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This paper clarifies the characteristics of the metamorphosis/customization/ extension of row-type housing. The metamorphosis position as well as physical characteristics of the row-type housing facade, as well as material utilization have also been clarified. Utilizing the graphic recording techniques integrated with discussions have helped to brainstorm the ideas and found the contributed gaps. The results showed that the metamorphosis has a positive solution of this housing style. Space for Creating Income (SCI) has played an imperative role since the first of occupation period of the users. Tools to gain SCI found to be self-extension and self-customization. The direction of the metamorphosis majorly be the first storey of the building, continuously to the interior space of the first floor. Materials utilization found to be semi-permanent and permanent material. Users are able to gain income by using their row-house. Apart from functioning as a residing purpose, row-type housing can also support to generate income for its users. Therefore, SCI is essential and should be a significant outlook for sustainable housing enhancement.

According to local wisdom, vernacular houses are believed to be able to adapt to their environmental conditions, and this is the case for the vernacular timber houses of the Arfak tribe. Known as the “house of a thousand piles”, these houses are indeed built with many piles, which are embedded into the ground to support their structure. Besides this, they also have a symmetrical geometric form and seven layers of intersecting beams that create very stiff floor diaphragm. All these piles and beams were tied together using rattan ropes. They are believed by the locals to be earthquake resistant but unfortunately their reliability performance has hardly ever been proven scientifically. Therefore, this paper focused on efforts to provide an overview of the structural reliability of the houses of the Arfak tribe in West Papua through a loading test conducted at the site. This test was in the form of a static monotonic test where a 3 m by 3 m house module was tied with steel rope and then laterally pulled by a truck equipped with a load cell as the source of lateral force. The force was applied alternately in the X and Y directions with and without a live load. The module was then loaded until collapse. Through this experiment, the natural period and lateral stiffness of the module were calculated. The experiments also showed the types of structural damage suffered by the module, which can help to improve the housing quality and could be one option for locally based mitigation to meet the needs of sustainable housing.

Cet article retrace les processus d’institutionnalisation de l’habitat durable dans trois pays européens : la France, la Finlande et l’Espagne. En prenant appui sur un travail de thèse (Némoz, 2009), il s’agit d’engager une réflexion sur la définition politique de la « durabilité » dans le secteur résidentiel et sur la portée critique de son approche comparative dans l’espace et dans le temps. L’objectif est d’expliciter et de mettre en débat la part de normativité que l’habitat durable exerce sur les politiques publiques en Europe. Les hypothèses d’un outil de gouvernementalisation et d’une capacité de distanciation cognitive sont approfondies, en revenant tant sur les méthodes que sur les résultats. Contre la vision simpliste d’un changement global de culture, l’européanisation de l’habitat durable est analysée comme la construction multi-échelle et muticulturelle d’un « format » : l’« éco-logis ». La légitimation de cette catégorie spatiale s’avère être dominée par un registre managérial et technologique. Celui-ci tend à réduire la transformation résidentielle à des exigences écologiques et économiques, sans ouvrir de discussion sur le fonctionnement des relations de pouvoir et des rapports sociaux. L’approche comparative se révèle être un ressort de la réflexion critique en ce qu’elle la délocalise. Elle instruit l’« éco-logis » d’une portée plus large, en éclairant plusieurs facettes que le regard doit parcourir s’il veut saisir la morphologie du pouvoir sur nos modes d’habiter avec la nature. This article looks at the institutionalization process of sustainable housing in three European countries: France, Finland and Spain. Building on a thesis (Némoz, 2009), the analysis entails further reflection on the political definition of « sustainability » in the residential sector and further discussion on the critical scope of comparative approach in space and time. The objective is to make explicit and to pave the way for debate about the normative dimension of sustainable housing and its impacts on public policy in Europe. The assumptions of a tool for supporting governments and the cognitive distance taken are examined in relation to the methodologies used and their results. Far from the simplistic vision of a global change of culture, the Europeanisation of sustainable housing is analysed as a multiscale and multicultural construction of a « format »: the « eco-housing ». The legitimacy of this spatial category has proven to be dominated by a managerial and technological register. It tends to reduce the residential transformation from ecological and economic requirements without opening the discussion on the functioning of power relations. The comparative approach proves to be a driving force that relocates the critical reflection. It examines the « eco-housing » in a broader scope which highlights several facets that give new insights into the morphology of power over our ways of living with nature. Este artículo describe los procesos de institucionalización del hábitat sostenible en tres países europeos: Francia, Finlandia y Espaňa. Basada en una tesis (Némoz, 2009), se trata de empreder una reflexión sobre la definición politíca de la « sostenibilidad » en el sector residential y sobre el alcance crítico de su enfoque comparativo en el espacio y en el tiempo. El objetivo es aclarar y presentar a un debate abierto la normatividad del hábitat sostenible ejercida en las políticas públicas en Europa. Las hipótesis relativas a una herramienta de gubernamentalisación y a une capacidad de distanciamiento cognitivo se examinan a través los métodos y los resultados. Contra la visión simplista de un cambio global de cultura, la europeización del hábitat sostenible se está analizando como una construcción multicultural a escalas múltiples de un « formato »: el « eco-alojamiento ». La legitimación de esta catgoría espacial parece estar dominada por un registro empresarial y technológico. Éste tiende a reducir la transformación residencial a las exigencias ecológicas y económicas sin abrir la discusión sobre el funcionamiento de las relaciones de poder. El enfoque comparativo está demonstrando ser un elemento fundamental que se deslocaliza la reflexión crítica. Se ha instruido el « eco-alojamiento » con un alcance más amplio que presenta varias facetas y que da a ver la morfoloría del poder en nosotros modos de vivir con la naturaleza.

En dépit d’une grande diversité de projets, les porteurs des démarches d’habitat participatif défendent une approche « durable » de l’habitat : un engagement collectif dans la production et la gestion de l’habitat ; la promotion de valeurs de partage, de solidarité ; la défense de la sobriété énergétique jusque dans les modes de vie ; la réduction des coûts d’accès au logement. Avec la loi pour l’Accès au Logement et un Urbanisme Rénové (alur) de mars 2014, l’habitat participatif est institutionnalisé. Est-ce à dire qu’il va fortement se développer dans les années à venir ? Assiste-t-on avec l’habitat participatif à l’avènement de l’habitat durable ? Si ses fondements et ses ambitions sont en adéquation avec les injonctions de l’action publique urbaine et les enjeux de production du logement, la mise en œuvre des projets se heurte à différents obstacles qui se retrouvent sur l’ensemble des scènes locales observées. Ils sont tout autant opérationnels que liés à des représentations et des postures vis-à-vis des habitants. Les différents territoires sont toutefois inégalement dotés pour les dépasser : histoire locale et configurations d’acteurs apparaissent déterminantes dans le développement des démarches. L’accompagnement des projets lève certains freins mais il peut aussi révéler un retrait des collectivités locales, mettant à mal les ambitions de transformation de la production du logement et de l’habitat. In spite of a great diversity of projects, inhabitants commited in cohousing defend a « sustainable » approach of housing : a collective commitment in housing production and management ; the promotion of values of sharing and solidarity ; defense of energy-saving lifestyle ; improvement of housing affordability. With the March 2014 French act for access to housing and renewed urbanism (alur), cohousing is institutionnalized. Does it mean that cohousing is going to develop strongly in the coming years ? Is sustainable housing going to be established with cohousing ? Its bases and its ambitions are in adequacy with the orders of the urban public action and housing production challenges. Nevertheless, the implementation of the projects comes up against various obstacles which are found on the whole of observed sites. They are as much operational than related to representations and postures relating to inhabitants. The different sites have not the same tools to overtake them : local history and agents configurations are decisive. The projects support contributes to rase some difficulties but it can also reveal a local authorities withdrawal, which endangered the ambitions of housing production transformation. En medio de una gran diversidad de proyectos, los responsables de proyectos de hábitat participativo sostienen una aproximación « sostenible » del hábitat: un compromiso colectivo en la producción y la gestión del hábitat; la promoción de valores como la solidaridad; la defensa de la sobriedad energética, incluso en los modos de vida; la reducción del costo de acceso a la vivienda. Con la ley para el Acceso a la Vivienda y la Renovación del Urbanismo (alur) de marzo de 2014, el hábitat participativo se institucionaliza. ¿Implicará esto un desarrollo importante en los próximos años? ¿Asistimos con el hábitat participativo al advenimiento del hábitat sostenible? Si sus bases y ambiciones están en fase con las prioridades de la acción pública urbana y los retos de la producción de vivienda, el desarrollo de estos proyectos debe hacer frente a dificultades comunes a los diversos contextos locales analizados. Estos retos son de orden operativo y se derivan también de representaciones y posiciones frente a los habitantes. Los recursos disponibles para sobrepasar estas dificultades son desiguales territorialmente: la historia local y la configuración de actores son determinantes para el éxito de estas iniciativas. El acompañamiento institucional a estos proyectos permite superar algunas dificultades pero puede también ser un síntoma del retiro del Estado, lo que dificulta el cumplimiento de la ambición de transformar el sector de la producción de la vivienda y del hábitat.

For several decades,Iranian cities are experiencing major and fast urban growth. At the top of them is Tehran, Iran’s capital city, with doubled population in 30years from approximately 6 to 12.5 million in 2016. Undoubtedly such a magnificent raise in population has increasedthe need for settlements and the city has to respond to it. Today, Tehran,is the center for such exogenous development while suffering from a wide range of difficulties in urban development. Since human settlement plays a critical role in urban development, it needs to be considered carefully. Currently, apartment residency is the most common type of dwelling in Tehran, as well as most of Iran’s major metropolitan areas. This article focuses on the cultural and social deficiencies of contemporary mass housing in Tehran. A survey is conductedto investigate the seven proposed concepts to promote social facilitation, social participation and cultural aspects of apartment residences. Furthermore, the concepts are aimed to promote place attachment and place identity and raise residential satisfaction as well as quality of life. The results show that, implementing these concepts will promote social and cultural aspects of contemporary residences in Tehran and consequently other fast-growing cities of Iran.Subsequently, such improvement will facilitate in achieving the social and cultural aspects of sustainable urban development in metropolitans in Iran.

Co-housing is an emerging housing form in Spain, where many pioneering initiatives are found in Catalonia and the Barcelona area. Using the La Borda project as a recurring illustration, but also drawing on other examples and developments, the chapter seeks to contextualize this nascent but noticeable interest in co-housing in and around Barcelona. Starting at the scale of the crisis-ridden Spanish housing system, the chapter gradually zooms in on co-housing at the scale of Catalonia, Barcelona, neighbourhoods and, eventually, the La Borda project. While still embryonic, co-housing activism in the Barcelona area is generally characterized by a high degree of urban-political commitment and organization, and the chapter suggests that emerging experiences in Barcelona can serve as inspiration for those who want co-housing to evolve into a more sustainable housing form. (Less)

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Arquitetura apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia Vila da Preguiça’s downtown, its Centro de Identidade (Identity Center), is characterized by the many warehouses that belong to the old maritime customs house, which line the seafront. The large doors in the façades hide the precarious condition ten families live in - some large, some as small as a single individual - while sharing close quarters separated by linens, with no access to plumbing or a bathroom. This is compounded by a want of roofing isolation, which is particularly hard to bear during the rainy season.With the adoption of a climate-efficient architectural approach came the development of a project stemming from the extensive study of São Nicolau’s Island’s climate, and, in particular, that of the Vila da Preguiça. This was done in combination with all the elements gathered during the ground investigation, namely interviews with the population and the analysis of materials and of traditional construction systems (which have been selected and catalogued), with the aim of adopting the characteristics of the local vernacular construction, while increasing its efficiency.In response to a request to rehouse the aforementioned ten families, I propose the construction of eight single-family dwellings in this Centro de Identidade, which will serve as templates supported by Notes for a Sustainable Architecture and Construction Manual for the Vila da Preguiça, to be integrated in the Plano de Desenvolvimento Integrado e Salvaguarda da Vila da Preguiça (Integrated Development Plan for the Vila da Preguiça). One of the main goals is the construction of efficient dwellings that solve the problems identified by each family, thereby improving their quality of life. I also intend to integrate the dwellings in a system of local accommodations, so as to increase the family income via the rental of rooms. A Baixa da Vila de Preguiça, aqui designado como Centro de Identidade, é caracterizada pela presença de armazéns da antiga alfândega marítima que , junto ao mar, desenham a marginal. As grandes portas nas fachadas escondem as condições precárias em que dez famílias, umas numerosas, outras unifamiliares, partilham reduzidos espaços divididos por lençóis, sem acesso a água canalizada nem casa de banho, além de sofrerem com a má estanquidade das coberturas, sobretudo durante o período de chuvas.Adotando conceitos de uma arquitetura climaticamente eficaz, foi desenvolvido um projeto com base no estudo intensivo do clima da Ilha de São Nicolau e, particularmente, da Preguiça. Esta leitura, cruzada com todos os elementos recolhidos durante a missão de investigação no terreno, nomeadamente: entrevistas à população, análise dos materiais e identificação dos sistemas construtivos tradicionais selecionados e catalogados, procura adotar as características da construção vernacular local, potenciando-se a sua eficiência.Como resposta à encomenda prévia de realojar dez famílias, proponho a construção de oito habitações unifamiliares neste Centro de Identidade. Este processo de trabalho servirá como base para a produção desses modelos exemplificativos, apoiados com Notas para um Manual de Construção e Arquitetura Sustentável para a Vila da Preguiça, que integrará o Plano de Desenvolvimento Integrado e Salvaguarda da Vila da Preguiça [PDIS]. Um dos objetivos centrais é a construção de habitações eficientes que respondam aos problemas identificados por cada família, melhorando a sua qualidade de vida. Pretendo ainda integrar as habitações num sistema de alojamento local, permitindo o aumento dos rendimentos familiares através da disponibilização de um quarto para arrendar.

[ES] En el presente proyecto se llevan a cabo los cálculos referentes al diseño de una instalación de suministro de agua de una vivienda sostenible, así como la evacuación de ésta y la depuración y posterior reutilización de las aguas grises y las aguas pluviales. La vivienda está ubicada en la ciudad de Valencia. La instalación se engloba dentro de un proyecto universitario llamado Azalea, participante en el concurso de vivienda sostenible Solar Decathlon 2019. Se diseña la instalación con el objetivo de minimizar el consumo de agua y energía. Se completa el trabajo con el presupuesto y planos correspondientes y se aplica la normativa del Código Técnico de la Edificación y la normativa referente a instalaciones hidráulicas. En el trabajo se ponen en práctica los conocimientos adquiridos en asignaturas como Mecánica de Fluidos y Máquinas Hidráulicas, además de AUTOCAD de Dibujo Técnico y se desarrollan competencias propias del Grado, [EN] In this project, calculations concerning the design of a water supply facility for sustainable housing are carried out, as well as the evacuation of this and grey water and rainwaters¿ purifying and reuse. The house is in the city of Valencia. The facility is designed with the goal of minimizing the water and energy consumption. The project is completed with the corresponding budget and construction plans and the normative of the `Código Técnico de la Edificación¿ and the normative referred to the hydraulic facilities are applied. In the project the knowledge acquired in subjects such as `Mecánica de Fluidos¿ and `Máquinas Hidráulicas¿ are put into practice, as well as AUTOCAD from `Dibujo Técnico¿ and degree competencies are developed., [CA] In this project, calculations concerning the design of a water supply facility for sustainable housing are carried out, as well as the evacuation of this and grey water and rainwaters’ purifying and reuse. The house is in the city of Valencia. The installation is included in a university project called Azalea, participant in the Solar Decathlon 2019 sustainable housing competition. The facility is designed with the goal of minimizing the water and energy consumption. The project is completed with the corresponding budget and construction plans and the normative of the ‘Código Técnico de la Edificación’ and the normative referred to the hydraulic facilities are applied. In the project the knowledge acquired in subjects such as ‘Mecánica de Fluidos’ and ‘Máquinas Hidráulicas’ are put into practice, as well as AUTOCAD from ‘Dibujo Técnico’ and degree competencies are developed

Project success incorporates both project management success and product success. The basic criteria for evaluating project success are scope, time, cost, and client satisfaction with the final product or service. The use of interlocking stabilized soil block technology in housing projects has been promoted in Kenya as a means to address poverty, sustainable housing and housing affordability challenges facing many Kenyans. The programme was conceptualized, planned and implemented across the country. The uptake of the technology has however been slow. This study sought to evaluate the adoption of the interlocking soil technology in development of adequate and sustainable housing projects in Nandi County. The variables analyzed for this study were; understanding of the processes of production, community participation, benefits of the technology and the challenges of cost and information dissemination. The study was guided by the Innovation Diffusion and Systems theories. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. 155 households were sampled out of the 81,672 households in the target population. Quantitative data was collected using questionnaires. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study established that the interlocking technology is not widely practiced. There is an average understanding of the processes of production, community participation is not widely embraced, information dissemination is not effective and efficient and the costs were not affordable. The study recommends that action should be taken to promote better understanding of the processes of production, enhance community participation and addressing the challenges of cost and information dissemination.

Researchers and the government have advocated for the delivery of sustainable building projects in Malaysia; however, the rate of demand and supply of the sustainable residential buildings has been low and the increase is slow. This research aims to examine the barriers towards the adoption of a sustainable residential building. This research conducted a cross-sectional survey using a questionnaire comprising 19 barriers to adoption of sustainable residential buildings administered on 110 professionals in the building industry. The research found that 89% of the responding housing professionals observed that there are barriers obstructing the adoption of sustainable residential buildings. The research found that a lack of experience on sustainable building projects by the industry, maintenance problems, lack of technology for the delivery of sustainable building projects, lack of competent labour in sustainable buildings, and the high capital cost of sustainable residential buildings compared with the conventional buildings are the five main barriers stopping the adoption of sustainable buildings in Malaysia. Based on the findings, it infers that the delivery of sustainable housing depends on the technological advancements, policies, competencies, awareness, homebuyers’ experience, and costs. The research concludes by presenting a cycle of barriers for the rapid adoption of sustainable buildings. The findings provide feedback and feedforward information to the policymakers, design and construction teams, and manufacturers.

The scope of this work covers a proposal for the implementation of sustainable, low-cost, environmentally friendly, and affordable housing for low-income people. This paper aims to address the current housing issues, namely that many people lack decent housing and that the built houses are usually of a poorly sustainable nature. The work consists of three main parts: an evaluation of housing sustainability, measurement of parameters related to their internal comfort and a simulation of thermal enclosure with the COMSOL Multiphysics&reg, software. An important objective is to propose a sustainability assessment format, which, besides being explained in detail, is presented in a percentage scale for ease of understanding. This work seeks a methodology for evaluating the level or degree of sustainability for the construction and inhabitation stages of housing. Using a prototype constructed with polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles, temperature and humidity were measured. There was a contrasting behavior of these two parameters, which tended towards an inverse behavior, except on cloudy or rainy days. The roof of the prototype contained some waste materials that provided thermal insulation: galvanized steel, polyethylene bags for upcycling as waterproofing, PET bottles, soil and endemic plants (green roof). The results obtained in the simulation are in accordance with the real internal behavior of the prototype.

Many areas in the USA are facing housing crises, and state and local governments are responding by funding affordable housing that is also green and energy efficient. The US Green Building Council (USGBC) has advocated for expanded access to the benefits of healthy, efficient, and affordable housing (USGBC in Green affordable homes: valuing healthy and efficient housing for all, 2012). Considering the financial benefits and positive physical changes that green housing can offer people facing financial difficulties, sustainable interventions are imperative. This research assumes that residents in green low-income housing experience a variety of financial and physical benefits and examines their perceptions of those benefits and their experiences with them; this is, to date, a topic that has not yet been systematically researched. While sustainability rating systems may contribute to increasing our understanding of building and community-related environmental issues, they do not address users’ perspectives or residents of the surrounding communities. A survey was conducted of residents of various LEED or Energy Star-certified affordable housing and the communities surrounding them in the state of New York. This research found that the residents, overall, perceived positive improvements in their lives as a result of sustainable practices, as compared to their previous living conditions, and did not experience discomfort or negative impacts from their daily use. However, the impact of the financial savings was perceived as mild. The findings of this research will be beneficial for architects, builders, and developers of sustainable affordable housing who seek to understand users’ perspectives and thus enhance sustainable practices to bring stronger impacts to residents of sustainable housing developments.

The burst of the housing bubble in the United States ignited political and economic shockwaves, bringing global financial markets to the brink of collapse and kick-starting the Great Recession. This devastating crisis was the result of irresponsible housing practices and policy interventions rooted in the contemporary neoliberal mentality of rule that encouraged homeownership and failed to regulate high-risk lending (Aalbers, 2015). The Tiny Home Lifestyle (THL) has gained popularity amidst this contemporary era of housing instability, and offers a small, more affordable, and often aesthetically appealing version of a traditional American home. Despite growing awareness around the THL, it has been neglected as the subject of rigorous academic study. Therefore, the primary aim of this thesis was to explore and explain the Tiny Home Lifestyle (THL) in the United States. This alternative, small-living housing option was positioned amidst the traditional housing market, debt encumbrance, and contemporary consumer culture, relying on the American dream ethos as a lens to explore aspirations of homeownership. The conceptual basis for the interrogation of the THL was rooted in the Foucauldian (1988) notion of ‘technologies of the self’. This was applied to investigate the promotion of a self-governing individual in pursuit of being a responsible and ethical citizen. The methodological approach of this research was reliant on the recent turn in governmentalities studies that employ non-archival methods to explore the nuances of governing practices and actualities of subject identity formation. One key finding of this thesis was that almost all participants expressed financial freedom as the primary motivation for adoption. Arguably, these dwellers have been governed into taking responsibility over their housing and understanding the provisions of the THL as ‘more free’ than what is provided by traditional housing, rather than the result of a constraining neoliberal mentality of rule. However, data suggested that dwellers were active in this process and appropriated normalisation and differentiation tactics to responsibilise and moralise their decision to adopt this lifestyle and become ‘tiny housers’. This thesis demonstrates how an unaffordable housing market ignited new housing ‘choices’ and how dwellers shifted identities in this process, potentially altering housing trajectories in the future. This contributes to post-recession understandings of housing amidst the contemporary neoliberal regime.

The housing type of apartments, which has been spreading widely in South Korea, has penetrated deep into the domestic housing culture, thanks to the advantage of &ldquo, convenience&rdquo, resulting from the mass production of industrial capitalism that prioritizes functionality and efficiency. However, as capitalist social structures undergo transformation, in the 21st century, under a paradigm emphasizing creativity over functionality and efficiency, the characteristics of everyday life are also changing. Therefore, this study focuses on newly emerging lifestyles resulting from this transition of social structures. It analyzes the characteristics of residential space that reflect this trend, centering on &ldquo, the characteristics of residents&rdquo, and &ldquo, the relationship between individual and family&rdquo, To this end, we compared lifestyle magazines aimed at the general public and architectural magazines aimed at architectural experts. Section 3 explores the changed lifestyles of residents by analyzing the articles containing interviews with residents in lifestyle magazines, while Section 4 focuses on the characteristics of residential spaces in reflecting these changes by analyzing houses and articles of architects and critics in architectural magazines. This analysis consistently brought forth the question of the limit of existing spaces of apartments and the desire to overcome them. A correspondence between residential spaces and the needs of everyday lives and lifestyles is a basic requirement for sustainable housing. Thus, the design of residential spaces will have to begin with a clear understanding of residents and their lifestyles, which can then be mapped onto the characteristics of residential spaces that can support them.

Legislative initiatives regarding universal accessibility promote the elimination of architectural barriers. This is a positive measure as it aims to ensure equal rights and opportunities for disabled people, in accordance with the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (United Nations, 2006). One of the challenges facing society today is the determination of reasonable accommodation, a concept that encompasses those necessary modifications and adjustments which do not impose a disproportionate burden. For this purpose, technical, economic and social aspects shall be taken into consideration, as required by legislation. This paper proposes reasonable accommodation in residential buildings, taking into account the different options for its attainment, by applying a multi-criteria analysis based on a wide range of objective indicators of three types: technical, social and economic. This proposal was one of the objectives of the R + D + i Project called “VIVable-From accessible housing to sustainable housing: The essence of reasonable accommodation”. From VIVable, the fuzzy multi-criteria assessment method for determining reasonable accommodation may be totally extrapolated to other uses. At the same time, the proposed method may also be extrapolated to other countries where basic requirements for universal accessibility in buildings and equal rights of persons with disabilities are standardized.

The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the link between housing and children&acute, s respiratory symptoms, through the construction of an index (HSHI) based on the definition of healthy-sustainable housing criteria, in a semi-urban community from Morelos, Mexico. A general and household questionnaire, and respiratory symptoms diary were applied in 60 households to gather information about schoolchildren, respiratory health, housing and lifestyle characteristics. HSHI was constructed using principal component analysis. The association between HSHI and the presence and duration of respiratory symptoms was assessed using logistic and Poisson regression models. HSHI had five components, which accounted for 63% of variance, and were classified into poor and sufficient quality. It was observed that schoolchildren who inhabit a sufficient-quality house, showed a reduction in nose irritation duration and in the allergic symptoms probability regarding component 1 (ventilation, lighting and cloth washing) and presented three times less duration of common cold by component 2 (construction material, painted walls inside the house and type of bathroom) compared to poor-quality house inhabitants. Our results suggest that living in a sufficient-quality house, as described by the HSHI, reduced the prevalence of wheezing episodes and the probability of ear pain, providing evidence about the positive association of a healthy-sustainable housing on the respiratory health of schoolchildren.

This paper focuses on evaluating the usage of blockchain technology for introduction of life-cycle approach to construction resources which would ensure sustainable development through deployment of advanced technology in the housing market. It aims at justifying the adoption of blockchain technology for assuring sustainable resources to guarantee legitimacy of the green building industry. The conclusion deals with whether or not introduction of blockchain technology in green building regulations is a viable regulatory mean to ensure a sustainable housing industry without technological disparities.

El presente trabajo de investigación busca contribuir positivamente a una de las principales políticas gubernamentales (Camacol 2012), la cual ha sido garantizar el acceso a la población considerada como vulnerable a una vivienda digna, a través de proyectos de vivienda de interés social (VIS) y vivienda de interés prioritario (VIP); de esta manera el objetivo principal de este documento es proponer una metodología de gestión de proyectos para la construcción de vivienda de interés social, enfocada a la integración de parámetros de sostenibilidad como son los aspectos sociales, ambientales y económicos, en todas las fases de implementación de este tipo de proyectos de construcción, como son el diseño, ejecución, control y ocupación de los inmuebles. This research work seeks to contribute positively to one of the main government policies (Camacol 2012), which has been to ensure access to the population considered vulnerable to decent housing, through housing projects of social interest (VIS) and priority interest housing (VIP); in this way the main objective of this document is to propose a methodology of project management for the construction of social interest housing, focused on the integration of sustainability parameters such as social, environmental and economic aspects, in all phases of implementation of this type of construction projects, such as the design, execution, control and occupation of the buildings. Magister en Gestión de Proyectos

Sustainability has come to be associated with cutting-edge technology, and in architecture, with glass, steel, solar panels, and wind turbines. Most images of proposed eco cities feature moody art direction inspired by the film “Blade Runner,” and buildings derived from the “high-tech” modernism of the two British architectural lords Richard Rogers and Norman Foster. In fact, a recent study found that 79 percent of Britons surveyed viewed sustainable housing as being associated with the term “high-tech” and over 90 percent viewed sustainable housing as “modern” rather than “old-fashioned.”

Circular building has gained considerable attention in the Netherlands during the past decade. It is rooted in concepts such as circular economy (CE) and Cradle-to-Cradle (C2C&reg, ), accentuating the closing and coupling of material loops to establish effective and efficient resource flows. Moreover, those concepts adhere to a systemic, holistic worldview, incorporating multiple flows and values. Although social aspects, such as health, wellbeing, and social inclusiveness, are generally part of circular building principles, specific benefits for end-users are not. This paper explores the synergistic potential of circular and flexible (Circ-Flex) criteria from the perspective of enhanced control and convenience for residents. The hypothesis is that without integrating the user domain, replicability of circular building concepts on a larger residential scale cannot be done in a truly sustainable manner. The paper is structured around two objectives: (1) further identifying the relationship between flexible and circular building, and (2) exploring the impact of circular, flexible building concepts and practices for the users of multi-family housing, specifically regarding interior partitioning. The research follows a mixed-mode methodology comprising of literature review, case study, expert consultations and a quick-scan assessment. Eleven Circ-Flex criteria are explored, grouped in three categories: flexibility capacity, circularity capacity, and user capacity. These criteria are applied to two partitioning variants, whilst exploring the performance regarding material circulation and user benefits.

In planning for a future that fulfils sustainability goals, there is a need to explore how roles taken in socio-ecological transitions are perceived among different types of actors. Empirical insights from interviews with diverse actors involved in Swedish housing development are presented, addressing the roles, conflicting logics and power relations between different sectoral categories of actors and at different organizational levels. Key aspects that emerge relate to the shift from state to market in contemporary Swedish housing development, where private companies emphasize their role in shaping societal development as inherent to working with sustainability. Conflicting logics can be found between short-term economic interests and long-term planning and policy, as well as intra-organizational differences in competency and leadership. Conclusions point to that the role of third sector or community actors in pushing agendas and norms to bring about transitions could be acknowledged further. Yet there is a need to examine the power relations currently reproduced, and how these could be challenged in future housing development. This includes critically assessing the potential for new types of actors and cross-sectoral collaborations, but also instigating more fundamental discussions of the kind of society strived for, and the radical transitions needed.

Urban planning, affordable houses and protection of the cultural natural heritage are important elements to be considered in the design of sustainable urban realities. Homes for One Pound, Granby Four Streets CLT, Homebaked CLT, Make Liverpool CIC and Engage Liverpool CIC are examples of successful initiatives oriented to foster urban regeneration by promoting environmental quality and social cohesion.

Life-cycle assessment (LCA) is recommended to determine the most environmentally responsible housing refurbishment solution among various design and material alternatives. Despite of proven capability and usefulness of LCA, it is limitedly adopted and used in the construction industry due to a lack of proper LCA datasets and a tool to effectively utilise LCA method. This research conducts the LCA studies for whole-house fabric refurbishment based on different energy standards using building information modelling (BIM) as a tool to formulate LCA and refurbishment alternatives through a case study with BIM simulation. This research reveals the trade-off relationship between LCA and life-cycle cost (LCC) and identifies that BIM is a feasible information management platform for housing refurbishment. Yet, the data exchanges and unstandardized specification for construction materials in a BIM object are recognized as the major challenges for BIM adoption. This research will contribute to enable researchers and practitioners to fully understand the implication of the LCA and LCC for housing refurbishment. Also, this research will provide insight to researchers regarding the implication of BIM adoption for housing refurbishment.

El empleo de una metodología didáctica a través del “design/built” en la asignatura de proyectos arquitectónicos, dentro de los primeros años de carrera, estimula al estudiante y lo acerca a la realidad de los objetos y espacios ideados. La incorporación de un sistema de exposición y selección interna, permite igualmente desarrollar habilidades competitivas y ensayar procesos cercanos a la vida profesional. La experiencia que ahora presentamos nos ha permitido vincular nuestro proyecto docente con la convocatoria Solar Decathlon Europa 2019 –uno de los concursos universitarios de mayor relevancia internacional en torno a la construcción de prototipos de espacios habitables sostenibles– cerrando un ciclo metodológico en el que concurso y metodología “desing/built” se convierten en marco, objeto, proceso y finalidad del aprendizaje. El concurso como método de enseñanza, la construcción como finalidad del concurso. The use of design/built methodology, in the years of education in architectural projects, stimulates the students and brings them closer to real objects and their spatial desings. Incorporating internal exhibition and selection systems allows them to increase their proficiency skills and rehearse closer real professional life. The experience we present now allows us to connect our educational project with Solar Decathlon 2019 –one of the world's leading competitions on sustainable housing prototypes– closing a methodological circle where the competition and the design/built methodology become a frame, object, procces and target of learning. Competition like learning method, the construction like contest target.

Faced with implementing policies that seek to improve the energy efficiency of housing and reduce the impact of CO2 emissions, several countries are introducing (unilaterally or by international agreement) energy certification systems that allow the effects of these policies to be evaluated. This study aims to compare the energy efficiency certification systems in Spain and Chile, identifying convergent and divergent parameters, enabling the existing gaps to be identified and improvements noted for both systems. To do so, 20 sample dwellings in Santiago de Chile were evaluated, along with the local calculating tools in both countries. The analysis considered the aspects of regulation, its reach, the characterization of the models and the necessary indicators. The comparison identified, among others, differences such as obligatory implementation of the system, a study of the existing buildings in the focus area, the prevailing indicators for evaluating the effects of the buildings, the low incidence of mixed energy systems in the Chilean system and the possibility of proposing and evaluating improvements in the Spanish system. As a result, higher energy requirements and greater CO2 emissions were identified in the Chilean system, reaching differences of 42 kWh/m2/year in consumption and 14 kgCO2/ m2/year in emissions with regard to the Spanish qualification. The results of this comparison have facilitated the identification of improvements that will increase the evaluation standards of the Chilean system.

“Habitat 5.0 – Towards affordable and sustainable housing in the developing world” strives to build communities by following urban design patterns for sustainable settlements and goes beyond the mere production of individual housing structures. It is a blockchain-based approach that leads to “disruptive innovations” in order to achieve “quality good enough”1 to upgrade informal settlements. The key approach relies on the secure and verifiable transfer of existing, qualified knowhow that enables residents to participate in the process. The self-building of houses with ecological materials is safer, cheaper, faster, sustainable, and supports the vision of “Glocalization.” Habitat 5.0 is a need-based approach: The need is the lack of affordable and adequate housing which leads to the surge in informal settlements. The idea is to improve informal housing in situ. This need is aggravated when disasters strike, as informal settlements are the most vulnerable when heavy rainfall, floods, storms or earthquakes hit unstable land and unsafe structures. Apart from informal housing, many other cheaply built structures are usually affected and destroyed by natural disasters. Therefore, disaster relief housing is another major potential of this approach.

The topic of sustainable affordable housing in developing countries is gaining increasing importance within international debates. The challenge is to find a balance between the concepts of sustainability and affordability in building construction within fragile contexts, overcoming basic self-made shelter solutions towards the creation of sustainable durable housing. In particular, concerning the selection of constructive technological solutions, the goal is to shift from the current decision-making process based only on economic factors to a more holistic approach based on a triple bottom line perspective, integrating economic, environmental and social sustainability. With this aim, this paper proposes a decisional support tool for contexts characterized by poor information to sustain decision-makers in identifying suitable technological solutions. The tool is based on a set of key indicators, articulated into the three pillars of sustainability. The proposed tool, conceived as scalable and replicable, is finally applied to the specific context of Mogadishu (Somalia), since it is representative of the uncertain social, political and economic nature of fragile contexts.

The government intervention to fulfil housing demand cannot compensate the concomitant issue of urban sprawl, traffic, patchy infrastructure and physical environmental degradation. The government intervention to cope with challenges and problems are leading to a specific policy which the fact it is often confined to a single focal perspective: one intervention to cope with one specific problem at one moment. This limited vision in intervention tends to underestimate interdependencies and complexity of problems. There are many cases where government interventions have resulted in considerable negative consequences instead of promoting improvement or urban conditions. There is little knowledge on how governance and its policy instruments need to be improved to steer onto desirable pathways. Governments need guidance to improve its capacities to cope with intertwined interdependencies problem as opposed to responsive policy to cope with specific problems or targeted goals at a point in time. To better analyse the capacity of Indonesia governance system related to housing development, we used framework in which the structure of governance system can be portrayed by its policy instrument configuration. Using framework, the study aims to investigate the capacity of Indonesian Housing and Settlement Law, The Act No 1 of 2011 to achieve sustainable condition. The study indicates that that the tone of interaction among actors and their actions in dealing with resources (Rs) has been directed by government concerns through national to municipal or city plan (authority regimes). The capacity of policy instrument in in directing housing development in Indonesia is limited to cope with a specific problem and achieve specific targeted goal instead of manager of interactions among interdependent actions conducted by multiple actors in dealing with multiple resources related to housing and settlement. This is crucial to prevent the occurrence of intertwined problems and steer the development housing and settlement in Indonesia toward sustainable condition.

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar si la vivienda sustentable de interés social, promovida por INFONAVIT a través de su programa Hipoteca verde, presenta condiciones óptimas de habitabilidad y cumple con los principios de sustentabilidad; para ello, se tomó como objeto de estudio el conjunto urbano “Los Héroes San Pablo II” Tecamac, Estado de México.Para llevar a cabo la investigación, se empleó información documental a partir de la cual se definieron los fundamentos conceptuales; se revisaron los informes anuales que el INFONAVIT presenta en línea; se desarrolló trabajo de campo aplicando entrevistas semi estructuradas a residentes de este conjunto urbano, así como una lista de comprobación; y, finalmente, se recurrió a la técnica de observación.Con esta investigación se constató que la sustentabilidad de la vivienda considera variables principalmente energéticas, las cuales tienen repercusiones positivas en la economía de los habitantes, sobre todo por el uso de ecotecnologías; sin embargo, pone poca atención en el aspecto social. En relación con el aspecto medio ambiental, la vivienda no cuenta con infraestructura que separe aguas grises de residuales ni se da un adecuado manejo de residuos sólidos, entre otros. La habitabilidad de estas viviendas no es la óptima; presenta problemas de hacinamiento provocando falta de privacidad y problemas familiares; además, por estar ubicadas un tanto alejadas del equipamiento urbano, se genera un elevado número de traslados entre los residentes, lo que contribuye a crear situaciones de sustentabilidad.

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo abrir la discusión acerca de las acciones de política de vivienda sustentable en México y las metas planteadas para la transición energética en el país. Para esto, se desarrolla el concepto de transición energética a través de un análisis de la literatura académica, exponiendo además el actual debate teórico en torno a este. Se continúa con una revisión de la política Hipoteca Verde de vivienda sustentable existente en el país, haciendo énfasis en el programa. Finalmente, se exponen tres conflictos principales que muestran la incompatibilidad entre la política de vivienda sustentable, el programa Hipoteca Verde y la transición energética planteada en México, lo cual a largo plazo podría ocasionar que no se cumplan las metas planteadas en materia energética para los próximos años.

Sustainable housing is one of the most important factors affecting the quality of life. This research focuses on (internal indicators), including (affordable housing, and the conditions of the dwelling unit to live, and (external indicators) including the social services, infrastructure, transport, identity, safety and security, and environmental pollution. This was done by studying two residential areas in the city of Baghdad, which differed in the social, economic, environmental, and urban aspects, which are (Al-Sadr neighborhood and Al-Muthanna neighborhood). The research has adopted the descriptive method, and comparative quantitative analysis, to indicate the degree of satisfaction of the residents by relying on the five-step Likert scale (strongly disagree-strongly agree). The Contingency Coefficient test was used to evaluating the levels of the responses of the observed frequencies of sustainable housing and the quality of urban life. The results of the research showed that most of the sub-indicators have made a significant difference for Al-Muthanna neighborhood. While the other indicators: commercial services, public transport services, safety and social security have made a significant difference for Al-Sadr neighborhood. The research reached to develop proposals towards improving and developing indicators that to achieve balance and justice in achieving sustainable housing and good quality of urban life.

Demographic developments in Mashhad and surrounding rural areas which are now considered urban break points It is well established that these areas have become centers of attraction for low-income immigrants who intend to migrate to Mashhad, as well as low-income urban strata that have previously lived in Mashhad. Since all four types of worn-out urban textures, including urban heritage, non-urban, marginal and rural urban textures, are the middle and lower decay habitats, "The 5000 unit project of Mehregan Town of Mashhad" has played an important role in the physical and functional organization of these tissues and responding to the needs of the poor. In view of the above, and several years after the project was inaugurated, the superstructure and infrastructure problems of the project are the subject of research in this research. The research method in this study was descriptive-analytical and applied. According to the number of households in the city that formed the statistical population of the study, and based on Cochran's formula, the sample population was 366 persons. Also, Delphi method has distributed 32 questionnaires to expert experts. Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis of completed questionnaires and experts has been done with the help of nonparametric and parametric statistical methods. The results of field surveys showed that the observed frequency of low-satisfaction residents was 222 and above all, so it is safe to say that 95% of respondents are not satisfied with their residence in Mehregan town. It is believed that the residential units constructed in Mehregan town of Mashhad have poor compliance with the standards and standards of sustainable housing. Desenvolvimentos demográficos em Mashhad e áreas rurais circunvizinhas que agora são consideradas pontos de ruptura urbana Está bem estabelecido que essas áreas se tornaram centros de atração para imigrantes de baixa renda que pretendem migrar para Mashhad, bem como estratos urbanos de baixa renda que anteriormente morava em Mashhad. Como todos os quatro tipos de texturas urbanas desgastadas, incluindo herança urbana, texturas urbanas não urbanas, marginais e rurais, são habitats de decadência média e baixa, "O projeto da unidade de 5000 unidades da cidade de Mehregan, Mashhad" desempenhou um papel importante. a organização física e funcional desses tecidos e a resposta às necessidades dos pobres. Tendo em vista o exposto, e vários anos após a inauguração do projeto, os problemas de superestrutura e infraestrutura do projeto são objeto de pesquisa nesta pesquisa. O método de pesquisa neste estudo foi descritivo-analítico e aplicado. De acordo com o número de domicílios da cidade que formaram a população estatística do estudo, e com base na fórmula de Cochran, a população da amostra era de 366 pessoas. Além disso, o método Delphi distribuiu 32 questionários para especialistas. A análise estatística descritiva e inferencial dos questionários e especialistas preenchidos foi realizada com a ajuda de métodos estatísticos não paramétricos e paramétricos. Os resultados de pesquisas de campo mostraram que a frequência observada de residentes de baixa satisfação era 222 e, acima de tudo, portanto, é seguro dizer que 95% dos entrevistados não estão satisfeitos com sua residência na cidade de Mehregan. Acredita-se que as unidades residenciais construídas na cidade de Mashhad, em Mehregan, não cumpram com os padrões e padrões de habitação sustentável.

Sustainable housing that both creates good indoor environmental quality (IEQ) and avoids unnecessary energy use has proved difficult to realize. Renovations of multifamily houses provide an opportunity to find this balance. This study concerns whether tenants perceive that conditions for achieving sufficient IEQ with low energy use exist. Focus group interviews with 42 participants, in areas where the rents were in the lower range and included heating up to 21 °C, aimed to capture the tenants' perceptions of: IEQ and actions taken to regulate it; information and control; the connections between IEQ and energy use; and the role of the housing company. Good IEQ was crucial to interviewees, who described it as sufficient heat without draughts, ability to ventilate, and no disturbing sounds or smells. The main responsibility was attributed to the housing company, but daily regulation controlled by tenants. However, unclear interfaces between tenants and the systems that regulate IEQ make it difficult for tenants to act as a positive part of the system. Tenants did not link IEQ to energy use. A holistic view of the physical environment's affordances, including intuitive interfaces, could optimize the balance between good IEQ and energy use.

Population growth and urbanisation have been causing tremendous stress on urban housing. Over the years, housing construction has emerged as an industry and became a major contributor to pollution, environmental issues and resource depletion. There is a threat of exhausting resources with respect to housing construction. A quick glance at the housing scenario, it can be observed that there is a huge disparity in demand and supply of housing, which is more evident across the less affordable classes of society. While there is shortage in supply for the urban poor, there is over utilisation of resources to satisfy the requirements of those who could spend beyond their affordability confines. This need to be addressed with respect to the resource allocation and such an attempt requires an understanding of human requirement for housing beyond the basic desires and needs. Various studies in social science and economics have put forward theories to explain the human needs, which can be found useful in understanding the housing needs also. This paper attempts to understand such theories and frameworks on human needs and develop a sustainable approach to refine the housing requirements across different socio cultural and economic categories. Based on the studies, a broad framework is proposed categorizing human housing needs into normative, comparative, felt and expressed which can be analysed based on personal economic and socio cultural attributes. Such a framework shall help the society address the conditions of imbalance in a broader standpoint with long-term benefits.

In the last century, climate change has been one of the most notorious consequences of global warming. These changes are manifested through extremely warm or icy temperatures. Being the latter, the one that affects Andean populations in diverse parts of the world. In view of this, many researchers propose various techniques or methods to improve the conditions of habitability and thermic comfort to confront these cold temperatures. This study conducts an experimental investigation of the improvement of thermic efficiency that reaches a prototype of housing to include polyethylene terephthalate (PET), as a component of the concrete mixture in the structural elements. For this purpose, studies were reviewed that allowed selecting the most optimal considerations, with respect to the elaboration and inclusion of PET in the mixture. In addition, the proposed technique includes an adaptation and innovation of the trombe system in the roof, in order to optimize the thermic properties. The results in the present study show that this combination has allowed us to considerably improve the thermal efficiency properties in the prototype of the housing, which is an indicator of its performance when it is applied to real scale housing.

This research presents a decision support method for housing managers to identify the most appropriate renovation strategy, which combines a multi-criteria assessment of ten renovation factors together with an economic feasibility analysis. In contrast to the majority of decision support systems, this method not only assesses the impact of the renovation proposals, but also includes and evaluates the management of the renovation process through a procedure of quantifying and weighting multiple social, technical, and economic variables related to the renovation work. The method, based on two representative cases of housing renovation projects in Sweden, has been designed and tested and is also applicable to other locations, multi-family buildings, and ownership models. Via a graphical display, the results show the impact generated during the work, the benefits obtained after the interventions, and the economic feasibility in different timeframes of each design strategy, which supports housing owners’ decision-making and promotes feasible and suitable actions from a multidisciplinary approach. The conclusions highlight the possibility of implementing renovation strategies at various levels and provide policy implications of this method for a cleaner operation in the building sector with responsible management of urban regeneration by generating sustainable renovation rates and satisfactory proposals.

It is possible to categorize the housing problems in Saudi Arabia based on two important factors, one quantitative and the other qualitative. The quantitative aspect is indicated by the inability to meet the increasing demand for housing, and the qualitative aspect is manifested in the fact that the current housing model does not take into consideration sustainability criteria, the quality of construction, and the life span of the house. The Kingdom's 2030 vision to raise housing ownership from 47 % to 52 % makes it necessary to find models for applying affordability and sustainability criteria. This paper aims to determine an optimal model based on the design, construction, operation and deconstruction criteria of both affordability and sustainability for residential neighborhoods and detached houses (villas). It outlines a new comprehensive approach to determine the priority criteria ranking of affordability and sustainability to be applied to low- and middle-income housing projects. The approach was developed by evaluating five models of criteria according to their relative importance and impact on the initial cost. The model selected was developed according to the local needs of Saudi Arabia, thus minimizing their environmental impact. In addition to being cost-effective, where the initial cost is reduced by 16 %–45 % after applying affordability criteria, the added cost of applying the mandatory sustainability criteria does not exceed 3.91 %. In conclusion, the study showed that this model is the ideal one for affordable and sustainable housing development for middle- and low-income households.

Substantial amount of time, financial resources and energy are required to obtain experimental data on the compressive strength of building components. Application of multivariate regression models in predicting the strength of stabilized lateritic soil has the potential of reducing the time and cost of construction projects in Nigeria. This study is aimed at developing multivariate models for predicting the strength of lateritic soils stabilized with bone ash for sustainable construction. Different percentages of bone ash were used to stabilize lateritic soil. The lateritic brick samples obtained were cured at different temperatures and ages. The samples were tested to obtain their compressive strength. Multivariate and non-linear models were used to predict the compressive strength of the lateritic bricks. A mixed model with R2 of 97% was identified as the best-fit statistical model. The usefulness of the models is limited to the range of variables used but for a more universal application, wider ranges of variables can be explored. This model has practical application for the prediction of compressive strength of stabilized lateritic soil for sustainable housing construction in Nigeria.