Search

Phosphatidylserine (PS) has many applications in functional food and pharmaceutical industries because of its critical role in activating important signal transduction pathways and modulating neurotransmitter release and receptor function. Several edible oils have been used to construct oil–water systems for the efficient production of PS under mild conditions by phospholipase D (PLD)‐mediated transphosphatidylation. Toxic organic solvents were completely avoided throughout the process, from manufacturing to encapsulation. Results showed that higher enzyme selectivity and activity were found in the coconut oil–water and olive oil–water systems than in the traditional diethyl ether–water system. The maximum yields of PS in the two oil–water systems were more than 93%, whereas that in the diethyl ether–water system was only 78%. Hence, the coconut oil–water and olive oil–water systems should be the promising medium to produce PS and its microcapsules. Moreover, the enzymatic mechanism of PLD was simulated using molecular dynamics (MD) to understand diffusion channels, competitive bindings, solvent effects, structural changes, system stabilities, and product dissociation from the enzyme. MD results showed that more PLD‐substrate complexes were detected in the oil–water systems than in the diethyl ether–water system. The conformational transition states of the protein between open and closed conformations were directly affected by the solvents used, and structural changes were observed in loop I (Asp309‐Thr336). PLD in oil–water systems can not only maintain the native structure but also broaden the diffusion channels for substrates, which contributes to a higher enzymatic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of halloysite nanotube (HNT)-doped chitosan (CS)/oxidized dextran (ODEX) adhesive hydrogels were developed through a Schiff base reaction. The resultant CS/ODEX/HNT hydrogels could not only form in situ on wounds within only 1 s when injected, but could also adapt to wounds of different shapes and depths after injection. We established four rat and rabbit hemorrhage models and demonstrated that the hydrogels are better than the clinically used gelatin sponge for reducing hemostatic time and blood loss, particularly in arterial and deep noncompressible bleeding wounds. Moreover, the natural antibacterial features of CS and ODEX provided the hydrogels with strong bacteria-killing effects. Consequently, they significantly promoted methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus -infected-wound repair compared to commercial gelatin sponge and silver-alginate antibacterial wound dressing. Hence, our multifunctional hydrogels with facile preparation process and utilization procedure could potentially be used as first-aid biomaterials for rapid hemostasis and infected-wound repair in emergency injury events. • Halloysite nanotubes-doped chitosan/oxidized dextran hydrogels are prepared. • The hydrogels can form in situ on irregular and deep wounds within only 1 s. • The hydrogels exhibit a better hemostatic performance compared to gelatin sponge. • The hydrogels significantly accelerate MRSA infected wound healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We establish a model based on the dispersion of the diffractive grating to investigate the influence of the spectral envelope and wavelength stability on the combined beam quality M 2 of the spectral beam combining (SBC) system. We obtain the analytic expressions of combined beam quality corresponding to the second-moment-spectral width of the beamlets, which can be used to forecast the combined beam quality for any integrable spectral envelope shape of beamlets in an SBC system. Additionally, we find that the center wavelength shift of beamlets has a significant impact on the combined beam quality. The second-moment-based width of the center wavelength shift distribution among all beamlets should be less than 0.5 times the spectral width. Here, the spectral width is the weighted root mean square of all beamlets’ spectral width, where the weight is the power of each single channel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zhu, X. and Li, B., 2020. Convergence of efficiency of environmental pollution control investment in the coastal areas of China. In: Hu, C. and Cai, M. (eds.), Geo-informatics and Oceanography. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 105, pp. 171–175. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Based on the Slack Based Measure model of unexpected output, this paper estimates the efficiency of environmental pollution control investment in 30 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities, and eight economic regions including coastal areas of China for the time period 2003–15. According to the difference of efficiency in different economic regions, convergence theory is used to study the convergence of efficiency difference. The efficiency of environmental pollution control investment in the northern coast, the eastern coast, the middle reaches of the Yellow River, and the nationwide show obvious σ convergence trend. The internal differences in the southern coast shows an m-type σ convergence trend; NE China shows a tail divergence trend; and the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, NE China, and NW China show a periodic σ convergence trend. Absolute β convergence and conditional β convergence of the efficiency in the nationwide and eight economic regions including coastal areas occurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the efficient conversion of castor oil to sebacic acid utilizing iron oxide (Fe2O3) loaded on activated carbons as catalysts. Through a combination of saponification, acidification, and catalytic cracking, sebacic acid was produced with a notable yield improvement. The process involved using liquid paraffin as a thinning agent, overcoming the limitations of traditional toxic agents. The catalysts were prepared via adsorption-precipitation-calcination methods, with ultrasonication pretreatment to enhance iron adsorption on activated carbons. The chemical composition, structure, and morphology properties were investigated by different characterizations; such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTG). Systematic investigations into the adsorption capacity, catalytic activity, and operational parameters like temperature, reaction time, and catalyst recycling were conducted. The optimized method achieved a sebacic acid yield of 83.4%, significantly higher than traditional methods (60.2%), with improved safety and environmental impact. The study provides valuable insights into sustainable and efficient sebacic acid production which is crucial for industrial applications in processing of castor oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of nonnatural phospholipid, phosphatidylhydroxybutyrate (PB), was firstly introduced by phospholipase D (PLD)‐mediated transphosphatidylation of phosphatidylcholine (PC) with sodium γ‐hydroxybutyrate (NaGHB) in the aqueous–solid system. Nanoscale silicon dioxide (NSD) was employed as a carrier to provide an "artificial interphase" between PC and PLD. Special attention has been paid to the effect of the PC coverage on the surface area of hybrids of NSD‐PC, the PC loading and the yield of PB. Results indicated that the highest PC loading of 98.3% and the highest PB yield of 97.3% were achieved. In addition, the free PLD in the aqueous–solid system showed the greater stability and pH tolerance than that in the traditional liquid–liquid system. The operational stability of free PLD solution was investigated. The yield of PB remained 70.7% after being used for five batches. The authors provide a new idea for drug design and the potential source of PB for medical experiments. PB is a potential drug and may have the excellent performance in the treatment of central nervous system's diseases. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 35: e2726, 2019 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Plants grown under low magnesium (Mg) soils are highly susceptible to encountering light intensities that exceed the capacity of photosynthesis (A), leading to a depression of photosynthetic efficiency and eventually to photooxidation (i.e., leaf chlorosis). Yet, it remains unclear which processes play a key role in limiting the photosynthetic energy utilization of Mg‐deficient leaves, and whether the plasticity of A in acclimation to irradiance could have cross‐talk with Mg, hence accelerating or mitigating the photodamage. We investigated the light acclimation responses of rapeseed (Brassica napus) grown under low‐ and adequate‐Mg conditions. Magnesium deficiency considerably decreased rapeseed growth and leaf A, to a greater extent under high than under low light, which is associated with higher level of superoxide anion radical and more severe leaf chlorosis. This difference was mainly attributable to a greater depression in dark reaction under high light, with a higher Rubisco fallover and a more limited mesophyll conductance to CO2 (gm). Plants grown under high irradiance enhanced the content and activity of Rubisco and gm to optimally utilize more light energy absorbed. However, Mg deficiency could not fulfill the need to activate the higher level of Rubisco and Rubisco activase in leaves of high‐light‐grown plants, leading to lower Rubisco activation and carboxylation rate. Additionally, Mg‐deficient leaves under high light invested more carbon per leaf area to construct a compact leaf structure with smaller intercellular airspaces, lower surface area of chloroplast exposed to intercellular airspaces, and CO2 diffusion conductance through cytosol. These caused a more severe decrease in within‐leaf CO2 diffusion rate and substrate availability. Taken together, plant plasticity helps to improve photosynthetic energy utilization under high light but aggravates the photooxidative damage once the Mg nutrition becomes insufficient. Significance Statement: Plants grown under low Mg soils are highly susceptible to excessive light intensity, resulting in photooxidation and subsequent leaf chlorosis. The results indicated that plant plasticity, such as increasing Rubisco content and gm, helps to improve photosynthetic energy utilization under high light but aggravates the photooxidative damage once the Mg nutrition becomes insufficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wound infections caused by microorganisms often give rise to extensive inflammation and vascular damage that compromise the wound healing process. Designing approaches to more effectively controlling wound infections and accelerating this healing process are urgently needed. This study was designed with the goal of synthesizing an injectable, double cross-linked hydrogel suitable for use when treating infected wounds. After initially synthesizing methacrylated polylysine (PLMA) through polylysine grafting with methacrylic anhydride, CGRP and PLMA were incorporated into a PEG hydrogel network through reactions between NHS-activated carboxyl esters and amino groups (NH₂). PLMA was also employed to enhance the self-crosslinking activity, culminating in the production of PEG/PLMA/CGRP double cross-linked hydrogels. After injection these hydrogels were capable of undergoing rapid molding such that they were able to conform to the irregularly shaped wound contours. This PEG/PLMA/CGRP formulation was capable of mimicking nerve ending-mediated CGRP secretion to control wound healing, while also exhibiting robust antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and pro-angiogenic properties. In addition, PEG/PLMA/CGRP hydrogels in vitro showed robust resistance to S. aureus and E. coli. In a rat model of S. aureus -mediated wound infection, this hydrogel markedly promoted wound healing. PEG/PLMA/CGRP hydrogels are thus an effective tool for use in the context of infected wound healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microorganisms induced wound infection and the accompanying excessive inflammatory response is the daunting problems in wound treatment. Due to the lack of corresponding biological functions, traditional wound dressings cannot effectively protect the wound and are prone to induce local infection, excessive inflammation, and vascular damage, resulting in prolonged unhealing. Here, a mussel-inspired strategy was adopted to prepare a multifunctional hydrogel created by H 2 O 2 /CuSO 4 -induced rapid polydopamine (PDA) deposition on carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC)/sodium alginate (Alg) based hydrogel, termed as CAC/PDA/Cu(H 2 O 2). The prepared CAC/PDA/Cu(H 2 O 2) hydrogel features excellent biocompatibility, adequate mechanical properties, and good degradability. Moreover, the CAC/PDA/Cu(H 2 O 2) hydrogel can not only realize antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory effects, but also promote angiogenesis to accelerate wound healing in vitro thanks to the composite PDA/Cu(H 2 O 2) coatings. Significantly, CAC/PDA/Cu(H 2 O 2) hydrogel illustrates excellent therapeutic effects in Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) induced-rat infection models, which can efficiently eliminate MRSA, dramatically reduce inflammatory expression, promote angiogenesis, and ultimately shorten the wound healing time. CAC/PDA/Cu(H 2 O 2) hydrogel exhibited the best wound healing rate on days 7 (80.63 ± 2.44 %), 11 (92.45 ± 2.26 %), and 14 (97.86 ± 0.66 %). Thus, the multifunctional hydrogel provides a facile and efficient approach to wound management and represents promising potential in the therapy for wound healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sort of composite hydrogel with good biocompatibility, suppleness, high conductivity, and anti-inflammatory activity based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and molybdenum sulfide/graphene oxide (MoS2/GO) nanomaterial has been developed for spinal cord injury (SCI) restoration. The developed (MoS2/GO/PVA) hydrogel exhibits excellent mechanical properties, outstanding electronic conductivity, and inflammation attenuation activity. It can promote neural stem cells into neurons differentiation as well as inhibit the astrocytes development in vitro. In addition, the composite hydrogel shows a high anti-inflammatory effect. After implantation of the composite hydrogel in mice, it could activate the endogenous regeneration of the spinal cord and inhibit the activation of glial cells in the injured area, thus resulting in the recovery of locomotor function. Overall, our work provides a new sort of hydrogels for SCI reparation, which shows great promise for improving the dilemma in SCI therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The composite structure ZSM-5/HMS was synthesized, and modified with zinc species by three methods. The effects of Si/Al ratio of ZSM-5, zinc contents in ZSM-5/HMS, and modification methods on the catalytic performance were investigated. The prepared catalysts were conducted to synthesize iso-octanoic acid under atmospheric pressure, molecular oxygen (O2) as oxidant, and solvent-free conditions. The preparation methods for introducing Zn had a significant influence on the textural properties, zinc species state, acid site distribution of composite materials, and catalytic performance, which was confirmed by the XRD, FT-IR, UV–Vis and NH3-TPD analyses. Both the composite support and loaded zinc had a significant contribution to the catalytic performance, and Zn species could enhance a higher oxygen exchange rate between oxygen gas phase and support. The superior activity could be attributed to the synergistic effect between Zn–Al oxide solid solution, which increased the surface acidity and iso-octanol adsorption capability of the catalysts. The catalyst Zn(400)-3%ZH(52)-D exhibited the highest conversion and remarkable selectivity of around 49.2% and 58.9%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increase in severe infections caused by antibiotic drug resistance and the decrease in the number of new antibacterial drugs approved for use in the last few decades are driving the need for the development of new antimicrobial strategies. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a potential new class of antimicrobial drugs that are expected to solve the problem of global antibiotic drug resistance. Herein, the AMP Tet213 was immobilised onto the substrates of alginate (ALG), hyaluronic acid (HA), and collagen (COL) to form the ALG/HA/COL-AMP wound dressing. This wound dressing exhibited a high degree of swelling and the appropriate porosity, mechanical properties, and biodegradability. The Tet213-immobilised ALG/HA/COL dressings exhibited antimicrobial activity against three pathogenic bacterial strains (Gram-negative E. coli and Gram-positive MRSA and S. aureus) and facilitated the proliferation of NIH 3T3 fibroblast cells. In addition, the ALG/HA/COL-AMP antimicrobial dressings promoted wound healing, re-epithelialisation, collagen deposition, and angiogenesis. Moreover, the wound-healing effects of ALG/HA/COL-AMP surpassed the gauze and ALG/HA/COL compared to commercially available silver-based dressings (Aguacel Ag). These results suggest that the Tet213-conjugated ALG/HA/COL wound dressing, with its multiple biological activities, is a promising wound-dressing material. • The covalent bonding method can graft AMP Tet213 on ALG/HA/COL porous materials, which are applying to skin wound dressing. • The antimicrobial dressings overcome the disadvantages of bacterial drug resistance and inhibit release of antimicrobials. • The dressings exhibit excellent reepithelialization, collagen deposition, and angiogenesis in infected wound animal model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Toxic organic solvents were avoided in the synthesis of DHA-phospholipids (PLs). • DHA-PLs were prepared via lipase-mediated transesterification in aqueous phases. • Candida antarctica Lipase B showed 34.8% DHA incorporation and 80.0% PLs yields. • Crucial residues (S101–Y116 + V174–I210) affecting enzyme activity were confirmed. Docosahexaenoic acid-phospholipids (DHA-PLs) were prepared via lipase-mediated transesterification of DHA donor and phosphatidylcholine (PC) in a purely aqueous solution. Pre-existing carriers would play the role as "artificial interfaces" to adsorb water-insoluble PC and made them disperse in water. DHA donors were concentrated by a pH-responsive method and presented as supersaturated salt solutions. 153 triacylglycerol lipase structures were analyzed and screened in silico. Transesterification was carried out to further evaluate the six lipase candidates. Lipase B from Candida antarctica (CALB) was the best biocatalyst with 34.8% of DHA incorporation and 80.0% of PLs yields (involving 38.1% PC and 41.9% sn -1 lyso-PC). Toxic organic solvents were avoided. Six possible microunits of our aqueous system consisting of three PLs donors (PC, lyso-PC, sn -glycero-3-PC) and two DHA donors (DHA and DHA salts), were simulated by molecular dynamics (MD) to illustrate the enzymatic mechanism based on diffusional channels, competitive bindings, and enzymatic structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the capacity increasing in optical networks enabled by spatial division multiplexing (SDM) technology, spatial division multiplexing elastic optical networks (SDM-EONs) attract much attention from both academic and industry. Super-channel is an important type of service provisioning in SDM-EONs. This paper focuses on the issue of super-channel construction in SDM-EONs. Mixed super-channel oriented routing, spectrum and core assignment (MS-RSCA) algorithm is proposed in SDM-EONs considering inter-core crosstalk. Simulation results show that MS-RSCA can improve spectrum resource utilization and reduce blocking probability significantly compared with the baseline RSCA algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Efficient synthesis of PS by the surface adsorption-catalysis in aqueous solutions. • The enzymatic selectivity was improved and toxic solvents were completely avoided. • Adsorption regions and driving forces were confirmed by biomolecular simulations. • Diffusion processes of PC were reconstructed to illustrate biocatalytic processes. The adsorption of substrates/products on immobilized enzymes was a common bad phenomenon. A novel method was proposed to turn this "drawback" into treasure. Immobilized phospholipase D (PLD) acted as not only the catalyst, but also an "anchor molecule" facilitating the adsorption of hydrophobic substrate phosphatidylcholine (PC) in purely aqueous solutions. The PC loading even reached 96.7 %. The adsorption region and relevant driving forces were confirmed by the molecular docking and dynamics. The highest yield of phosphatidylserine (PS) reached 95.4 %. An "artificial interphase" was created, allowing a hydrophobic microenvironment for minimal hydrolysis. Simulation results indicated that adsorbed PC molecules would diffuse into the active center by rapid adsorption-desorption equilibrium or the parallel movement on the surface of PLD or combination diffusion. It explained why these "fixed" substrates could interact with the active center. Moreover, obtained PS was manufactured into microcapsules and toxic solvents were completely avoided in the whole process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prussian blue (PB) and its analogues (PBAs) have been considered as promising cathodes for room temperature sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) because of their rigid open framework and low-cost synthesis. Herein, we have synthesized slight-etching PB cubes with low amounts of coordinated water and [Fe(CN) 6 ] vacancies using an optimized hydrothermal method with the aid of acid. Interestingly, synchronous crystal growth and etching processes are observed, accompanied by recrystallization behaviors during the etching process. With the increasing acid amount, yield of the as-prepared PB improves greatly. The acid etching mechanism is further clarified. Notably, such one-step acid-etching hydrothermal approach can realize the rational composition and architecture design of PB. The correlation between physical properties and cell performance of PB is systematically investigated. The optimized PB cubes with slight surface etching deliver a high reversible specific capacity of 99 mA h g−1, a capacity retention of 79% for 500 cycles and 74 mA h g−1 at a high current density of 1500 mA g−1. Such superior rate capability and long cycle life are ascribed to the synergistic effects of the structure and morphology of PB, which possesses low amounts of coordinated water and [Fe(CN) 6 ] vacancies, large unit cell volume, and slight-etching surface in the cubic structure, good crystallinity and uniform particle size distribution. Image 1 • A synchronous crystal growth and etching mechanism of PB is proposed. • Productivity of PB improves greatly because of the recrystallization behavior. • Slight surface etching is beneficial to the Na+ ions reaction kinetics. • The optimized cubic PB with slight etching delivers superior rate performance and long cycle life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the indicators of an animal model of gouty arthritis (GA) with dampness heat accumulation and the intervention effect of Tongfeng Qingxiao formula (, TFQXF)., Methods: Seventy-two healthy adult Sprague?Dawley male rats were selected and randomly divided into a normal group, model group, low-dose group, medium-dose group, high-dose group, and diclofenac group using a random number table method, with 12 rats in each group. After group intervention, the general condition of the rats in each group was monitored and recorded, and the swelling index was measured. After separating the serum, the changes in glutamic pyruvic transaminase (ALT), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (AST), carbamide (UREA), creatinine (CREA), triglyceride (TG), total serum cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in the serum of the rats in each group were measured using an automatic biochemical analyzer. The levels of motilin (MTL), gastrin (GAS), endothelin (ET), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), interleukin (IL)-1β, and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) in the serum of the rats in each group were evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Kidney tissues were used to evaluate the protein and mRNA expression of aquaporin (AQP) 1 and AQP2. Colon tissue was used to evaluate the protein and mRNA expression of AQP3 and AQP4 by Western blotting (WB) assay and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT?qPCR). The levels of ALT, AST, UREA, and CREA were used to evaluate the liver and kidney function of rats. The levels of MTL and GAS were used to evaluate the gastrointestinal function of rats. The levels of TG, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, AQP1, AQP2, AQP3, and AQP4 were used to evaluate the "dampness" syndrome performance in rats. The levels of ET, CGRP, and HSP70 were used to evaluate the "heat" syndrome performance in rats. The levels of IL-1β and NF-κB were used to evaluate the degree of inflammation in rats. The pathological changes in synovial and colonic tissues were observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining., Results: Except for the normal group, after modeling treatment, the ankle joint of rats in both the model group and drug treatment groups gradually swelled, reaching a peak at 12 h, and then gradually began to subside. The results of biochemical analyzer detection indicated that the serum ALT, AST, UREA, CREA, TG, TC and LDL-C levels were significantly higher, but the HDL-C level was significantly lower in the rats of the model group than in the rats of the normal group ( P < 0.05). The serum ALT, AST, UREA, CREA, MTL, TC and LDL-C levels were significantly lower, but the HDL-C level was significantly higher in the rats of all drug treatment groups than in the rats of the model group ( P < 0.05). The results of ELISA detection indicated that the MTL, GAS, ET, HSP70, IL-1β, and NF-κB levels were significantly higher, but the CGRP level was significantly lower in the rats of the model group than in the rats of the normal group ( P < 0.05). The levels of MTL, GAS, ET, HSP70, IL-1β, and NF-κB were significantly lower, but CGRP was significantly higher in the rats of the drug treatment groups than in the rats of the model group ( P < 0.05). The results of WB and RT-qPCR indicated that compared to the normal group, the levels of AQP1 and AQP2 in the model group were significantly higher in the kidney tissue, whereas the levels of AQP3 and AQP4 were significantly lower in the colon tissue ( P < 0.05). Compared to those in the model group, the levels of AQP1 and AQP2 in the drug treatment groups were significantly lower in the kidney tissue, whereas the levels of AQP3 and AQP4 were significantly higher in the colon tissue ( P < 0.05). In the model group, erosion of the colonic mucosal surface and inflammatory exudate occurred. Some mucosal epithelium had fallen off, the number of glands in the lamina propria was lower, many inflammatory cells infiltrated the interstitial layer, the connective tissue in the submucosa became loose and edematous, and lymph follicles developed. We found a significant proliferation of synovial cells in the ankle joint, an increase in cell density and neovascularization, and visible infiltration of inflammatory cells. The cartilage surface was not smooth. However, each drug group could improve the pathological changes in intestinal and synovial tissues to varying degrees., Conclusions: Blood lipid metabolism indexes and AQPs could be used as objective evaluation indexes for the "dampness" syndrome performance of damp-heat accumulation type GA. ET, HSP70 and CGRP could be used as objective evaluation indexes for the "heat" syndrome performance, and the immune inflammation index could be used as objective evaluation indexes for the inflammation degree. The overall efficacy of TFQXF in the treatment of damp-heat accumulation-type GA could be determined by adjusting the above objective evaluation indexes. It provided some ideas and directions for clinical risk assessments and drug development of GA.

To enable the timely adjustment of the control strategy of automobile active safety systems, enhance their capacity to adapt to complex working conditions, and improve driving safety, this paper introduces a new method for predicting road surface state information and recognizing road adhesion coefficients using an enhanced version of the MobileNet V3 model. On one hand, the Squeeze-and-Excitation (SE) is replaced by the Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM). It can enhance the extraction of features effectively by considering both spatial and channel dimensions. On the other hand, the cross-entropy loss function is replaced by the Bias Loss function. It can reduce the random prediction problem occurring in the optimization process to improve identification accuracy. Finally, the proposed method is evaluated in an experiment with a four-wheel-drive ROS robot platform. Results indicate that a classification precision of 95.53% is achieved, which is higher than existing road adhesion coefficient identification methods.

Objectives: In this meta-analysis, we conducted a comparative analysis of the safety and efficacy of hypofractionated and conventional fractionated radiotherapy in individuals who had undergone surgery for breast cancer., Methods: This study involved a systematic and independent review of relevant research articles published in reputable databases such as PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. Two investigators conducted the review, which included studies published up to January 3, 2023. The quality of the eligible studies was evaluated and data were extracted using Review Manager software 5.4 (RevMan 5.4) to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs)., Results: The analysis comprised 35 studies and encompassed a collective sample of 18,246 individuals diagnosed with breast cancer. We did not find a statistically significant disparity in efficacy between conventional fractionated (CF) radiotherapy and hypofractionated (HF) radiotherapy regarding local recurrence (LR; OR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.76-1.09, P = 0.30), disease-free survival (DFS; OR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.01-1.42, P = 0.03), and overall survival (OS; OR = 1.08, 95% CI: 0.93-1.26, P = 0.28). Concerning safety, there was no significant difference between the HF and CF regimens in terms of breast pain, breast atrophy, lymphedema, pneumonia, pulmonary fibrosis, telangiectasia, and cardiotoxicity. However, the HF regimen resulted in lower skin toxicity (OR = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.33-0.55, P < 0.01) and improved patient fatigue outcomes (OR = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.60 - 0.88, P < 0.01)., Conclusions: Although there is no substantial difference in LR, DFS, OS, or many other side effects between the HF and CF regimens, the HF regimen reduces skin toxicity and relieves patient fatigue. If these two issues need to be addressed in clinical situations, the HF regimen may be a superior alternative to conventional radiotherapy in postoperative breast cancer patients., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

The transcription factor (TF)-mediated regulatory network controlling lincomycin production in Streptomyces lincolnensis is yet to be fully elucidated despite several types of associated TFs having been reported. SLCG&#95;2919, a tetracycline repressor (TetR)-type regulator, was the first TF to be characterized outside the lincomycin biosynthetic cluster to directly suppress the lincomycin biosynthesis in S. lincolnensis. In this study, improved genomic systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (gSELEX), an in vitro technique, was adopted to capture additional SLCG&#95;2919-targeted sequences harboring the promoter regions of SLCG&#95;6675, SLCG&#95;4123-4124, SLCG&#95;6579, and SLCG&#95;0139-0140. The four DNA fragments were confirmed by electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs). Reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) showed that the corresponding target genes SLCG&#95;6675 (anthranilate synthase), SLCG&#95;0139 (LysR family transcriptional regulator), SLCG&#95;0140 (beta-lactamase), SLCG&#95;6579 (cytochrome P450), SLCG&#95;4123 (bifunctional DNA primase/polymerase), and SLCG&#95;4124 (magnesium or magnesium-dependent protein phosphatase) in ΔSLCGL&#95;2919 were differentially increased by 3.3-, 4.2-, 3.2-, 2.5-, 4.6-, and 2.2-fold relative to those in the parental strain S. lincolnensis LCGL. Furthermore, the individual inactivation of these target genes in LCGL reduced the lincomycin yield to varying degrees. This investigation expands on the known DNA targets of SLCG&#95;2919 to control lincomycin production and lays the foundation for improving industrial lincomycin yields via genetic engineering of this regulatory network., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Background: Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is a common postoperative complication in patients with pancreatic cancer (PC), significantly affecting their quality of life and long-term prognosis. Our aim is to establish a new nomogram to predict the risk of PVT after PC surgery., Method: We collected data from 416 patients who underwent PC surgery at our hospital between January 2011 and June 2022. This includes 87 patients with PVT and 329 patients without PVT. The patients were randomly divided into a training group and a validation group at a ratio of 7:3. We constructed a nomogram model using the outcomes from both univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses conducted on the training group. The nomogram's predictive capacity was assessed using calibration curve, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and decision curve analysis (DCA)., Results: In the study, the prevalence of PVT was 20.9%. Age, albumin, vein reconstruction and preoperative D-dimer were independent related factors. The model achieved a C-index of 0.810 (95% confidence interval: 0.752-0.867), demonstrating excellent discrimination and calibration performance. The area under the ROC curve of the nomogram was 0.829 (95% CI: 0.750-0.909) in the validation group. DCA confirmed that the nomogram model was clinically useful when the incidence of PVT in patients was 5%-60%., Conclusion: We have established a high-performance nomogram for predicting the risk of PVT in patients undergoing PC surgery. This will assist clinical doctors in identifying individuals at high risk of PVT and taking appropriate preventive measures., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (© 2023 Wang, Wang, Li, Cui, Lyu and Lang.)

Phospholipase D (PLD) with the higher transphosphatidylation activity was screened from Streptomyces sp. LD0501 basing on the protoplast mutagenesis technology. Then, it was successfully bio-imprinted to form a hyperactivated structure and rigidified by the intramolecular cross-linking, which was immobilized on the nonporous nanoscale silica. Characterization techniques were employed to investigate the structure and physicochemical properties of the catalysts, including Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Transphosphatidylation activity and selectivity were improved significantly when immobilized PLD was used. The maximum yield for the production of phosphatidylserine (PS) reached 97% and the side reaction, the hydrolysis, was minimized. These results were further confirmed by the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. The imprint-induced characteristics of PLD was successfully "remembered" even in the present of much water. In addition, this immobilized hyperactivated PLD showed the excellent operational stabilities and environmental tolerances., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Purpose: Viruses, such as Ebola virus (EBOV), evolve rapidly and threaten the human health. There is a great demand to exploit efficient gene-editing techniques for the identification of virus to probe virulence mechanism for drug development., Methods: Based on lambda Red recombination in Escherichia coli (E. coli), counter-selection, and in vitro annealing, a high-efficiency genetic method was utilized here for precisely engineering viruses. EBOV trVLPs assay and dual luciferase reporter assay were used to further test the effect of mutations on virus replication., Results: Considering the significance of matrix protein VP24 in EBOV replication, the types of mutations within vp24, including several single-base substitutions, one double-base substitution, two seamless deletions, and one targeted insertion, were generated on the multi-copy plasmid of E. coli. Further, the length of the homology arms for recombination and in vitro annealing, and the amount of DNA cassettes and linear plasmids were optimized to create a more elaborate and cost-efficient protocol than original approach. The effects of VP24 mutations on the expression of a reporter gene (luciferase) from the EBOV minigenome were determined, and results indicated that mutations of key sites within VP24 have significant impacts on EBOV replication., Conclusion: This precise mutagenesis method will facilitate effective and simple editing of viral genes in E. coli., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

There is uncertainty regarding the benefits and drawbacks of various radiation protocols for the treatment of left-sided breast cancer. To address this issue, we conducted a Bayesian network analysis. First, we searched several electronic databases for eligible literature. Next, we pooled the data from twelve studies concerning three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT), intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT), combined with either deep inspiratory breath-holding (DIBH) or free-breathing (FB) modalities. The integrated cardiac and pulmonary dosimetric indexes for all included treatments were compared using Bayesian networks. A direct meta-analysis indicated that for the two methods of 3D-CRT and IMRT, DIBH technology was more effective than FB in reducing the radiation dose to the heart and lungs. Additionally, according to the network results, DIBH was superior to FB in all six treatment options, regardless of whether the plan was 3D-CRT, IMRT, or VMAT. Besides, the combined data indicated that the FB-3D-CRT regimen had the weakest dosimetric advantage of all the treatments. Excluding FB-3D-CRT, each of the other five treatments had its own specific benefits. This is the first Bayesian study of several radiotherapy regimens for breast cancer patients on the left side, and the findings can be used to select appropriate radiotherapy programs for breast cancer patients., (© 2023. Springer Nature Limited.)

Background: To investigate the clinical significance of preoperative inflammatory status in patients with pancreatic head carcinoma (PHC), we performed a single-center study to assess it., Method: We studied a total of 164 patients with PHC undergoing PD surgery (with or without allogeneic venous replacement) from January 2018 to April 2022. Systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) was the most important peripheral immune index in predicting the prognosis according to XGBoost analysis. The optimal cutoff value of SII for OS was calculated according to Youden index based on the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and the cohort was divided into Low SII group and High SII group. Demographic, clinical data, laboratory data, follow-up data variables were obtained and compared between the two groups. Kaplan-Meier curves, univariable and multivariable Cox regression models were used to determine the association between preoperative inflammation index, nutritional index and TNM staging system with OS and DFS respectively., Results: The median follow-up time was 16 months (IQR 23), and 41.4% of recurrences occurred within 1 year. The cutoff value of SII was 563, with a sensitivity of 70.3%, and a specificity of 60.7%. Peripheral immune status was different between the two groups. Patients in High SII group had higher PAR, NLR than those in Low SII group (P <0.01, <0.01, respectively), and lower PNI (P <0.01). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed significantly poorer OS and DFS (P < 0.001, <0.001, respectively) in patients with high SII. By using the multivariable Cox regression model, high SII (HR, 2.056; 95% CI, 1.082-3.905, P=0.028) was significant predictor of OS. Of these 68 high-risk patients who recurrence within one year, patients with widespread metastasis had lower SII and worse prognosis (P <0.01)., Conclusion: High SII was significantly associated with poor prognosis in patients with PHC. However, in patients who recurrence within one year, SII was lower in patients at TNM stage III. Thus, care needs to be taken to differentiate those high-risk patients., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Chen, Ren, Cui, Huang, Wang, Li, He and Lang.)

In this article, a tensegrity-based knee mechanism is studied for developing a high-efficiency rehabilitation knee exoskeleton. Moreover, the kinematics and dynamics models of the knee mechanism are explored for bringing about further improvement in controller design. In addition, to estimate the performance of the bionic knee joint, based on the limit function of knee patella, the limit position functionality of the bionic knee joint is developed for enhancing the bionic property. Furthermore, to eliminate the noise item and other disturbances that are constantly generated in the rehabilitation process, a noise-tolerant zeroing neural network (NTZNN) algorithm is utilized to establish the controller. This indicates that the controller shows an anti-noise performance; hence, it is quite unique from other bionic knee mechanism controllers. Eventually, the anti-noise performance and the calculation of the precision of the NTZNN controller are verified through several simulation and contrast results., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Xu, Sun, Wang, Wu, Li and Zhao.)

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-enriched phosphatidylcholine (PC) has received significant scientific attention due to the health benefits in food and pharmaceutical products. In this work, the edible algal oil rich in DHA-triacylglycerol (DHA-TAG) without pretreatment was first used as the DHA donor for the transesterification of phospholipids (PLs) to prepare three kinds of rare PLs, including DHA-PC, DHA-phosphatidylethanolamine (DHA-PE), and DHA-phosphatidylserine (DHA-PS). Here, 153 protein structures of triacylglycerol lipase (EC 3.1.1.3) were virtually screened and evaluated by transesterification. PLA1 was the best candidate due to a higher DHA incorporation. Results showed that the transesterification of PC with DHA-TAG at 45°C and 0.7% water content (without additional water addition) could produce DHA-PC with 39.1% DHA incorporation at 30 min. The different DHA donors, including forms of fatty acid, methyl ester, and triglycerides, were compared. Molecular dynamics (MD) was used to illustrate the catalytic mechanism at the molecular level containing the diffusions of substrates, the structure-activity relationship of PLA1, and the effect of water content., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Zhang, Li, Wang, Hu, Zhang, Zhao and Wang.)

Biomimetic nanocomposites are widely used in the biomedical field because they can effectively solve the problems existing in the current cancer treatment by realizing multi-mode collaborative treatment. In this study, we designed and synthesized a multifunctional therapeutic platform (PB/PM/HRP/Apt) with unique working mechanism and good tumor treatment effect. Prussian blue nanoparticles (PBs) with good photothermal conversion efficiency were used as nuclei and coated with platelet membrane (PM). The ability of platelets (PLTs) to specifically target cancer cells and inflammatory sites can effectively enhance PB accumulation at tumor sites. The surface of the synthesized nanocomposites was modified with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to enhance the deep penetration of the nanocomposites in cancer cells. In addition, PD-L1 aptamer and 4T1 cell aptamer AS1411 were modified on the nanocomposite to achieve immunotherapy and enhance targeting. The particle size, UV absorption spectrum and Zeta potential of the biomimetic nanocomposite were determined by transmission electron microscope (TEM), Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer and nano-particle size meter, and the successful preparation was proved. In addition, the biomimetic nanocomposites were proved to have good photothermal properties by infrared thermography. The cytotoxicity test showed that it had a good killing ability of cancer cells. Finally, thermal imaging, tumor volume detection, immune factor detection and Haematoxilin-Eosin (HE) staining of mice showed that the biomimetic nanocomposites had good anti-tumor effect and could trigger immune response in vivo. Therefore, this biomimetic nanoplatform as a promising therapeutic strategy provides new inspiration for the current diagnosis and treatment of cancer., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Li, Li, Li, Zhang, Li, Liu, Lun and Guo.)

We theoretically investigate the combining efficiency and combined beam quality degradation induced by beam array misalignment in a coherent combining system based on diffractive optical elements. Theoretical model is established based on the Fresnel diffraction. We consider pointing aberration, positioning error and beam size deviation in array emitters as typical misalignments, and discuss their influences on beam combining by this model. The statistical analysis results and the accurate fitting curves of the degradation have been given based on the repetitive simulations with normal distributed random misalignments. According to the results, the combining efficiency is affected greatly by the pointing aberration and position error of the laser array, while the combined beam quality is just affected by the pointing aberration generally. Based on calculation with a series of typical parameters, the standard deviations of the laser array's pointing aberration and position error are required to less than 15μrad and 1μm respectively to maintain an excellent combining efficiency. If we only concentrate on the beam quality, the pointing aberration need to be less than 70μrad.

Bone defects caused by tumors section, traffic accidents, and surgery remain a challenge in clinical. The drawbacks of traditional autografts and allografts limit their clinical application. 3D printed porous scaffolds have monumental potential to repair bone defects but still cannot effectively promote bone formation. Nano tantalum (Ta) has been reported with effective osteogenesis capability. Herein, we fabricated 3D printed PLA/β-TCP scaffold by using the fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique. Ta was doped on the surface of scaffolds utilizing the surface adhesion ability of polydopamine to improve its properties. The constructed PLA/β-TCP/PDA/Ta had good physical properties. In vitro studies demonstrated that the PLA/β-TCP/PDA/Ta scaffolds considerably promote cell proliferation and migration, and it additionally has osteogenic properties. Therefore, Ta doped 3D printed PLA/β-TCP/PDA/Ta scaffold could incontestably improve surface bioactivity and lead to better osteogenesis, which may provide a unique strategy to develop bioactive bespoke implants in orthopedic applications., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest All authors declare no potential conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Objectives: Chemotherapy and radiotherapy generally cause serious adverse side effects in cancer patients, thereby affecting subsequent treatment. Numerous studies have shown that taking probiotics is an option for preventing and treating these side effects. In this investigation, a meta-analysis of the effects of oral probiotics on side effects brought on by radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or chemoradiotherapy treatment will be carried out., Methods: Two researchers independently and carefully reviewed all pertinent studies that were published before June 30, 2022 and were accessible on PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and the Web of Science. Moreover, the Cochrane Collaboration's Tool was used to evaluate the risk of bias. Utilizing Review Manager software version 5.4, data were retrieved from eligible studies to evaluate their merits and determine odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) (RevMan 5.4)., Results: 2 097 patients from 16 randomized controlled trials were extracted, and standard meta-analysis methods were used to examine the data. Compared with the placebo groups, oral probiotics significantly reduced the side effects caused by radiotherapy and chemotherapy on various types of cancer, such as head and neck cancer, pelvic and abdominal cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, etc. (OR: 0.31, 95% CI: 0.20 - 0.48; P < 0.005). Further analysis found that the incidence of diarrhea in patients with pelvic and abdominal cancers (OR: 0.32, 95% CI: 0.16 - 0.65; P < 0.005) and the frequency of oral mucositis in patients with head and neck tumors were also significantly lower (OR: 0.28, 95% CI: 0.18 - 0.43; P < 0.005) after the oral administration of probiotics. This suggests that probiotics have a positive influence on the treatment of side effects after chemoradiotherapy. Additionally, a funnel plot revealed that there was no significant publication bias in this study., Conclusions: Probiotics may help to reduce the occurrence of cancer therapy-related side effects, especially oral mucositis in head and neck tumors and diarrhea in patients with pelvic and abdominal tumors. However, given the small number of clinical trials involved, additional randomized, double-blind, multicentric trials in a larger population are required. This paper may assist researchers in improving trial design in the selection of probiotic strains and selecting appropriate patients who may benefit from probiotic treatments., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Lu, Luo, Yang, Li, Gong, Li, Cheng, Chen, Guo and Yuan.)

In traditional cheese making, pregastric lipolytic enzymes of animal origin are used for the acceleration of ripening and the formation of spicy flavor compounds. Especially for cheese specialities, such as Pecorino, Provolone, or Feta, pregastric esterases (PGE) play an important role. A lipase from Pleurotus citrinopileatus could serve as a substitute for these animal-derived enzymes, thus offering vegetarian, kosher, and halal alternatives. However, the hydrolytic activity of this enzyme towards long-chain fatty acids is slightly too high, which may lead to off-flavors during long-term ripening. Therefore, an optimization via protein engineering (PE) was performed by changing the specificity towards medium-chain fatty acids. With a semi-rational design, possible mutants at eight different positions were created and analyzed in silico. Heterologous expression was performed for 24 predicted mutants, of which 18 caused a change in the hydrolysis profile. Three mutants (F91L, L302G, and L305A) were used in application tests to produce Feta-type brine cheese. The sensory analyses showed promising results for cheeses prepared with the L305A mutant, and SPME-GC-MS analysis of volatile free fatty acids supported these findings. Therefore, altering the chain length specificity via PE becomes a powerful tool for the replacement of PGEs in cheese making.

Aged nonhuman primate (NHP) models are of great value for studying the pathology of metabolic heart diseases and developing therapeutic strategies. In this study, aged male cynomolgus monkeys were fed a regular diet or a high-fat/high-sugar diet (HFSD) for 8 months. Metabolic disorders were diagnosed by 1 H-NMR and serum biochemistry, and cardiac function was evaluated by echocardiography. Our results showed that serum metabolic profiles were altered in aged monkeys fed a HFSD, in line with aortic tissue damage, cardiac remodeling, and contractile dysfunction. This aged monkey model significantly increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines and altered expression and phosphorylation of intracellular signaling proteins in the heart, as compared to aged monkeys on a regular diet. Furthermore, the animals demonstrated increased phosphorylation of cardiac myofilament proteins which are causatively associated with decreased myofilament contractility. We conclude that the aged monkey model fed a HFSD exhibits metabolic disorders and cardiac contractile dysfunction., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC part of Springer Nature.)

Magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH) 2 ), magnesium fluoride (MgF 2 ), and hydroxyapatite (HA) films on Mg are widely studied owing to their easy preparation and favorable corrosion protection. Nevertheless, the most suitable film with the best performance for biomedical applications between the three films remains unknown. Therefore, the performance of the three coatings from in vitro to in vivo must be systematically investigated. In this study, Mg(OH) 2 , MgF 2 , and HA films were fabricated on pure Mg. Electrochemical analysis and the hydrogen evolution test suggested that the HA film showed the best in vitro corrosion resistance, followed by MgF 2 and Mg(OH) 2 films. In vitro cell culture indicated that the extract of the MgF 2 -coated sample was most beneficial for the osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells and the vascularization of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), which might be ascribed to the existence of the F element in the film. The result of this subcutaneous implantation showed that the HA film exhibited the best in vivo corrosion resistance and induced the lightest inflammatory response. Femoral implantation data revealed that the HA film exhibited the best osseointegration. Furthermore, the major organs and blood indicators of all of the tested rats were normal in 8 weeks. In summary, though the in vitro biological performance of the MgF 2 film was the best among the three films, the HA film showed the best in vivo performance, suggesting that it is a more promising modification method for orthopedic applications.

The synthesis of nonnatural phospholipid, phosphatidylhydroxybutyrate (PB), was firstly introduced by phospholipase D (PLD)-mediated transphosphatidylation of phosphatidylcholine (PC) with sodium γ-hydroxybutyrate (NaGHB) in the aqueous-solid system. Nanoscale silicon dioxide (NSD) was employed as a carrier to provide an "artificial interphase" between PC and PLD. Special attention has been paid to the effect of the PC coverage on the surface area of hybrids of NSD-PC, the PC loading and the yield of PB. Results indicated that the highest PC loading of 98.3% and the highest PB yield of 97.3% were achieved. In addition, the free PLD in the aqueous-solid system showed the greater stability and pH tolerance than that in the traditional liquid-liquid system. The operational stability of free PLD solution was investigated. The yield of PB remained 70.7% after being used for five batches. The authors provide a new idea for drug design and the potential source of PB for medical experiments. PB is a potential drug and may have the excellent performance in the treatment of central nervous system's diseases. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 35: e2726, 2019., (© 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers.)

Phospholipase D (PLD) was firstly hyperactivated by the bio-imprinting and, then, these hyperactivated PLD molecules were immobilized by adsorption and precipitation, followed by cross-linking. The high degree of conformational rigidification provided by intra- and intermolecular cross-linking can make PLD "remember" imprint-induced characteristics even in aqueous solutions. The obtained immobilized PLD showed the excellent catalytic performance. The maximum activity of immobilized PLD reached 166953 U/g protein , which was approximately 14 times higher than that of free form (11922 U/g protein ). Moreover, the selectivity of PLD was significantly enhanced after immobilization. The yield of PG and PA reached 94.0% and 5.96%, respectively. Compared with the serious hydrolysis in the free PLD (35.3% yield of PA), the side reaction was minimized in this work. This may be the first description of the remarkably high improvement of the activity and selectivity of PLD through the immobilization technology., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)