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The objective of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the reviewed version of the internal and external strengths for teenagers (FIE-AR). A non-probabilistic sample of 1486 students was selected from public schools in Mexico City, 47.3% were men and 52.7% were women, with an average age of 14.6 years (DE=1.7). it was used the second version of the FIE-AR, which is a scale that evaluates 7 external strengths (mother supervision, mother support, father supervision and support, house rules, friends without risk conducts, healthy friends and no drug access) and eight internal strengths (responsibility, health importance, religion importance, decision making, anger expression and educative expectations). The factorial confirmatory analysis identified a good adjust of the models (one for external strengths and another one for the internal strengths).

Purpose - The Sertão, located in the Northeastern region of Brazil, is the most populous semi-arid region in the world. The region also faces the highest rates of poverty, food insecurity and climate risks in this country. Basic economic activities, such as extensive livestock and dairy farming, tend to be mainly affected by the increasing temperatures and recurrent droughts taking place in the past decades. This paper aims to analyze farmers’ responses to climatic variability in the Sertão Design/methodology/approach - Analyses are based on farm-level data of the Agricultural Census 2006 and on historical climate data gathered by meteorological stations. The climate impacts and the effectiveness of adaptive strategies are compared between three groups of farms, which discriminate different levels of social and environmental vulnerability. Four production functions are modeled (milk, cattle, goat and sheep) accounting for sample selectivity bias. Findings - In response to increasing temperatures, farmers tend to shift their activities mainly to cattle and dairy farming. But the overall productivity tends to reduce with the recurrence of droughts. Decreasing precipitation affects mainly the production of milk of smallholder family farmers and the cattle herd of non-family farmers. Research limitations/implications - Analyses do not account for short- and medium-run productive impacts of extreme droughts, which usually have devastating socioeconomic effects in the region. Originality/value - Smallholder family farmers are the most vulnerable group who deserve more social and technical intervention, as they lack basic social and technological resources that can greatly improve their productivities and overcome the impacts of decreasing precipitation.

A letter to the editor on the incidence of organizing pneumonia secondary to large granular lymphocytic leukemia is presented.

Nuestro objetivo en la presente investigación fue analizar si las personas adolescentes de México y Colombia que nunca han intentado suicidarse, presentan más fortalezas internas y externas que quienes sí lo han intentado. Método: se trató de un diseño pre-experimental, de un estudio de caso con una medición. Participaron en el estudio 1987 estudiantes de bachillerato -hombres y mujeres de 15 a 18 años de edad-, seleccionados de manera no probabilística: 991 estudiantes de Colombia y 996 de México. Utilizamos la escala (FIE-A) para medir fortalezas, y cinco indicadores de intento de suicidio. Los resultados principales muestran que los individuos adolescentes que nunca han intentado suicidarse presentan puntajes significativamente más altos en las siguientes fortalezas: apoyo y supervisión de la madre y el padre, importancia de la salud y toma de decisiones. Concluimos que siguen siendo fortalezas protectoras las buenas relaciones parentales, específicamente la importancia que tiene para el individuo joven contar con el apoyo y comunicación del padre y de la madre.

O trabalho se estrutura sub a hipótese pela qual a Comunicação Política é uma expressão ou representação social do comportamento político dos indivíduos, grupos sociais, regiões e/ou países. Com o objetivo de indagar como opera a informação que recebem os votantes, levam-se em consideração os resultados dois estudos: “La Encuesta sobre consumo de información en medios locales” e “El análisis de contenido sobre la campaña electoral 2015 en tres periódicos impresos en Veracruz”.

Introduction: alcohol consumption in Mexican adolescents is a public health problem, so research efforts should focus on prevention. This study is based on Benson’s model of assets (2007), which mention that young people have individual and contextual resources that promote positive development and limit their involvement in risk behavior. Objective: to analyze differences in internal and external assets in high school students with different levels of alcohol consumption. Method: participants were 990 students from public secondary schools in Mexico City, 52.1% female and 47.9% male, the mean age of participants was 13.6 years. Seven internal and seven external assets were evaluated. Results: 53.9% of the participants never consumed alcohol, 28.3% had consumed but never or only once they had abused and 17.8% reported abusing consumption in the last month. Men and women who have not consumed alcohol reported significantly higher scores on internal assets. In the case of external assets, young people who have not consumed alcohol also scored significantly higher in all assets, except for healthy friends in both men and women and support and supervision of the father in men. Discussion and conclusions: the results contribute to the explanation of alcohol consumption among young people and provide elements for the design of interventions to emphasize the assets that should be promoted to prevent young people from drinking alcohol at an early age.----------------------- Introducción: el consumo de alcohol en adolescentes mexicanos es un problema de salud pública, que requiere enfocar los esfuerzos de investigación en la prevención. Este estudio se basa en el modelo de fortalezas de Benson (2007), quien plantea que los jóvenes poseen recursos individuales y contextuales que promueven un desarrollo positivo y limitan el involucramiento en conductas de riesgo. Objetivo: analizar las diferencias en fortalezas internas y externas entre estudiantes de secundaria que presentan diferentes niveles de consumo de alcohol. Metodo: participaron 990 estudiantes de secundarias públicas de la Ciudad de México, 52.1% mujeres y 47.9% hombres, de una media de edad de 13.6 años. Se evaluaron siete fortalezas internas y siete externas. Resultados: 53.9% de los participantes nunca ha usado alcohol, 28.3% sí lo ha consumido pero nunca o sólo una vez ha abusado, y 17.8% reportó haber abusado del consumo en el último mes. Hombres y mujeres que no han usado alcohol reportaron puntajes significativamente más altos en fortalezas internas. En el caso de las fortalezas externas, los jóvenes sin consumo fueron los que obtuvieron puntajes más altos, excepto en amigos saludables (tanto hombres como mujeres), y en apoyo y supervisión del padre (hombres). Conclusiones: los resultados contribuyen a la explicación del consumo de alcohol en jóvenes y proporcionan elementos para el diseño de intervenciones, pues señalan las fortalezas que deben promoverse para evitar que los jóvenes consuman alcohol a edades tempranas.

El involucramiento escolar comprende las conductas, creencias y emociones de la población estudiantil hacia su actividad escolar. Es un constructo que se ha investigado ampliamente en el alumnado de educación superior y con menor frecuencia en estudiantes de educación básica. Las personas adolescentes con mayor involucramiento escolar tienen mejor desempeño y se involucran menos en conductas de riesgo, por lo que resulta importante investigar más acerca de este tema. El objetivo del presente artículo es presentar las propiedades psicométricas de un instrumento para evaluar el involucramiento escolar en el estudiantado de secundaria. Esta investigación cuantitativa se realizó con población estudiantil de México y los datos se obtuvieron entre 2018 y 2019. La muestra no probabilística estuvo constituida por 503 estudiantes de secundaria públicas de la Ciudad de Xalapa, Veracruz; 57.5% fueron mujeres y 42.5% hombres, con edades entre 11 y 15 años (M= 13.12, D.E. 0.92). La versión final de la escala está compuesta de diez reactivos con siete opciones de respuesta que evalúan tres dimensiones: conductual, emocional y cognitiva. El análisis factorial confirmatorio mostró índices de ajuste adecuados CFI = 0.98, TLI = 0.98, SRMR = 0.03, RMSEA= 0.05, y los coeficientes de confiabilidad interna fueron α = 0.88 y λ2 = 0.88. Los resultados indican que la EIE-A es un instrumento adecuado para evaluar el involucramiento escolar en personas adolescentes tempranas.

Ao considerarmos as obras que compõem a Literatura de Testemunho, podemos observar a prevalência de textos autobiográficos relatando as atrocidades da perseguição nazista e dos campos de concentração. No entanto, há também muitas obras ficcionais, de teor autobiográfico ou não, que narram tais experiências e outras relacionadas aos sofrimentos causados pelo nacional-socialismo a grandes parcelas da população europeia. Ao analisarmos a obra Der Tod des Widersachers, de Hans Keilson, procuramos determinar os índices de ficcionalidade que a afastam de uma possível leitura autobiográfica e refletir sobre as implicações éticas e estéticas de Keilson haver ficcionalizado experiências próprias.

El suicidio se considera un problema de salud pública que ha aumentado exponencialmente, por lo que identificar población en riesgo suicida, así como factores asociados es esencial para su prevención en la población adolescente. Este estudio, analizó en qué medida la autoestima, la desesperanza y factores sociodemográficos, inciden en la presencia de riesgo suicida en adolescentes de educación media superior; para ello, se trabajó con un total de 74 participantes hombres y mujeres con un rango de edad de 15 a 18 años, de una población no clínica clasificados en dos grupos: con y sin riesgo suicida, en igual número y características de edad y sexo. Se aplicó la escala de riesgo Suicida de Plutchik (1989; 1998), la escala de Autoestima de González-Arratia (2011) y la escala de Desesperanza de Córdoba, Rosales y Eguiluz (2005). Los resultados indicaron la existencia de una relación positiva significativa entre las variables de riesgo suicida y desesperanza e inversa con autoestima. Respecto al tipo de familia, los participantes de familia monoparental, puntuaron más alto tanto en riesgo suicida como en desesperanza. Del modelo de regresión logística binaria, se obtuvo que la variable que predice el riesgo suicida es la desesperanza, seguida de la autoestima. No se reportan diferencias entre hombres y mujeres en ninguna de las variables evaluadas. Se concluye que la desesperanza incrementa la probabilidad de riesgo suicida, por lo que su inclusión es esencial en futuros estudios empíricos, así como en modelos de prevención e intervención en adolescentes.

El objetivo de la presente investigación fue analizar y comparar las fortalezas externas en adolescentes de México y Colombia con diferentes niveles de consumo de sustancias. Participaron 1987 adolescentes (49.87% de Colombia y 50.13% de México) hombres y mujeres, con un promedio de edad de 16.64 años. Las fortalezas evaluadas cubrieron dos aspectos generales: familia (Escala de Prácticas Parentales, Andrade & Betancourt, 2010) y amigos (escala elaborada para este estudio). El consumo de sustancias se midió con indicadores del inventario de conductas de riesgo (Andrade & Betancourt, 2008). Los resultados indicaron que la hipótesis central del estudio se comprobó, es decir, los jóvenes que no han consumido alcohol, tabaco y/o drogas presentan más fortalezas externas que aquellos que sí las han consumido

A decline in β-cell function is a prerequisite for the development of type 2 diabetes, yet the level of β-cell function in individuals at risk of the condition is rarely measured. This is due, in part, to the fact that current methods for assessing β-cell function are inaccurate, prone to error, labor-intensive, or affected by glucose-lowering therapy. The aim of the current study was to identify novel circulating biomarkers to monitor β-cell function and to identify individuals at high risk of developing β-cell dysfunction. In a nested case-control study from the Relationship between Insulin Sensitivity and Cardiovascular disease (RISC) cohort (n = 1157), proteomics and miRNA profiling were performed on fasting plasma samples from 43 individuals who progressed to impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and 43 controls who maintained normal glucose tolerance (NGT) over three years. Groups were matched at baseline for age, gender, body mass index (BMI), insulin sensitivity (euglycemic clamp) and β-cell glucose sensitivity (mathematical modeling). Proteomic profiling was performed using the SomaLogic platform (Colorado, USA); miRNA expression was performed using a modified RT-PCR protocol (Regulus Therapeutics, California, USA). Results showed differentially expressed proteins and miRNAs including some with known links to type 2 diabetes, such as adiponectin, but also novel biomarkers and pathways. In cross sectional analysis at year 3, the top differentially expressed biomarkers in people with IGT/ reduced β-cell glucose sensitivity were adiponectin, alpha1-antitrypsin (known to regulate adiponectin levels), endocan, miR-181a, miR-342, and miR-323. At baseline, adiponectin, cathepsin D and NCAM.L1 (proteins expressed by pancreatic β-cells) were significantly lower in those that progressed to IGT. Many of the novel prognostic biomarker candidates were within the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) pathway: for example, Noggin, DLL4 and miR-181a. Further validation studies are required in additional clinical cohorts and in patients with type 2 diabetes, but these results identify novel pathways and biomarkers that may have utility in monitoring β-cell function and/ or predicting future decline, allowing more targeted efforts to prevent and intercept type 2 diabetes.

Cuando hay un proceso de separación, éste puede tener diferentes efectos en los involucrados en el conflicto, como el Síndrome de Alienación Parental (SAP), descrito como el rechazo injustificado al progenitor no custodio. Sin embargo, no se cuenta con información que permita abordar con mayor exactitud el diagnóstico del SAP, tampoco se encontraron instrumentos para evaluarlo de manera confiable y válida. Se construyó un instrumento de 71 reactivos y 10 dimensiones, basado en los síntomas propuestos por Gardner; al realizar el análisis psicométrico de la escala, se obtuvo un cuestionario de 48 reactivos, distribuidos en 6 factores, con un alfa de Cronbach de .95 que explican un 72.02% de la varianza total. Los factores se relacionan con los síntomas iniciales propuestos en la literatura pero al mismo tiempo confirman lo señalado en otras investigaciones, en las que no siempre se encuentran los ocho síntomas al valorar la presencia de SAP.

The purpose of this research project was to determinewhether gender made a difference with respect to the effectsof psychological and behavioral parental control on the emotionaland behavioral problems in male and female adolescents.A non-random sample of 587 Mexico City public highschool students with a mean age of 13.8 was selected, of which46.8% were male and 53.2% female. The Maternal and PaternalControl Perception Scale for Adolescents and the adjustedversion of the Youth Self-Report were used. The overall resultsshowed that both maternal and paternal psychologicalcontrol had a greater influence than behavioral control on thepresence of emotional and behavioral problems.

El objetivo del presente artículo es identifi car los factores que construyen la cultura sexual de adolescentes colimenses del nivel medio superior de escuelas públicas urbanas; para ello se trabajó en los entornos familia y amigos, dos universos simbólicos en los que interactúan los adolescentes, concebidos por éstos como referentes culturales que influyen en sus prácticas sexuales. Este artículo es producto de una investigación en la que participaron 90 estudiantes, 45 hombres y 45 mujeres con un rango de edad de 14 a 18 años; se obtuvo información mediante grupos focales que fue interpretada mediante el análisis del discurso. Los resultados caracterizan a la cultura sexual del adolescente colimense, a través de su conducta sexual, en la que se resalta la percepción de uso de condón, la atracción sexual, así como las creencias y valores sobre la virginidad y el debut sexual. Los hallazgos son interpretados principalmente desde la teoría ecológica del desarrollo humano de Urie Bronfrenbrenner (1987).

El propósito del estudio fue determinar las diferencias de los factores familiares en adolescentes que han y no han iniciado su actividad sexual. La muestra estuvo conformada por 1942 estudiantes de escuelas técnicas del D.F., 44.7% hombres y 55.3% mujeres. El 19.3% reportó ser sexualmente activo. Con fines de comparación se eligió una muestra de adolescentes sin vida sexual activa equivalente a la del grupo con vida sexual en cuanto a género y edad. Los resultados mostraron que las mujeres con vida sexual reportaron una menor comunicación y apego con ambos padres, así como, mayor rechazo por parte de la mamá en comparación con las mujeres sin vida sexual. Relativo a los hombres, los que tienen vida sexual reportaron mayor comunicación sobre temas de sexualidad y más permisividad de ambos padres, así como, altos puntajes de rechazo por parte de la mamá en comparación con los hombres sin vida sexual.

El propósito del estudio fue determinar las diferencias de los factores familiares en adolescentes que han y no han iniciado su actividad sexual. La muestra estuvo conformada por 1942 estudiantes de escuelas técnicas del D.F., 44.7% hombres y 55.3% mujeres. El 19.3% reportó ser sexualmente activo. Con fines de comparación se eligió una muestra de adolescentes sin vida sexual activa equivalente a la del grupo con vida sexual en cuanto a género y edad. Los resultados mostraron que las mujeres con vida sexual reportaron una menor comunicación y apego con ambos padres, así como, mayor rechazo por parte de la mamá en comparación con las mujeres sin vida sexual. Relativo a los hombres, los que tienen vida sexual reportaron mayor comunicación sobre temas de sexualidad y más permisividad de ambos padres, así como, altos puntajes de rechazo por parte de la mamá en comparación con los hombres sin vida sexual.

El compromiso organizacional es un constructo que presenta gran interés para los psicólogos y aquellos involucrados con el recurso humano. Las investigaciones se han dirigido a determinar aquellos aspectos que lo forman y mantienen, sin embargo hay revisiones teóricas que evidencían que aún hay diferencias en la conceptualización y por tanto en su medición. La presente investigación adoptó una posición integradora ante las diferentes perspectivas de estudio para determinar si la aplicación de los instrumentos más utilizados permite hacer evidente las dimensiones que engloban este constructo. Se aplicó el Cuestionario OCQ de Mowday, Steers y Porter (1982) y el Cuestionario de Compromiso Organizacional de Meyer, Allen y Smith (1993), en una muestra de 233 trabajadores de dos organizaciones: pública y privada, 52% hombres y 48% mujeres. Los resultados muestran cuatro dimensiones: identificación - implicación, compromiso afectivo, compromiso de continuidad (falta de alternativas) y compromiso normativo. Se evidenció que este constructo para la muestra estudiada es principalmente una actitud que le lleva a sentir apego y mantener una conducta consistente para evitar perder los beneficios que la organización le brinda. Ambos cuestionarios aplicados en forma conjunta mejoran la medición del compromiso organizacional.

En los últimos años se ha observado un incremento en la demanda de atención por problemas de conducta y/o trastornos de conducta de los niños en diferentes instituciones públicas de México, D.F. Debido a la falta de instrumentos de valuación adecuados a nuestro medio y cultura mexicanos, se realizó un estudio ex post facto para validar el Youth Self Report (YSR) de Achenbach y Rescorla en población mexicana, y así poder detectar oportunamente los problemas de conducta internalizada y externalizada que presentan los niños(as). Participaron 671 niños (media de edad de 11, 10 años) estudiantes de 5° y 6° año de primarias públicas del Distrito Federal. En términos generales, los resultados mostraron que los factores de ambas versiones se mantienen; sin embargo, existen algunas diferencias. En la versión mexicana se obtuvieron 6 factores, uno para problemas externalizados y 5 para problemas internalizados, en contraste con la versión original del YSR la cual consta de cinco escalas, tres subescalas para los problemas internalizados, otra de problemas sociales, otra de problemas de pensamiento, otra de problemas de atención y dos subescalas para problemas externalizados. Dichos hallazgos son discutidos.

Objetivo. Diseñar un instrumento para medir las creencias sobre las consecuencias sociales, psicológicas y fisiológicas de la etapa del climaterio. Material y métodos. El estudio se realizó de junio a octubre de 2000 en 340 mujeres derechohabientes de la unidad de medicina familiar del Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado (media de edad=49.46, (DE 7.92). Se seleccionó un total de mujeres entre los 40 y 60 años de edad, en virtud del criterio de la Organización Mundial de la Salud: el promedio de edad de la menopausia es de 50 años. El promedio de embarazos en la muestra fue de 3.75 (DE 2.57), y el de hijos nacidos de 3.21 (DE 2.19). El 48.3% de las mujeres eran premenopáusicas, 10.9% perimenopáusicas y 40.6% posmenopáusicas. El instrumento contó con 25 reactivos, y la escala utilizada para evaluar las respuestas fue de tipo Likert con cinco opciones. El tipo de diseño fue observacional exploratorio, de corte transversal multivariado. Se hicieron comparaciones de medias por factor entre los grupos de mujeres premenopáusicas, perimenopáusicas y posmenopáusicas. Resultados. Se realizó un análisis factorial con rotación Varimax, confirmándose cuatro factores: desventajas, (alfa=0.769); ventajas, (alfa=0.839); fisiológico, (alfa=0.659), y psicológico, (alfa=0.711). Conclusiones. El presente instrumento tiene una buena consistencia interna, y mide cuatro grupos de creencias sobre el climaterio: a) creencias de desventajas, b) creencias de ventajas, c) creencias sobre padecimientos fisiológicos, y d) creencias de síntomas psicológicos. Las tres dimensiones confirmadas del climaterio han sido propuestas en otros estudios.Objective. To design an instrument for measuring beliefs about the social, psychological, and physiological consequences of women's climacteric stage. Material and Methods. The study included 340 women affiliated to Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales para los Trabajadores del Estado (Institute for Social Services and Security for State Workers, ISSSTE) (age mean=49.46, (SD 7.92). The mean number of pregnancies in the sample was 3.75 (SD 2.57), and the mean number of born children was 3.21 (SD 2.19); 48% of women were premenopausal, 10.9% perimenopausal, and 40.6% postmenopausal. The instrument consisted of 25 items. Results. A factorial analysis with Varimax rotation was carried out. Four factors were confirmed: disadvantages (alpha=0.769), advantages (alpha=0.839), physiological (alpha=0.659), and psychological (alpha=0.711). Conclusions. This instrument shows good internal consistency, and measures four climacteric belief groups: a) beliefs on disadvantages, b) beliefs on advantages, c) beliefs on physiological ailments, and d) beliefs on psychological symptoms. All three confirmed dimensions of the climacteric phase have been proposed in other studies.

This study aims to determine a suitable artificial neural network (ANN) regression model for quantification of polyphenols from herbal matrices through thin-layer chromatography (TLC) images. Gallic acid was used as a standard for the development and evaluation of this analytical approach. Analyses were performed on samples extracted from the stem bark of Schinus terebinthifolius, an important species in traditional Brazilian medicine. Calibration curves were obtained by TLC for image acquisition and assessment. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to verify the relationship between the data. The image features were associated with artificial intelligence techniques to determine an ANN configuration. This approach provides an innovative and low-cost analytical strategy with satisfactory performance for the prediction of phenolic content through TLC plate images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The World Conference of Environment and Development (WCED), held in Rio d Janeiro in June of 1992, was a unique international relations event in the and definitely gave the environment its deserved position in the international agenda as a global concern.During the so-called Rio 92, governmental strategies for the development of local social and economically sustainable development were suggested. Also, the Biodiversity Convention, which took place during the WCED, highlighted the sovereignty of nations over their biological resources and defined that each country should create its own conditions to facilitate access to genetic resources while promoting the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits derived from the use of such resources.Central to this process are debates over the role of the economic activity in environmental protection, especially the protection of the world’s biodiversity resources upon which the whole economic and climatic systems depend.This paper examines the theory behind some modern development strategies, such as the one that supports that the market economy will save the world’s biodiversity. According to this line of thought, the conservation of biodiversity resources must go hand in hand with its potential to generate income, in other words, economic incentives would ultimately encourage local communities to efficiently protect their forests.The Rainforest Harvest is an example of market-oriented strategy aimed at conciliating both the objectives of conservation and use of biodiversity resources. It is based on the sustainable extraction of non-timber-forest products (NTFPs) so as not to interfere with the balance of both the ecosystems and the food-chain. The principle of the Rainforest Harvest is, therefore, that if it can be shown that forests are more valuable while they are standing, they will have more chance to be preserved.This article examines the partnership deal between the British cosmetics company The Body Shop and the Kaiapó communities Pycany and A’Ukre in the the brasilian state of Pará. It is divided into five parts. The first part examines deforestation as a consequence of governmental development projects in the Amazon during the 1970’s. Such projects had impacts on the local population, especially on indigenous communities and made their access to land even more difficult. The second part deals with the notions behind most market-based development strategies, like the “Ecodevelopment” and “Sustainable Development” while the third part presents the Kaiapós involved in Rainforest Harvest trade-agreement. The fourth part examines the controversies over the “harvest” concept as a socially and economically equitable alternative to deforestation. The fifth part presents the case-study of the trade partnership between the company The Body Shop and the Kaiapó community for the supply of Brazil nut oil.

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Gastroenterology is increasingly moving towards minimally invasive diagnostic modalities. The diagnostic exploration of the colon via capsule endoscopy, both in specific protocols for colon capsule endoscopy and during panendoscopic evaluations, is increasingly regarded as an appropriate first-line diagnostic approach. Adequate colonic preparation is essential for conclusive examinations as, contrary to a conventional colonoscopy, the capsule moves passively in the colon and does not have the capacity to clean debris. Several scales have been developed for the classification of bowel preparation for colon capsule endoscopy. Nevertheless, their applications are limited by suboptimal interobserver agreement. Our group developed a deep learning algorithm for the automatic classification of colonic bowel preparation, according to an easily applicable classification. Our neural network achieved high performance levels, with a sensitivity of 91%, a specificity of 97% and an overall accuracy of 95%. The algorithm achieved a good discriminating capacity, with areas under the curve ranging between 0.92 and 0.97. The development of these algorithms is essential for the widespread adoption of capsule endoscopy for the exploration of the colon, as well as for the adoption of minimally invasive panendoscopy.

A Salmonelose é uma enfermidade de grande importância mundial em Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos (DTAs). No Brasil, a Salmonella spp. é o segundo maior agente causador de doença envolvida nos surtos de DTAs, sendo a espécie entérica a que mais acomete os seres humanos através do consumo de água e alimentos contaminados. Após a ingestão do alimento contaminado pela bactéria, esta faz adesão, invasão, se replica e provoca danos no hospedeiro. O indivíduo acometido pode ser tratado com uso de antibióticos caso apresente febre entérica, porém nos casos de gastroenterite o uso não é indicado. Dessa forma, a prevenção da salmonelose é de grande relevância, pois nem todos os casos há sintomatologia ou notificação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma revisão de literatura e abordar as informações sobre as formas de transmissão, sintomatologia apresentada pelos indivíduos acometidos, os alimentos envolvidos, a patogenicidade, medidas profiláticas e a importância na saúde pública, da Salmonella spp., visto que é de grande importância o conhecimento dos surtos para que assim, sejam adotadas medidas de monitoramento e controle da doença.

Background and objectives: Capsule endoscopy (CE) is a non-invasive method to inspect the small bowel that, like other enteroscopy methods, requires adequate small-bowel cleansing to obtain conclusive results. Artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms have been seen to offer important benefits in the field of medical imaging over recent years, particularly through the adaptation of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to achieve more efficient image analysis. Here, we aimed to develop a deep learning model that uses a CNN to automatically classify the quality of intestinal preparation in CE. Methods: A CNN was designed based on 12,950 CE images obtained at two clinical centers in Porto (Portugal). The quality of the intestinal preparation was classified for each image as: excellent, ≥90% of the image surface with visible mucosa; satisfactory, 50–90% of the mucosa visible; and unsatisfactory, Results: Among the images obtained, 3633 were designated as unsatisfactory preparation, 6005 satisfactory preparation, and 3312 with excellent preparation. When differentiating the classes of small-bowel preparation, the algorithm developed here achieved an overall accuracy of 92.1%, with a sensitivity of 88.4%, a specificity of 93.6%, a positive predictive value of 88.5%, and a negative predictive value of 93.4%. The area under the curve for the detection of excellent, satisfactory, and unsatisfactory classes was 0.98, 0.95, and 0.99, respectively. Conclusions: A CNN-based tool was developed to automatically classify small-bowel preparation for CE, and it was seen to accurately classify intestinal preparation for CE. The development of such a system could enhance the reproducibility of the scales used for such purposes.

Abstract Water infiltration into soil varies significantly with soil type and management practices. Management practices alter soil physical properties, such as porosity and pore size distribution, which play an important role in infiltration. This study was conducted to assess the effect of the long-term use of two different soil tillage systems (conventional, CT, and no-tillage, NT) on soil structure and water infiltration to understanding of the relationship between physical conditions induced by tillage and water infiltration. The experiments were carried out on a Humic Cambisol in southern Brazil from 1995 to 2016. Soil density, porosity, aggregate diameter and soil water infiltration were evaluated under conventional tillage right after one plowing and two subsequent discings (CT0), and six months after these tillage operations (CT6). The results show that different management systems affect differently soil physical properties and, thus, water infiltration. By mechanical mobilization CT brings about modifications in soil structure which promote an increase in total porosity and mesopority, and a decrease in soil microporosity. This in turn results in an increase in the proportion of larger pores in the plow layer and a decrease in soil density, but also in a decrease in aggregate stability. The CT0 measurements showed the highest infiltration rates which were up to 15 times greater than in the NT treatment. The higher infiltration rate in CT0 wears off with time, but in the CT6 measurements six months after tillage it was still 2 times higher than under NT. Tillage, at least initially, increases total porosity and mesoporosity, while at the same time decreasing microporosity. This results in a larger saturated hydraulic conductivity (K). An increase in total porosity alone does not necessarily increase K, if there is an increase in small pores at the cost of decreasing the number of larger pores.

Este artigo tem como objetivo evidenciar como o corpo atua como sistema de referência central para o desenvolvimento da orientação espacial. Para isso, com fundamentação na Teoria da Objetivação, desenvolvida por Luis Radford, analisa evidências relacionadas a objetivação dos saberes matemáticos referentes à orientação espacial, em especial quanto a utilização do corpo do indivíduo como meio semiótico relevante no âmbito da localização, da movimentação e da comunicação espacial. Os dados apresentados foram coletados durante uma pesquisa de intervenção desenvolvida em sala de aula, com estudantes do 6º ano do Ensino Fundamental, em que foram realizadas tarefas que abordam a orientação espacial. Na análise dos dados coletados, demonstramos a importância da tomada de consciência dos saberes matemáticos mobilizados em torno do conceito de lateralidade e a importância do corpo do indivíduo como meio semiótico e sistema de referência central para o desenvolvimento da orientação espacial, quer seja no espaço real perceptível, no espaço representacional ou na relação entre ambos.

The use of pig slurry (PS) as fertilizer can affect the soil quality and increase total stocks of soil organic carbon (TOC). However, the effects of PS on TOC amount and forms in the soil are not fully understood, particularly in areas under no-tillage (NT). The purpose of this study was to determine TOC contents and stocks in the particulate (POC) and mineral-associated C fractions (MAC) of an Oxisol after nine years of maize-oat rotation under NT, with annual applications of PS, soluble fertilizer and combined fertilization (pig slurry + soluble fertilizer). The experiment was initiated in 2001 in Campos Novos, Santa Catarina, with the following treatments: PS at rates of 0 (without fertilization - PS0); 25 (PS25); 50 (PS50); 100 (PS100); and 200 m3 ha-1yr-1 (PS200); fertilization with soluble fertilizer (SF); and mixed fertilization (PS + SF). The TOC content was determined in samples of six soil layers to a depth of 40 cm, and the POC and MAC contents in four layers to a depth of 20 cm. From the rate of 50 m3 ha-1yr-1 and upwards, the soil TOC content and stock increased according to the PS rates in the layers to a depth of 10 cm. The POC and MAC contents and stocks were higher in the surface layers, with a clear predominance of the second fraction, but a greater relative amplitude in the contents of the first fraction.

Objetivo: Analisar frequência, tratamento e prognóstico das disfunções cardiovasculares em pacientes vítimas de traumatismo raquimedular (TRM). Métodos: Estudo longitudinal observacional, analítico e retrospectivo. Os dados foram coletados, retrospectivamente, de 49 pacientes da Unidade de Trauma, Hospital de Urgência de Sergipe, no período entre janeiro e dezembro de 2010. Resultados: A média de idade foi de 34,7 ± 17,2 anos, sendo 30 (61,2%) pacientes entre 20 e 60 anos. O gênero masculino foi o mais acometido, sendo 44 (89,8%). O tempo médio de internação foi de 22,5 dias ± 21. As principais causas de TRM foram: 18 quedas (37%), 15 ferimentos por arma de fogo (31%) e 12 acidentes automobilísticos (24%). O TRM foi classificado em nível alto em 31 (63,3%) casos e nível baixo em 18 (36,7%). Durante a internação, cinco (10,2%) evoluíram com bradicardia e 13 (26,5%) apresentaram hipotensão arterial. Todos os casos de bradicardia tiveram hipotensão arterial associada. A média das PA sistólicas durante internação foi 109,1 ± 19,6 mmHg. A sobrevida global da amostra foi de 77,3% ± 7,5% em 20 dias. Os pacientes que apresentaram hipotensão arterial tiveram sobrevida menor em relação aos que não apresentaram. Nos pacientes com TRM nível alto, a sobrevida em 20 dias foi de 69,6% ± 9,8% e nível baixo de 88,9% ± 10,5%. Conclusões: Bradicardia e hipotensão arterial são as disfunções cardiovasculares mais frequentes e estão associadas ao TRM nível alto, tendo pior prognóstico no tipo lesão completa.

Objetivo: O presente trabalho apresenta o significado do sinal do redemoinho, que é observado no exame de tomografia computadorizada (TC) em casos de hematoma extradural hiperagudo. Métodos: Foram estudados 12 pacientes com hematoma extradural hiperagudo e que apresentaram sinal do redemoinho ao exame de TC. Resultados: O sexo masculino foi o mais acometido 10:2 feminino. Nove pacientes foram vítimas de acidente de trânsito, dois de queda de altura e um de agressão física. A localização do hematoma foi parietal (sete casos), frontal (três casos) e temporoparietal (dois casos). O sinal do redemoinho foi diagnosticado na TC em todos os casos e confirmada no ato cirúrgico sua relação com sangramento arterial ativo em nove casos. Conclusão: O sinal do redemoinho observado na TC em pacientes com hematoma extradural hiperagudo indica que se deve realizar drenagem cirúrgica urgente, uma vez que sua persistência implica aumento de volume e, consequentemente, aumento da morbimortalidade.

The impact of pig slurry and poultry litter fertilization on soils depends on the conditions of use and the amounts applied. This study evaluated the effect of organic fertilizers after different application periods in different areas on the physical properties and organic carbon contents of a Rhodic Kandiudox, in Concordia, Santa Catarina, in Southern Brazil. The treatments consisted of different land uses and periods of pig and poultry litter fertilization: silage maize (M7 years), silage maize (M20 years), annual ryegrass pasture (P3 years), annual ryegrass pasture (P15 years), perennial pasture (PP20 years), yerba mate tea (Mt20 years), native forest (NF), and native pasture without manure application (P0). The 0-5, 5-10 and 10-20 cm soil layers were sampled and analyzed for total organic carbon, total nitrogen and soil physical properties such as density, porosity, aggregation, degree of flocculation, and penetration resistance. The organic carbon levels in the cultivated areas treated with organic fertilizer were even lower than in native forest soil. The organic fertilizers and studied management systems reduced the flocculation degree of the clay particles, and low macroporosity was observed in some areas. Despite these changes, a good soil physical structure was maintained, e.g., soil density and resistance to penetration were below the critical limits, whereas aggregate stability was high, which is important to reduce water erosion in these areas with rugged terrain in western Santa Catarina, used for pig and poultry farming.

As fraturas isoladas do processo transverso são consideradas lesões menores. Em geral, são causadas por trauma direto ou avulsão resultante da contração muscular. Radiografias simples são pouco sensíveis para a detecção dessas fraturas, portanto a verdadeira frequência dessas fraturas pode ser subestimada. Com o advento da tomografia computadorizada (TC) helicoidal, tem aumentado à frequência dessa lesão. GS, 53 anos, masculino. Vítima de sequestro e colocado no porta-malas do carro. No setor de emergência, apresentou queixa de dores generalizadas, mais intensa na região lombar. Exame neurológico: normal. Rx simples de abdome: normal. Tomografia da coluna lombar: fratura do processo transverso esquerdo de L5. Tratamento conservador, com evolução satisfatória. Apesar de ser considerada um traumatismo leve, a fratura do processo transverso da vértebra lombar ocorre como resultado de forças intensas. Geralmente, está associado com lesão de vísceras abdominais ou geniturinárias. Seu diagnóstico tem sido feito por meio de exame de TC helicoidal. Seu tratamento inicial é conservador. Fraturas do processo transverso das vértebras lombares cada vez mais têm sido diagnosticadas. Existe associação com lesões de vísceras abdominais e geniturinárias. O tratamento inicial é conservador e cursa com bom prognóstico.

ABSTRACT Studies of the successive application of manure as fertilizer and its combined effect with long-term soil management systems are important to the identification of the interdependence of physical attributes. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in the physical properties of a Rhodic Kandiudox under management systems employing successive applications of pig slurry and poultry litter, and select physical indicators that distinguish these systems using canonical discriminant analysis (CDA). The systems consisting of treatments including land use, management and the application time of organic fertilizers are described as follows: silage maize under no-tillage (NT-M7 years); silage maize under conventional tillage (CT-M20 years); annual pasture with chisel plowing (CP-P3 years); annual pasture with chisel plowing (CP-P15 years); perennial pasture without tillage (NT-PP20 years); and no-tillage yerba mate (NT-YM20 years) and were compared with native forest (NF) and native pasture (NP). Soil samples were collected from the layers at the following depths: 0.0-0.05, 0.05-0.10, and 0.10-0.20 m, and were analyzed for bulk density, porosity, aggregation, flocculation, penetration resistance, water availability and total clay content. Canonical discriminant analysis was an important tool in the study of physical indicators of soil quality. Organic fertilization, along with soil management, influences soil structure and its porosity. Total porosity was the most important physical property in the distinction of areas with management systems and application times of manure for the 0.0-0.05 and 0.10-0.20 m layers. Soil aeration and micropores differentiated areas in the 0.05-0.10 m layer. Animal trampling and machinery traffic were the main factors inducing compaction of this clayey soil.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe occurrences of mortality due to cervical cancer in Recife (PE), in northeastern Brazil. Method: This was a time-series ecological study using data from the Mortality Information System (SIM) regarding the total number of deaths due to cervical cancer (C53 ICD10) that occurred between 2000 and 2012. Results: It was observed that the risk of death due to this form of cancer was higher among women over 60 years of age, those of mixed skin color (53.24%), those who only worked at home (63.16%) and those who did not have a partner (44.32%). Conclusion: Additional efforts towards maintaining early detection and health education programs and towards using therapeutic strategies of greater efficiency are needed, given that mortality due to this form of cancer is considered avoidable when diagnosed early.

ABSTRACT The injection of nitrogen sources into the soil and use of nitrification inhibitor can improve the efficiency of applied nitrogen and minimize losses to the environment. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of swine slurry (SS) and urea in two modes of application in the soil (injected and surface), and the use of nitrification inhibitor on NH3 volatilization in a controlled environment, upon varying soil texture and soil pH conditions. The experiment was conducted under controlled conditions, or a Rhodic Kandiudox and Typic Hapludult soil in a completely randomized design in a 4 x 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design with three replications. The study evaluated four fertilizers (urea, SS, SS +nitrification inhibitor (dicyandiamide-DCD) and control), two pH conditions (natural and limed) and two forms of fertilizer application (injected and surface), and two soils. The SS rate used was 21 m3 ha-1, and the rate of the inhibitor was 10 kg ha-1. The evaluations consisted in daily accumulated ammonia volatilization up to 14 days, and the percentage of soil nitrogen loss. The injection of fertilizers reduced emissions of ammonia in both soils and, limed soil had higher N losses by volatilization. The inhibitor did not increase the emission of ammonia in both soils.

Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) may be associated with a wide range of hepatobiliary manifestations. This study aimed to characterize the spectrum of hepatobiliary disorders in patients with IBD who underwent liver biopsy for sustained abnormal liver function tests (LFT)., Method: A retrospective study was performed of all patients with IBD who underwent liver biopsy between January 2010 and December 2020 for sustained abnormal LFT (at least 6-month duration)., Results: A total of 101 patients were included, mostly male (62.4%), with a mean age of 44.4±13.3 years. The most common IBD type was Crohn's disease (61.4%). Median time interval between abnormal LFT and biopsy was 14 (7-36) months. Abnormal LFT was predominantly hepatocellular in 40 patients (39.6%), cholestatic in 26 (25.7%) and mixed in 35 (34.7%). The most frequent diseases were nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in 33 patients (32.7%), drug-induced liver disease (DILI) in 30 (29.7%), autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) in 13 (12.9%) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) in 13 (12.9%). Three patients had primary biliary cholangitis. Remarkably, 70 patients (69.3%) already had fibrosis by the time of liver biopsy and in 6 (5.9%) liver disease was already detected in the stage of cirrhosis., Conclusions: Abnormal LFT in IBD patients had a wide range of etiologies and histology was often essential for reaching a correct diagnosis. NAFLD, DILI, AIH and PSC were the most common diagnoses and patients often presented in cirrhotic stage. Therefore, liver biopsy must be considered early in IBD patients with unexplained sustained abnormal LFT., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: None, (Copyright: © Hellenic Society of Gastroenterology.)

Background: Capsule endoscopy (CE) is the first line for evaluation of patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. A wide range of small intestinal vascular lesions with different hemorrhagic potential are frequently found in these patients. Nevertheless, reading CE exams is time-consuming and prone to errors. Convolutional neural networks (CNN) are artificial intelligence tools with high performance levels in image analysis. This study aimed to develop a CNN-based model for identification and differentiation of vascular lesions with distinct hemorrhagic potential in CE images., Methods: The development of the CNN was based on a database of CE images. This database included images of normal small intestinal mucosa, red spots, and angiectasia/varices. The hemorrhagic risk was assessed by Saurin's classification. For CNN development, 11,588 images (9525 normal mucosa, 1026 red spots, and 1037 angiectasia/varices) were ultimately extracted. Two image datasets were created for CNN training and testing., Results: The network was 91.8% sensitive and 95.9% specific for detection of vascular lesions, providing accurate predictions in 94.4% of cases. In particular, the CNN had a sensitivity and specificity of 97.1% and 95.3%, respectively, for detection of red spots. Detection of angiectasia/varices occurred with a sensitivity of 94.1% and a specificity of 95.1%. The CNN had a frame reading rate of 145 frames/sec., Conclusions: The developed algorithm is the first CNN-based model to accurately detect and distinguish enteric vascular lesions with different hemorrhagic risk. CNN-assisted CE reading may improve the diagnosis of these lesions and overall CE efficiency., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: None, (Copyright: © Hellenic Society of Gastroenterology.)

Lymphadenopathy is a benign finding in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), commonly seen in young patients with cutaneous involvement and constitutional symptoms, with good response to corticosteroids. Reactive follicular hyperplasia is the most frequent finding in biopsies. We report the case of a patient with recurrent episodes of lymphadenopathy associated with hepatosplenomegaly, fever, and weight loss since the age of 13 years. The patient also developed arthritis, hypertension, proteinuria, cardiomyopathy, and peripheral neuropathy. His condition was investigated extensively without diagnostic clarification; he was treated, empirically, for tuberculosis. The patient received a diagnosis of SLE only five years after the original presentation and received the specific treatment. Early diagnosis in those cases is difficult because laboratory exams may not show the presence of auto-antibodies and low complement levels.

Juvenile scleroderma is a rare childhood condition characterized by fibrosis of the skin and internal organs. Clinical manifestations of childhood scleroderma are different from adult disease and early recognition, correct classification and treatment can improve long-term outcome. This review explores the most recent actualizations on clinical manifestations, classification criteria, treatment options and prognosis of juvenile scleroderma. There are two main forms of the disease: localized scleroderma and systemic sclerosis. Localized scleroderma is the most common form in children and mostly restricted to the skin. Juvenile diffuse systemic sclerosis is related to visceral involvement and cardiac disease which is the main cause of death in these patients. The outcome of juvenile systemic sclerosis is better compared with the adult form. Treatment remains a medical challenge and the EULAR task force proposed an approach to juvenile scleroderma treatment based on expert's opinion and guidelines used for the treatment of adults. Larger studies on childhood scleroderma are warranted.