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Nitroreductase (NTR) detection in tumor is critical because NTR level is correlated with hypoxia degree and cancer prognosis. With the feature of high sensitivity and selectivity, fluorescence organic probes for NTR detection exhibited a promising future for tumor hypoxia detection. However, the discovery and design of such probes have been impeded due to the lack of the understanding of spatial match and mismatch of these probes with NTR. Here, we have developed two new nitrophenyl-functionalized trimethincyanine (Cy3) probes with para- or meta- positions of nitro-group in phenyl ring. Para-nitrophenyl substituted Cy3 (pNP-Cy3) exhibited a remarkable response to NTR (20-fold fluorescence enhancement) with good selectivity and sensitivity. Experimental and theoretical analysis verified that the substituent position of nitro group on phenyl ring of dyes altered the spatial arrangement of nitro-substituent group, thereby modulated the spatial match and mismatch between Cy3 dyes and binding domain of NTR, and consequently led to a different fluorescent turn-on response. In tumor-bearing mice model, hypoxia status of A549 xenografted tumor of mice was successfully delineated by using pNP-Cy3. These results may provide a clue for designing new cyanine-derived NTR probe to monitor NTR-overexpressed hypoxia cancer cells.

Based on the intraday trading of power spot market and the current operation mode of pumped storage power station, a rolling coordinated dispatching strategy for new energy and pumped storage combined power generation system is proposed. After pumped storage power plants enter the power market. Taking the maximum overall benefit of the joint system as the objective function, a 0 -1 mixed-integer linear programming model with pumped storage participating in intra-day rolling optimal scheduling is constructed. The analysis part of the calculation example takes a provincial power grid as an example. Based on the unit operation plan made the day before the operation, the ultra-short-term prediction information updated in real-time was used to conduct rolling correction and clear the planned operation curve of the next period. The results show that the new energy is well absorbed after the pumped storage power station participates in the intraday market, which makes the system operator obtain greater overall expected income.

Based on the terminal voltage of the idle field winding of the main exciter, a novel fault diagnosis method for the rotating rectifier of the wound-rotor synchronous starter/generator in the generator mode has been proposed. Instead of complex signal processing, simple calculation is adopted to achieve one diode open-circuit and short-circuit fault detection. To be specific, the terminal voltage of the idle field winding is firstly measured and the maximum voltage and RMS value in one cycle are obtained. Then the ratio is calculated used for fault detection. Experimental results verify the validity and feasibility of the proposed method.

The machine's parameter changes due to the working condition. While inaccurate parameters can lead to abnormal control performance of the electrical machine. This paper proposes an online inductance and field current estimation method combining the Maximum Torque per Ampere (MTPA) Control Strategy for the three-stage wound-rotor synchronous rotor/generator (WRSSG). By using the extended Kalman filter (EKF), the instantaneous inductance and field current are estimated, and then used in the MTPA calculation. The mathematical equations are established for analyzing the dynamic response of these parameters. The simulation results verify the effectiveness of this method.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) had been discovered as an independent risk factor for high on-treatment platelet reactivity (HPR) in patients with ischemic stroke. However, studies on the relationship between prediabetes and the occurrence of HPR remain scarce. This study is aimed at clarifying the association between prediabetes and HPR among patients with recent ischemic stroke or transient ischemic stroke (TIA). Patients with ischemic stroke or TIA within 90 days after onset were recruited consecutively. All patients were divided into three groups: DM, prediabetes, and normal glucose tolerance according to fasting glucose, HbA1c, or OGTT. Three months later, all patients were performed platelet aggregation inhibition test and screened for high on-treatment platelet reactivity. The effect of prediabetes on HPR was analyzed in a multivariable logistic regression model. This study recruited 237 patients with ischemic stroke or TIA, including 57 cases with prediabetes, 108 with DM, and 72 with normal glucose tolerance. Aspirin and/or clopidogrel resistance was discovered in 28 cases among prediabetes group, which was significantly more frequent than normal glucose tolerance group(49.1% versus 33.3%, P = 0.046). After adjusting for confounding factors, prediabetes was found as an independent risk factor for high on-treatment platelet reactivity (HPR) among patients with recent ischemic stroke or TIA (odds ratio 2.92; 95% CI, 1.29 to 6.63, P = 0.01). Prediabetes was an independent risk factor for high on-treatment platelet reactivity in patients with recent ischemic cerebrovascular disease. Patients with prediabetes should be highlighted for the efficacy test of antiplatelet drugs.

In China, Baitouweng Tang (BTWT) is a commonly prescribed remedy for the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC). Herein, the present study aims to assess the anti-colitis activity of BTWT and its underlying mechanisms in UC BALB/c mice. Induction of UC in BALB/c mice was carried out by adding 3.5% DSS in the drinking water of underlined mice. After UC induction, the mice were administrated with BTWT for 7 days. Clinical symptoms were assessed, followed by analyzing the bile acids (BAs) in serum, liver, colon, bile, and feces of UC mice through UPLC-MS/MS. The modified 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing was carried out to examine the gut microbiota of feces. BTWT significantly improved the clinical symptoms such as and histological injury and colon shortening in UC induced mice. Furthermore, BTWT remarkably ameliorated colonic inflammatory response. After BTWT treatment, the increased concentrations of UDCA, HDCA, αMCA, βMCA, CA, and GLCA in UC were decreased, and the levels of some BAs, especially CA, αMCA, and βMCA were normalized. Moreover, the relative species abundance and gut microbiota diversity in the BTWT-exposed groups were found to be considerably elevated than those in the DSS-treated group. BTWT increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Tenericutes, and TM7, which were statistically lower in the fecal microbiota of UC mice. The relative abundance of Bacteroidetes was found to be elevated in the DSS group and normalized after BTWT treatment. BTWT increased the expression of FXR and TGR5 in the liver. BTWT administration improved DSS-induced mice signs by increasing the TGR5 and FXR expression levels. This result was achieved by the regulation of the BAs and gut microbiota.

To observe the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) combined withSixty patients with DOR were randomly divided into an observation group (30 cases, 2 cases dropped off) and a control group (30 cases, 1 case dropped off). The patients in the control group were treated withAfter the treatment, the menstruation condition scores and systemic symptom scores in the two groups were reduced (EA combined with

This paper takes the data of listed companies in Shenzhen Stock Market in 2016-2018 as a sample, studies the relationship between internal audit and enterprise value, and further analyses the moderating role of media attention in it. Through research, it is found that the internal audit quality of enterprises has a positive correlation with the value of enterprise value. When media attention is used as a moderator, the higher the degree of attention, the stronger the positive correlation between internal audit and corporate value.

AimCerebrovascular disease is the leading cause of death and disability in China, causing a huge burden among patients and their families. Hence, stroke prevention is critical, especially in the high-risk population. Here, we present the evidence-based guideline suitable for the Chinese population.MethodsLiterature search of PubMed and Cochrane library (from January 1964 to June 2019) was done. After thorough discussion among the writing group members, recommendations were listed and summarised. This guideline was reviewed and discussed by the fellow writing committees of the Chinese Stroke Association’s Stroke.ResultsThis evidence-based guideline was written in three parts: controlling the risk factors of stroke, utilisation of antiplatelet agents and assessing the risks of first-ever stroke. All recommendations were listed along with the recommending classes and levels of evidence.ConclusionsThis guideline provides recommendations for primary prevention of cerebrovascular disease among high-risk population in China. Controlling related risk factors, appropriately using antiplatelet agents, assessing the risk of developing first-ever stroke should help reduce the rate of cerebrovascular disease in China.

Alcoholic liver fibrosis (ALF) is commonly associated with long-term alcohol consumption and the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Inhibiting the activation and proliferation of HSCs is a critical step to alleviate liver fibrosis. Increasing evidence indicates that ecto-5′-nucleotidase (CD73) plays a vital role in liver disease as a critical component of extracellular adenosine pathway. However, the regulatory role of CD73 in ALF has not been elucidated. In this study, both ethanol plus CCl4-induced liver fibrosis mice model and acetaldehyde-activated HSC-T6 cell model were employed and the expression of CD73 was consistently elevated in vivo and in vitro. C57BL/6 J mice were intraperitoneally injected with CD73 inhibitor Adenosine 5′-(α, β-methylene) diphosphate sodium salt (APCP) from 5th week to the 8th week in the development of ALF. The results showed APCP could inhibit the activation of HSCs, reduce fibrogenesis marker expression and thus alleviate ALF. Silencing of CD73 inhibited the activation of HSC-T6 cells and promoted apoptosis of activated HSC-T6 cells. What's more, the proliferation of HSC-T6 cells was inhibited, which was characterized by decreased cell viability and cycle arrest. Mechanistically, Wnt/β-catenin pathway was activated in acetaldehyde-activated HSC-T6 cells and CD73 silencing or overexpression could regulate Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Collectively, our study unveils the role of CD73 in HSCs activation, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway might be involved in this progression.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the dynamic contact behavior and transient response of liquid lubricated non-contacting mechanical seals during external pressure fluctuation. The presented model of spiral groove mechanical seals includes the Reynolds equation considering surface roughness and mass-conserving cavitation boundary, elastoplastic asperity contact model expressing rub-impact phenomenon, as well as the dynamic equation describing the vibrations of stator which were solved simultaneously with a numerical method. Results indicate that the vibration amplitude and frequency of sealing performances are affected significantly by the external pressure. The increment of rotational speed avoids face rub-contact and reduces the instantaneous variation of leakage. The results presented in the study are expected to provide a theoretical guidance to improve stability and safety of sealing system.

There has been great interest in the application of thermo-plasticized obturation in endodontic treatment. During practical clinical application, the curative effect of root canal therapy seriously depends on the heating time and temperature. Herein, we comprehensively analyze the instantaneous high temperature induced by long time heating. The in vitro effect of temperature on periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) is detailed investigated and the safe heating time is confirmed. Our results indicate that 6 s of heating treatment at 200°C causes evident damage to the osteogenic differentiation, proliferation and migration ability of PDLSCs, while 4 s of heating treatment at 200 °C is uninjurious to the above mentioned biological behavior of PDLSCs compared to the control group in vitro. To apply thermo-plasticized obturation in clinical, we recommend that when the heat source is fixed at 200 °C, 4 s of activation will be safe, while 6 s of activation is risky for both doctor and the patient.

Alcohol-induced liver injury is characterized by abnormal liver dysfunction and excessive inflammation response. Recent years a wealth of data have been yielded indicating that EtOH (ethyl alcohol)-induced macrophage activation along with liver inflammation plays a dominating role in the progression of alcohol-induced liver injury. Here we found high expression of NLRP12 (Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein 12, which is generally considered to be a negative regulator of inflammatory response) in EtOH-fed mouse liver tissue, primary Kupffer cells and EtOH-induced RAW264.7 cells. Additionally, overexpression of NLRP12 following Ad (adenovirus)-NLRP12-EGFP contributed to the attenuation of steatosis and inflammation in EtOH-fed mice model and EtOH-primed RAW264.7 cells. In parallel, Knockdown of NLRP12 aggravated the inflammatory response in RAW264.7 cells triggered by EtOH. Meanwhile, after administration of overexpression or inhibition of NLRP12 expression in vitro, the expression of phosphorylated protein of NF-kB signaling pathway was significantly affected. After increasing or decreasing the expression of NLRP12 in RAW264.7 cells, AML-12 cells were cultured with the supernatant of RAW264.7 cells stimulated by EtOH, and the percent of apoptosis ratio of AML-12 cells was remarkably altered. The study suggested that reduced inflammatory response induced by NLRP12-mediated inhibition of NF-kB pathway participated in the decrease of hepatocyte apoptosis in alcohol-induced liver injury. Collectively, these findings suggested the significance of NLRP12-mediated macrophage activation in alcohol-induced liver injury.

This article aims at researching on the characteristics and requirements of anti-missile warfare of close-in anti-missile weapon systems of warships in the future. By considering the interception feasibility of the weapon system, the choice of firing methods and emergency firing, this article analyzes the interception feasibility, optimization of firing methods and other links, so as to build an optimized weapon system for command and decision-making warfare. This process can significantly improve the effectiveness of warship CIWS terminal anti-missile operations and enhance the scientificity of operational command decisions. Research results can provide a reference for the development and improvement of weapons and equipment.

Background: The purpose of this study was to provide an imaging reference for the measurement of disease progression, as well as to reveal the pathogenesis of leukoaraiosis (LA). Methods: Eighty-seven subjects were divided into three groups: LA patients with vascular dementia (LA-VaD) (20 subjects: 14 female, 6 male), LA patients with vascular cognitive impairment nondementia (LA-VCIND) (32 subjects: 14 male, 18 female), and normal controls (NC) (35 subjects: 14 male, 21 female). A multivariate Granger causality analysis (mGCA) was applied to the resting-state networks (RSNs) to evaluate the possible effective connectivity within the resting-state networks retrieved by independent component analysis (ICA) from resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data. Results: Ten RSNs were identified: the primary visual network, secondary visual network, auditory network, sensorimotor network, anterior default mode network, posterior default mode network, salience network, dorsal attention network, left working memory network, and the right working memory network. Using independent component analysis, significant average Z scores were found in the anterior default mode network, salience network, dorsal attention network, and right working memory network between LA-VAD and NC groups. The functional connectivity (FC) strength of the networks was different between the NC, LA-VCIND, and LA-VaD groups. Effective connectivity between RSNs was compensated by either increased or decreased effective connectivity changes in these three groups. Conclusions: The components of resting-state networks kept changing as the disease progressed. Meanwhile, the activation intensity increased at the early stage of LA and decreased as patients' cognitive impairment aggravated. Furthermore, the direction and strength of connections between these networks changed and remodeled differently. These suggest that the human brain compensates for specific functional changes at different stages.

R-Pyrisulfoxin C (1), S-pyrisulfoxin D [(+)-2], R-pyrisulfoxin D [(–)-2], pyrisulfoxin E (13), S-pyrisulfoxin F [(+)-14], and R-pyrisulfoxin F [(–)-14], six new caerulomycin derivatives with a 2,2′-bipyridine skeleton, were obtained from the cultures of the endophytic Streptomyces albolongus EA12432 with Aconitum carmichaeli (Ranunculaceae). Additionally, the racemic pyrisulfoxins A [(±)-3] and B [(±)-4] were further purified as optically pure compounds and identified the configurations for the first time. The racemic pyrisulfoxin D [(±)-2] displayed significant cytotoxicity against a series of cancer cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 0.92 to 9.71 μM. Compounds 7, 8, and (±)-3 showed cytotoxicity against the HCT-116, HT-29, BXPC-3, P6C, and MCF-7 cell lines. Notably, compounds 7 and 8 have a strong inhibition both on the proliferation of human colon cancer cells HCT-116 and HT-29 with IC50 values ranging from 0.048 to 0.2 μM (doxorubicin, 0.21 and 0.16 μM), and compound 1 showed a selective inhibition on the proliferation of the gastric carcinoma cell lines, N87, with an IC50 value of 8.09 μM. Optically pure compounds R(–)-14 and S(+)-14 showed weak cytotoxicity against HCT-116 and MCF-7 cell lines with the IC50 values of 14.7 μM and 10.4 μM, respectively. Interestingly, compounds 1 and (±)-2 didn't show cytotoxic activity against two human normal cell lines, HEK-293F and L02, with IC50 values >100 μM.

In this study, the spatiotemporal dynamic analyses of intermittent plastic flow in the nanoindentation of different Bulk metallic glasses (BMGs), at various temperatures, were carefully performed to provide insight into the amorphous structural-property relationship. Based on the displacement-time series and largest Lyapunov exponent during serrated flow, two distinct types of dynamic behaviors were identified at room temperature, i.e., the serrated flow dynamics transforms form a self-organized critical state in traditional BMGs to a more chaotic state in high entropy BMGs (HE-BMGs). This may originate from their local structural difference that the solvent-solute architecture in conventional BMGs is broken in HE-BMGs. Furthermore, sluggish diffusion in HE-BMG can effectively retard relaxation kinetics, which leads to the deviation of HE-BMGs from the conventional BMGs in terms of the relationship between the chaotic behavior and temperature. Indeed, the insignificant change in dynamic complexity of HE-BMG conforms to its increased structural stability at elevated temperatures, which was soundly elucidated from both topological and kinetic factors. This study is of significance in understanding the configuration complexity and structure stability in HE-BMGs and helpful for designing BMGs with promising properties against external mechanical and thermal agitations. Keywords: High entropy effect, Bulk metallic glass, Plastic dynamics, Nanoindentation

Ethnopharmacological relevance Diarrhea is a major medical problem in clinical practice. According to the theory of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), different types of diarrhea should be treated with different TCM formulations based on the targeted medical condition. Dampness-heat diarrhea (DHD) is a serious diarrheal disease and Pulsatilla decoction (PD), a TCM, has been found effective against DHD. Objective The aim of this study was to clarify the mechanism of action of PD in DHD using an untargeted lipidomics strategy. Materials and methods Wistar rats were randomized to four groups, including the control group, model group, PD groups and self-healing group. The PD groups were given a daily intragastric gavage of PD at doses of 3.76 g/kg. The rat model of DHD established by such complex factors as high-sugar and high-fat diet, improper diet, high temperature and humidity environment, drinking and intraperitoneal injection of Escherichia coli., which imitated the inducing conditions of DHD. Then the clinical symptoms and signs, blood routine, serum inflammatory cytokines levels and the histopathological changes of main organs were detected and observed to evaluate DHD model and therapeutic effect of PD. Lipid biomarkers of DHD were selected by comparing the control and model groups with the colon lipidomics technology and an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with Q Exactive plus mass analyzer. Multivariate statistical analysis and pattern recognition were employed to examine different lipids within the colon of PD-treated rats. Results The clinical symptoms and signs of the model rats were consistent with the diagnostic criteria of DHD. After treatment with PD, the clinical symptoms and signs of the rats with DHD were improved; the indexes of blood routine and inflammatory cytokines levels tended to be normal. The lipidomics profile of the model group were evidently disordered when compared to the control group. A total of 42 significantly altered lipids between the model-control groups were identified by multivariate statistical analysis. DHD may result from such lipid disorders which are related to glycerophospholipid metabolism, arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism, and sphingolipid metabolism. After PD treatment, the lipidomic profiles of the disorders tended to recover when compared to the model group. Twenty lipid molecules were identified and some glycerophospholipids and AA levels returned close to the normal level. Conclusion Glycerophospholipid metabolism may play an important role in the treatment of dampness-heat induced diarrhea using PD.

One-lung ventilation (OLV) is essential in numerous clinical procedures, in which the left-sided double-lumen tube (LDLT) is the most commonly used device. The application of bronchial blockers, including the Uniblocker or Arndt blocker, has increased in OLV. The present study aimed to compare the efficacy and adverse effects of the Uniblocker and LDLT for OLV under the guidance of chest CT. A total of 60 adult patients undergoing elective left-side thoracic surgery requiring OLV were included in the study. The patients were randomly assigned to the Uniblocker group (U group, n=30) or the LDLT group (D group, n=30). The time for initial tube placement, the number of optimal positions of the tube upon blind insertion, the number of attempts to adjust the tube to the optimal position, incidence of airway device displacement, injury to the bronchi and carina, the duration until lung collapse and the occurrence of sore throat and hoarseness over 24 h following surgery were recorded. The time for successful placement of the LDLT was 83.9±19.4 sec and that for the Uniblocker was 84.3±17.1 sec (P>0.05). The degree of lung collapse 1 min following opening of the pleura was greater in the D group than that in the U group (P

Today’s autonomous vehicles will deploy multiple sensors to achieve safe and reliable navigation and precise perception of the environment. Although multiple sensors can be advantageous in terms of providing a robust and complete description of the surrounding area, the synchronization of multi-sensors in real-time processing is extremely important. When data is synchronized, primary functional systems such as localization, perception, planning, and control, will all benefit. In this paper, we proposed a synchronized data illustration and collection method to assist the data processing applications for autonomous driving. Our proposed solution among different sensors can be directly deployed on autonomous vehicles for data integration and environment analysis to support the driving model construction. The experimental results validate that our proposed method can present a 360◦ synchronized view while providing the capability of real-time scanning with up to 80% reduced latency.

Using the panel data of China's provinces from 2005 to 2016, the paper adopts the ultra-efficiency model to measure the green economy efficiency of each province. Then, the paper used the panel threshold model to study the impact of science and technological input on the green economy efficiency with the energy consumption intensity as a threshold variable. The results show that the green economy efficiency in China's provinces is low and is in a downward trend. When the energy consumption intensity is the threshold variable, the single-threshold effect is significant. When the energy consumption intensity is lower than the threshold value, the impact of science and technological input on green economic efficiency is not significant, and the energy consumption intensity has a significant impact on green economic efficiency with science and technological input and energy consumption intensity as the core explanatory variables and with energy consumption intensity as the threshold variable. When the energy consumption intensity crosses the threshold value, the impact of science and technological input and energy consumption intensity on green economic efficiency becomes significant. According to the above empirical results, this paper proposes corresponding countermeasures and suggestions.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) causes millions of illnesses every year, threatening the success of lifesaving antibiotic therapy and, thus, public health. To examine the rise and spread of antimicrobial resistance around the world, our study performs a multivariate statistical analysis of antimicrobial resistance gene data from eight different countries: the US, the UK, China, Brazil, Mexico, Canada, Australia, and South Africa. Multi-dimensional data points were projected onto a two-dimensional plane using principal component analysis and organized into a dendrogram utilizing hierarchical clustering to identify significant AMR genes and pathogens. Outlier genes/pathogens were typically involved in high occurrences of antimicrobial resistance, and they were able to indicate the trend of antimicrobial resistance in the future. Statistical analysis of the data identified: (1) tet(A), aph(3&rsquo, &rsquo, )-Ib, aph(6)-Id, blaEC, blaTEM-1, qacEdelta1, sul1, sul2, and aadA1 as the nine most common AMR genes among the studied countries, (2) Salmonella enterica and E. coli and Shigella as the most common AMR foodborne pathogens, and (3) chicken as the most prevalent meat carrier of antimicrobial resistance. Our study shows that the overall number of reported antimicrobial resistance cases in foodborne pathogens is generally rising. One potential contributing factor for this is the increasing antimicrobial usage in the growing livestock industry.

Background. Cancer-induced bone pain (CIBP) is a highly prevalent symptom, which afflicts vast majority of patients who suffer from cancer. The current treatment options failed to achieve satisfactory effect and the side effects were prominent. Recent randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of animal demonstrate the benefit of acupuncture for CIBP. We sought to determine if the pooled data from available RCTs supports the use of acupuncture for CIBP. Methods. A literature search for randomized controlled trials was conducted in six electronic databases from inception to May 31, 2019. Meta-analysis was performed with Review Manager 5.3 software; the publication bias was assessed by Stata 12.0 software. We used random effects model for pooling data because heterogeneity is absolute among studies to some extent. Results. Twenty-four trials were included in the review, of which 12 trials provided detailed data for meta-analyses. Preliminary evidence indicates that compared to wait list/sham group, acupuncture was effective on increasing paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) and paw withdrawal latency (PWL). Compared to medicine, acupuncture was less effective on PWT, but as effective as medicine on PWL. Acupuncture can reinforce medicine’s effect on PWT and PWL. Compared to the control group, acupuncture was superior to increase body weight (BW), decrease spinal cord glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Furthermore, some studies showed acupuncture delay or partially reverse morphine tolerance. Three studies found acupuncture has no effect on PWT, but 2 of them found acupuncture could enhance small dose of Celebrex’s effect on CIBP. Conclusions. Acupuncture was superior to wait list/sham acupuncture on increasing PWT and has no less effect on increasing PWL compared to medicine; acupuncture improved the efficacy of drugs, increased the CIBP animals’ body weight, and decreased their spinal cord GFAP and IL-1β. High-quality studies are necessary to confirm the results.

A long-standing observation is that the micturition reflex receives supraspinal descending control. Although one supraspinal nucleus (Barrington's nucleus) is identified as the pontine micturition center, it remains largely unknown whether and how other supraspinal tracts are involved in micturition control. Here, we focused on the role of lumbosacral projecting neurons located in the Locus Coeruleus (LC) in modulating micturition, since previous studies indicated that the LC is involved in controlling bladder contraction. First, by performing an AAV mediated retrograde labeling using a TH-iCre mouse line, we demonstrated specific targeting of LC noradrenergic neurons innervating the lumbosacral spinal cord with high efficiency. Next, by lumbosacral injection of a retro-AAV carrying Cre-dependent human diphtheria toxin receptors (DTR), we achieved specific ablation of LC NA

2HNIW·HMX co-crystals are crystals composed of HNIW (2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexazisowurtzitane) and HMX (1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane), and the HNIW molecule and HMX molecule are combined with noncovalent bonds in a lattice at a 2:1 ratio. The 2HNIW·HMX co-crystals are successfully synthesized by Bolton’s method and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, laser Raman spectrometer, differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), and high performance liquid chromatograph. The standard enthalpy of formation of 2HNIW·HMX co-crystals is obtained as 861.9 ± 18.6 kJ·mol–1 under the direction of a designed thermochemical cycle with a Calvet microcalorimeter. The thermal decomposition behavior of 2HNIW·HMX co-crystals was studied under the non-isothermal condition with DSC. The apparent activation energy (E) of the decomposition is 332.23 kJ·mol–1 by Kissinger method, 324.10 kJ·mol–1 by Ozawa method, 314.06 ± 4.26 kJ·mol–1 by Friedman–Reich–Levi method, and 306.81 ± 3.12 kJ·mol–1 by NL-INT-SY3...

2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20)/2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) co-crystal in 1:1 molar ratio was prepared by a solvent evaporation method, and the structural characterizations of CL-20/TNT co-crystal were systematically investigated by powder X-ray diffraction, Raman and differential scanning calorimeter. The dissolution behaviors of CL-20/TNT co-crystal in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were investigated by a DC08-1 Calvet microcalorimeter at 298.15 K, showing that the dissolution processes were all exothermic. The heat effects (Q) of CL-20/TNT co-crystal dissolved in DMF and DMSO both increased with the increase of the amount of co-crystal. Empirical formulas for the calculation of the enthalpies of dissolution ( $$\Delta _{\text{diss}} H$$ ), relative apparent molar enthalpies ( $$\Delta _{\text{diss}} H_{\text{apparent}}$$ ), relative partial molar enthalpies ( $$\Delta _{\text{diss}} H_{\text{partial}}$$ ) were obtained from the experimental data of CL-20/TNT co-crystal dissolved in DMF and DMSO. It was found that the values of $$\Delta _{\text{diss}} H$$ , $$\Delta _{\text{diss}} H_{\text{apparent}}$$ and $$\Delta _{\text{diss}} H_{\text{partial}}$$ were affected by the molality of co-crystal (b). The kinetic equations describing the dissolution of CL-20/TNT co-crystal in DMF and DMSO at 298.15 K are $${\text{d}}\alpha / {\text{d}}t = 10^{ - 2.39} \left( {1 - \alpha } \right)^{0.89}$$ and $${\text{d}}\alpha / {\text{d}}t = 10^{ - 2.47} \left( {1 - \alpha } \right)^{0.62}$$ , respectively.

Liquid–liquid equilibrium data for the n-heptane + phenol + sulfolane system were obtained at 323.15 and 343.15 K under 101.35 kPa pressure. The distribution coefficient (K) and separation factor (S) were calculated to assess the effectiveness of extracting phenol from n-heptane, and the consistency of LLE date were verified by the Othmer–Tobias, Hand as well as Bachman equations. The experimental data were correlated by using NRTL and UNIQUAC models, and the root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) values of both models were below 0.59%, demonstrating the two models were successfully describe the experimental data.