Search

Schizorchis arfaai sp. n. is described from the wood-mouse in the Caspian area of Iran and its morphological characteristics compared with those of the five previously known species of Schizorchis Hansen, 1948.

Gross and histopathologic changes due to infection with Progamotaenia festiva and P. effigia in the bile ducts of the marsupials, Macropus rufus, M. giganteus, M. fuliginosus, Lagorchestes conspicillatus, Vombatus ursinus and Lasiorhinus latifrons are described. The integrity of the bile duct mucosa was not impaired but varying degrees of hyperplasia and hypertrophy of mucosa and mucosal glands, inflammatory infiltration and fibrosis were found. Portal fibrosis was the prominent reaction in Lasiorhinus latifrons. Reduced prevalence of cestode infection was recorded in two populations of M. giganteus in which Fasciola hepatica also was recovered.

Cysticercoids of the sheep tapeworm Moniezia expansa have been grown in oribatid mites in the laboratory. Three species of mite became infected: Xenillus tegeocranus, Platynothrus peltifer and Euzetes globulus, the latter not previously recorded as a host of anoplocephalines. Cysticercoids aged 15 and 28 weeks were examined with the electron microscope. Four distinct types of cells were found in the 15-week cysticercoid. Subsequent cyst development involves a transformation from a cellular to a mainly fibrous structure. The fibres, arranged in three layers, resemble collagen fibres described elsewhere. The outer epidermis of the cyst is replaced by an amorphous, electron-dense outer coat whose nature is unknown. The inner part of the cyst becomes condensed to a myelin-like structure. The scolex develops features characteristic of the adult tapeworm.

A cestode, identified as Bertiella studeri, was obtained after therapy from a 5-year-old boy at Mankato, Minnesota. This case is apparently the first autochthonous infection of man by an anoplocephaline cestode reported in North America. The specimen is described and compared with specimens of B. studeri from a Rhesus monkey in Hamburg, Germany and a cotype of B. mucronata from the Helminthological Collection of the U.S. National Museum. Specificity in the genus Bertiella is discussed. (Author)

A rseniate of tin (AsO 4 HSn, 1/2 H 2 O) is completely efficacious in the destruction of M. expansa , M. benedeni , S. globipunctata and A. centripunctata of sheep. Two types of dosing are required following deprivation of water for 12 hours before and 4 hours after treatment. One dose of 250 mg per head in the case of M. expansa and 350 mg per head in the case of infestation with Anoplocephalidae spp. with the exclusion of S. hepatica . In the latter case complete starvation for 20 hours before and 4 hours after administration of the drug is essential. This drug does not cause abortion in pregnant ewes; the increase in weight is very rapid and an infected flock is reconditioned in record time. In a tropical environment this product is to be handled with extreme care, particularly in the larger dosage during the period May to November on account of the unfavourable climatic conditions, but in the dry season from November to April, its presents no danger. The lethal dose is around 2 to 2.5 g giving a chemotherapeutic coefficient of 8-9 with the smaller dose and of 6 with the larger. The me at of animals treated with this product is fit for consumption in 5-6 days after treatment.

Background The cloacal tapeworm Cloacotaenia megalops (Hymenolepididae) is one of the most common cestode parasites of domestic and wild ducks worldwide. However, limited information is available regarding its epidemiology, biology, genetics and systematics. This study provides characterisation of the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of C. megalops. Methods The complete mt genome of C. megalops was obtained by long PCR, sequenced and annotated. Results The length of the entire mt genome of C. megalops is 13,887 bp; it contains 12 protein-coding, 2 ribosomal RNA and 22 transfer RNA genes, but lacks an atp8 gene. The mt gene arrangement of C. megalops is identical to that observed in Anoplocephala magna and A. perfoliata (Anoplocephalidae), Dipylidium caninum (Dipylidiidae) and Hymenolepis diminuta (Hymenolepididae), but differs from that reported in taeniids owing to the position shift between the tRNA (L1) and tRNA (S2) genes. The phylogenetic position of C. megalops was inferred using Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods based on the concatenated amino acid data for 12 protein-coding genes. Phylogenetic trees showed that C. megalops is sister to Anoplocephala spp. (Anoplocephalidae) + Pseudanoplocephala crawfordi + Hymenolepis spp. (Hymenolepididae) indicating that the family Hymenolepididae is paraphyletic. Conclusions The complete mt genome of C. megalops is sequenced. Phylogenetic analyses provided an insight into the phylogenetic relationships among the families Anoplocephalidae, Hymenolepididae, Dipylidiidae and Taeniidae. This novel genomic information also provides the opportunity to develop useful genetic markers for studying the molecular epidemiology, biology, genetics and systematics of C. megalops. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1782-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

A revision was performed of the material of tapeworm Moniezia trigonophora Stiles et Hassall, 1893, the finding of which in the territory of the Czech Republic in the host Rupicapra rupicapra (L., 1758) was mentioned by Lamka et al. (2007a, b).After the revision of the material the species M. trigonophora is not a parasite of R. rupicapra in the Czech Republic but tapeworms from M. benedeni species complex parasitize this host in Lusatian Mountains (compare in Kotrlý and Kotrla-Erhardova, 1970).

Summary The activity of cholinesterase was determined separately in the mature and gravid proglottids of Thysaniezia giardi and its significance is discussed. The mean values of the enzyme in mature and gravid proglottids were respectively 225.60 ± 28.55 and 75.00 ± 11.64 units per gram of wet weight.

La présente étude passe en revue les Cestodes de la famille des Anoplocephalidae recueillis entre 1954 et 1972 chez les antilopes et chez les buffles (au total 314) d'Afrique centrale (République Centrafricaine, Tchad, Nord Cameroun). Onze espèces différentes ont été inventoriées. Stilesia hepatica, l'agent de la stilesiose hépatique, affecte un animal sur huit. On le trouve principalement chez l'hippotrague (85 p. 100) et le waterbuck (68 p. 100), plus rarement chez le redunca et le cob de Buffon (10 p. 100). Le téniasis intestinal est à base de Stilesia globipunctata, d'Avitellina (surtout centripunctata), de Moniezia et de Thysaniezia ovilla. Il frappe un ruminant sur cinq. La plupart des espèces sont atteintes dans des proportions variables avec, parfois, des taux élevés (de 40 à 70 p. 100) notamment chez la gazelle dama, l'ourébi, le céphalophe couronné, l'oryx et l'hippotrague. Les auteurs donnent quelques renseignements sur la répartition géographique de ces Cestodes, ainsi que sur leur rôle pathogène qui, sauf exception, paraît peu important. Ils comparent le téniasis des ruminants domestiques et le téniasis des ruminants sauvages de cette région d'Afrique

(1977). Bertiella trichosuri Khalil (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae) in opossums (Trichosurus vulpecula) from northern Taranaki. New Zealand Journal of Zoology: Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 95-95.

Inermicapsifer beveridgei n. sp. from Procavia capensis differs from all other species in the genus in having 150-174 testes per segment. The closest species is I. hyracis (Rudolphi, 1810) Janicki, 1919, with 75-120 testes. Hymenolepis vogeae Singh, 1956 and H. horrida (Linstow, 1901) Luhe, 1910, are briefly discussed.

Pikas, Ochotona hyperborea (Lagomorpha: Ochotonidae), were collected at six localities in northeastern Siberia (Magadansk Oblast') and examined for helminths. Cestodes of the genus Schizorchis (Anoplocephalidae) were found at two localities. Schizorchis yamashitai is reported for the first time from the Eurasian continent, and S. ryzhikovi n. sp. is described. In addition, S. nepalensis n. sp. is described from 0. roylei in Nepal. The relationships and zoogeography of these cestodes are discussed. The mammalian genus Ochotona Link (Lagomorpha: Ochotonidae) is represented in the Nearctic by two species, and in the Palaearctic by approximately 17 (cf. Honacki et al., 1982). As a group, pikas have a distinctive helminth fauna, composed mainly of host-specific genera. Of three such genera of cestodes, only one, Schizorchis Hansen, 1948, is known to be polytypic, with two species each in North America and Eurasia. One palaearctic species, S. yamashitai Rausch, 1963, is known only from Ochotona hyperborea (Pallas) on the island of Hokkaido. The second, S. altaica Gvozdev, 1951, has been reported from pikas of various species on the Eurasian continent. However, discrepancies in the descriptions of cestodes identified as S. altaica suggest that more than one species is involved. Fieldwork undertaken by us in northeastern Siberia during four years (197577 and 1979) provided the opportunity to collect pikas at various localities, and from these animals, we obtained cestodes representing two species of Schizorchis. The availability of additional comparative material permitted a reassessment of taxa occurring in Eurasian pikas, including cestodes from Ochotona roylei (Ogilby), from Nepal, identified tentatively by Rausch & Ohbayashi (1974) as S. altaica. The results of this work are reported in the present paper, and two additional species of Schizorchis are described. 1 Publication costs, in part, are being met by a grant from the Spencer-Tolles Fund of the American Microscopical Society. 2 Fieldwork in northeastern Siberia was carried out under the U.S.A./U.S.S.R. Environmental Protection Treaty, Area V, Subproject A-3, Diseases and Parasites of Wildlife. Logistic support in the Soviet Union was provided by the Institute of Biological Problems of the North, Far-Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R., Magadan, under the direction of Dr. V. L. Kontrimavichus. 3 Present address: Gor'kii Institute of Veterinary Research, Gor'kii N2, U.S.S.R. TRANS. AM. MICROSC. Soc., 103(2): 144-156. 1984. ? Copyright, 1984, by the American Microscopical Society, Inc. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.159 on Fri, 09 Dec 2016 05:19:02 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms VOL. 103, NO. 2, APRIL 1984 MATERIALS AND METHODS With the exception of the specimens from Ochotona roylei, which had been preserved in situ, the cestodes were allowed to relax in water, fixed in a hot solution of 10% formalin, stained in acetic carmine or hematoxylin, dehydrated, and cleared in terpineol. After removal to xylene, the tegument and underlying muscle layers were removed from part or all of one strobilar surface of selected specimens, which then were mounted permanently. Also, some previously mounted cestodes were removed from the slides, rehydrated and restained if necessary, and similarly processed. Comparative material consisted of the following: Schizorchis ochotonae Hansen, 1948 from Ochotona princeps (Richardson), near Jackson, Wyoming, 2; S. altaica Gvozdev, 1951 from 0. rutila (Severtsov), Kazakhstan (leg. E. V. Gvozdev), 2; S. caballeroi Rausch, 1960 from 0. collaris (Nelson), various localities in Alaska, 20, and from 0. princeps, Lane County, Oregon (leg. C. Maser), 2; and S. yamashitai Rausch, 1963 from 0. hyperborea, Lake Shikaribetsu, Hokkaido, 7.

The taxonomic status of the anoplocephalid cestode parasites of Australian marsupials is reviewed. All are referred to the family Anoplocephalidae Kholodkovskii, 1902, five genera occurring in the subfamily Anoplocephalinae Blanchard, 1891, and one genus in a new subfamily, Triplotaeniinae. The species Bertiella aberrata Nybelin, 1917; B. undulata Nybelin, 1917; B. pseudochiri Nybelin, 1917; B. pellucida Nybeiin, 1917; B. obesa (Zschokke, 18983; and B. trichosuri Khail, 1910, are redescribed, and to them are added B. petaurina, sp. nov., B. foederata, sp. nov., and B. mawsonae, sp. nov. The genus Parabertiella Nybelin, 1917, with its single species P. campanulata Nybelin, 1917, is upheld and redescribed. The species Progamotaenia bancrofti Johnston, 1912; P. diaphana (Zschokke, 1907); P. ewersi (Schmidt, 1975); P. festiva (Rudolphi, 1819); P. lagorchestis (Lewis, 1914); and P. zschokkei (Janicki, 1906) are redescribed and to them are added P. macropodis, sp. nov., P. aepyprymni, sp. nov., and P. effigia, sp. nov. Fuhrmannodes proterogyna (Fuhrmann, 1933) is redescribed and the genus reduced to a synonym of Progamotaenia. Fuhrmannodes talboti Schmidt, 1975, becomes a synonym of P. proterogyna. Cittotaenia villosa Lewis, 1914, is also redescribed and placed within the genus Progamotaenia. Phascolotaenia comani, gen. et sp. nov., is described and the genus defined. The genus Paramoniezia Mapleston A Southwell, 1923, is redefined and Paramoniezia johnstoni, sp. nov., referred to it. The validity of Triplotaenia mirabilis Boas, 1902, is established and the genus referred to a new subfamily, Triplotaeniinae. Two further species T. fimbriata, sp. nov., and T. undosa, sp. nov., are added to the genus. Keys to the described species are provided. The evolution of the Australian anoplocephalids is discussed with reference to previously published hypotheses. A host-parasite list for anoplocephalids of Australian diprotodont marsupials is given.

Three species of cestodes recovered from tree shrews, Tupaia glis, were identified as Spar- ganum sp., Hymenolepis diminuta, and Tupaiataenia quentini gen. et sp. n. The new genus is differen- tiated from Mathevotaenia, Markewitchitaenia and Atriotaenia by being craspedote, possessing a large seminal receptacle, the presence of a hermaphroditic canal leading into the genital atrium, and by having two opposable, muscular lappets on the anterior margin of each sucker. This report is based on specimens found in tree shrews during routine necropsies at the Delta Regional Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana. The hosts were pur- chased from a dealer in Thailand and prob- ably originated there. The only record of a cestode from any Tupaia is that of Houdemer (1938) who reported spargana of Diphyllo- bothrium mansoni in T. tonquinea. We also found spargana in some of our animals. The worms were fixed in 10% formalin and stained with Semichon's carmine. Mea- surements are in micrometers unless other- wise stated, and were made of the 10 best specimens. Twenty-four mature cestodes recovered from five tree shrews represent a species new to science, and are sufficiently distinct to form the basis of a new genus.

Monoecocestus thomasi sp. n. (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae), from the northern flying squirrel, Glaucomys sabrinus (Shaw), in Oregon, is described and distinguished from its congeners. Monoecocestus thomasi is the sixth species of Monoecocestus to be described from nearctic rodents, and the first from a member of the family Sciuridae. Our comparisons of taxonomic characters of the nominal species of Monoecocestus in North American rodents have shown that M. giganticus Buhler 1970 is a synonym of M. americanus (Stiles 1895), both from the porcupine, Erethizon dorsatum (Linnaeus). Insemination in Monoecocestus ssp. is discussed, with the conclusion that it takes place only by way of the vagina in early immature segments.

A description is given of the oribatid mite Zygoribatula floridana n. sp. collected from goat pastures in northcentral Florida. This species carries Moniezia expansa (Rudolphi) (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae) cysticercoids. A list is given of all species currently classified in Zygoribatula Berlese along with holotype habitat and locality.

Nitrogen and amino acid analyses were performed on acid hydrolysates of seven species of cestodes (Taenia pisiformis, Hydatigera taeniaeformis, Taeniarhynchus saginatum, Raillietina cesticillus, Dipylidium caninum, Moniezia expansa, Raillietina cesticillus, and Hymenolepis diminuta). The three taenid species had significantly more nitrogen than the other four. Certain species were distinguishable from all the others by one significantly abundant amino acid. Comparative biochemical studies on animals have begun to shed additional light on taxonomic relationships (Johnson and Wicks, 1959; Sibley, 1962). In the main, these studies have utilized electrophoretic analysis of proteins from serum or from eggs. In the present study, extension of this chemical classification has involved the quantitative comparison of a-amino acids released by acid hydrolysis of whole body proteins from seven species of cestodes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Freeze-dried samples of six species of tapeworms were obtained from Dr. I. G. Kagan, Communicable Disease Center, Atlanta, Georgia. Three weighed samples of each of these worms and of 28-day-old, freeze-dried Hynenolepis diminuta from Wistar strain rats were hydrolyzed in 6 N HC1 in vacuo at 110 C for 24 hr. Amino acids in dried hydrolysates were determined quantitatively by ion exchange chromatography using sulfonated styrene-8% divinylbenzene copolymer resin columns as described in a previous paper (Goodchild and Dennis, 1965). Nitrogen determinations were performed on hydrolysates by the nesslerization method of Lang (1958). Data were analyzed statistically using Student's "t" test for probability of significance of difference between means. OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS Means and their standard errors for per cent nitrogen in the seven species of tapeworms (Taenia pisiformis, Hydatigera taeniaeformis, Taeniarhynchus saginatum, Dipylidium caninum, Moniezia expansa, Raillietina cesticillus, and Hymenolepis diminuta) are given in Table I. The first three species, representing the family Taeniidae, had significantly more nitrogen than any of the other cyclophyllideans, representing the families DipyReceived for publication 16 August 1965. * This investigation was supported in part by a research grant (PHS-E795) from the NIAID of the NIH, PHS. lidiidae, Anoplocephalidae, Davaineidae, and Hymenolepididae, respectively. No significant difference in nitrogen was noted among the species in these four families. Table I also shows the means and standard error of the mean for per cent of ammonia and 17 amino acids in the seven species of tapeworms. Three species could be distinguished from the others by one significantly abundant amino acid: proline in H. taeniaeformis, alanine in T. saginatum, and histidine in H. diminuta.

In a recent paper (Rausch, 1947) the muskrat, Ondatra z. zibethica Linnaeus, was reported as the host for a cestode of the genus Andrya Railliet, 1883. Subsequent study has shown that this cestode differs from any of the previously described species, and it is described herein as new. The material studied was taken from a muskrat collected on November 20, 1944, on upper Walnut Creek, Morrow County, Ohio. Only a single specimen was obtained. All other adult cestodes taken from muskrats in this area were Hymenolepis evaginata Barker and Andrews, in Barker, 1915 (Rausch, 1946). Since the writer has available information concerning the helminths of something over 200 muskrats from the North Central States, and since Andrya has not been previously reported from the muskrat the chances of securing additional material seem indeed slight. Therefore, the following description of Andrya ondatrae n. sp. is based on a single, complete specimen, unusually well stained with Semichon's acetic carmine. Serial sections were not made, and all details can be determined from the whole-mount.

Examination of tapeworms from prairie rattlesnakes, Crotalus viridis, collected in Weld Co., Colorado (Sec. 16, T 2N, R 64W), were identified as Oochoristica osheroffi Meggitt, 1934. In an effort to determine the intermediate host of the cestode, gravid proglottids were fed to adult flour beetles, Tribolium confusum Duv., migratory grasshoppers, Conozoa wallula (Scudder), and two-striped grasshoppers, Melanoplus bivittatus (Say). Cysticercoids were subsequently obtained from the hemocoels of all three species. The developmental stages of 0. osheroffi in confused flour beetles were studied and compared with those of 0. vacuolata and 0. deserti. Development to the cysticercoid stage took 10 days when the beetles were kept at 30 C and 15 days at 25 C. Eight rattlesnakes negative for 0. osheroffi were fed migratory grasshoppers which had been fed gravid proglottids of 0. osheroffi. After 21 to 56 days, immature tapeworms were recovered from all eight snakes. It is suggested that 0. osheroffi may be transmitted directly when the snakes eat infected arthropods or indirectly when they eat rodents or lizards which have just fed on infected arthropods. In spite of the activities of predators, prairie rattlesnakes, Crotalus viridis Rafinesque, 1818, are still present in large numbers on the plains east of the Colorado Rocky Mountains. C. viridis is the most common crotalid species in Colorado. Although general studies have been conducted on rattlesnakes, their helminth parasites apparently have not received much

While studying the intestinal parasites of the barren-ground caribou (Rangifer arcticus arcticus) a species of the genus Avitellina was found, which appeared to closely resemble the published description of A. arctica Kolmakov, 1938. Species of this genus have been reported from Italy, southeastern Europe, north and south Africa, India and Russia, where they are fairly common parasites of ruminant hosts. However, the writer was unable to find any previous records of this genus from the western hemisphere. This, therefore, represents a new record of this genus in North America.

An examination of oribateid mites from cattle pastures in south-east Queensland showed Zygoribatula longiporosa Hammer to be the only species infested with cysticercoids. By feeding a number of these mites from a cattle pasture to a worm-free calf, the cysticercoids proved to be those of Moniezia benedeni (Moniez 1879). Cysticercoids of a similar type were also found in Z. longiporosa collected from a sheep pasture.

Schizorchis yamashitai sp. n., from the northern pika in Hokkaido, is described and its morphological characteristics compared with those of the three previously known species of Schizorchis Hansen, 1948. The zoogeography of Schizorchis spp. in pikas is briefly discussed. Three species of cestodes, all from pikas, Ochotona spp. (Lagomorpha:Ochotonidae) are recognized in the genus Schizorchis Hansen, 1948. S. ochotonae Hansen, 1948, and S. caballeroi Rausch, 1960 are known from North America; while S. altaica Gvozdev, 1951, occurs in eastern Eurasia. Since the cestodes of this genus are highly host specific, additional species might be expected in other Palearctic regions where the helminth fauna of pikas has not been investigated. The geographically isolated populations of the northern pika Ochotona hyperborea Pallas on the islands of Hokkaido and Sakhalin are especially interesting from this standpoint. While collecting mammals in northern Japan during July to August 1962, I secured five specimens of O. hyperborea yesoensis Kishida in central Hokkaido. This paper describes a new species of Schizorchis found in three of these animals. The cestode is named in honor of Professor Jiro Yamashita, Head of the Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, who provided laboratory space and invaluable assistance in connection with the field work in Japan. The material consisted of eight cestodes, of which six possessed gravid segments. One specimen, stained with 2% methyl-greenpyronin, was partially dissected; the others were stained with Semichon's acetic carmine or Ehrlich's acid hematoxylin and mounted in toto. Received for publication 1 October 1962. Schizorchis yamashitai sp. n. (Figs. 1 to 3) (All measurements in millimeters.) Diagnosis: Strobila 100 to 185 long, with as many as 338 segments; maximum width, 3.5 to 3.75, attained in gravid segments. Strobila widens abruptly just posterior to scolex, gradually increasing in width through about one-fifth of its length; thereafter, strobilar width essentially uniform. All segments wider than long; mature segments with length/width ratio of about 1:6; gravid segments, about 1:3. Gravid segments somewhat arched in dorsoventral view. Margins of strobila slightly serrate, with serrations more strongly defined toward posterior end of strobila. Scolex small and weakly developed, from 0.236 to 0.250 in width; suckers about 0.085 in diameter. Unsegmented neck very short or lacking. Accessory longitudinal excretory canals numerous. Genital pores irregularly alternate, situated in posterior half of segmental margin. Genital primordia appear very early; that of ovary visible within 1 mm of scolex, and those of male genital organs within 10 mm. Genital ducts dorsal to longitudinal excretory canals. Cirrus sac elongate, 0.286 to 0.428 long by 0.042 to 0.064 in maximum width (average 0.344 by 0.052) in mature segments; diameter greatest near distal end. Cirrus sac infrequently extending anteromediad as far as lateral margin of poral ventral excretory canal. Everted cirrus protruding about 0.130, with diameter of about 0.025; spines present. Internal seminal vesicle ovoid and small, situated in proximal portion of cirrus sac; external seminal vesicle much coiled, extending mediad from cirrus sac to level of ovary. Testes subspherical, averaging 0.050 in diameter in mature segments, and numbering 34 to 53 per segment (average 44). Testes distributed across segment near posterior margin and not separated into two discrete lateral groups; usually confluent posterior and dorsal to vitelline gland as best seen in postmature segments. Testes never extending laterally 479 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.104 on Mon, 20 Jun 2016 06:38:34 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 480 THE JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY Vol. 49, No. 3

A total of sixty-two specimens of the new anoplocephalid was fixed in 10% formalin. Fifty-seven of the cestodes were mounted in toto after being stained in Delafield's hematoxylin, ferric acetocarmine and creosote-azo-carmine mixture. Some of these were cleared in xylene while others were cleared in creosote. Five specimens were sectioned in series; two transversely, two longitudinally, and one sagittally. The sectioned material was stained with Delafield's hematoxylin and eosin.