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Flowering time and an ability to tolerate abiotic stresses are important for plant growth and development. We characterized BBX24 , a zinc finger transcription factor gene, from Chrysanthemum morifolium and found it to be associated with both flowering time and stress tolerance. Transgenic lines with suppressed expression of Cm- BBX24 (Cm- BBX24 -RNAi) flowered earlier than wild-type plants and showed decreased tolerance to freezing and drought stresses. Global expression analysis revealed that genes associated with both photoperiod and gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis pathways were upregulated in Cm- BBX24 -RNAi lines, relative to the wild type. By contrast, genes that were upregulated in overexpressing lines (Cm- BBX24 -OX), but downregulated in Cm- BBX24 -RNAi lines (both relative to the wild type), included genes related to compatible solutes and carbohydrate metabolism, both of which are associated with abiotic stress. Cm -BBX24 expression was also influenced by daylength and GA4/7 application. Under long days, changes in endogenous GA1, GA4, GA19, and GA20 levels occurred in young leaves of transgenic lines, relative to the wild type. Regulation of flowering involves the FLOWERING TIME gene, which integrates photoperiod and GA biosynthesis pathways. We postulate that Cm -BBX24 plays a dual role, modulating both flowering time and abiotic stress tolerance in chrysanthemum, at least in part by influencing GA biosynthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY A meso-scale particle model is presented to simulate the expansion of concrete subjected to alkali-aggregate reaction (AAR) and to analyze the AAR-induced degradation of the mechanical properties. It is the first attempt to evaluate the deterioration mechanism due to AAR using the discrete-element method. A three-phase meso-scale model for concrete composed of aggregates, mortar and the interface is established with the combination of a pre-processing approach and the particle flow code, PFC2D. A homogeneous aggregate expansion approach is applied to model the AAR expansion. Uniaxial compression tests are conducted for the AAR-affected concrete to examine the effects on the mechanical properties. Two specimens with different aggregate sizes are analyzed to consider the effects of aggregate size on AAR. The results show that the meso-scale particle model is valid to predict the expansion and the internal micro-cracking patterns caused by AAR. The two different specimens exhibit similar behavior. The Young's modulus and compressive strength are significantly reduced with the increase of AAR expansion. The shape of the stress-strain curves obtained from the compression tests clearly reflects the influence of internal micro-cracks: an increased nonlinearity before the peak loading and a more gradual softening for more severely affected specimens. Similar macroscopic failure patterns of the specimens under compression are observed in terms of diagonal macroscopic cracks splitting the specimen into several triangular pieces, whereas localized micro-cracks forming in slightly affected specimens are different from branching and diffusing cracks in severely affected ones, demonstrating different failure mechanisms. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Mo 0.9 Cr 0.1 AlB solid solution ceramic bulks were prepared from the element powder mixtures using hot pressing sintering method. Compared with MoAlB ceramics, the grains of as-prepared Mo 0.9 Cr 0.1 AlB were refined obviously. The lattice constants of Mo 0.9 Cr 0.1 AlB were confirmed to be a = 3.205 Å, b = 13.999 Å and c = 3.098 Å. The density of Mo 0.9 Cr 0.1 AlB was lower than that of MoAlB due to the incorporation of Cr element. In addition, the effect of doping Cr element on the comprehensive mechanical properties was studied as well. The hardness and compressive strength were improved significantly. In comparison with MoAlB ceramic, the improvement of mechanical properties could be attributed to solid solution strengthening and grain refinement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Considering that conventional lanthanum chromate (LaCrO3) interconnector is hard to be co-sintered with green anode, we have fabricated a novel bilayered interconnector which consists of La-doped SrTiO3 (Sr0.6La0.4TiO3) and Sr-doped lanthanum manganite (La0.8Sr0.2MnO3). Sr0.6La0.4TiO3 is conductive and stable in reducing atmosphere, locating on the anode side; while La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 is on the cathode side. A slurry-brushing and co-sintering method is applied: the Sr0.6La0.4TiO3 and La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 slurries are successively brushed onto green anode specimen, followed by co-firing course to form a dense bilayered Sr0.6La0.4TiO3/La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 interconnector. For operating with humidified hydrogen and oxygen at 900°C, the ohmic resistances between anode and cathode/interconnector are 0.33Ωcm2 and 0.186Ωcm2, respectively. The maximum power density is 290mWcm−2 for a cell with interconnector, and 420mWcm−2 for a cell without it, which demonstrates that nearly 70% of the power output can be achieved using this bilayered Sr0.6La0.4TiO3/La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 interconnector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Eight diamines and two cosolvents are screened for use in water-lean solutions. • DMEDA- and DMPDA-based water-lean solutions are developed for CO 2 capture. • A diamine-based water-lean solution using NMP as a cosolvent shows comparable viscosity with aqueous MEA. • A 140% improvement in cyclic capacity is achieved in ENH-5% H 2 O compared with that of aqueous MEA. • Diamine water-lean solutions have high sensitivity to the CO 2 partial pressure. In an effort to reduce energy penalties, a range of advanced water-lean solutions blended from one of 8 diamines, an organic solvent diluent and water, were screened. The diamines N,N -dimethyl-1,3-propanediamine and N,N -dimethyl-1,2-ethanediamine with one primary and one tertiary amino group remain homogenous during CO 2 uptake with the addition of cosolvents (1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone or sulfolane) and are further investigated for absorption and desorption performance compared with their corresponding aqueous solutions. Water-lean solutions with different water concentrations are tested to explain the impact of water content on the solution performance. Physical properties such as density and viscosity are also measured for a versatile evaluation. The results show that diamine water-lean solutions obtain low viscosity, preferable cyclic capacities and rapid absorption and desorption rates. ENH-5% H 2 O (mass ratio DMEDA: NMP: H 2 O = 3:6.5:0.5) shows the most competitive advantages with comparable viscosity (1.49 mPa∙S at 313 K) to aqueous MEA-H 2 O and a 140% improvement in cyclic capacity. Four-fold higher desorption rate is gained ESH-5%H 2 O (mass ratio DMEDA: SFL: H 2 O = 3:6.5:0.5) compared with MEA-H 2 O. Considerable reduction in energy penalties is expected to be achieved in diamine water-lean solutions. In addition, the equilibrium solubility of diamine water-lean solutions also shows potential for industrial application due to their sensitivity to CO 2 partial pressure in contrast with aqueous solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A metal-ion-mediated cyclization of a linear peptide to the corresponding cyclohexadepsipeptide, a stereoisomer of �hirsutellide A, was studied. The presence of AgBF4 improved the cyclization yield from 14% to 61%. The effect of silver ion on the macrocyclization was further investigated by NMR and molecular mechanics calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To assess the effectiveness and safety of topical vancomycin powder (VP) in preventing surgical site infections (SSIs) in spinal deformity surgeries.A literature search was conducted on Web of Science, PubMed, and Cochrane Library databases for comparative studies of VP in spinal deformity surgeries published before February 2024. Two reviewers independently screened eligible articles based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, assessed study quality, and extracted data. Data analysis was performed using Review Manager 5.4 software.Of all 143 papers screened, a meta-analysis was conducted on 10 articles, which included a total of 8,166 surgeries. The results of the meta-analysis indicated that the incidence of deep SSI in VP group was 0.28 times that in non-VP group (p < 0.001). In the subgroup analysis, VP treatment significantly reduced the risk of deep SSI in both adult spinal deformity (ASD) (RR 0.40, 95% CI 0.21–0.77, p = 0.006) and pediatric scoliosis (PS) (RR 0.25, 95% CI 0.16–0.38, p < 0.001) surgeries. However, this effect was not observed in neuromuscular scoliosis (NMS) patients (RR 0.66, 95% CI 0.26–1.66, p = 0.38). Bacterial culture results indicated that VP treatment significantly reduced polymicrobial infections (p = 0.007) and gram-positive infections (p = 0.001).From the literature available at present, VP was associated with reduced deep SSIs rates in spinal deformity patients. However, particular attention should be paid to the lack of the effectiveness of VP in NMS patients. The current literature did not report local cytotoxicity or renal toxicity related to VP in spinal deformity patients.Methods: To assess the effectiveness and safety of topical vancomycin powder (VP) in preventing surgical site infections (SSIs) in spinal deformity surgeries.A literature search was conducted on Web of Science, PubMed, and Cochrane Library databases for comparative studies of VP in spinal deformity surgeries published before February 2024. Two reviewers independently screened eligible articles based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, assessed study quality, and extracted data. Data analysis was performed using Review Manager 5.4 software.Of all 143 papers screened, a meta-analysis was conducted on 10 articles, which included a total of 8,166 surgeries. The results of the meta-analysis indicated that the incidence of deep SSI in VP group was 0.28 times that in non-VP group (p < 0.001). In the subgroup analysis, VP treatment significantly reduced the risk of deep SSI in both adult spinal deformity (ASD) (RR 0.40, 95% CI 0.21–0.77, p = 0.006) and pediatric scoliosis (PS) (RR 0.25, 95% CI 0.16–0.38, p < 0.001) surgeries. However, this effect was not observed in neuromuscular scoliosis (NMS) patients (RR 0.66, 95% CI 0.26–1.66, p = 0.38). Bacterial culture results indicated that VP treatment significantly reduced polymicrobial infections (p = 0.007) and gram-positive infections (p = 0.001).From the literature available at present, VP was associated with reduced deep SSIs rates in spinal deformity patients. However, particular attention should be paid to the lack of the effectiveness of VP in NMS patients. The current literature did not report local cytotoxicity or renal toxicity related to VP in spinal deformity patients.Results: To assess the effectiveness and safety of topical vancomycin powder (VP) in preventing surgical site infections (SSIs) in spinal deformity surgeries.A literature search was conducted on Web of Science, PubMed, and Cochrane Library databases for comparative studies of VP in spinal deformity surgeries published before February 2024. Two reviewers independently screened eligible articles based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, assessed study quality, and extracted data. Data analysis was performed using Review Manager 5.4 software.Of all 143 papers screened, a meta-analysis was conducted on 10 articles, which included a total of 8,166 surgeries. The results of the meta-analysis indicated that the incidence of deep SSI in VP group was 0.28 times that in non-VP group (p < 0.001). In the subgroup analysis, VP treatment significantly reduced the risk of deep SSI in both adult spinal deformity (ASD) (RR 0.40, 95% CI 0.21–0.77, p = 0.006) and pediatric scoliosis (PS) (RR 0.25, 95% CI 0.16–0.38, p < 0.001) surgeries. However, this effect was not observed in neuromuscular scoliosis (NMS) patients (RR 0.66, 95% CI 0.26–1.66, p = 0.38). Bacterial culture results indicated that VP treatment significantly reduced polymicrobial infections (p = 0.007) and gram-positive infections (p = 0.001).From the literature available at present, VP was associated with reduced deep SSIs rates in spinal deformity patients. However, particular attention should be paid to the lack of the effectiveness of VP in NMS patients. The current literature did not report local cytotoxicity or renal toxicity related to VP in spinal deformity patients.Conclusion: To assess the effectiveness and safety of topical vancomycin powder (VP) in preventing surgical site infections (SSIs) in spinal deformity surgeries.A literature search was conducted on Web of Science, PubMed, and Cochrane Library databases for comparative studies of VP in spinal deformity surgeries published before February 2024. Two reviewers independently screened eligible articles based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, assessed study quality, and extracted data. Data analysis was performed using Review Manager 5.4 software.Of all 143 papers screened, a meta-analysis was conducted on 10 articles, which included a total of 8,166 surgeries. The results of the meta-analysis indicated that the incidence of deep SSI in VP group was 0.28 times that in non-VP group (p < 0.001). In the subgroup analysis, VP treatment significantly reduced the risk of deep SSI in both adult spinal deformity (ASD) (RR 0.40, 95% CI 0.21–0.77, p = 0.006) and pediatric scoliosis (PS) (RR 0.25, 95% CI 0.16–0.38, p < 0.001) surgeries. However, this effect was not observed in neuromuscular scoliosis (NMS) patients (RR 0.66, 95% CI 0.26–1.66, p = 0.38). Bacterial culture results indicated that VP treatment significantly reduced polymicrobial infections (p = 0.007) and gram-positive infections (p = 0.001).From the literature available at present, VP was associated with reduced deep SSIs rates in spinal deformity patients. However, particular attention should be paid to the lack of the effectiveness of VP in NMS patients. The current literature did not report local cytotoxicity or renal toxicity related to VP in spinal deformity patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In this study, consumer preferences for pork produced using animal-welfare-enhancing farming strategies were assessed. In China, the demand for animal-friendly products is increasing, but so far, studies on consumer preferences for animal welfare farming attributes are limited. The objective of this study was to analyze consumer preferences for pork based on four animal welfare farming attributes, namely feed nutrition, living environment, health care, and activity space. The study employed a choice experiment approach. The survey covered 1274 pork consumers in Guangdong province, China. Our empirical results suggest that Chinese consumers were willing to pay an additional 2.359–10.477 CNY/500 g (5.27–23.39%) for animal welfare pork. Furthermore, there was significant heterogeneity in consumer preferences. China is the world's largest producer and consumer of pork. Since the outbreaks of African swine fever in 2018, China's pork imports have been constantly on the rise. The results can contribute to the optimization of pork production structures and marketing plans for stakeholders and can assist with the timely development of international competition strategies for animal-derived trade products. Consumption demands for pork produced by farms that employ strategies to improve animal welfare ("animal welfare pork") will be an important indicator for predicting domestic pig feeding standards and pork industry development. This paper analyzes consumer preferences for animal welfare pork based on the choice experiment data of 1274 pork consumers in Guangdong province, China. The results show that consumers had a significant preference for animal welfare pork and that they were willing to pay a premium of 2.359–10.477 CNY/500 g (5.27–23.39%) on average. There is heterogeneity in consumer preferences regarding age, education level, and income. Producers of animal-derived products can not only adjust the mix of production conditions to improve pig welfare and innovate contractual arrangements for industry chain stakeholder groups, but they can also develop differentiated marketing strategies for animal welfare products to meet consumer demands for animal welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Al 2 O 3 -doped tetragonal yttria-stabilized zirconia (t-YSZ) coatings were prepared by plasma spraying under various spraying parameters. The analysis of variance reveals that only Al 2 O 3 addition significantly affects thermal properties of coatings. The electronic structures and microstructures results show that the increase in number of defects and boundary density with the increasing addition of Al 2 O 3 enhances phonon scattering resulting in a decrease in the thermal conductivity, which suggests that the Al 2 O 3 addition can improve the insulation performance of the YSZ coating. The increase in boundary density with the increase in Al 2 O 3 addition is due to recrystallization resulting from the decreasing melting point of Al 2 O 3 –YSZ composites, lattice distortion, and the presence of amorphous structure and monoclinic Al 2 O 3 pinning at grain boundaries. The change in the coefficient of thermal expansion with Al 2 O 3 addition is attributable to the variation in the bonding strength of the Al 2 O 3 -doped t-YSZ caused by the change in lattice constants. Unlabelled Image • Al 2 O 3 -doped tetragonal YSZ coatings were prepared by plasma spraying. • Microstructures, electronic structures and thermal properties were investigated. • The effect of doping on structures and thermal properties of coatings was studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To establish a novel classification system for predicting the risk of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) events in surgically-treated patients with kyphotic deformity. Methods: Patients with kyphotic deformity who underwent surgical correction of cervicothoracic, thoracic, or thoracolumbar kyphosis in our center from July 2005 to December 2020 were recruited. We proposed a classification system to describe the morphology of the spinal cord on T2-weighted sagittal magnetic resonance imaging: type A, circular/symmetric cord with visible cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) between the cord and vertebral body; type B, circular/oval/symmetric cord with no visible CSF between the cord and vertebral body; type C, spinal cord that is fattened/deformed by the vertebral body, with no visible CSF between the cord and vertebral body. Furthermore, based on type C, the spinal cord compression ratio (CR) < 50% was defined as the subtype C-, while the spinal cord CR ≥ 50% was defined as the subtype C+. IONM event was documented, and a comparative analysis was made to evaluate the prevalence of IONM events among patients with diverse spinal cord types. Results: A total of 294 patients were reviewed, including 73 in type A; 153 in type B; 53 in subtype C- and 15 in subtype C+. Lower extremity transcranial motor-evoked potentials and/or somatosensory evoked potentials were lost intraoperatively in 41 cases (13.9%), among which 4 patients with type C showed no return of spinal cord monitoring data. The 14 subtype C+ patients (93.3%) had IONM events. Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that patients with a type C spinal cord (subtype C-: odds ratio [OR], 10.390; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.215–48.735; p = 0.003; subtype C+, OR, 497.000; 95% CI, 42.126– 5,863.611; p < 0.001) are at significantly higher risk of a positive IONM event during deformity correction compared to those with a type A. In further multiple logistic regression analysis, the spinal cord classification (OR, 5.371; 95% CI, 2.966–9.727; p < 0.001) was confirmed as an independent risk factor for IONM events. Conclusion: We presented a new spinal cord classification system based on the relative position of the spinal cord and vertebrae to predict the risk of IONM events in patients with kyphotic deformity. In patients with type C spinal cord, especially those in C+ cases, it is essential to be aware of potential IONM events, and adopt standard operating procedures to facilitate neurological recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study design: A prospective study. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the PI change in different postures and before and after S2‑alar‑iliac (S2AI) screw fixation, and to investigate whether pre-op supine PI could predict post-op standing PI. Summary of background data: Previous studies have reported PI may change with various positions. Some authors postulated that the unexpected PI change in ASD patients could be due to sacroiliac joint laxity, S2-alar-iliac (S2AI) screw placement, or aggressive sagittal cantilever technique. However, there was a lack of investigation on how to predict post-op standing PI when making surgical strategy. Methods: A prospective case series of ASD patients undergoing surgical correction with S2AI screw placement was conducted. Full-spine X-ray films were obtained at pre-op standing, pre-op supine, pre-op prone, as well as post-op standing postures. Pelvic parameters were measured. Spearman correlation analysis was used to determine relationships between each parameter. Results: A total of 83 patients (22 males, 61females) with a mean age of 58.4 ± 9.5 years were included in this study. Pre-op standing PI was significantly lower than post-op standing PI (p = 0.004). Pre-op prone PI was significantly lower than post-op standing PI (p = 0.001). By contrast, no significant difference was observed between pre-op supine and post-op standing PI (p = 0.359) with a mean absolute difference of 2.2° ± 1.9°. Correlation analysis showed supine PI was significantly correlated with post-op standing PI (r = 0.951, p < 0.001). Conclusion: This study revealed the PI changed after S2AI screw fixation. The pre-op supine PI can predict post-op standing PI precisely, which facilitates to provide correction surgery strategy with a good reference for ideal sagittal alignment postoperatively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surgery for degenerative scoliosis (DS) is a complex procedure with high complication and revision rates. Based on the concept that pelvic incidence (PI) is a constant parameter, the global alignment and proportional (GAP) score was developed from sagittal alignment data collected in the Caucasian populations to predict mechanical complications. However, the PI varies among different ethnic groups, and the GAP score may not apply to Chinese populations. Thus, this study aims to assess the predictability of the GAP score for mechanical complications in the Chinese populations and develop an ethnicity-adjusted GAP score. To test the predictability of the original GAP score in the Chinese population and develop a Chinese ethnicity-tailored GAP scoring system. Retrospective cohort study. A total of 560 asymptomatic healthy volunteers were enrolled to develop Chinese ethnicity-tailored GAP (C-GAP) score and a total of 114 DS patients were enrolled to test the predictability of original GAP score and C-GAP score. Demographic information, sagittal spinopelvic parameters of healthy volunteers and DS patients were collected. Mechanical complications were recorded at a minimum of 2-year follow-up after corrective surgery for DS patients. A total of 560 asymptomatic healthy volunteers with a mean age of 61.9±14.1 years were enrolled to develop ethnicity-adjusted GAP score. Besides, 114 surgically trated DS patients (M/F=10/104) with a mean age of 60.7±7.1 years were retrospectively reviewed. Demographic data and radiological parameters of both groups, including PI, lumbar lordosis (LL), sacral slope (SS), the sagittal vertical axis (SVA), and global tilt (GT) were collected. Ideal LL, SS, and GT were obtained by calculating their correlation with PI of healthy volunteers using linear regression analysis. Relative pelvic version (RPV), relative lumbar lordosis (RLL), lordosis distribution index (LDI), and relative spinopelvic alignment (RSA) were obtained using the ideal parameters, and the Chinese population adjusted GAP score (C-GAP) was developed based on these values. The predictability of original and C-GAP for mechanical failure was evaluated using clinical and radiological data of DS patients by evaluating the area under the curve (AUC) using receiver operating characteristic curve. This study was supported the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (No. 82272545), ($ 8,000–10,000) and the Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Center, and the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2021M701677), Level B ($ 5,000–7,000). Ideal SS=0.53×PI+9 (p=.002), ideal LL=0.48×PI+22 (p=.023) and ideal GT=0.46 × PI-9 (p=.011). were obtained by correlation analysis using sagittal parameters from those healthy volunteers, and RPV, RLL, RSA, and LDI were calculated accordingly. Then, the ethnicity-adjusted C-GAP score was developed by summing up the numeric value of calculated RPV, RLL, RSA, and LDI. The AUC was classified as "no or low discriminatory power" for the original GAP score in predicting mechanical complications (AUC=0.592, p=.078). Similarly, the original GAP score did not correlate with mechanical complications in DS patients. According to the C-GAP score, the sagittal parameters were proportional in 25 (21.9%) cases, moderately disproportional in 68 (59.6%), and severely disproportional in 21% (18.5%) cases. The incidence of mechanical complications was statistically different among proportioned and moderately disproportional and severely disproportional portions of the C-GAP score (p=.03). The predictability of the C-GAP score is high with an AUC=0.773 (p<.001). In addition, there is a linear correlation between mechanical complication rate and C-GAP score (χ=0.102, p=.02). The Ethnicity-adjusted C-GAP score system developed in the current study provided a more accurate and reliable for predicting the risk of mechanical complications after corrective surgery for adult spinal deformity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the neuronal metrics/microstructure of the spinal cord around apical region in patients with hyperkyphosis using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Methods: Thirty-seven patients with hyperkyphosis aged 45.5 ± 19.6 years old who underwent 3.0 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination with DTI sequence were prospectively enrolled from July 2022 to July 2023. Patients were divided into three groups according to spinal cord/ cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) architecture on sagittal-T2 MRI of the thoracic apex (the axial spinal cord classification): Group A—circular cord with visible CSF, Group B—circular cord without visible CSF at apical dorsal, and Group C—spinal cord deformed without intervening CSF. The fractional anisotropy (FA) values acquired from DTI were compared among different groups. Correlations between DTI parameters and global kyphosis (GK)/sagittal deformity angular ratio (sagittal DAR) were evaluated using Pearson correlation coefficients. Results: In all patients, FA values were significantly lower at apical level as compared with those at one level above or below the apex (0.548 ± 0.070 vs. 0.627 ± 0.056 versus 0.624 ± 0.039, P < 0.001). At the apical level, FA values were significantly lower in Group C than those in Group B (0.501 ± 0.052 vs. 0.598 ± 0.061, P < 0.001) and Group A (0.501 ± 0.052 vs. 0.597 ± 0.019, P < 0.001). Moreover, FA values were significantly lower in symptomatic group than those in non-symptomatic group (0.498 ± 0.049 v. 0.578 ± 0.065, P < 0.001). Pearson correlation analysis showed that GK (r2 = 0.3945, P < 0.001) and sagittal DAR (r2 = 0.3079, P < 0.001) were significantly correlation with FA values at apical level. Conclusion: In patients with hyperkyphosis, the FA of spinal cord at apical level was associated with the neuronal metrics/microstructure of the spinal cord. Furthermore, the DTI parameter of FA at apical level was associated with GK and sagittal DAR. Level of evidence: 4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transition metal phosphides (TMPs) have attracted considerable attention as an advanced electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Nevertheless, the catalytic efficiency of single-component TMPs is still restricted that cannot endure long-term running and easy to be corroded especially under harsh conditions. In this work, a multicomponent electrocatalyst combined with CoP/Ni 2 P heteronanoparticles and Co/Ni single-atom active sites (denoted as N–C@CoP/Ni 2 P) is rational designed and prepared. The obtained N–C@CoP/Ni 2 P electrode material exhibits enhanced performance with the overpotential of 153 mV at 10 mA cm−2, and the small Tafel value of 53.01 mV dec−1 in 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 , and a satisfied result is obtained in basic media as well. The outstanding HER performance is mainly benefiting from the synergistic effect between CoP and Ni 2 P, and the highly catalytic faction of atomic Co/Ni dual sites. Furthermore, a powerful conductive network fabricated by N-doped carbon skeleton and in-situ grown CNTs improves the conductivity of catalyst. Such a stereoscopic 3D nanostructure is also facile to accelerate the shuttle of electrons and ions. • A multicomponent electrocatalyst is rational designed and prepared. • The synergistic and catalytic effect brings it remarkable HER activity. • The hybrid catalyst endows with outstanding long-term durability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An algorithm of dexterity evaluation for continuum robots based on IK is proposed. • An IK model for continuum robots is established using an oval curve equation. • Length distribution of the robot is optimized based on dexterity indices. Performance evaluation and inverse kinematics (IK) for continuum robots are always hard and time-consuming. In this paper, an efficient dexterity evaluation algorithm based on IK (DEAIK) for continuum robots is proposed. The IK model is established using an oval curve equation to improve computational efficiency. The relationship between length distributions and dexterity distribution is obtained by the simulation in this paper. Length distribution of the two-segment continuum robot is optimized under the guidance of the dexterity indices using the fruit fly algorithm. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulations demonstrate that the dexterity of the structure-optimized continuum robot is better than that of the traditional continuum robot. The simulation shows that the DEAIK algorithm is 3.68 times faster than the algorithm based on forward kinematics. The IK algorithm in this paper is 3 203 times faster than the IK algorithm based on the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm in the same accuracy. This work is significant for designing a high-performance continuum robot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unilateral biportal endoscopic discectomy (UBED) is a novel and minimally invasive surgery for lumbar disc herniation (LDH). However, efficacy and safety of UBED compared to the conventional percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy (PELD) remains to be determined. A meta-analysis was performed in this study to compare between UBED and PELD for LDH. Relevant cohort studies were found by searching Medline, Web of Science, Embase, Wanfang, and CNKI from database inception to October 13, 2022. Results were pooled using a random-effects model incorporating heterogeneity. In this meta-analysis, 12 studies involving 1175 patients with LDH were included. Pooled results showed that compared with PELD, UBED was associated with a longer surgery time (mean difference [MD] 17.62 min, P < 0.001) and hospital stay (MD 1.40 day, P = 0.04). However, UBED and PELD showed comparative efficacies in improving the Visual Analogue Scale of leg and back, and Oswestry Disability Index, scores. The incidence of perioperative complications was not significantly different between the 2 procedures (risk ratio [RR] 1.62, P = 0.25), while UBED was associated with a lower LDH recurrence during follow-up (RR 0.29, P = 0.03). Although UBED is associated with longer surgery time and hospital stay, it shows similar efficacy to PELD in relieving pain and improving functional ability in patients with LDH. In addition, limited evidence suggests that UBED may be associated with a lower LDH recurrence as compared to PELD, while the incidence of perioperative complications is not different. These findings support UBED as a treatment for patients with LDH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the spatial scaling of population stability is critical for informing conservation strategies. A recently proposed metric for quantifying how population stability varies across scales is the invariability–area relationship (IAR), but the underlying drivers shaping IARs remain unclear. Using 15‐year records of 249 bird species in 1035 survey transects in North America, we derived the IAR for each species by calculating population temporal invariability at different spatial scales (i.e., number of routes) and investigated how species IARs were influenced by functional traits and environmental factors. We found that species with faster life history traits and reduced flight efficiency had higher IAR intercepts (i.e., locally more stable), whereas migratory species exhibited higher IAR slopes (i.e., a faster gain of stability with increasing spatial scale). In addition, spatial correlation in temperature and vegetation structure synchronized bird population dynamics over space and thus decreased IAR slopes. By demonstrating the joint influence of functional traits and environmental factors on bird population stability across scales, our results highlight the need for dynamic conservation strategies tailored to particular types of species in an era of global environmental changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bahrain is a cluster of islands in the mid-section of the Arabian Gulf that serves as an important wintering and stop-over ground for many migratory shorebirds in the Central Asian Flyway (CAF). However, natural and anthropogenic factors have had a significant impact on these ecosystems over the last few decades. Long-term, systematic studies based on standardized survey observations are needed to understand the population dynamics and diversity changes of shorebirds in these critical sites. We systematically surveyed the shorebird population and community in Bahrain between 2010 January to 2021 December. This is the first comprehensive study from the entire Kingdom of Bahrain, and covered 13 sites over 12 years to establish the results. A total of 39 species were encountered during the study period from all 13 sites in Bahrain, of which 27 species were common and regular migrants to all the study sites; these were selected to analyze the population trend. Five species represented 77% or more of the total wintering shorebird population. All the shorebird species assessed exhibited significant declining trends over the years, and majority of them had over 1% relative abundance. Shorebirds in Bahrain were severely threatened at these sites, indicating that their population trend in the area could be crucially affected. Further conservation efforts are needed, aided by an understanding of the mechanisms driving the decline and diversity changes of shorebirds in the most stressed coastal regions of Bahrain. Further studies organized throughout the country's coasts may aid in establishing improved conservation measures to protect the shorebirds of the CAF in Bahrain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, in situ MoB particles reinforced Cu-Al matrix composites are prepared by sintering the Cu and MoAlB mixture. During the sintering process, Al atoms can diffuse out of the layered MoAlB and solid-dissolve into the Cu matrix, resulting in the formation of laminate MoB and Cu-Al alloy. The mechanical properties of as-prepared composites are significantly improved because of multiple strengthening mechanisms. Moreover, the two-body abrasive and adhesive wear effects are inhibited on account of the pinning effect of MoB particles. With the MoAlB content increasing up to 20 wt% and 30 wt%, a layer of tribo-film can be generated due to the tribo-oxidation reaction during the sliding, which can provide lubrication to reduce friction and wear. • In-situ MoB reinforced Cu-Al matrix composites are prepared for the first time. • The mechanical and tribological properties of as-prepared composites are improved. • Two-body abrasion and adhesive wear can be inhibited with MoAlB addition. • The generating tribo-film leads to the low friction coefficient and wear rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy (CAR-T) has yielded unprecedented efficacy in B-cell malignancies. With the increasing use of CAR-T-cell therapy, infection has become one of the major concerns after CAR-T-cell infusion. Some patients even develop refractory or recurrent infections, posing challenges in treatment, prophylactic, and monitoring strategies. However, the mechanisms underlying the development of these infections were not clear. Case presentation: We report two cases of infection after CAR-T-cell therapy. Patient 1, diagnosed with multiple myeloma, received anti-B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T)-cell therapy. He developed a refractory urinary infection lasting for over 5 weeks, which was caused by Candida albicans. Whole-exome sequencing revealed that he had an IL-17RA gene mutation. Patient 2, diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic B-cell leukaemia, received anti-CD19 and anti-CD22 CAR-T-cell cocktail therapy and remained in complete remission for over 4 years. The patient had pneumonia five times during the 4 years. Whole-exon sequencing revealed that he had a CX3CR1 gene mutation. Conclusion: For patients who develop persistent or recurrent infections after CAR-T-cell therapy, it is recommended to screen for immunodeficiency-related gene mutations, and the results may contribute to the management of infections post-CAR-T treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Pelvic incidence (PI) is a key morphological parameter that reflects the relation between the sacrum and iliac wings. It is well accepted that PI remains constant after reaching maturity. However, recent studies indicated that PI might be altered after lumbosacral fusion. Additionally, it remains uncertain on the long-term influence of long fusion to pelvis with S2-alar-iliac screw on PI in patients with adult spinal deformity (ASD). Study Design: A retrospective study. Objective: To investigate whether and how PI would change during the follow-up in ASD patients who underwent S2AI fixation and to identify factors associated with the change in PI. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed all ASD patients who underwent spinal surgery using S2AI screws between November 2014 and January 2017 at our institution. Patients with minimum follow-up of two years were included. The following sagittal radiographic parameters were measured: PI, Lumbar lordosis (LL), pelvic tilt (PT), PI-LL, sagittal vertical axis (SVA) at pre-op, post-op and 2-year follow-up. According to the changes in PI at immediate post-operation, patients were classified into two groups; Group A: Changes of PI less than or equal 5° and Group B: Changes of PI greater than 5°. Results: A total of 82 ASD patients (Group A: 32, Group B: 50; mean age of 53.5 ± 12.6 years) with a mean follow-up period of 30.2 ± 9.2 months were included in this study. At immediate post-operation, Group A showed no significant change in PI (45.7° ± 11.4° to 45.3° ± 11.2°, p = 0.749); while Group B had a significant decrease in PI (51.6° ± 14.5° to 40.9° ± 14.0°, p < 0.001). At the last follow-up, 48% patients (24/50) in Group B had a significant increase in PI (32.8° ± 6.4° to 45.8° ± 11.2°, p < 0.001). Intergroup analysis showed that ΔPI, post-op PI, post-op PT and age were significantly different between both groups. In addition, pre-op PI, post-op PI, post-op PT, post-op PI-LL were significantly correlated with ΔPI at last follow-up. Also, logistic regression analysis showed that post-op PI was the associated risk factor (OR = 0.865, p = 0.024) for PI-LL mismatch. Conclusion: Our study showed that PI decreased in more than half of ASD patients immediately after spinal surgery using S2AI screws. Approximately 48% of them were able to recover during the 2-year follow-up. Lower pre-op PI, post-op PI and PT were found to be strongly associated with the return of PI. Thus, these current findings indicated that patients with a high PI at pre-operation should not be over-corrected to avoid PI-LL mismatch postoperatively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) is well known as a photoperiod‐sensitive flowering plant. However, it has also evolved into a temperature‐sensitive ecotype. Low temperature can promote the floral transition of the temperature‐sensitive ecotype, but little is known about the underlying molecular mechanisms. Here, we identified MADS AFFECTING FLOWERING 2 (CmMAF2), a putative MADS‐box gene, which induces floral transition in response to low temperatures independent of day length conditions in this ecotype. CmMAF2 was shown to bind to the promoter of the GA biosynthesis gene CmGA20ox1 and to directly regulate the biosynthesis of bioactive GA1 and GA4. The elevated bioactive GA levels activated LEAFY (CmLFY) expression, ultimately initiating floral transition. In addition, CmMAF2 expression in response to low temperatures was directly activated by CmC3H1, a CCCH‐type zinc‐finger protein upstream. In summary, our results reveal that the CmC3H1–CmMAF2 module regulates flowering time in response to low temperatures by regulating GA biosynthesis in the temperature‐sensitive chrysanthemum ecotype. Significance Statement: Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) is well known as a photoperiod‐sensitive flowering plant. However, it has also evolved a temperature‐sensitive ecotype whose regulatory mechanisms of flowering remain largely unknown. We show that the C3H1–MAF2 module contributes to floral transition by regulating the GA–LFY pathway. This study contributes to development of flowering time regulation technologies and breeding of new energy‐saving chrysanthemum cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: Chrysanthemum; CRISPR/Cas9; eYGFPuv; flowering time; TFL1 EN Chrysanthemum CRISPR/Cas9 eYGFPuv flowering time TFL1 1519 1521 3 07/26/23 20230801 NES 230801 Chrysanthemum ( I Chrysanthemum morifolium i Ramat.) Developing a UV-visible reporter-assisted CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing system to alter flowering time in Chrysanthemum indicum When I CiPDS i is used as a visual marker to validate genome editing, chimerism is easily scorable, but scoring is time-consuming and laborious for most target genes without a visual mutant phenotype. In this regard, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing holds advantages in vector design and assembly, especially when targeting multiple genes, and has been widely used in many organisms. [Extracted from the article]

Migratory shorebirds that move across continents along their flyways are undergoing a drastic decline globally. A greater proportion of them that regularly winter along the Indian coasts within the Central Asian Flyway (CAF) are also undergoing severe declines. However, the mechanisms underlying the population trends in these areas remain little understood. This study investigated the diversity, abundance, population dynamics and distribution patterns of shorebirds along the Indian coasts based on the available literature. The west coast of India is relatively less studied than the east coast in the CAF. Further, we observed that the diversity, abundance, population dynamics and distribution pattern of the shorebirds follow different trends on the west coast compared to the east coast. These variations are in accordance with the differences in topography and biotic and abiotic factors between the coasts. Anthropogenic activities have far-reaching effects on the survival and persistence of shorebirds along the coasts. The west coast is evidently more productive than the east coast at every trophic level and thus the west coast is expected to account for more abundance and diversity of shorebirds. Paradoxically, we found that the east coast supports a greater abundance and diversity of shorebirds than the west coast. The west coast, therefore, requires further investigations to obtain a better understanding of the causes of apparent differences in abundance and diversity as well as the observed declines in shorebirds, compared to the east coast of India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal ablation, currently used extensively for liver tumors, also has been applied. successfully to hepatic hemangioma; however, it is still considered experimental because previous studies have comprised small sample sizes with short follow-up periods. We aimed to investigate the effectiveness, safety, and long-term outcomes of thermal ablation for hepatic hemangioma. From October 2011 to February 2021, the data of 357 patients with 378 hepatic hemangiomas treated by thermal ablation at six hospitals were analyzed in this retrospective study. The technical success, safety, and long-term follow-up results were analyzed. A total of 252 patients (mean age, 49.2 ± 10.5 years) with 273 subcapsular hemangiomas underwent laparoscopic thermal ablation, whereas 105 patients with 105 hemangiomas located in the liver parenchyma underwent CT-guided percutaneous ablation. Of the 378 hepatic hemangiomas (5.0–21.2 cm), 369 lesions were subjected to one session of ablation, while 9 lesions were subjected to two sessions of ablation. Technical success was achieved in 100.0% of cases. Complete ablation was achieved in 361 of 378 hemangiomas (95.5%), while 17 hemangiomas (4.5%) were incompletely ablated, showing subtle enhancement at the peripheral rim. The major complication rate was 2.0% (7/357). The median follow-up period was 67 months (range, 12–124 months). Of the 224 patients with hemangioma-related symptoms, 216 demonstrated complete disappearance of symptoms (96.4%), while 8 were ameliorated (3.6%). Ablated lesion shrinkage was progressive, and 11.4% of hemangiomas almost completely disappeared over time (P < 0.01). With a reasonable ablation strategy and comprehensive treatment measurements, thermal ablation could be a safe, feasible, and effective treatment option for hepatic hemangioma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cetuximab (CET) resistance in colorectal cancer (CRC) is responsible to poor prognosis to some extent. M2 macrophage polarization is closely correlated with drug resistance to cancers. Therefore, this study aims to investigate whether the mechanism of HCG18 on CET resistance to CRC involving in M2 macrophage polarization. Clinic samples and SW620 cells with/without M0 macrophage co-culture served as experimental subjects. CET treatment was performed to induce SW620 cell resistant to CET. qRT-PCR and western blot were employed to evaluate the mRNA and protein expression of genes. The capabilities of cell viability, proliferation, migration and invasion were examined using CCK-8, clone formation assay and transwell. ELISA was employed to examine the protein concentrations of IL-10 and TGF-β1. StarBase and luciferase activity assay were conducted to consolidate the interactions among HCG18, miR-365a-3p and FOXO1. In clinical samples and CRC cells, the abundance of HCG18 was enhanced whereas miR-365a-3p was reduced. Besides, HCG18 expression in CET-resistant tumor tissues was higher than that in CET-sensitive tumor tissues and the trend of miR-365a-3p was opposite to that of HCG18. HCG18 knockdown attenuated macrophage-induced CET resistance in SW620 cells and suppressed M2 polarization of THP-1 cells. Mechanistically, HCG18 interacted with miR-365a-3p and miR-365a-3p targeted FOXO1. MiR-365a-3p inhibitor abolished HCG18 knockdown-mediated inhibition of CET resistance, while FOXO1 knockdown compromised the influences of miR-365a-3p inhibitor. FOXO1 could positively regulate CSF-1 expression to promote M2 macrophage polarization and macrophage-induced CET resistance. Our results revealed that HCG18 promoted M2 macrophage polarization to facilitate CET resistance to CRC cells through modulating miR-365a-3p/FOXO1/CSF-1 axis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To compare the long-term outcomes of anatomic resection (AR) and radiofrequency ablation (RFA) with an ablative margin (AM) of ≥ 1.0 cm as first-line treatment for solitary hepatocellular carcinoma measuring ≤ 3 cm.Methods: Two hundred and fifty-one patients who underwent AR (n = 156) or RFA (ablative margin ≥ 1.0 cm, n = 95) at any of 6 tertiary hospitals from 2009 to 2018 were enrolled. Propensity score matched analysis (PSM) were used to compare overall survival (OS), recurrence-free survival (RFS), and perioperative outcomes. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify prognostic factors associated with RFS and OS.Results: PSM created 67 patient-pairs. After 96 months of follow-up, RFA with an ablative margin ≥ 1.0 cm and AR showed comparable 1-year, 3-year, 5-year, and 8-year OS rates before (P = 0.580) and after (P = 0.640) PSM. However, RFS was better at 1, 3, 5, and 8 years after AR before (P = 0.0036) and after (P = 0.017) PSM. The operation time and postoperative hospital stay were significantly longer in the AR group than in the RFA group before and after PSM (P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis identified age and type of treatment to be independent prognostic factors for RFS and age and hepatitis C to be associated with OS.Conclusions: Long-term OS was not significantly different between AR and RFA with an AM ≥ 1.0 cm in patients with a solitary hepatocellular carcinoma measuring ≤ 3 cm; but, RFS appeared to be better after AR than after RFA. However, RFA was associated with fewer perioperative complications and a shorter postoperative hospital stay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Atomic Co/Ni bimetallic active sites anchoring on MOFs-derived N-doped super carbon is precisely devised. • Super Li affinity coupling with catalytic effect endows the anode materials enhanced lithium storage performance. • The theoretical calculation further confirms the superior affinity of the Li on atomic Co/Ni active sties. Herein, a robust MOFs-derived super-carbon embedding with single atom Co/Ni anode materials for LIBs is developed by one-step annealing of the core–shell precursor ZIF-8@ZIF-67 with the introduction of dimethylglyoxime nickel as Ni source. The characterization results clearly indicate that atomic Co/Ni active sites accompanied with suitable CoNi nanoparticles are evenly embedded in the MOF-derived hollow rich-nitrogen carbon matrix. Simultaneously, moderate short carbon nanotubes root in polyhedral surface under the catalytic effect from the CoNi nanoparticles and construct an advanced conductive network. As a result, it delivers a high reversible lithium-ion storage capacity of 462.1 mAh g−1 at a current density of 0.5 A g−1 over 500 cycles, excellent rate performance of 223.28 mAh g−1 even at a high current density of 2 A g−1, which is much higher than most of reported carbon-based electrode materials. The enhanced lithium storage performance mainly derives from the moderate affinity of the Li by the atomic Co/Ni active sites incorporated with their powerful catalytic effect assisting MOF-derived rich-N doped carbon base. Moreover, the superior nano-structure of the hollow rich-nitrogen carbon skeleton with in-situ grown short carbon nanotubes improves the conductivity of electrode materials, relieves the volume expansion and accelerates the migration rate of lithium ions and electrons. The theoretical calculation further confirms the superior affinity of the Li on atomic Co/Ni active sties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Residual starch biosynthesis protein levels-structure-function relations of rice starch have been revealed. • GBSSI and SSIIIa affected amylose structure and were correlated with amylose and resistant starch content, gel texture and retrogradation. • GBSSI also affected average chain length distribution of amylopectin and was associated with pasting, thermal and retrogradation properties. • SSI, SSIIa and SSIIIa affected amylose size and were correlated with resistant starch content, thermal and gel textural properties. • SSIIa and PUL affected amylopectin peak positions and were correlated with the onset gelatinization temperature. The underlying mechanisms behind the genetics, structure and functionality relations in starches from various origins have not been fully understood. For better control of the genotypic background, rice starches from four chalky mutants and their parent were employed to investigate the above relations, and some interesting relations were revealed. GBSSI and SSIIIa were shown to affect the height of amylose in the debranched starch fraction (h AM) which reflects true amylose content (TAC), and then h AM was correlated with the AAC, RS, HD, COH, To, ΔHg, ΔHr, and R%. GBSSI also affected the average chain length (X) ¯ of amylopectin, which was associated with the AAC, TAC, RS, HPV, HD, COH, ΔHg, ΔHr, and R%. The SSI, SSIIa and SSIIIa affected the amylose size (R h,AM), which was correlated with the TAC, AAC, RS, HD, COH, To and Tp. Furthermore, both SSIIa and PUL affected the X AP2 , and X AP2 was correlated with the To. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypothesis: Switchable microemulsions (MEs) are those capable of adaptively responding to the action of internal or external stimuli. For redox-switchable MEs to obtain high-efficiency phase separation and surfactant recycling, it may be one of the keys to adequately turn off the interfacial activity of surfactants and reduce the solubility of the closed surfactants in the oil phase., Experiments: Monophasic MEs consisting 11-butylselanyl-undecyl sulfate sodium (C 4 SeC 11 SO 4 Na), n-butanol, n-octane, and water were fabricated using the pseudo-ternary phase diagram method. Their structural features and droplets size were characterized by conductivity, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM), respectively. The redox response of MEs was studied using a combination of visual observations and DLS, cryo-TEM, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and thin-layer tomography. The efficient recycling of C 4 SeC 11 SO 4 Na from a well-emulsified eluent is conceptually demonstrated., Findings: The reversible transition between C 4 SeC 11 SO 4 Na and C 4 SeOC 11 SO 4 Na is achieved under the alternating action of H 2 O 2 and N 2 H 4 , by which C 4 SeC 11 SO 4 Na-based monophasic MEs are able to efficiently demulsify and regenerate, respectively, regardless of their type. After H 2 O 2 -induced demulsification of the MEs, C 4 SeOC 11 SO 4 Na can be efficiently recycled with the water phase. We hope that such a redox-switching method may benefit some technological applications. For example, it offers exciting possibilities for simultaneous recycling C 4 SeC 11 SO 4 Na and removal of oil from a well-emulsified eluent. Around 97.1 ± 0.3 % of C 4 SeC 11 SO 4 Na could be recycled over five cycles with no apparent loss. After a simple and conventional treatment with anion-exchange resin and active carbon, the total organic carbon and chemical oxygen demand of the waste water were 17.4 ± 2.8 and 26.2 ± 1.4 mg/L, respectively., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To investigate the impact of preoperative compensatory curve on the postoperative curve progression in congenital scoliosis (CS) patients following thoracolumbar hemivertebra (HV) resection and short fusion., Methods: This study retrospectively reviewed a consecutive cohort of patients with CS who underwent thoracolumbar HV resection and short fusion with a minimum of 2 years follow-up. According to the preoperative curve pattern, patients were divided into compensatory curve group non-compensatory curve group. Based on the postoperative coronal curve evolution, patients were further divided into the progressed group (Group P, with curve decompensation ≥ 20°) and the non-progressed group (Group NP, characterized by well-compensated curves)., Results: A total of 127 patients were included in this study, with 31 patients in the compensatory curve group and 96 patients in the non-compensatory curve group. The incidence of postoperative coronal curve progression was significantly higher in the compensatory curve group than that in non-compensatory curve group (35.5% vs. 13.5%, p = 0.007). In the compensatory curve group, patients who experienced postoperative curve progression showed fewer fusion segments (p = 0.001), greater preoperative UIV translation (p = 0.006), greater preoperative LIV tilt (p = 0.017), and larger postoperative UIV tilt (p < 0.001) compared with patients in group NP. Multiple logistic regression demonstrated that the shorter fusion segments and greater postoperative UIV tilt were two independent risk factors for postoperative curve progression., Conclusion: The presence of the compensatory curve was associated with a higher incidence of postoperative curve progression in patients with CS who underwent thoracolumbar HV resection and short fusion. Shorter fusion segments and greater postoperative UIV tilt were found to be the risk factors for postoperative curve progression., Competing Interests: Declarations. Grant & financial support: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (No. 82302781), fundings for Clinical Trials from the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, and the Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Center. Conflict of interest: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest with respect to this manuscript., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: Proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK) and proximal junctional failure (PJF) are common complications observed after adult spinal deformity (ASD) surgery and major cause for unplanned reoperations. In addition to spinal alignment, osteoporosis and paraspinal muscle (PSM) degeneration are reportedly indispensable factors that account for PJK/PJF., Purpose: To investigate the utility of the preoperative risk assessment model using MRI-based skeletomuscular metrics in predicting PJK and/or PJF(PJK/PJF) after ASD correction., Study Design: Retrospective case-control study., Patient Sample: Consecutive series of 149 patients at a single academic institution., Outcome Measures: MRI-based measurements of vertebral bone quality at upper instrumented vertebra (VBQ-U) score and fat infiltration rate (FI%) of paraspinal muscle (PSM)., Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of patients with ASD who underwent ≥5-segment fusion. The vertebral bone quality (VBQ) scoring system was used to assess the bone quality. The PSM quality including FI% and cross-sectional area (CSA) was evaluated. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to determine potential risk factors of PJK/PJF., Results: Of 149 patients who underwent ASD surgery, PJK/PJF was found in 45(30.2%). Mean VBQ-U scores were 3.45±0.64 and 3.00±0.56 for patients with and without PJK/PJF (p<.001). Mean FI% of PSM (L3/L4) was 27.9±12.8 and 20.7±13.3 for patients with and without PJK/PJF (p<.001). On multivariate analysis, the VBQ-U score and FI% of PSM were significant independent predictors of PJK/PJF. The AUC for the novel risk assessment model is 0.806, with a predictive accuracy of 86.7%., Conclusion: In patients undergoing ASD correction, paraspinal muscle and vertebral bone quality significantly outweigh radiographic alignment parameters in predicting PJK/PJF. The MRI-based risk assessment model offers a valuable tool for early assessing individualized risk for PJK/PJF., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest One or more of the authors declare financial or professional relationships on ICMJE-TSJ disclosure forms., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Metformin reduces incidences of miscarriage and preterm delivery in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) women, but its impact on gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is conflicting. Hence, this study set up selection criteria to include previously infertile women with PCOS but without pre-existing DM who became pregnant, aiming to minimize confounders and investigate the influence of metformin on GDM, miscarriage, and preterm delivery., Methods: This study included 195 previously infertile women with PCOS who became pregnant. They were divided into metformin (receiving metformin during pregnancy) and control (not receiving metformin) groups without intervention., Results: Metformin group tended to have a lower incidence of GDM versus control group (13.3% versus 23.3%, P = 0.070). A logistic regression model adjusted for all baseline characteristics (demographics, infertile duration, and diabetes mellitus-related features) showed that metformin was associated with a decreased probability of GDM (odds ratio (OR): 0.426, P = 0.037). Metformin group showed a similar incidence of miscarriage (6.7% versus 11.1%, P = 0.273), but decreased incidences of preterm delivery (not statistically significant) (6.7% versus 13.3%, P = 0.091) and miscarriage or preterm delivery (13.3% versus 24.4%, P = 0.046) versus control group. A logistic regression model adjusted for all the aforementioned features revealed that metformin was related to a lower risk of miscarriage or preterm delivery (OR: 0.417, P = 0.040). Fetal outcomes, including birth weight (P = 0.245) and the incidence of 5 min-Apgar score ≤ 7 (P = 0.702), were similar between groups., Conclusion: Metformin administration during pregnancy may reduce GDM, miscarriage, and preterm delivery risks without adverse effects on fetal outcomes in previously infertile women with PCOS., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Royal Academy of Medicine in Ireland.)

Objective: To establish a novel classification system for predicting the risk of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) events in surgically-treated patients with kyphotic deformity., Methods: Patients with kyphotic deformity who underwent surgical correction of cervicothoracic, thoracic, or thoracolumbar kyphosis in our center from July 2005 to December 2020 were recruited. We proposed a classification system to describe the morphology of the spinal cord on T2-weighted sagittal magnetic resonance imaging: type A, circular/symmetric cord with visible cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) between the cord and vertebral body; type B, circular/oval/symmetric cord with no visible CSF between the cord and vertebral body; type C, spinal cord that is fattened/deformed by the vertebral body, with no visible CSF between the cord and vertebral body. Furthermore, based on type C, the spinal cord compression ratio (CR) < 50% was defined as the subtype C-, while the spinal cord CR ≥ 50% was defined as the subtype C+. IONM event was documented, and a comparative analysis was made to evaluate the prevalence of IONM events among patients with diverse spinal cord types., Results: A total of 294 patients were reviewed, including 73 in type A; 153 in type B; 53 in subtype C- and 15 in subtype C+. Lower extremity transcranial motor-evoked potentials and/or somatosensory evoked potentials were lost intraoperatively in 41 cases (13.9%), among which 4 patients with type C showed no return of spinal cord monitoring data. The 14 subtype C+ patients (93.3%) had IONM events. Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that patients with a type C spinal cord (subtype C-: odds ratio [OR], 10.390; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.215-48.735; p = 0.003; subtype C+, OR, 497.000; 95% CI, 42.126- 5,863.611; p < 0.001) are at significantly higher risk of a positive IONM event during deformity correction compared to those with a type A. In further multiple logistic regression analysis, the spinal cord classification (OR, 5.371; 95% CI, 2.966-9.727; p < 0.001) was confirmed as an independent risk factor for IONM events., Conclusion: We presented a new spinal cord classification system based on the relative position of the spinal cord and vertebrae to predict the risk of IONM events in patients with kyphotic deformity. In patients with type C spinal cord, especially those in C+ cases, it is essential to be aware of potential IONM events, and adopt standard operating procedures to facilitate neurological recovery.

Background: Osteoporosis (OP), characterized by compromised bone integrity and increased fracture risk, poses a significant health challenge. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have emerged as crucial regulators in various pathophysiological processes, prompting investigation into their role in osteoporosis. This study aimed to elucidate the involvement of circCOX6A1 in OP progression and understand its underlying molecular mechanisms. The primary objective was to explore the impact of circCOX6A1 on bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and its potential interactions with miR-512-3p and DYRK2., Methods: GSE161361 microarray analysis was employed to assess circCOX6A1 expression in OP patients. We utilized in vitro and in vivo models, including BMSC cultures, osteogenic differentiation assays, and an OVX-induced mouse model of OP. Molecular techniques such as quantitative RT-PCR, western blotting, and functional assays like alizarin red staining (ARS) were employed to evaluate circCOX6A1 effects on BMSC proliferation, apoptosis, and osteogenic differentiation. The interaction between circCOX6A1, miR-512-3p, and DYRK2 was investigated through dual luciferase reporter assays, RNA immunoprecipitation, and RNA pull-down assays., Results: CircCOX6A1 was found to be upregulated in osteoporosis patients, and its expression inversely correlated with osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. CircCOX6A1 knockdown enhanced osteogenic differentiation, as evidenced by increased mineralized nodule formation and upregulation of osteogenic markers. In vivo, circCOX6A1 knockdown ameliorated osteoporosis progression in OVX mice. Mechanistically, circCOX6A1 acted as a sponge for miR-512-3p, subsequently regulating DYRK2 expression., Conclusion: This study provides compelling evidence for the role of circCOX6A1 in osteoporosis pathogenesis. CircCOX6A1 negatively regulates BMSC osteogenic differentiation through the miR-512-3p/DYRK2 axis, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic target for mitigating OP progression., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

Background and Objectives: To explore the patterns of sagittal imbalance in patients with lumbar or thoracolumbar degenerative kyphosis (DK) and determine its implication for the risk of mechanical complication (MC) after corrective surgery., Methods: A total of 137 patients with DK who underwent corrective surgery were reviewed. The patients were divided into L group (with a kyphotic apex at L2 and below) and TL group (with kyphotic apex at L1 and above). Then, sacral slope (SS) (defined as S1 if SS > 0 in TL, or SS > 10 in L group) and sagittal vertical axis ≥ 5 cm (defined as +) were used as modifier sagittal balance. The Scoliosis Research Society (SRS)-22 questionnaire scores were analyzed, and the risk of mechanical failure was compared across groups., Results: The distribution of subgroups was 38 (27.7%) in TLS1(-) group, 36 (26.3%) in TLS1(+) group, 16 (11.7%) in TLS0(-) group, and 5 (3.6%) in TLS0(+) group. For L group, the figure was 5 (3.6%) in LS1(-), 22 (16.1%) in LS1(+), 7 (5.2%) in LS0(-), and 8 (5.8%) in LS0(+). Patients in L group had significantly higher regional kyphosis, lower lumbar lordosis, and higher sagittal vertical axis, indicating a higher risk of global decompensation. The SRS function scores and pain scores were also lower in the L group compared with the TL group. At a minimum of 2 years of follow-up, χ2 test showed that the incidence of TLS0 (+), LS0 (-), and LS0 (+) had significantly higher rates of MC (>40%). In both TL and L groups, patients with MC were found to have significantly lower bone mineral density than those without., Conclusion: The findings decipher the distinct patterns of sagittal imbalance in severe DK patients with kyphotic apex at thoracolumbar or lumbar spine. Patients with kyphotic apex apex at L2 or below, low SS, and global imbalance showed the highest risk of postoperative mechanical failure., (Copyright © Congress of Neurological Surgeons 2024. All rights reserved.)

Study Design: A prospective study., Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the PI change in different postures and before and after S2‑alar‑iliac (S2AI) screw fixation, and to investigate whether pre-op supine PI could predict post-op standing PI. Previous studies have reported PI may change with various positions. Some authors postulated that the unexpected PI change in ASD patients could be due to sacroiliac joint laxity, S2-alar-iliac (S2AI) screw placement, or aggressive sagittal cantilever technique. However, there was a lack of investigation on how to predict post-op standing PI when making surgical strategy., Methods: A prospective case series of ASD patients undergoing surgical correction with S2AI screw placement was conducted. Full-spine X-ray films were obtained at pre-op standing, pre-op supine, pre-op prone, as well as post-op standing postures. Pelvic parameters were measured. Spearman correlation analysis was used to determine relationships between each parameter., Results: A total of 83 patients (22 males, 61females) with a mean age of 58.4 ± 9.5 years were included in this study. Pre-op standing PI was significantly lower than post-op standing PI (p = 0.004). Pre-op prone PI was significantly lower than post-op standing PI (p = 0.001). By contrast, no significant difference was observed between pre-op supine and post-op standing PI (p = 0.359) with a mean absolute difference of 2.2° ± 1.9°. Correlation analysis showed supine PI was significantly correlated with post-op standing PI (r = 0.951, p < 0.001)., Conclusion: This study revealed the PI changed after S2AI screw fixation. The pre-op supine PI can predict post-op standing PI precisely, which facilitates to provide correction surgery strategy with a good reference for ideal sagittal alignment postoperatively., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Background Context: Surgery for degenerative scoliosis (DS) is a complex procedure with high complication and revision rates. Based on the concept that pelvic incidence (PI) is a constant parameter, the global alignment and proportional (GAP) score was developed from sagittal alignment data collected in the Caucasian populations to predict mechanical complications. However, the PI varies among different ethnic groups, and the GAP score may not apply to Chinese populations. Thus, this study aims to assess the predictability of the GAP score for mechanical complications in the Chinese populations and develop an ethnicity-adjusted GAP score., Purpose: To test the predictability of the original GAP score in the Chinese population and develop a Chinese ethnicity-tailored GAP scoring system., Study Design/settings: Retrospective cohort study., Patient Sample: A total of 560 asymptomatic healthy volunteers were enrolled to develop Chinese ethnicity-tailored GAP (C-GAP) score and a total of 114 DS patients were enrolled to test the predictability of original GAP score and C-GAP score., Outcome Measures: Demographic information, sagittal spinopelvic parameters of healthy volunteers and DS patients were collected. Mechanical complications were recorded at a minimum of 2-year follow-up after corrective surgery for DS patients., Methods: A total of 560 asymptomatic healthy volunteers with a mean age of 61.9±14.1 years were enrolled to develop ethnicity-adjusted GAP score. Besides, 114 surgically trated DS patients (M/F=10/104) with a mean age of 60.7±7.1 years were retrospectively reviewed. Demographic data and radiological parameters of both groups, including PI, lumbar lordosis (LL), sacral slope (SS), the sagittal vertical axis (SVA), and global tilt (GT) were collected. Ideal LL, SS, and GT were obtained by calculating their correlation with PI of healthy volunteers using linear regression analysis. Relative pelvic version (RPV), relative lumbar lordosis (RLL), lordosis distribution index (LDI), and relative spinopelvic alignment (RSA) were obtained using the ideal parameters, and the Chinese population adjusted GAP score (C-GAP) was developed based on these values. The predictability of original and C-GAP for mechanical failure was evaluated using clinical and radiological data of DS patients by evaluating the area under the curve (AUC) using receiver operating characteristic curve. This study was supported the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (No. 82272545), ($ 8,000-10,000) and the Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Center, and the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2021M701677), Level B ($ 5,000-7,000)., Results: Ideal SS=0.53×PI+9 (p=.002), ideal LL=0.48×PI+22 (p=.023) and ideal GT=0.46 × PI-9 (p=.011). were obtained by correlation analysis using sagittal parameters from those healthy volunteers, and RPV, RLL, RSA, and LDI were calculated accordingly. Then, the ethnicity-adjusted C-GAP score was developed by summing up the numeric value of calculated RPV, RLL, RSA, and LDI. The AUC was classified as ''no or low discriminatory power'' for the original GAP score in predicting mechanical complications (AUC=0.592, p=.078). Similarly, the original GAP score did not correlate with mechanical complications in DS patients. According to the C-GAP score, the sagittal parameters were proportional in 25 (21.9%) cases, moderately disproportional in 68 (59.6%), and severely disproportional in 21% (18.5%) cases. The incidence of mechanical complications was statistically different among proportioned and moderately disproportional and severely disproportional portions of the C-GAP score (p=.03). The predictability of the C-GAP score is high with an AUC=0.773 (p<.001). In addition, there is a linear correlation between mechanical complication rate and C-GAP score (χ=0.102, p=.02)., Conclusion: The Ethnicity-adjusted C-GAP score system developed in the current study provided a more accurate and reliable for predicting the risk of mechanical complications after corrective surgery for adult spinal deformity., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)