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In order to reduce the pollution of the bio-waste cabbage to the environment and achieve recycling of biological waste resources, synthesis of a novel superabsorbent polymer gel based on waste cabbage (CB) using two monomers AMPS (2-acrylamide-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic acid) and AA (acrylic acid). And the synthesis conditions were optimized, such as the ratio of AMPS and AA, initiator content, and crosslinker content. And the water retention, salt resistance and repeated swelling performance were investigated too. The chemical structure thermal stability and microscopic appearance of the superabsorbent polymer gel were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and Scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that the novel superabsorbent polymer gel exhibits excellent water absorbency, which can absorb ultrapure water, distilled water, tap water and 0.9% NaCl solution are 1914 g/g, 1726 g/g, 306 g/g and 114 g/g, respectively. This is higher than in related studies 30%− 40% in distilled water, 60%− 70% in tap water and 10%− 20% in 0.9% NaCl solution. Therefore, this superabsorbent polymer gel showed a high swelling property and stable salt resistance. It has a broad application prospect. [Display omitted] • A novel SAP synthesized using waste cabbage. • Provides a new way to utilize this resource. • SAP with excellent water absorption performance. • Synthesis using a simple and effective method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a severe cerebrovascular disorder primarily caused by the rupture of aneurysm, which results in a high mortality rate and consequently imposes a significant burden on society. The occurrence of SAH initiates an immune response that further exacerbates brain damage. The acute inflammatory reaction subsequent to SAH plays a crucial role in determining the prognosis. Th17 cells, a subset of T cells, are related to the brain injury following SAH, and it is unclear how Th17 cells are cleared in the brain. Meningeal lymphatic vessels are a newly discovered intracranial fluid transport system that has been shown to drain large molecules and immune cells to deep cervical lymph nodes. There is limited understanding of the role of the meningeal lymphatic system in SAH. The objective of this research is to explore the impact and underlying mechanism of drainage Th17 cells by meningeal lymphatics on SAH. Methods: Treatments to manipulate meningeal lymphatic function and the CCR7-CCL21 pathway were administered, including laser ablation, injection of VEGF-C geneknockout, and protein injection. Mouse behavior was assessed using the balance beam experiment and the modified Garcia scoring system. Flow cytometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), and immunofluorescence staining were used to study the impact of meningeal lymphatic on SAH drainage. Select patients with unruptured and ruptured aneurysms in our hospital as the control group and the SAH group, with 7 cases in each group. Peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were assessed by ELISA and flow cytometry. Results: Mice with SAH showed substantial behavioral abnormalities and brain damage in which immune cells accumulated in the brain. Laser ablation of the meningeal lymphatic system or knockout of the CCR7 gene leads to Th17 cell aggregation in the meninges, resulting in a decreased neurological function score and increased levels of inflammatory factors. Injection of VEGF-C or CCL21 protein promotes Th17 cell drainage to lymph nodes, an increased neurological function score, and decreased levels of inflammatory factors. Clinical blood and CSF results showed that inflammatory factors in SAH group were significantly increased. The number of Th17 cells in the SAH group was significantly higher than the control group. Clinical results confirmed Th17 cells aggravated the level of neuroinflammation after SAH. Conclusion: This study shows that improving the drainage of Th17 cells by meningeal lymphatics via the CCR7-CCL21 pathway can reduce brain damage and improve behavior in the SAH mouse model. This could lead to new treatment options for SAH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nuclear protein‐1 (NUPR1) (also known as p8) is one of the genes associated with transcription factors that participate in various aspects of cancer initiation and development. However, the molecular mechanisms of NUPR1 in bladder cancer (BLCA) remain unclear. We conducted an analysis of the correlation between NUPR1 expression and related genes using the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) online database. We employed lentivirus‐mediated small interfering RNA (siRNA) to knockdown the expression of NUPR1 in two human BLCA cell lines. In vitro experiments were conducted to validate the impact of NUPR1 interference on BLCA and the influence of NUPR1 on the transcription of chemokine receptor‐2 (CCR2). Furthermore, transcription factors for CCR2 were predicted using the PROMO database. Co‐immunoprecipitation (Co‐IP) and immunofluorescence double staining were used to detect the binding between NUPR1 and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein γ (CEBPG). In vivo and in vitro experiments were conducted to validate that NUPR1 regulates CCR2 transcription through CEBPG. In vitro experiments indicate that the suppression of NUPR1 inhibited BLCA growth. Analysis of the GEO database revealed a positive correlation between the expression of NUPR1 and CCR2. Luciferase experiments confirmed that NUPR1 influences the transcription of CCR2. Online data indicates that CEBPG is a transcription factor for CCR2. Co‐IP and immunofluorescence double staining confirmed binding between NUPR1 and CEBPG. Luciferase assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) demonstrate that CEBPG regulates the transcription of CCR2. Additionally, rescue experiments at the cellular level and animal experiments validated the aforementioned mechanism. NUPR1 promotes a promotional role in BLCA, and interference with NUPR1 can inhibit the proliferation and invasive abilities of BLCA. There was a correlation between the expressions of NUPR1 and CCR2, and NUPR1 binds with CEBPG in the cell nucleus. Transcriptional regulation of CCR2 by NUPR1 may be achieved through the involvement of CEBPG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) in thin permalloy strips was calculated at each steps during magnetization by the finite element method. The magnetization at equilibrium under different external fields was obtained by micromagnetic simulations, while the resistance with different magnetization was obtained by solving the Poisson equations iteratively until self-consistence. We find that the relation between magnetization and AMR deviates from the predictions based on the Stoner-Wohlfarth model when the magnetization is reduced from saturation. The reason is that the demagnetization is not necessarily from coherent rotation of the magnetic moment. We conclude that it is necessary to use numeric simulations to optimize the responses of AMR sensors. Highlights • Anisotropic Magnetoresistance (AMR) was calculated by the finite element method. • The micromagnetic and electrostatic equations self-consistently. • The AMR is not proportional to cos2θ in nano plates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, ultrathin lamellar g-C 3 N 4 /In 2 S 3 S-scheme heterojunctions doped with P were synthesized by urea recrystallization and investigated to see which ratio was more favorable for photocatalysis. The P doping formed a new Fermi energy level and reduced the forbidden bandwidth. The ultrathin lamellar structure facilitated rapid charge transfer, and the formation of S-scheme heterojunction, the presence of the interfacial electric field, and band bending effectively separated strong redox-capable electron-hole pairs, thus significantly improving the photocatalytic performance. Among the prepared materials, the 50UP-C 3 N 4 /In 2 S 3 photocatalyst with 50 % UP-C 3 N 4 mass fraction showed optimal photocatalytic H 2 production performance, with a hydrogen production rate of 12,387 μmol h−1 g−1. Moreover, it showed good performance in photocatalytic degradation, with a degradation efficiency of up to 90.2 % of ofloxacin after 120 min of light exposure. This article provided a new perspective on the synthesis of other photocatalysts with carbazide-based S-scheme heterojunction structures. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A new means for multi-source spectral fusion based on deep learning was proposed. • Soil quality index developed from 21 physical, chemical, environmental properties. • Continuous wavelet transform highlighted the spectra related to soil quality index. • The proposed method was superior to the commonly used data fusion methods. Soil quality assessment, as a means to assess the impact of human activities on soil, is of great significance to achieve sustainable development. Proximal sensing offers a rapid and cost-effective means for soil spectral acquisition, which resolves the shortcomings of traditional laboratory analysis and provides a new way for soil quality assessment. However, using a singular spectroscopic technique may not encompass adequate information needed for soil quality assessment. Therefore, in this research, the visible-near-infrared (vis-NIR) and portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) spectral data were fused, and the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) was combined with the parallel input 2D convolutional neural network (PI-2D-CNN) algorithm, to enhance the prediction accuracy of soil quality index (SQI). A total of 287 soil samples were collected from the Yarkand-Kashgar River Basin in Xinjiang, China for proximal sensing in the laboratory, and 21 soil physicochemical properties were measured for SQI calculation simultaneously. After preprocessing the vis-NIR and pXRF spectral data with the CWT, partial least squares regression (PLSR) and CNN models were constructed to predict SQI. The results showed that the SQI prediction accuracy based on vis-NIR spectra (coefficient of determination for validation set (R2) = 0.32–0.54) was higher than that based on pXRF spectra (R2 = 0.17–0.36). The prediction accuracy of both vis-NIR and pXRF spectra were improved by CWT combined with CNN. Compared with the traditional spectral data fusion methods (concatenation, sequential and orthogonalised-partial least squares (SO-PLS)), the PI-CNN algorithm demonstrated superior SQI prediction accuracy, and the constructed PI-2D-CNN model obtained the highest prediction accuracy (R2 = 0.67). Overall, this study proved that the combination of CWT and PI-CNN could increase the SQI prediction accuracy. This research will provide a rapid and low-cost approach for large-scale soil quality assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel ternary photocatalyst Ni 3 S 4 @ZIS@C 3 N 5 with type II and Z-type heterojunctions was synthesized for the first time by hydrothermal and electrostatic self-assembly methods, effectively avoiding the thermal decomposition of C 3 N 5 during the synthesis of the complex. The best ternary catalyst Ni 3 S 4 @ZIS@C 3 N 5 is capable of achieving an optimal hydrogen evolution rate of 9750 mmol g−1 h−1, which is approximately 10.89 times as high as that of C 3 N 5 , indicating that the complex effectively enhanced the photocatalytic properties of the monomer. The coexistence of two types of heterojunctions in the complex effectively enhances photocatalytic performance, in which the monomer ZIS constructs type II scheme with Ni 3 S 4 and Z-type scheme with C 3 N 5 , respectively. The two heterojunctions complement each other and jointly promote the rapid electron transfer from Ni 3 S 4 and C 3 N 5 to the ZIS surface. In conclusion, the cooperation of the two heterojunctions efficiently facilitates the migration of photogenerated carriers, thus enhancing the photocatalytic hydrogen generation performance of Ni 3 S 4 @ZIS@C 3 N 5. • The ternary composite photocatalyst Ni 3 S 4 @ZIS@C 3 N 5 was successfully synthesized for the first time. • The thermal decomposition of C 3 N 5 was effectively avoided by electrostatic self-assembly. • The cooperation of type II and Z-type heterojunction enhanced the photocatalytic hydrogen production performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) triggers a cascade of events that lead to early brain injury (EBI), which contributes to poor outcomes and appears within 3 days after SAH initiation. EBI involves multiple process including neuronal death, blood-brain barrier (BBB) injury and inflammation response. Microglia are cluster of immune cells originating in the brain which respond to SAH by changing their states and releasing inflammatory molecules through various signaling pathways. M0, M1, M2 are three states of microglia represent resting state, promoting inflammation state, and anti-inflammation state respectively, which can be modulated by pharmacological strategies. After identified potential active ingredients and targets of Sanhua Decoction (SHD) for SAH, we selected aloe-emodin (AE) as a potential ingredient modulating microglia activation states. Molecular mechanisms, targets and pathways of SHD were reveal by network pharmacology technique. The effects of AE on SAH were evaluated in vivo by assessing neurological deficits, neuronal apoptosis and BBB integrity in a mouse SAH model. Furthermore, BV-2 cells were used to examine the effects of AE on microglial polarization. The influence of AE on microglia transformation was measured by Iba-1, TNF-α, CD68, Arg-1 and CD206 staining. The signal pathways of neuronal apoptosis and microglia polarization was measured by Western blot. Network pharmacology identified potential active ingredients and targets of SHD for SAH. And AE is one of the active ingredients. We also confirmed that AE via NF-κB and PKA/CREB pathway inhibited the microglia activation and promoted transformation from M1 phenotype to M2 at EBI stage after SAH. AE, as one ingredient of SHD, can alleviate the inflammatory response and protecting neurons from SAH-induced injury. AE has potential value for treating SAH-induced nerve injury and is expected to be applied in clinical practice. [Display omitted] • Network pharmacology identified potential ingredients and targets of Sanhua Decoction for SAH. • Aloe-emodin is chosen as a candidate ingredient for SAH-induced brain injury. • AE protected against early brain injury and reduced neurological deficits and blood-brain barrier disruption after SAH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Soil TN estimation accuracy using vis-NIR spectra is higher than pXRF spectra. • Feature selection & geographical stratification improve soil TN estimation accuracy. • CARS is the optimal feature selection method for multi-sensor data fusion models. • SO-PLS fusion method increases model accuracy by fully using multiple sensor data. Fast and accurate monitoring of soil total nitrogen (TN) content is particularly important to optimize agricultural inputs (e.g. fertilizers) and inhibit N loss-induced pollution. Proximal soil sensing combined with multi-sensor fusion has been considered to be a promising alternative to traditional laboratory analysis because it can achieve fast, non-destructive, environmentally friendly, and low-cost monitoring. However, the accuracy of this technique depends on the heterogeneity of the dataset and the data fusion strategy. In this study, a total of 500 soil samples were collected from two locations with high degree of soil and environment heterogeneity in Xinjiang, China, and then visible-near-infrared spectroscopy (vis-NIR), portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) spectroscopy and soil TN measurement were conducted in the laboratory. Based on partial least squares regression algorithm, direct concatenation, outer-product matrix analysis, and sequentially orthogonalized partial least-square (SO-PLS) were applied for multi-sensor data fusion by using full spectra or spectral features. The results showed that the estimation accuracy using vis-NIR spectral data were higher than pXRF spectral data. Compared with single sensor data and full-spectrum data fusion, the feature selection combined with data fusion contributed to a higher soil TN estimation accuracy, and the competitive adaptive reweighted sampling combined with SO-PLS fusion and geographical stratification modeling strategy had the highest soil TN estimation accuracy, with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.1838 g kg−1, and a Lin's concordance correlation coefficient of 0.86. It was worth noting that geographical stratification was an effective modeling strategy to improve the TN estimation accuracy based on multi-sensor data fusion, and its RMSE was 0.10 % ∼ 11.70 % lower than that of global modeling. This study highlights the potential of feature selection combined with geographic stratification to increase the soil TN estimation accuracy based on multi-sensor fusion, especially in regions with high soil and environmental heterogeneity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Vis-NIR and pXRF spectral data fusion enhances soil organic matter estimation. • 1.6th-order derivative is the optimal preprocessing method for vis-NIR spectra. • Baseline correction is the optimal preprocessing method for pXRF spectra. • Feature selection lifts the single/multi sensor data fusion estimation accuracy. • CARS combined with GRA fusion provides the optimal estimation of SOM. Rapid and accurate estimation of soil organic matter (SOM) content is of great significance for agricultural production and carbon stock estimation. Visible-near-infrared spectroscopy (Vis-NIR) and portable X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (pXRF), with the fast, low-cost, and environmental friendly characteristics, can realize the rapid large-scale detection of SOM. However, due to the heterogeneity and complexity of soil, estimation of SOM using a single sensor often leads to high uncertainty in result. Multi-sensor data fusion is one of the approaches to solve this problem, but suitable spectral preprocessing methods and data fusion methods still need further research. In this study, 500 soil samples were collected from two watersheds with large differences in soil parent material, soil type, and climate in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China. The effects of different spectral preprocessing methods for vis-NIR and pXRF spectra on SOM estimation were compared, and the effects of five feature selection methods on single sensor estimation and three different multi-sensor fusion estimations were evaluated. The results showed that vis-NIR spectrum was better than pXRF spectrum for SOM estimation, and the 1.6th-order derivative and baseline correction were the optimal preprocessing method for vis-NIR and pXRF spectra (Beam 3), respectively. Feature selection could improve the accuracy of the single sensor and multi-sensor fusion estimations. The competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) method was the optimal feature selection method for single sensor estimation and Granger–Ramanathan averaging (GRA) fusion estimation, and the variable importance in projection (VIP) was the optimal feature selection method for direct concatenation and outer-product analysis fusion estimation. In general, the optimal SOM estimation (RMSE p = 3.59 g kg−1, LCCC p = 0.84, RPIQ p = 2.67) could be achieved based on CARS feature selection method and GRA fusion. This study proves that the combination of spectral preprocessing and feature selection can effectively improve the accuracy of the single sensor and multi-sensor fusion estimations. Especially, the multi-sensor fusion estimation has higher accuracy than the single sensor estimation. This study will provide a reference for the application of proximal soil sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Blue-edge area vegetation index （BEAVI） improves the estimation ability. • Multi-angle combined vegetation index improves prediction accuracy. • Estimation models can be used for interannual testing. Rapid, non-destructive, and accurate monitoring is of great significance for determining crop nitrogen status and improving nitrogen fertilizer management. Multiple angle spectral data contains comprehensive and abundant information of crop canopy. In this study, the spectral data of cotton leaves at different leaf inclination angles (0°, 15°, 30°, and 45°) were collected using hyperspectral imaging technology at the seedling stage, bud stage, flowering stage, and boll-forming stage of cotton from 2018 to 2020, and indoor determination of cotton leaf nitrogen concentration (LNC) was conducted simultaneously. Based on the spectral features in blue edge and green edge regions, a new multi-angle blue-edge absorption vegetation index (MBEAVI) was constructed. Then, the MBEAVI and 16 vegetation indices (VI) reported in previous studies were constructed using single-angle and multi-angle spectral data of 2018 (320 sets) and 2019 (320 sets), and the inter-annual test was conducted with the data of 2020 (320 sets). The results showed that the VI models based on multi-angle spectral data (multi-angle models) had higher accuracy than the models based on single-angle spectral data (single-angle models). Among single-angle models, the model based on the optimized red edge absorption index (OREA) had the highest accuracy in cotton LNC estimation, with R2 of 0.735. However, the accuracy of multi-angle model, MBEAVI, was significantly higher than that of the OREA model, with R2 of 0.812. Besides, the R2 of the MBEAVI model reached 0.789 in the inter-annual test. Therefore, the MBEAVI model based on multi-angle spectral data had a higher accuracy and stability in predicting cotton LNC compared with the single-angle models. This study provides theoretical support for improving the accuracy of monitoring cotton nitrogen status by using multi-angle hyperspectral data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexible supercapacitors have attracted great attention owing to some advantages of flexibility, light weight and high-power output, and have displayed enormous potential in wearable electronic devices. However, the hydrogel electrolyte in flexible supercapacitors usually shows insufficient mechanical properties and low ionic conductivity under harsh environments, making it unsatisfactory for practical applications. Herein, a novel polyacrylamide/montmorillonite/ionic liquid-Li 2 SO 4 hydrogel electrolyte with wide temperature tolerance, high ionic conductivity and super-stretchable ability is prepared via facile thermally initiated radical polymerization. The layered montmorillonite can not only improve the thermal stability of the hydrogel, but also form a conductive channel to promote the rapid transport of ions. Moreover, the introduction of ionic liquid into the hydrogel can further increase the working temperature range. In consequence, the polyacrylamide/montmorillonite/ionic liquid-Li 2 SO 4 hydrogel electrolyte exhibits outstanding stretch ability (tensile strain over 1000%), high ionic conductivity (41.7 and 50.7 mS cm-1 at 25 °C and 40 °C, respectively). In addition, supercapacitor with the polyacrylamide/montmorillonite/ionic liquid-Li 2 SO 4 hydrogel electrolyte has good electrochemical property within the wide temperature tolerance from − 10–80 °C. [Display omitted] • A novel hydrogel electrolyte (PAM/MMT/EMIMBF 4 -Li 2 SO 4) is prepared by easy method. • The hydrogel with porous structure has good twist, compress and stretch performance. • As electrolyte the hydrogel shows excellent ionic conductivity and thermal stability. • Supercapacitor with the hydrogel electrolyte possesses good electrochemical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The position-controllable synthesis of CuO/ZnO heterojunctio is realized. • The novel photocatalyst has a strong photocatalytic activity. • The superoxide radicals played a major role in the photocatalysis process. • The suitable photocatalytic degradation mechanism was proposed. In this study, we prepared hollow ZnO nanocages by calcining ZIF-8 and then synthesized CuO in situ on the surface of nanocages by wet-chemistry method, culminating in the synthesis of hollow CuO/ZnO nanocages as a novel photocatalyst. This work is the first to realize the position-controllable synthesis of CuO/ZnO heterojunction on the inner and outer surfaces of the hollow nanocages. The structure and composition of photocatalysts have been characterized by XPS, XRD, SEM, FE-TEM, and BET, indicating the successful synthesis of h-CZN. Secondly, comprehensive experimental studies on fluoroquinolones photodegradation were conducted, thereby obtaining the optimal parameters. The experimental results suggested the synergistic action of h-CZN relative to h-ZN and pure CuO, and the synergy index was 1.49. Not only that, we monitored the water quality parameters (chemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon, carbon oxidation state, and average oxidation state). The results demonstrated the significant potential of h-CZN in practical applications. In addition, the band structure of h-CZN was probed using UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectra and Mott-Schottky analysis. The transient photocurrent response, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, time-resolved photoluminescence, and photoluminescence proved that the h-CZN favored the separation of photogenerated carriers. And, these results also offered reasonable explanations for the enhancement in photocatalytic property of h-CZN. The free radical trapping experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance investigated that superoxide radicals were the primary active substances. Finally, the suitable photocatalytic degradation mechanism was proposed based on the above results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Karst bauxite resources are widespread in the Shanxi Province, accounting for the richest bauxite resources in China. The Shanxi bauxite deposits are hosted in the lower member of the Carboniferous Benxi Formation, which consists of karst bauxite-bearing sequences. In addition to being main economic source of aluminum, there are many critical metals in the karst bauxite-bearing sequences. The spidergram pattern, REE pattern, immobile element tracing, and Cr Ni bivariate plots, as well as the previous studies on detrital zircons of North China Craton (NCC) bauxite ores, show that iron-rich clays were mainly weathered from the underlying carbonates, whereas the bauxite ore and top clay have allochthonous protoliths. Based on field investigations and geochemical characteristics of five typical drillcore sections in the Xiabu area, as well as previous researches, we concluded four sedimentary successions and we perfected the geological model of the karst bauxite-bearing sequences in central NCC. The Ordovician carbonate bedrocks developed many paleokarst terrain on the NCC, which experienced 150 Myr of karstification and denudation from the Middle Ordovician. Paleokarst terrain determines the distribution and thickness of the iron-rich clay layer. And the iron-rich clay above or below the groundwater table are separated into red Shanxi-type iron or clay (Fe3+-bearing minerals) and grey clay (Fe2+-bearing minerals). Until the Late Carboniferous, the sedimentation suddenly occurred in the NCC. New sediments were predominantly source materials for bauxite deposits, which were primarily controlled by the landform of the discontinuous weathered iron-rich clay. Furthermore, the humid and warm climate conditions reinforce the intensity of chemical weathering and microorganism participation, which also contributes to the formation of bauxite ore layer and top clay layer. The bauxite-bearing sequences in the Xiabu area contain high contents of critical elements such as U, Th, REEs, and Sc. In this study, high-level natural radioactivity was detected in the bauxite ore layer through gamma-ray logging of vertical sections. The correlation analysis revealed that the highly elevated U and Th contents in the bauxite ore layer are positively correlated with the natural radioactivity. Therefore, utilizing the gamma-ray logging method is effective in prospecting concealed karstic bauxite deposits. The REEs are also highly enriched in the bauxite ore layer and are positively correlated with P and Sr, indicating that the REEs are mainly hosted by phosphate minerals. The Sc contents of red clay are extremely high (up to 206.7 μg/g; average 118 μg/g), reaching industry standards levels. The integrated utilization of critical metals of the bauxite-bearing sequences is an important strategy for facing the significant supply crisis. • The bottom iron-rich clay and upper bauxite and clay in the bauxite-bearing sequences have distinct source materials. • A geological model is established for the formation of the karst bauxite-bearing sequences. • Gamma-ray logging can be used to explore concealed bauxite deposits. • The Sc contents in the iron-rich clay layer meet the industry standard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Leaf nitrogen concentration was significantly correlated with MDA and POD activities. • Band extraction by SPA reduced the collinearity and redundancy of N-sensitive bands. • Combining of LNC and OA-sensitive bands improved the model accuracy. Oxidase activities (OA) are highly correlated with the nitrogen concentration in crop leaves. To improve the universality and inter-annual repeatability of the model for estimating cotton leaf nitrogen concentration (LNC), a method for model construction was proposed based on the combination of the bands sensitive to LNC with the bands sensitive to OA. In this plot experiment, 320 and 250 sets of hyperspectral data of cotton leaves in seedling stage, bud stage, initial flowering stage, full flowering stage, and boll setting stage were collected in 2019 and 2020, respectively by using hyperspectral technology, and the LNC and OA were also measured in indoor biochemical experiments. Then, successive projection algorithm (SPA) was used to analyze the LNC and OA-sensitive bands in the original spectrum and five kinds of spectral conversions in 2019, to construct the partial least squares regression (PLSR) and principal component regression (PCR) models. Finally, the accuracy of the models were verified using the spectral data in 2020. The results showed that the selection of LNC and OA-sensitive bands could greatly reduce the collinearity and redundant information among bands. The accuracy of the models based on the LNC and OA-sensitive bands in all stages were higher than those of the models based on the LNC-sensitive bands. The optimal was the model based on the malondialdehyde (MDA), peroxidase (POD), and LNC sensitive bands in full flowering stage, with determination coefficients (R2) of 0.846, root mean squared error (RMSE) of 3.081, and residual prediction deviation (RPD) of 2.975. The universality and inter-annual repeatability of the optimal model were significantly improved, with R2 increasing by 12.24%-79.89% and RMSE reducing by 19.80%-72.52%, compared with those of the model based on the LNC-sensitive bands. Besides, the accuracy and stability of PLSR models were significantly higher than those of PCR models. In conclusion, the combination of LNC and OA-sensitive bands could obviously improve the accuracy and universality of the LNC estimation model. This study provides a new method for improving the accuracy and universality of crop nitrogen estimation model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Ni, Co bimetallic selenides microspheres and BiSe nanosheets are synthesized. • The (Ni, Co)Se 2 demonstrate enhanced capacitive performances than pure NiSe 2 and CoSe 2. • A novel asymmetric supercapacitor based on all-metal selenides electrodes is proposed. • (Ni, Co)Se 2 //BiSe ASC possesses extended operating voltage and high energy density. Transition metal chalcogenides (TMCs) are considered as one of the most promising electrode materials for energy storage and conversion due to their unique intrinsic properties, but their electrochemical performance is largely limited by its poor conductivity. Thus, it is a feasible strategy to develop TMCs with hierarchical and ordered nanostructure to guide the electronic transport ways thereby enhance the electrical conductivity. Herein, a facile one-step solvothermal method has been designed and employed to synthesize uniform Ni, Co bimetallic selenides (termed as (Ni, Co)Se 2) microspheres and BiSe nanosheets. The (Ni, Co)Se 2 demonstrate enhanced capacitive performances of 106 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1, which are more than two times of pure NiSe 2 and five times of pure CoSe 2 at the same current densities. Similarly, the BiSe nanosheets also exhibits a high specific capacity of 104 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1 and good rate capability. Interestingly, a novel asymmetric supercapacitor is fabricated by using (Ni, Co)Se 2 nanospheres as the positive electrode and BiSe nanosheets as the negative electrode, which possesses extended operating voltage of 1.65 V, high energy density of 34.4 Wh·kg−1 at a power density of 373 W·kg−1, and an acceptable cycling stability of 85% capacity retention after 5000 cycles. A facile one-step solvothermal method has been designed and employed to synthesize uniform (Ni, Co)Se 2 microspheres and BiSe nanosheets. Based on high electrochemical properties and complementary operating voltage of (Ni, Co)Se 2 and BiSe materials, a novel (Ni, Co)Se 2 //BiSe asymmetric supercapacitor is fabricated from both metal selenides, which possesses extended operating voltage, high energy density, and good cycling stability. Image, graphical abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We measured the spin rectification effect and the inverse spin Hall effect in Nb-doped SrTiO 3 by pumping the spins from the ferromagnetic thin films into SrTiO 3. The spin injection is increased when the doping level is increased. However, the spin to charge conversion efficiency which is measured by the spin Hall angle decreases when Nb concentration is more than ∼ 0.02 wt%. We argued that it is because that the electrons contributed to the inverse spin Hall effect are from the d − orbitals of Nb instead of Ti beyond this concentration. Our work points to the importance of orbital occupations in the (inverse) spin Hall effect. We may explore controllable spin and charge interconversion in oxide spintronics. • The spin currents can be converted into the charge current in Nb doped SrTiO 3. • The conversion efficiency is a function of the doping levels • The underlying mechanism is the multiorbital nature of the d-electrons [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, a facile simultaneously activation and catalytic carbonization of the rare earth metal lanthanum-organic frameworks precursor strategy is developed to prepare a novel three-dimensional (3D) mesoporous interconnected carbon nanosheets (LMCN) with large surface area and high graphitization degree. During the synthesizing process, the ZnCl 2 and FeCl 3 act as activation and catalysis, respectively, to promote the formation of mesoporous carbon nanosheets with developed pores structure. The typical LMCN-1 prepared by high percentage of ZnCl 2 and FeCl 3 holds an interconnected mesoporous framework composed of ultrathin nanosheets and abundant porosity, displaying high specific capacitance of 251 F g−1 at a current density of 0.5 A g−1 and holding an excellent rate performance. Moreover, a symmetric supercapacitor assembled based on LMCN electrodes exhibits a prospective high energy density of 20.7 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 228 W kg−1 with a wide working voltage of 1.8 V in 0.5 M Na 2 SO 4 aqueous solution, along with the suitable capacity retention of 90.7% after 10,000 cycles. Image 1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From a synthesized cobaltocenium-containing norbornene derivative, norbornene based copolymers with cobaltocenium cations are prepared by ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). The polymers can be cast into thin robust membranes. The membranes show morphology of disordered interconnected cobaltocenium domains. The high ionic conductivity suggests that such membranes are good candidates for anion exchange membranes. An efficient method to incorporate a cobaltocenium cation into polymers for anion exchange membranes is described. A cobaltocenium-containing norbornene derivative has been synthesized. It can be homopolymerized, or copolymerized with norbornene, by ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) with quantitative yields. The composition of the random copolymers can be precisely controlled by adjusting the feed ratio of the monomers. The resulting polymers can be cast into thin robust membranes. The morphology of the membranes is characterized by humidity controlled SAXS and TEM, showing disordered interconnected cobaltocenium domains. The high ionic conductivity suggests that such membranes are good candidates for anion exchange membranes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) serves as a disease characterized by high incidence rate, which is exceedingly prevalent and severe. Presently, there is no unambiguous or efficacious intervention for the neurological impairment following SAH. Administering multi-targeted neuroprotective agents to reduce oxidative stress (OS) and neuroinflammation caused by early brain injury (EBI) has been demonstrated to improve neurological function and prognosis following SAH. Edaravone dexborneol (EDB), a novel multi targeted neuroprotective medication, combines four parts edaravone (EDA) with 1 part (+)-borneol in proportion. Clinical trials conducted in China have revealed during 2 days of acute ischemic stroke (AIS), early administration of EDB leads to improved therapeutic outcomes compared to treatment in EDA monotherapy. Currently, there is no clear evidence that EDB can effectively treat SAH, therefore, our study aims to investigate its potential therapeutic effects and mechanisms on EBI after SAH., Method: We used the intravascular threading method to establish a mouse model of SAH to explore whether EDA and EDB could produce anti-OS and anti-apoptosis effects. Behavioral assessment of mice was conducted using the balance beam experiment and the modified Garcia scoring system. Neuronal damage due to OS and Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathway were detected through techniques of immunofluorescence, Western blotting, spectrophotometry. The group of EDA and EDB were injected intraperitoneally for 72 h after SAH., Results: The experiment results indicated that EDB lead to remarkably positive results by significantly enhancing neurological function, reducing blood-brain barrier (BBB) injury, and effectively inhibiting neuronal apoptosis after SAH. Further examination indicated EDB significantly reduced the expression of Keap1 and increased the expression of Nrf2, and it inhibited MDA, and enhanced SOD activity after SAH. These outcomes surpassed the effectiveness observed in EDA monotherapy. However, the application of ML385 reversed the anti-OS effects of EDB and EDA., Conclusion: Our experimental findings indicated that EDB could activate Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathway to reduce OS damage, thereby protecting neurological function and enhancing behavioral abilities after SAH. These outcomes could facilitate the creation of new approaches for the clinical management of SAH., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Zhu, Bi, Zhu, Zhang, Yang, Li, Liang, Yu and Pan.)

Lipids play crucial roles in many biological processes. Mapping spatial distributions and examining the metabolic dynamics of different lipid subtypes in cells and tissues are critical to better understanding their roles in aging and diseases. Commonly used imaging methods (such as mass spectrometry-based, fluorescence labeling, conventional optical imaging) can disrupt the native environment of cells/tissues, have limited spatial or spectral resolution, or cannot distinguish different lipid subtypes. Here we present a hyperspectral imaging platform that integrates a Penalized Reference Matching algorithm with Stimulated Raman Scattering (PRM-SRS) microscopy. Using this platform, we visualize and identify high density lipoprotein particles in human kidney, a high cholesterol to phosphatidylethanolamine ratio inside granule cells of mouse hippocampus, and subcellular distributions of sphingosine and cardiolipin in human brain. Our PRM-SRS displays unique advantages of enhanced chemical specificity, subcellular resolution, and fast data processing in distinguishing lipid subtypes in different organs and species., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Soil salinization greatly restricts crop production in arid areas for salinity stress can inhibit crop photosynthesis and growth. Chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthetic gas exchange (CFPGE) parameters are important indicators of crop photosynthesis and have been widely used to evaluate the impacts of salinity stress on crop photosynthesis and growth. Remote sensing technology can quickly and non-destructively obtain crop information under salinity stress, however, at present, the distribution of spectral features of CFPGE parameters in different regions is still unclear. In this study (2019-2020), under salinity stress conditions, the spectral data of rapeseed leaves were acquired and the CFPGE parameters were simultaneously determined. Then, continuous wavelet transformation (CWT) and standard normal variate (SNV) transformation were utilized to preprocess the raw spectral data. After that, a CFPGE parameter estimation model was constructed by using the partial least squares regression (PLSR) algorithm and the support vector machines (SVM) algorithm based on the spectral features in the red region (600-800 nm) and those in the red, blue-green (350-600 nm), and near-infrared (800-2500 nm) regions. The results showed that the spectral features of CFPGE parameters could be extracted by successive projections algorithm (SPA) based on the CWT preprocessing. The CFPGE parameter estimation model constructed based on the spectral features in the red region (675 nm, 680 nm, 688 nm, 749 nm, and 782 nm) had the highest Fv/Fm estimation accuracy on day 30, with R 2 c, R 2 p, and RPD of 0.723, 0.585, and 1.68, respectively. Based on this, the spectral features (578 nm, 976 nm, 1088 nm, 1476 nm, and 2250 nm) in the blue-green and near-infrared regions were added in the variables for modeling, which significantly improved the accuracy and stability of the model, with R 2 c, R 2 p, and RPD of 0.886, 0.815, and 2.58, respectively. Therefore, the fusion of the spectral features in the red, blue-green, and near-infrared regions could improve the estimation accuracy of rapeseed leaf CFPGE parameters. This study will provide technical reference for rapid estimation of photosynthetic performance of crops under salinity stress in arid and semi-arid areas., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Wang, Tian, Wang, Cui, Shi, Song, Li, Li, Zhong and Zhang.)

Introduction: Intracranial stents are of paramount importance in managing cerebrovascular disorders. Nevertheless, the currently employed drug-eluting stents, although effective in decreasing in-stent restenosis, might impede the re-endothelialization process within blood vessels, potentially leading to prolonged thrombosis development and restenosis over time. Methods: This study aims to construct a multifunctional bioactive coating to enhance the biocompatibility of the stents. Salvianolic acid B (SALB), a bioactive compound extracted from Salvia miltiorrhiza, exhibits potential for improving cardiovascular health. We utilized dopamine as the base and adhered chitosan-coated SALB microspheres onto nickel-titanium alloy flat plates, resulting in a multifunctional drug coating. Results: By encapsulating SALB within chitosan, the release period of SALB was effectively prolonged, as evidenced by the in vitro drug release curve showing sustained release over 28 days. The interaction between the drug coating and blood was examined through experiments on water contact angle, clotting time, and protein adsorption. Cellular experiments showed that the drug coating stimulates the proliferation, adhesion, and migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Discussion: These findings indicate its potential to promote re-endothelialization. In addition, the bioactive coating effectively suppressed smooth muscle cells proliferation, adhesion, and migration, potentially reducing the occurrence of neointimal hyperplasia and restenosis. These findings emphasize the exceptional biocompatibility of the newly developed bioactive coating and demonstrate its potential clinical application as an innovative strategy to improve stent therapy efficacy. Thus, this coating holds great promise for the treatment of cerebrovascular disease., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Bi, Lin, Zhu, Zhu, Zhang, Yang, Chen, Zhao, Liu, Pan and Liang.)

In recent years, the improvement of soil cadmium (Cd) contamination remediation effect of biochar by modification has received wide attention. However, the effect of combined modification on biochar performance in soil Cd contamination remediation and the mechanism are still unclear. In this study, cotton straw biochar and maize straw biochar were co-modified by KOH (0, 3, 5 mol L -1 ), K 3 PO 4 , and urea. Then, two modified biochars with high Cd adsorption capacity were selected to test the soil Cd contamination remediation effect through a pot experiment. The results showed that the combined modification by using KOH, K 3 PO 4 , and urea significantly increased the specific surface area and nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) contents of biochar, providing more adsorption sites for Cd. Among the modified biochar, the cotton straw biochar modified with KOH (3 mol L -1 ), K 3 PO 4 , and urea (m3-CSB) had the highest adsorption capacity (111.25 mg g -1 ), which was 7.86 times that of cotton straw biochar (CSB). The m3-CSB for adsorption isotherm and kinetics of Cd conformed to the Langmuir model and Pseudo-second-order kinetic equation, respectively. In the pot experiment, under different exogenous Cd levels (0 (Cd0), 4 (Cd4), and 8 (Cd8) mg kg -1 ), m3-CSB treatment decreased soil available Cd content the most (51.68%-63.4%) compared with other biochar treatments. Besides, m3-CSB treatment significantly promoted the transformation of acid-soluble Cd to reducible, oxidizable, and residual Cd, reducing the bioavailability of Cd. At the Cd4 level, the application of m3-CSB significantly reduced cotton Cd uptake compared to CK, and the maximum reduction of Cd content in cotton fibers was as high as 81.95%. Therefore, cotton straw biochar modified with KOH (3 mol L -1 ), K 3 PO 4 , and urea has great potential in the remediation of soil Cd contamination., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

In order to understand the anti-site disorder effect on the anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) of alloys,Fe50Co50alloys were studied in this work using the fully relativistic spin-polarized Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker method. The anti-site disorder was modeled by interchanging Fe and Co atoms and treated by the coherent potential approximation. It is found that the anti-site disorder broadens the spectral function and decreases the conductivity. Our work emphasizes that the absolute variations of resistivity under magnetic moment rotation are less affected by atomic disorder. The annealing procedure improves the AMR by reduction of the total resistivity. At the same time, we also find that the fourth-order term in the angular dependent resistivity becomes weaker when the disorder increases, resulting from increased scattering of the states around the band-crossing., (© 2023 IOP Publishing Ltd.)

Lipid metabolism plays crucial roles during aging processes, but how it is regulated by diets and how it interplays with aging still remain unclear. We proposed a new optical imaging platform by integrating heavy water (D 2 O) probing with stimulated Raman scattering (DO-SRS) microscopy, for the first time, to directly visualize and quantify lipid metabolism regulated by different diets and insulin signaling pathway in Drosophila fat body during aging. We found that calorie restriction, low protein diet, and (moderately) high protein and high sucrose diets enhanced lipid turnover in flies at all ages, while (moderately) high fructose and glucose diets only promoted lipid turnover in aged flies. The measured lipid turnover enhancements under diverse diets were due to different mechanisms. High protein diet shortened the lifespan while all other diets extended the lifespan. Downregulating the insulin signaling pathway enhanced lipid turnover, which is likely related to lifespan increase, while upregulating insulin signaling pathway decreased lipid turnover that would shorten the lifespan. Our study offers the first approach to directly visualize spatiotemporal alterations of lipid turnover in aging Drosophila in situ, for a better understanding of the interconnections between lipid metabolism, diets, and aging., (© 2022 The Authors. Aging Cell published by Anatomical Society and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Emerging studies have shown that lipid metabolism plays an important role in aging. High resolution in situ imaging of lipid metabolic dynamics inside cells and tissues affords a novel and potent approach for understanding many biological processes such as aging. Here we established a new optical imaging platform that combines D 2 O-probed stimulated Raman scattering (DO-SRS) imaging microscopy and a Drosophila model to directly visualize metabolic activities in situ during aging. The sub-cellular spatial distribution of de novo lipogenesis in the fat body was quantitatively imaged and examined. We discovered a dramatic decrease in lipid turnover in 35-day-old flies. Decreases in protein turnover occurred earlier than lipids (25-day vs. 35-day), and there are many proteins localized on the cell and lipid droplet membrane. This suggests that protein metabolism may act as a prerequisite for lipid metabolism during aging. This alteration of maintenance of protein turnover indicates disrupted lipid metabolism. We further found a significantly higher lipid turnover rate in large LDs, indicating more active metabolism in large LDs, suggesting that large and small LDs play different roles in metabolism to maintain cellular homeostasis. This is the first study that directly visualizes spatiotemporal alterations of lipid (and protein) metabolism in Drosophila during the aging process. Our study not only demonstrates a new imaging platform for studying lipid metabolism, but also unravels the important interconnections between lipid metabolism and aging.

Electrolyte instability is one of the most challenging impediments to enabling Lithium-Oxygen (Li-O 2 ) batteries for practical use. The use of physical organic chemistry principles to rationally design new molecular components may enable the discovery of electrolytes with stability profiles that cannot be achieved with existing formulations. Here, we report on the development of sulfamide- and sulfonamide-based small molecules that are liquids at room temperature, capable of dissolving reasonably high concentration of Li salts (e.g., LiTFSI), and are exceptionally stable under the harsh chemical and electrochemical conditions of aprotic Li-O 2 batteries. In particular, N , N -dimethyl-trifluoromethanesulfonamide was found to be highly resistant to chemical degradation by peroxide and superoxide, stable against electrochemical oxidation up to 4.5 V Li , and stable for > 90 cycles in a Li-O 2 cell when cycled at < 4.2 V Li . This study provides guiding principles for the development of next-generation electrolyte components based on sulfamides and sulfonamides.

Abundant lipopolysaccharide (LPS) can result in sepsis and septic shock, indicating a serious Gram-negative bacterial contamination. We have developed a novel strategy based on dendritic antimicrobial peptides that can detoxify LPS. The dendritic antimicrobial peptides bind to LPS at the surface of Gram-negative bacteria, killing the bacteria but removing the LPS from the cell wall of dead Gram-negative bacteria, hence detoxifying pathogenic bacteria in its host cells and effectively improving survival of animals infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Our findings provide a way to detoxify bacterial contamination.

Monolayer transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) MX2 (M = Mo, W, Zr, Hf, etc; X = S, Se, Te) have become well-known in recent times for their promising applications in thermoelectrics and field effect transistors. In this work, we perform a systematic study on the thermoelectric properties of monolayer ZrSe2 and HfSe2 using first-principles calculations combined with Boltzmann transport equations. Our results point to a competitive thermoelectric figure of merit (close to 1 at optimal doping) in both monolayer ZrSe2 and HfSe2, which is markedly higher than previous explored monolayer TMDCs such as MoS2 and MoSe2. We also reveal that the higher figure of merits arise mainly from their low lattice thermal conductivity, and this is partly due to the strong coupling of acoustic modes with low frequency optical modes. It is found that the figure of merits can be better optimized in n-type than in p-type. In particular, the performance of HfSe2 is superior to ZrSe2 at a higher temperature. Our results suggest that monolayer ZrSe2 and HfSe2 with lower lattice thermal conductivity than usual monolayer TMDCs are promising candidates for thermoelectric applications.