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Evidence is reported of an upward mutarotation during hydrolysis of cellopentaose by Myrothecium verrucaria cellulase. It is concluded that reducing groups are liberated in β-configuration.

Indonesia has been known as a country with high medicinal plant diversity. One of the most common medicinal plant from Indonesia is red ginger ( Zingiber officinale Rosc.). Nevertheless, limited studies of endophytic fungi associated with these medicinal plants are hitherto available. The objectives of this research were to study the diversity of endophytic fungi on red ginger and to analyze their potential as a source of antifungal agent. All parts of plant organs such as leaf, rhizome, root, and stem were subjected for isolation. Fungal identification was carried out by using a combination of morphological characteristic and molecular analysis of DNA sequence generated from ITS rDNA region. Thirty endophytic fungi were successfully isolated from leaf, rhizome, root, and stem of red ginger plant. Antagonistic activity was tested against Fusarium oxysporum , a pathogenic fungus on plants, using an antagonistic assay. Based on this approach, the fungi were assigned as Acremonium macroclavatum, Beltraniella sp . , Cochliobolus geniculatus and its anamorphic stage Curvularia affinis, Fusarium solani, Glomerella cingulata, and its anamorphic stage Colletotrichum gloeosporoides, Lecanicillium kalimantanense , Myrothecium verrucaria, Neonectria punicea , Periconia macrospinosa, Rhizopycnis vagum, and Talaromyces assiutensis . R. vagum was found specifically on root whereas C. affinis , L. kalimantanense , and M. verrucaria were found on stem of red ginger plant. A. macroclavatum was found specifically in red ginger plant’s organ which located under the ground, whereas C. affinis was found from shoot or organ which located above the ground. The antagonistic activity of isolated endophytic fungi against F. oxysporum varied with the inhibition value range from 1.4 to 68.8%. C. affinis (JMbt7), F. solani (JMd14), and G. cingulata (JMr2) had significantly high antagonistic activity with the value above 65%; and R. vagum (JMa4) and C. geniculatus (JMbt9) had significantly low antagonistic activity with the range value 0-10%.

Verrucarol was obtained from a simple procedure that involved the hydrolysis of a crude extract of a culture of Myrothecium verrucaria ATCC 24571.

(1981). A New Enzyme “Bilirubin Oxidase” Produced by Myrothecium verrucaria MT-1. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry: Vol. 45, No. 10, pp. 2383-2384.

THE cellulase activity of culture filtrates of the mould Myrothecium verrucaria (Alb. and Schw.) Ditm. ex Fr. has been variously attributed to: (i) a single hydrolytic enzyme1 which, inter alia, is homogeneous in free-boundary electrophoresis at pH 7; (ii) at least two and possibly three hydrolytic enzymes which migrate at different rates under the same conditions of electrophoresis2; and (iii) an enzyme, C 1, of unspecified function which enables cellulose to be further degraded by C x, a group of enzymes characterized by hydrolytic activity towards carboxymethylcellulose3, which can be resolved4 into at least eight components by zone electrophoresis at pH 7. Other controversies centre on the specificity of the enzyme(s) with respect to the chain-length of cellulose and its hydrolysis products and involve certain other enzymes as well. The need to resolve these controversies prompts us to report some procedures which enable the electrophoretic homogeneity and substrate specificity of cellulases to be tested simultaneously.

THE isolation of bacterial1 and fungal protoplasts2,3 following the use of enzymes digesting the cell wall suggested that protoplasts might be obtained from plant cells by treatment with cellulase. Root tips of tomato seedlings (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill. var. Sutton's ‘Best of All’) were selected for investigation, and a fungal cellulase obtained from Myrothecium verrucaria 4 (kindly supplied by Dr. D. R. Whitaker, National Research Council, Canada) was employed.

CONFLICTING views are held on the multiple nature of cellulase of M. verrucaria. Paper and column chromatography1,2, zone electrophoresis3 and electrophoresis-convection4 of crude preparations of the cellulase indicated the multiple nature of this enzyme system. On the other hand, by fractionating the cellulase by precipitation techniques, Whitaker5 obtained a preparation homogeneous in the ultra centrifuge and on electrophoresis, which exhibited all the activities tested of the crude enzyme concentrated in about the same ratios. He maintains that 1,4-β-linked oligo- and poly-glucosides are hydrolysed by one enzyme6 which possibly forms stable complexes with metabolic products, thus giving rise to a number of components with cellulolytic activity6,7.

clover and 36 alfalfa roots inoculated Leath, K. T., and Kendall, W. A. 1983. Myrothecium roridum and M. verrucaria pathogenic to with each isolate. Evaluations of rot roots of red clover and alfalfa. Plant Disease 67:1154-1155. symptoms and root elongation were made 6 days after inoculation. SlantMyrothecium roridum and M. verrucaria were associated with rot sites on roots of field-grown red board cultures were maintained in a clover and alfalfa. Both species of Myrothecium caused root rot of red clover and alfalfa in growth chamber with a 14-hr photope controlled inoculations with or without wounding. No differences in cultivar responses were detected. Chlorosis, purpling of leaflet margins, and death of leaves and petioles occurred on (fluorescent and incandescent light at 300 inoculated plants but Myrothecium spp. could only be recovered from diseased roots. These fungi #E/m-/see-) at 25 ± 1 C and a 10-hr should be considered as additional causal agents in the root-rot complex of red clover and alfalfa. dark period at 15 ± 1 C. The severed-taproot pathogenicity test

The mold previously known as Metarrhizium glutinosum Pope has recently been shown to be identical with the well-established species Myrothecium verrucaria (Alb. & Schw.) Ditm. ex Fr. A strain of “M...

The antifungal antibiotic glutinosin is shown to consist essentially of a mixture of verrucarins A and B. Similar mixtures are produced by several strains of Myrothecium verrucaria and M. roridum.

HEATED cellulase of Myrothecium verrucaria 1 degrades the amyloid of Tamarindus indica to a product which by means of paper chromatography (applying butanol/pyridine/water/benzene (5 : 3.2 : 3 : 0.45) as a solvent and developing for a week) appears to contain at least eight oligosaccharides, three of them occurring as the main products. These three oligosaccharides, A, B and C, could be shown to be a hepta-, an octa- and a nona-saccharide respectively, and are composed of 4 glucose residues, 3 xylose residues and 0, 1 and 2 galactose residues respectively. They are liberated in a molar ratio of roughly 2 : 5 : 6. The three oligosaccharides constitute a homologous series; this was confirmed by the facts that: (1) the values of log R F/(1 − R F) lie on a straight line when plotted against degree of polymerization1, and (2) the values of [M]n/n, when plotted against (n − 1)/n, lie on a straight line as well2.