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Dosage-mortality response, toxicological symptoms, and events leading to death following topical treatment of 3rd stage grubs of a New Jersey population of Popillia japonica Newman were studied. The 8-day LD50 and LD95 values for chlorpyrifos were 1.88 and 55.24 μg/grub, respectively. For the slower-acting dieldrin, the 14-day LD50 and LD95 were 48.7 and 1768 μg/grub, respectively; the high LD50 for dieldrin may be indicative of dieldrin resistance. Grubs in advanced stages of insecticide poisoning were characterized by distinct symptoms: shrinkage in size and reduction in body weight to ca. 50%; yellow-brown coloration of the body, instead of the normal whitish appearance; and moribundity. Preceding the onset of the advanced stage of poisoning, the treated grubs became hyperactive (locomotor excitability) and moved up to the soil surface, remained there for one or more days, progressed to the advanced stage of poisoning, and died. Some surfaced grubs, apparently recovering from insecticide action, dug back into the soil after a day or two.

The population dynamics of three soybean herbivores, Heliothis zea (Boddie), Epilachna varivestis Mulsant, and Popillia japonica Newman, are discussed with relation to agroecosystem structure. Specific effects examined include climatic variations, spatial structure, temporal structure, cultural practices, and socio-economic changes. A discussion of the need for more comprehensive modeling efforts is also included.

The abilities of eugenol and Japonilure [(R, Z)-5-(I-decenyl)dihydro-2(3H)-furanone], the female sex pheromone, to enhance the attractancy of various lures for the Japanese beetle. Popillia japonica Newman. were determined. The attraction of beetles to phenethyl propionate (PEP), the most common component of recent food-type lures was enhanced much more by eugenol (2- to 3-fold more) than it was by Japonilure. PEP was the only lure to be so enhanced. Among other lures, the attractancies of anethole, citronellol, geraniol. geranyl acetate, and phenethyl butyrate were much more enhanced by Japonilure than by eugenol. The attractancies of caproic acid. heptyl 2-methylbutyrate, and methyl cyclohexanepropionate were enhanced to a comparable degree by either eugenol or Japanilure.

Foliage samples from 48 minor host and nonhost plants (33 families) of the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, were evaluated in the laboratory to determine their influence on the feeding response of the insect under controlled conditions. Only foliage from strawberry, Fragraria × ananassa Duchesne, induced greater feeding than that brought about by feeding on sassafras, Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees, a favored host used as a comparison standard. Foliage from three other plants, silver linden, Tilia tomentosa Moench, black tupelo, Nyssa sylvatica Marsh., and pignut hickory, Carya glabra (Mill.) Sweet, induced feeding comparable with that of sassafras. Two plants considered to be nonhosts, red maple, Acer rubrum L., and mock orange, Philadelphus coronaries L., induced measurable feeding by the insect.

We determined in an earlier study that single Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, traps, used according to manufacturers’ specifications, were ineffective for reducing defoliation of potted grape, Vitis sp., plants in urban landscape. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that single trap placements might be more effective for protecting a relatively less attractive host species, and evaluated five multiple trap arrangements (2–7 traps) for effectiveness in reducing defoliation of grape. Single traps, positioned 3.1 m upwind or 9.3 m downwind of pin oak, Quercus palustris L., trees, resulted in significantly greater defoliation than on trees without traps. None of the multiple trap arrangements reduced defoliation, and four of the five placements resulted in significantly greater damage than without traps. Use of single Japanese beetle traps or small scale multiple trap arrangements will not prevent or reduce defoliation of nearby plantings and will probably increase the damage inflicted upon both highly preferred and relatively less attractive hosts.

2-Methoxy-4-propylphenol, when mixed with phenethyl propionate, 7:3 or 3:7, was as effective as similar mixtures containing eugenol as an attractant for Popillia japonica Newman when tested in the field. 2-Methoxy-4-propylphenol is the first chemical found that exhibited a synergistic effect equal to that shown by eugenol; it also showed considerable attraction to the beetles when exposed as the pure chemical.

Sucrose (0.01-1 M ) and 13 other naturally occurring sugars (0.1 M ) were evaluated on cellulose acetate-cellulose nitrate membrane filter disks as feeding stimulants for larvae (third in star) of the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman. Five sugars—sucrose, maltose, fructose, glucose, and trehalose—stimulated larval feeding. All of these, with the exception of trehalose, had previously been shown to be strong phagostimulants for adult beetles.

Bacillus popilliae spores were stored for about 7 years under three separate conditions: frozen in sterile distilled water, smeared on glass microscope slides, and stored in loam soil at room temperature. In separate experiments, each of the 7-year-old preparations was fed to Popilla japonica larvae at concentrations of 10 3 , 10 5 , 10 7 , and 10 9 spores/g of soil. A significant decrease in the percentage of larvae infected occurred in all of the aged spore tests. B. popilliae spores stored in soil, for the extended period, produced 3% larval infection only at the 10 9 spores concentration; similar results were obtained from frozen spores. When P. japonica larvae were fed spores stored dried on slides, about 20% of the larvae developed milky disease. When aged frozen spores were artificially injected into larvae, 12% became infected at concentrations of 1 × 10 6 spores/larvae; dried spores at the same concentration infected about 38% of the insect larvae. We conclude from these data that aged B. popilliae spores are significantly less infective against P. japonica larvae than young spores.

Dolomitic limestone (4,844 kg/ha) was applied to designated turf plots on one of two dates and isofenphos (2.24 kg [AI]/ha) was applied on one of two subsequent dates to determine whether lime applications interfered with subsequent isofenphos applications. Some plots received lime only or isofenphos only. Isofenphos was applied on each date in three formulations (2F, 1.5G, 5G). The test was conducted once in the spring and again in the summer. All spring isofenphos applications reduced Japanese beetle ( Popillia japonica Newman) grub populations significantly. Four of nine early applications of isofenphos made in the summer test reduced grub populations significantly, while none of the nine late applications of isofenphos made in the summer test reduced grub populations significantly. Prior lime applications did not result in a significant reduction in isofenphos activity compared to the corresponding isofenphos-only treatment.

The population of insects on the soyabean crop was estimated from catches in a standard sweepnet from the upper canopy in the field two times a week beginning at the early vegetative stage up to maturity. The highest peaks of Abidama producta Walk and Cafna sp. were found in the beginning of stage V1; those of Sogatella furcifera Horvath, Adonia variagata, Afidenta mimetica simplex Oke, Coccinella septempunctata L., Haltica birmanensis Jac., Heterodeses lenis Cand., Ophionae indica Thnbg., Phillotreta sp., Piatypria histrix F., Popillia cupricolis Hope, Scatophaga stercoraria L., Meteorus nr. fragilis Wesm., Paedarus fuscipes Curtis at the vegetative stage (V2), and Nephotettix nigropictus Stall., Paratettix spp., Monolepta signata 01. and Monolepta spp. at stage V4. The populations of Aethus indicus West and of Cydmus aterrimus F. reached three peaks in (V1), (V4) and (V6) respectively. During the reproductive stages, Tipula melanomera Walk., Chauliops fallax Scott., Graptostethus servus Fab., L...

A mathematical model is developed which simulates the effect of the number of eggs in females, food source, and soil conditions, on ovogenesis and oviposition of Japanese beetle populations. The number of eggs in females is used as the state indicator, and simulated trends are compared to field data. Potential applications in pest management are discussed.

The both enantiomers of (Z)-5-(1-decenyl)oxacyclopentan-2-one were synthesized starting from resolved acetylenic intermediates. The (R)-form of this lactone is the pheromone of Popillia japonica. The optical purities of the final products were about 90%.

In both laboratory and field tests over a 3-yr period, solvent extracts from seeds of the neem tree, Azadirachta indica A. Juss., successfully deterred Popillia japonica Newman from feeding on sassafras leaves, Sassafras albidum (Nutt.), and soybeans, Glycine max (L.). In most instances, untreated foliage was completely destroyed, whereas leaves protected with the neem extracts remained untouched or, at worst, were only slightly damaged.

During 1984, isofenphos 1.5 and 5% granular and 2 flowable (2.24 kg [AI]/ha) applied 11 April to golf course turfgrass in Canal Fulton, Ohio, resulted in 92% average reduction of overwintered Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, larvae 48 dafter application. Of treatments applied April through August, only August applications significantly reduced summer larvae. Analysis by gas/liquid chromatography for isofenphos and oxyisofenphos residues in samples taken 6 August from the April, May, June, and July treatments showed that 79, 92, 94, and 97%isofenphos, respectively, remained in the thatch. Mean oxyisofenphos residues at this time were 54, 45, 54, and 63%, respectively, of total residue. Oxyisofenphos residues 5–6 d after the 11 April and 14 August applications were 7 and 15%, respectively, of the total. Immediate posttreatment irrigation, plus regular subsequent irrigation and rainfall, did not improve isofenphos penetration into the soil or enhance larva control.

The Japanese beetle (JB), Popillia japonica Newman, is a major pest of ornamentals and turf in the Northeast. Daily collections of JB adults from pheromone plus floral scent lure traps indicated that JB adults are particularly active from mid-July through mid-August and that populations peak in late July. Dissections of adult reproductive systems indicated that, while systems develop quite rapidly, JB were not fully mature when they first emerged from the soil and initiated flight. The majority of adults were not fully mature until mid-August, and oviposition appeared to peak at that time. Eggs were recovered from turf samples in early September, first instars were recovered in October, and second instars were recovered in April, indicating that at least a portion of the population (ca. 10%) required 2 years to complete its development.

In 1985, the natural infestation level of Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia failed to reduce fruit quality, yield, or shoot growth in a commercial vineyard. Intensive preveraison feeding (occurring before the point when berries begin the ripening process) increased total titratable acidity and had no effect on soluble solid concentration, pH, berry weight, yield, leaves per vine, or shoot length. Intensive postveraison foliage feeding resulted in fruit with lower soluble solids and higher total tit ratable acidity at harvest, but did not affect pH, berry weight, yield, leaves per vine, or shoot length. When 0, 10, 20, and 33% of the leaves of individual plants were removed by hand, no relationship was shown between artificial leaf area reduction and soluble solids, total titratable acidity, or pH. Leaf area reduction by removing whole leaves did not adequately simulate leaf area loss from actual beetle feeding. Data from one season of injury by the beetle indicate that control measures may not be warranted in some years.

The behavior of turfgrass-infesting scarab grubs in response to soil physical properties may affect the stress that each species exerts on turfgrass and the efficacy of control tactics. To gain a more realistic picture of the events that occur within the soil matrix, we have developed a nondestructive X-ray technique to study soil insect movement and behavior in simulated and natural soil blocks in the laboratory. Laboratory studies using this technique were done to determine the effect of some soil physical factors on scarab grub movement patterns. Species-specific differences were demonstrated in the responses of four scarab grub species (Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman; European chafer, Rbizotrogus majalis (Razoumowsky); oriental beetle, Anomala orientalis Waterhouse; and northern masked chafer Cyclocepbala borealis (Arrow)) to changing temperature and moisture conditions. Studies also were done to determine the effect of soil moisture on the movement and persistence of an insecticide (isofenphos) applied to turfgrass and its effect on European chafer grub movement and mortality This study showed that isofenphos was relatively nonmobile under our experimental conditions, and that insecticide efficacy depended on factors, such as soil moisture, that influence the position of grubs in the soil profile. We believe that a better understanding of the interactions among grub behavior, insecticide persistence, and movement, as illustrated by this research, will improve our ability to manage scarab grubs in turfgrass and will be applicable to additional soil systems.

The both enantiomers of (Z)-5-(1-decenyl) oxacyclopentan-2-one were synthesized starting from resolved acetylenic intermediates. The (R)-form of this lactone is the pheromone of Popillia japonica. The optical purities of the final products were about 90%.

A new genus and species of microsporidia, Ovavesicula popilliae n. g., n. sp., is described from the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica, on the basis of studies by light and electron microscopy. Parasite development primarily occurs within the Malpighian tubules of larvae, and spores are formed in a sporophorous vesicle. Meronts have diplokaryotic nuclei, develop in direct contact with the host cell cytoplasm, and divide by binary fission. Sporonts have unpaired nuclei, develop within a thick sporophorous vesicle, and undergo synchronous nuclear divisions producing plasmodia with 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 nuclei. Cytokinesis of sporogonial plasmodia does not occur until karyokinesis is complete with 32 nuclei. Intact sporophorous vesicles are ovoid, containing numerous secretory products, and are surrounded by a persistent two-layered wall. The uninucleate spores are regularly formed in groups of 32, and the polar tube in each has six coils.

Neoaplectana glaseri Steiner (Steinernematidae: Nematoda) is redescribed from material obtained from parasitized larvae of Strigoderma arboricola (Fab.) (Scarabaeidae: Coleoptera) in North Carolina. Naturally occurring xenic populations of this nematode were lost when the original cultures obtained from Japanese beetle larvae (Popillia japonica Newm.), were carried into axenic culture. An emended description of N. glaseri is given which illustrates both quantitative and qualitative differences between the first and second generation adults when reared in wax moth larvae [Galleria mellonella (L.)]. A symbiotic bacterium was discovered which is carried in the intestinal tract of the infective stage juveniles of N. glaseri and released when these juveniles enter the hemocoel of an insect host. It is now postulated that N. glaseri is a native parasite and was not introduced into North America with its type host, the Japanese beetle. N. glaseri is well adapted to soil conditions and now that xenic populations of this nematode, along with their symbiotic bacterium, have been re-discovered, investigations on their use against pest insects can be initiated.

Four soybean ( Glycine max (L.) Merr.) germ plasm lines resistant to Mexican bean beetle, Epilachna varivestis Mulsant, were developed and released. These lines, ‘HC83-123-9,’ ‘HC83-46-1,’ ‘HC83-46-2,’ and ‘He83-50-1,’ are from the cross ‘Pixie’ x ‘PI 229358’ and carry resistance (antibiosis) levels nearly equal to the resistant parent, ‘PI 229358.’ They were developed by the pedigree breeding procedure, using a systematic laboratory bioassay with Mexican bean beetle larvae to identify resistant plants in each generation. Survival and development of Mexican bean beetle larvae on these lines were similar to that on ‘PI 229358.’ Larval mortality for each line was 97.3, 90.7, 90.0, and 84.0%, respectively, compared with 27.2 and 98.0% for ‘Pixie’ (a susceptible control) and ‘PI 229358,’ respectively. More than half the larval mortality occurred during the first and second stadia. These lines also showed resistance to another soybean defoliator; field screening against defoliation by Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, confirmed the high levels of resistance of these four lines, with defoliation ratings s2 for all four lines compared with the susceptible cultivar, ‘Pixie,’ which had a rating of 5 (scale 0-5). The resistant lines are determinate plant types of mid-to-Iate group IV maturity. Because of their earlier maturity (compared with the PIs) and high level of resistance (antibiosis), these lines should be a useful source of resistance for the development of high-yielding soybean cultivars with resistance to the Mexican bean beetle and other soybean defoliators.

Egg and 1st-instar survival as a function of soil texture and moisture was estimated under laboratory conditions. These stages were found to be resistant to extreme moisture conditions in various types of soils. Delays in egg development were observed particularly in saturated soils. These results are used in developing a mathematical model of survival of the early instars under variable moisture conditions, and simulations are compared with field data. Field survival was highly variable and correlated only partially to model outputs. Probable causes of the discrepancies are discussed.

Commercial and homemade Popillia japonica Newman traps available to the public, were evaluated for relative effectiveness during the summers of 1981, 1982, and 1983 in Knox County, Tenn. Dual lure (food + sex attractant) traps (Bag-a-Bug, Lure N Kill, the Beetle Bagger, and homemade milk jug) caught significantly more beetles than did single (food) lure traps (Ellisco, modified USDA survey, and homemade milk jug). Painting homemade milk jug traps chrome yellow did not significantly increase the catch but the use of a dual lure did. Differential trap capacity affected catch more than trap or lure type under extremely heavy beetle pressure.

Neoaplectana carpocapsae Weiser, N. glaseri Steiner, and Heterorhabditis heliothidis (Khan, Brooks, and Hirschman) require at least 0.64 cm irrigation after spray application to turf to promote establishment into the soil. Experiments were conducted in microplots (15.25-cm-diameter turf with soil plugs) and on dry golf course turf. Applications of N. carpocapsae and H. heliothidis (at 12.35 × 10 nematodes per ha), with irrigation following application and moderate soil moisture, produced 53% and 73% control of Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, larvae in golf course turf.

During the summer of 1925 at Shillong, India, field collections of cocoons of a large species of Tiphia parasitic upon the grubs of Anomala dimidiata Hope were observed to be heavily parasitized by a Bombyliid fly. A number of these were reared out and later forwarded to the National Museum for examination, and have been determined as Hyperalonia oenomaus Rond., by Dr. J. M. Aldrich. The overwintering cocoons of the 1925 generation of Tiphia were attacked to the extent of more than sixty per cent, and the effectiveness of this, scoliid upon its host was thereby greatly reduced. Little information is available in literature upon the biology of this group of flies, but inasmuch as several other species were present in small numbers in the cocoons of various species of Tiphia that were being imported for the control of the Japanese beetle Popillia japonica Newm.) it was felt desirable to make a study of the more common Hyperalonia from the point of view of the relation of the habits of this family of parasitic flies to the methods of parasite breeding and importation at present in use.

Laboratory studies with tepa, apholate, and metepa showed that the topical application of these compounds to adults of the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, at dosages between 1.58 and 50 µg resulted in varying levels of egg infertility. Tepa Was the most effective sterilizing agent, then apholate, with metepa the least effective. Application of apholate to males and to both males and females resulted in a high degree of egg infertility, but application of the same compound solely to females did not appear to inhibit production of fertile eggs. Interchange of apholate-trcatcd and untreated males between 2 groups of untreated females resulted in production of ova with fertility dependent on whether the last mating partners of the females had been treated with the chemo-sterilant.

Maximum outgrowth of spores of Bacillus popilliae resulted after they were heated at 50°C, but outgrowth diminished as the temperature was increased to 80°C. Although outgrowth was limited and often variable, infectivity was predictably influenced by heat activation of spores. The greatest number of Popillia japonica larvae (92.6%) were infected by injection of one million spores per larva heated at 50°C. By contrast, maximum infection from the same number of unheated spores was only 38.9%. Infectivity of spores heated at 60°C and at 70°C generally was intermediate between these values; heating at 80°C afforded minimal infectivity. Apparently infectivity depends on the efficacy of spore outgrowth which, in turn, is influenced by appropriate heat treatment.

To determine the residual effectiveness of some chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides for the control of Japanese beetle grubs ( Popillia japonica Newm.), turf plots were treated at various concentrations in 1946 with chlordane and BHC, in 1949 with heptachlor and in 1954 with aldrin. The insecticides were applied as top dressings to the established turf and the experimental plots were left undisturbed throughout the years. In 1957 and 1958 soil samples were collected from the upper 3" soil layer. An average of 1.5% of the applied chlordane was recovered 12 years after treatment as estimated by a specific chemical analysis and an average of 12% as estimated by bioassay. Eleven years after treatment, BHC was recovered to an extent of 41% of the applied dosage as estimated by chemical analysis and to an extent of 8% as measured by bioassay. No heptachlor was recovered from soils which had been treated with heptachlor 9 years earlier, when analyzed by a specific calorimetric method. However, using a bioassay procedure, 4 to 5% of the applied toxicant was found. This toxicant proved to be heptachlorepoxide. Most of the aldrin had disappeared during a period of 4 years. However, part of the aldrin had been converted into dieldrin, which was recovered to an extent of 8 to 10% of the applied dosage. Aldrin, which had been rototilled into the soil immediately after application, persisted considerably longer, though the rate of dieldrin formation was more or less the same as compared with soils which had not been rototilled after treatment.

The body water content of several insects has been shown to have significance in relation to cold hardiness, starvation and rate of metabolism at different temperatures and humidities. These observations, while interrelated, are neither uniform in their findings nor properly coordinated. For instance, using determinations of freezing point or undercooling point and blood conductivity as criteria for measuring the water content of tissues, Payne ('26 and '28) has shown that oak borers, larvae of Synchroa and Dendroides, and larvae of the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica, undergo dehydration when subjected to low temperature or low humidity. This condition is associated with increased cold hardiness. Robinson ('28a and '28b) has shown that in proinethlea pupae (Callosamtia pronlethea) and white grubs (Phyllophaga) there is no change in total water content when the animals are subjected to low temperatures. In the case of the pronmethea pupae, however, there is a decrease in the percentage of free water in the tissues during the first two weeks of exposure accompanied by a corresponding increase in the percentage of " bound " water. He associates this change with increased cold survival. Buxton ('30 and '32) and Mellanby ('32a and '32b) concluded that starving mealworms (Tenebrio molitor), bedbugs (Cimex lectularius) and blood-sucking bugs (Rhodnius prolixus) regulate their rate of metabolism to maintain a constant percentage of water in the body at certain temperatures and humidities to which they are adapted. Both of these conditions, survival of low temperature and regulation of body water in relation to metabolism at different temperatures and humidities, are significant aspects of the problem of adjustment to seasonal temperature as in hibernation. Other investigators, such as Tower ('06), Baumberger ('14), Bodine ('21 and '23) and Fink ('25), have described a decrease in the body water content of various hibernating insects, e.g. the potato beetle, codling moth, and grasshoppers. Bodine ('21 and '23), Fink ('25), Payne ('28) and Kleinman ('34) have reported a decrease in the volume of respiratory exchange and a lowering of the respiratory quotient associated with low temperature during hibernation. In a previous publication (Dreyer, '32) it was shown that the rate of metabolism of the mound-building ant, Formilca ulkei, is greatly altered dur38

Oxidation of pyruvate, acetate, succinate, and glutamate was compared in healthy third-instar Japanese beetle ( Popillia japonica ) larvae and in those infected with the milky disease bacterium, Bacillus popilliae . Both healthy and infected larvae oxidize these compounds via the tricarboxylic acid cycle. However, oxidation of all compounds, except succinate, is higher in healthy than in infected larvae. The oxidation rate of all four compounds varies throughout the infectious process. As the disease progresses, oxidation of pyruvate and glutamate is greatest in phase I when there are few observable bacterial cells within the larval hemolymph. Oxidation of acetate and succinate increases in phase II, characterized by rapid vegetative growth of the bacteria. The oxidation rate of acetate and succinate decreases upon further disease development (phases III and IV), when there is a greater demand for energy compounds and for biosynthetic intermediates by the bacterial cells in transition from vegetative growth to sporulation.

1. For species of insects that deposit their eggs on foliage, as Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Crioceris asparagi, and Anasa tristis, the rates of metabolism as measured by the CO2 output or the oxygen intake indicate, during embryonic development, a short formative period, followed by a very active extended growth. Those species that deposit their eggs in the soil, as Cotinis nitida and Popillia japonica, show that the formative period is greatly extended and the growth period similarly lengthened. 2. It has been shown from metabolism experiments that intensive histolysis occurs during the prepupal period and becomes less intensive during pupal development. 3. Metabolism experiments show a greater amount of energy change during embryonic development as compared to the energy developed during metamorphosis. This is shown by the greater CO2 output and by the oxygen intake. 4. Low respiratory quotients, varying from 0.42 to 0.71, have been obtained during the embryonic and pupal development of insects, resembling similar low quotients obtained with hibernating forms. 5. Changes from a neutral to an acid reaction (pH 6.8 to 5.9) have been observed to take place in some species during prepupal and early pupal development. As metamorphosis is completed a converse change occurs (pH 5.9 to 6.8). Changes in pH from an acid to neutral reaction were also observed to take place in some species, as Cotinis nitida and Hylemyia cilicrura, during embryonic development.

Cuticular bubbling, a growth abnormality, was noticed in one of several lines of the nematode Neoaplectana glaseri after 23 years of axenic cultivation apart from the source host, Popillia japonica grubs. The abnormality occurs in all developmental stages, is particularly apparent in old or undernourished cultures, and does not significantly interfere with the reproduction potential or infectivity of well nourished cultures. Bubbling has not been cured by temperature shock or antibiotics, nor been successfully transferred to unaffected culture lines. Electron microscopy shows that the bubble envelope consists of one or more cuticles which, in different bubbles, contain tissue components in various stages of degeneration. This suggests that bubbles arise from an excessive elaboration of cuticle leading to an outpocketing and a pinching off of parts of the nematode's body wall and the subsequent decomposition of entrapped tissues.

Field studies made with newly emerged (unmated) female Popillia japonica Newman, collected from clusters of Beetles proved that such females have a powerful volatile Sex pheromone When these females were tethered or conlined Fined in traps in an area where large numbers of adults Were emerging they attracted males within seconds. A Single unmated female per trap per trap and 9 unmated females per trap attracted 380 and 2975 males, respectively, in a single hour, and 3 traps each containing 9 unmated females (collected on successive days) attracted 19,248 males and 345 females between July 7-9 and September 5, 1968, though 85% were attracted within the 1st week. After the removal of attractive females, glass and metal containers continued to attract males up to 30 min, Exposure of isolated female abdomens and of heads plus thoraces showed that the attractant substance was produced in the abdomen. However, various solvent extracts of abdomens were not attractive.

Populations of adult Popillia japonica Newman were reduced at least 50% at Nantucket, Massachusetts, by 3 years of mass trapping. Twenty-eight species of Scarabaeidae other than Japanese beetles were taken. Arthropods other than Japanese beetles and bumble bees captured in 1965 are listed by order.

Laboratory tests were conducted to compare the relative susceptibilities of the European chafer, Amphimallon majalis (Razoumowsky), and the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, as 1st- and 3-instar larvae to chlordane and dieldrin. As 1st instars, it required >1.46 ppm chlordane and 0.84 ppm dieldrin to eliminate the chafer compared with 1.25 ppm chlordane and

The number of molts in an insect may be constant regardless of environmental factors. This condition occurs in the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica (Ludwig, 1928).

The area of infestation by the Japanese beetle has increased from less than one square mille in 1916, when it was first discovered in Burlington County, New Jersey, to 773 square miles at the end of the 1922 season, comprising adjacent portions of Pennsylvania and New Jersey. It is believed that the spread to date is largely a natural spread on the part of the insect, by means of flight in search of food and suitable breeding grounds. Winds, storms, and waterways arc also factors of some importance in the natural spread of the insect. Artificial agencies are important factors affecting the dispersion of the insect, especially the movement from infested areas of farm products, particularly sweet sugar corn; vehicles of all kinds, and pedestrians traveling through heavily infested districts are also important means of at least local dispersion. The shipment of infested nursery stock originating in heavily infested portions of the territory is probably the most important means of long distance dispersion of the insect, and this is being guarded against by stringent quarantine regulations.

Beginning in the spring of 1954 and continuing through 1958, dieldrin was applied by the Division of Plant Pest Control Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, and the Illinois Department of Agriculture for suppression of a local infestation of Japanese beetles ( Popillia japonica New.) near Sheldon, Illinois. During this 5-year period dieldrin was broadcast over 17,844 acres of Illinois farm land at a dosage of 2 or 3 pounds of toxicant per acre. Records were obtained on the effects of the treatment on the Japanese beetle, other insects, earthworms, and livestock. One treatment of dieldrin gave excellent control of Japanese beetle larvae during the 5 years covered by this study. Many other insects that come in occasional or frequent contact with the treated soil were controlled for periods ranging from 1 to 5 years. Populations of a few economic insects increased following the treatments of dieldrin, but the increase was not great enough to warrant additional control measures. Some predators were adversely affected or eliminated by the dieldrin, whereas other predators and parasites appeared not to be harmed. The treatment did not eliminate earthworms. Farm livestock confined to pastures or farm lots treated by airplane with 20 or 30 pounds of 10% granulated dieldrin per acre showed no ill effects. However, poisoning and death oecurred in livestock, particularly sheep, exposed to drift from aerial sprays of 3 pounds of dieldrin per acre. The magnitude of dieldrin residues found on forage treated with granulated dieldrin depended to a considerable extent on the condition of the forage at the time it was treated.

The Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica, increased the area of its distribution during the summer of 1924 to include approximately 5,122 square miles. One infestation of beetles was found near Milton, Penna., a point about 150 miles distant from the main area of infestation. During the summer of 1924 there occurred a migrational flight of the Japanese beetles. About seventy-five per cent of the beetles on the wing at that time proved to be females and the flight lasted approximately four days. During this time the beetles swarmed through the business and residential districts of Philadelphia and outlying points, and it is believed that the majority of the beetles must have flown at least five to seven miles before reaching the city. During this time the insects were alighting on freight cars and vehicles of all kinds, and undoubtedly beetles were carried to some distant points. Methods have been devised for treating the soil to control the larvae which have been exceedingly effective. It has been possible to consistently treat the soil about the roots of nursery stock and obtain a perfect kill of the grubs over 18″ below the surface of the soil. It is now possible to treat golf greens infested by the grubs at a relatively small expense, since an outfit has been devised which eliminates the use of large mixing tank and reduces the labor cost nearly one-half in the application of the dilute emulsion. Progress has also been made in the control of the adult beetle. The finding of a constituent of the beetle's food plants which is highly attractive to the adult insect is being developed as a means of overcoming the repellency of the various poison sprays which have been used. Sufficient data were obtained during the past summer to indicate that the Tachinid parasite of the adult Japanese beetle, Centeter cinerea Aldrich, has become established over an area of approximately 12 square miles by the end of the season of 1924. The situation as far as the control of the Japanese beetle is concerned looks most hopeful. As conditions are at the present time the insect is probably as well, if not more effectively controlled, than are many of the more common insect pests.

The purpose of this paper is to record the improvement made in the sodium oleate-oleoresin of pyrethrum spray for the control of the Japanese beetle by the addition of sodium silicate.

A state-wide turf grub and soil acidity survey was conducted in Ohio from 1954 through 1958. These studies indicate that the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newm., increases in numbers more rapidly in low pH soils and that a high grub population continues in these soils year after year as long as favorable weather prevails during the egg and young larval stage. A similar behavior is indicated for the grubs of the northern masked chafer, Cyclocephala borealis Arrow, whereas the grubs of the June beetles, Phyllo phaga spp., seem to reach their maximum accumulation at a pH of about 6.0.

Induction of milky disease in 50% of Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica) larvae by feeding requires about 109 spores of Bacillus popilliae per gram of soil. The infectious process occurs in four phases: (1) An initial incubation phase of about 2 days during which there is no evidence of infection in the hemolymph. (2) A vegetative phase of poliferation in the hemolymph which lasts until day 5 when prespores occur and a few spores first are observed. (3) An intermediate phase between day 5 and day 10 characterized by concomitant vegetative growth, prespore formation, and sporulation; maximum vegetative populations of about 109 cells per ml hemolymph occur during this phase but the number of spores exceed that of vegetative cells by the end of the phase. (4) Thereafter, a sporulation phase which terminates by day 14 to day 21 with typical milkness and death of larvae; vegetative populations steadily decline and large numbers of spores accumulate during this phase. Milky larvae contain an average of 5 × 1010 spores per ml hemolymph. Throughout the process microscopic evidence indicates many vegetative cells die without forming spores; dead cells disappear from the hemolymph by some unknown lytic or phagocytic process. Thus the massive spore populations which characterize milky disease result from accumulation of spores during a prolonged period of simultaneous vegetative growth and sporulation rather than from an extended period of exclusively vegetative growth followed by sporulation of most cells.

Refractile spores of Bacillus popilliae, the causative agent of a milky disease of Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica) larvae, appear in liquid culture in the presence of activated carbon during the early part of the 2nd week of incubation. Forms resistant to drying occur during the 1st week when no refractile spores are seen. They usually number no more than a few hundred per milliliter and they vary in their resistance from day to day. During the 2nd week when refractile spores are present, the number of resistant forms rises to a peak in the vicinity of 100,000 per ml and then gradually decreases throughout the rest of a 3-week observation period. Refractile spores often disappear toward the end of the 3rd week. Thus, the terminal resistant forms may consist largely of slowly germinating spores.