriestas iegūto datu saistības, kā arī priekšlikumi turpmākiem pētījumiem. Atslēgas vārdi: līdzatkarība, pašdiferencācija, personības iezīmes, The aim of this present study is to find out is there are any interrelations between codependency, differentiation of self and personality traits in women. The reaserch involved 113 womens (N = 113), aged 21-30 years (M = 24,5, SD = 3,23) who are at least 1 year in romantic relationship. Respondents filled in three surveys: „Spann – Fischer Codependency Scale”, The Big Five Inventory and Differentiation of Self Inventory-Short Form (DSI-SF), wich was adapted in Latvian as a part of this bachelor’s work. The results of the research indicated: a significantly negative correlation between codependency and self-differentiation; a significantly negative relationship between codependency and openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness; a significantly positive relationship between codependency neuroticism; a significantly positive correlation between differentation of self and openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness; a significantly negative correlation between codependency and neuroticism. This is the first study in Latvia, where are observed these three constructs. The study confirms the validity of adapted version in Latvia of Differentiation of Self Inventory - Short Form. The implications of these findings, as well as suggestions for future research are discussed. Key words: codependency, differentiation of self, personality traits

The purpose of this study was to test a model of codependency based on Bowen's concept of differentiation for college students in Taiwan. The relations between family-of-origin dysfunction, differentiation of self, codependency traits and related symptoms including low self-esteem, relationship distress and psychological adjustment problems were examined. Data were collected from 567 college students from 2 large, urban universities in northern Taiwan. Results indicated a significantly negative relationship between levels of codependency and self-differentiation and that self-differentiation partially mediated the relationship between family-of-origin dysfunction and codependency. The implications of these findings for counselling Taiwanese college students who experience codependency traits and related symptoms as well as suggestions for future research are discussed.

Alcoholism is destructive to those closest to the alcoholic, and it affects families in several different ways. Many times, rehabilitating an alcoholic is only one part of the process of healing a home. Family members may also need support and counseling. Families with alcohol dependent suffer from a range of problems. Spouses can live in constant conflict. The present study aim was to compare the family interaction and codependency in spouses of alcohol dependence in comparison with normal control. It was a cross sectional study and purposive sampling method was used. Sample consisted of 30 spouses of individuals with alcohol dependence and 30 spouses of normal individuals. Alcohol Dependence Questionnaire was administered on the patient and General Health Questionnaire was administered on spouses for screening purpose. Socio-demographic data sheet, Family Interaction Pattern scale, and Co-dependency Scale were administered on the spouse of both groups. The data was analyzed using SPSS.16. The result revealed that spouses of individuals with alcohol dependence Syndrome had significantly higher scores in Family Interaction Pattern Scale; especially in the domains of reinforcement and role as compared to spouses of normal individuals. It also suggested that the level of codependency was significantly higher to the spouses of individuals with Alcohol Dependence Syndrome as compared to spouses of normal individuals.

Current article presents a continuation of work dedicated to the problem of religious experience distortions, with which psychotherapist encounters while working with clients who share religious views. The focus is on the phenomena of substitution, which is defined as such a distortion of religious experience, where the person per- ceives it for himself as normal, spiritually mature and healthy condition. The prob- lem of codependence in the context of believer’s religious life is discussed, as well as the problem of God image distortions. Types of occurrence and negative outcomes of such problems for spiritual life of Christian are analyzed. The main causes of the discussed phenomena are pointed out. Recommendations for therapeutic work with such problems are given. Some conclusions about the preparation of Christian psy- chologists that work with religious clients are made.

Substance abuse affects both the user and the family system as a whole, yet substance abuse treatment is centered on the user, leaving the family in the background. Objective: To identify the symptoms of codependency and health issues in the codependent family members of drug users who called a toll-free telephone counseling service. In total, 505 family members participated in this cross-sectional study. Drug users’ mothers and wives who had less than 8 years of education and those who were unemployed had a greater chance of high codependency. It was also determined that a high level of codependency imposed a significant burden on the physical and emotional well-being of those affected, resulting in poor health, reactivity, self-neglect and additional responsibilities. It was concluded that codependency has a negative impact on the family system and on the health of the family members of drug users. Resumo A dependência química atinge o usuário e o sistema familiar como um todo, todavia o tratamento dessa condição é centrado no usuário, o que deixa a família em segundo plano. Objetivo: identificar os sintomas de codependência e questões de saúde em familiares codependentes de usuários de drogas que ligaram para um serviço telefônico de aconselhamento. No total, 505 familiares participaram de um estudo transversal. Mães e esposas de usuários de drogas que tinham menos de 8 anos de estudo e que estavam desempregadas apresentaram maior chance de alta codependência. Além disso, foi identificado que o nível alto de codependência interfere significativamente no bem-estar físico e emocional dos familiares, o que resultou em problemas de saúde, reatividade, autonegligência e sobrecarga de tarefas. Foi concluído que a codependência tem um impacto negativo no sistema familiar e na saúde dos familiares de usuários de drogas.

The transfer of episcripts in the families of alcohol-dependent men and the relationship of this process to the family’s self-destructive behavior is described. The evolution of spousal relationshi...