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Effects of feeding cattle Coastal bermudagrass or its silage treated with Mobam (benzo[ b ]thien-4-yl methylcarbamate) were determined. Grass treated with 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 lb of the insecticide per acre had at the time it was ensiled (1 day after treatment) insecticidal residues of 0, 10.5, 19.0, and 37.5 ppm, respectively, on a green-weight basis. After a 35- to 36-day fermentation period, residues were 0.0, 8.5, 16.5, and 27.0 ppm, respectively; during the next 30 days little additional change took place. Thus, Mobam in ensilage appears to be quite stable. The silage from the 4 treatments was fed to separate groups of 4 cows each for 28 days. Milk from cows fed silage containing as much as 90 ppm (dry-weight basis) contained no detectable residues of the insecticides or of its phenolic hydrolysis product. Intake of Mobam in the 4 silages was 0, 0.25, 0.34, and 0.90 mg per kg of body weight, respectively. No significant differences were found in silage intake, milk production, or change in body weight of cows fed control or treated diets. Also, no differences in the levels of cholinesterase, carotene, and vitamin A in blood could be attributed to the treated silages, and none of the cows showed ill effects. In tests of palatability, 10 yearling steers failed to show a preference in grazing plots of grass treated with 0, 0.5, and 1.0 lb Mobam per acre.

2-Phenyl-cumarane und 2-Phenyl-tetrahydrofurane werden in Eisessig/Acetanhydrid gespalten, wenn Spuren von Perchlorsaure anwesend sind. Dabei treten 1 oder 2 Acetylgruppen ein. Acetyliertes Lignin zeigt dieselbe Erscheinung etwa in jeder dritten Einheit. Biosynthetisches Lignin verhalt sich ebenso, wahrend im loslichen Lignin nach Brauns nur jede 4. bis 5. Einheit in diesem Sinne reagiert.

Silage prepared from com treated with 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 pounds per acre of fenestration ( O, O -dimethy1 O -(4nitro- m -toly1) phosphorothioate) as an emulsifiable concentrate was fed to lactating Jersey cattle for 8 weeks Total residues of fenestration, the oxygen analogue, and its cresol (4-nitro- m -cresol) in the silage for the 1.0 2.0, and 3.0 pounds per acre rates of field application decreased from 4.47, 11.4, and 16.6 ppm on the date of ensiling to 3.41, 6.59, and 9.50 ppm after 128 days of silo storage, respectively. Although traces (0.001–0.005 ppm) of the amino analogue of fenestration were found in the milk of cows fed the 3 pounds per acre silage, no residues (

Peanuts were grown in soil treated with granular aldrin and heptachlor in 1960 at Tifton, Georgia. Analyses were made for aldrin and dieldrin in the aldrin treatments and for heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide in the heptachlor treatments. All four materials persisted in the soil throughout the growing period. The green peanut-vine forage at harvest time contained residues of aldrin and dieldrin, and of heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide. The peanut hulls and meats had relatively high residues of dieldrin from the aldrin application and, also, of heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide.

Two fields of forage corn of different average plant heights (5-6, ft and 8-10 ft) were each treated with Velsicol VCS-506 ( O- (4-bromo-2,5-dichlorophcnyl) O -methyl phenylphosphonothioate) emulsifiable concentrate at 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 lb per acre and sampled immediately after the sprays had dried and I, 2, 7, 14, and 21 days later. Residucs of VeS-506, its oxygen analogue, and phenol were determined in whole corn plants, ears (husks and silks removed), and in jar silage. Residues of VCS-506 in the 5- to 6-ft corn plants treated with 2 Ib per acre diminished from 52.2 to 11.5 ppm during the 21-day weathering period, while the phenol increased from 2.88 to 8.88 ppm; residues of the oxygen analogue were generally less than 0.1 ppm. Residues in the corn treated with 0.5 and 1.0 lb/acre were proportionally lower. The 5- to 6-ft corn contained more than twice the amounts of residues found in the 8- to 10-ft plants. Only traces (0.01 ppm or less) of VCS-506 were found in the corn ears up to 2 days after treatment. Residues of VCS-506 and the phenol in corn ensiled in glass jars for 30 days were relatively stable. However, the low levels of oxygen analogue essentially disappeared.

Coastal bermudagrass and corn treated with fenthion emulsifiable concentrate at 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 lb per acre and sampled 0, 1, 2, 7, 14, and 21 days posttreatment were analyzed for fenthion and 5 of its metabolites (oxidation products). In the field, extensive oxidation of fenthion to the metabolites (primarily to fenthion sulfoxide) occurred almost immediately. Residues of all 6 compounds were detected in the grass, and residues of 5 compounds (no fenthion oxygen analog) were detected in the corn after various intervals of weathering in the field. Residues of fenthion and the metabolites in corn ensiled in gallon jars were persistent and oxidized at a lower rate in silage than in the field.

Coastal bermudagrass, Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., and corn, Zea mays L., field treated with an emulsifiable concentrate of phorate, at 0.5, 1.0, and 2,0 lb (active ingredient) per acre and sampled 0, 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days posttreatment were analyzed for residues of the parent compound and 5 of its metabolites. In corn, total residue consisting of the parent compound (P=S, S), its sulfoxide (P=S, SO) and sulfone (P=S, SO2), and phoratoxon sulfoxide (P=O, SO) and phoratoxon sulfone (P=O, SO2), was less than 1.0 ppm 14 days posttreatment for all 3 rates of application. Residues of phoratoxon (P=O, S) were not detected in any corn samples. Total residues in grass, consisting of the same metabolites found in corn, were found to be less than 1.0 ppm 21 days posttreatment. In corn silage, made from 1-day post-field treatments of corn at the 3 rates of application and ensiled at 85°F for 30 days in glass jars, the residues consisted mainly of phorate, its sulfoxide and sulfone, and phoratoxon sulfoxide which were relatively stable.

Residues of Niagara NIA-10242 (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl methylcarbamate) and its substituted furanol, Niagara NIA-10272 (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranol) dissipated to nondetectable levels in 14 days when Niagara NIA-10242 was applied to Coastal bermuda grass. Residues of neither compound were detected 14 days after application of the insecticide at a rate of 1 lb per acre. However, residues of NIA-10242 (its substituted furanol was not detected) were found to be relatively stable in Coastal Bermudagrass silage stored for 30 days and also in corn silage stored for 56 days. The NIA-10242 residues in corn silage fed to lactating cows for 56 days did not inhibit blood cholinesterase activity, nor were they detected in the milk.

Coastal bermudagrass and corn treated with an emulsifiable concentrate of O, O -dimethyl O -4-nitro- m -tolyl phosphorothioate at I, 2, and 3 Ib/acre and sampled 0, 1, 7. 14, 21, and 28 days posttreatment were analyzed for residues of the parent compound, its oxygen analogue, and its cresol. The residues of the parent compound diminished rapidly, those of the analogue were low (none were detected in the 21- and 28-day samples), and those of the cresol were highest in the 1- and 7-day samples. All residues on both crops diminished to less than 1 ppm in 28 days. In contrast, residues of the parent compound and its analogue in corn ensiled in glass jars were relatively stable and diminished at a much lower rate, and the residues of the cresol increased significantly.

Coastal bermudagrass and forage corn were treated with Dasanit®, O, O -diethyl O -[ P -(methylsulfinyl) phenyl] phosphorothioate, EC at 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 lb/AI acre and sampled 0, 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days posttreatment. Quartsize glass-jar corn silage was made from the 1-day posttreatment sampling. Residue analyses showed a gradual oxidation in the field to the 3 metabolites (mostly P = S, SO2 and P = O, SO2)' After 28 days of weathering, total residues remaining in grass and corn treated at the highest level (5.96 and 2.80 in. of rainfall, respectively) were about 4 and 7 ppm (wet basis), respectively. In the corn-silage tests, the residues were essentially stable during a 30-day aging period held at 85°F.

In the laboratory, inorganic compounds containing plant nutrients used as foliar sprays on Coastal bermudagrass, Antigua corn, and sorghum adversely affected the preferential feeding of larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith).

Larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) were reared through 3 successive generations in the laboratory, confined to feed on foliage of resistant (non preferred) and on susceptible (preferred) cultivars of the peanut, Arachis hypogaea L. In addition to being nonpreferred in the field, the major effects of the resistant cultivar (‘Southeastern Runner 56–15’), compared with the susceptible cultivar, on larvae were a persistent reduction in adult emergence and an associated extension of the life cycle. The effects were cumulative through the generations. The data suggest that plant breeding to incorporate this resistance may assist in controlling populations of fall armyworms.

The chlorinated hydrocarbons aldrin, heptachlor, chlordane, and endrin, applied at 2 lb active per acre as granules to Tift Sandy Loam soil, resulted in relatively high residues in both shells and meats of harvested peanuts from the aldrin and heptachlor treatments, and in the whole nuts from the plots treated with endrin and chlordane. Residues of aldrin and heptachlor and their epoxides persisted in the soil in measurable amounts through the second growing season.

Pearl millet, Pennisetum typhoide (Burm.) Stapf and C. E. Hubb., inbreds (1436) were screened as seedlings for resistance to 1st-instar larvae of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith). Among the lines approximately 4% were rated resistant, 28% intermediate, and 68% were susceptible to larval feeding. Some non-preferred lines, more closely evaluated, are suggested for use in pearl millet hybridization studies of host plant resistance. Antibiosis in 1 inbred (Tifton no. 153) is demonstrated. Analysis of plant extracts for 6-methoxybenzoxazolinonc and benzoxazolinone content show these compounds not to be indicators of fall armyworm resistance in whorl-stage pearl millet.

Bees of 3 families of Hymenoptera: Apidae, Megachilidae, and Halictidae, have been indicated to be potential cross pollinators of the cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) (Hammons et al. 1963). These bees consist of 18 identified species associated with the peanut flower. The species differ in the way they visit and gather pollen. In this paper we describe the pollen-tripping mechanism in the peanut flower and present some observations of associated bee visits made in 1964 near Tifton, Ga.

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Persistence of Imidan® (O,O -dimethyl S -phthalimidomethyl phosphorodithioate) and its oxygen analog Imidoxon (O,O -dimethyl S -phthalimidomethyl phosphorothioate) applied to 3 forage crops is examined. Data indicate that residues disappeared rapidly. Imidan residues on corn in 7 days were 0.09, 0.26, and 0.63 ppm; on soybeans in 15 days 0.10, 0.28, and 0.76 ppm; and on Coastal bermudagrass in 15 days 0.13, 0.36, and 0.57 ppm after spray applications of the insecticide at rates of 4, 8, and 16 oz/acre, respectively. Residues of Imidoxon after 7 days in corn and soybeans and after 15 days in Coastal bermudagrass were not detected.

After artificial infestation of field-grown plants of the peanut, Arachis hypogaea L., with eggs of the lesser cornstalk borer, Elasmopalpus lignosellus (Zeller), the larvae damaged pods, pegs, and plant leaves at ground level. The level of damage was associated with the level of infestation. Some distinctive types of damage may be used to evaluate plant lines having varietal resistance to the borer. The location of damage should be considered in chemical control investigations.

Empirical results support theoretical arguments favoring a "positive" mathematical programming (PMP) approach to modeling demand for feedstuffs. The model suggests that The Netherlands will continue using feedstuffs imported from outside the European Community under several policy scenarios. The feeding of corn increases the most in all scenarios

Both price incentives and increases in efficiency have been responsible for increased livestock production and feed use in the European Community. Econometric estimates from 1964 to 1979 suggest that increased efficiency was a more important factor for poultry meat, eggs, and pork, while price incentives were more important for beef and dairy. Feed demand for grains and oilseed meal responded mainly to the growth in livestock products, but was limited by increases in the use of nongrain feeds. Simulation results suggest that lower price supports would have significantly reduced milk production and feed use, while an increase in the price of oilseed meals would have had little effect on the demand for total oilseed meal.

When corn was sprayed in the field with Dasanit, , -diethyl -[p-(methyl-sulfinyl) phenyl] phosphorothioate, at 0, .56, 1.12, and 2.24kg per hectare and ensiled 1 day later, losses of Dasanit residues (Dasanit, Dasanit sulfone, Dasanit -analog, and Dasanit -analog sulfone) from time of application through harvesting of the treatments were 14, 6, and 17% of the amount applied. After 76 days of ensiling, com treated as above contained residues of 16.5, 27.8, and 50.6 parts per million which were equivalent to 73, 67, and 64% of the residues immediately after applying the .56, 1.12, and 2.24kg treatments. Resulting silages were fed to 16 cows, 4 per treatment; and silage intakes, milk production, body weight gains, and blood cholinesterase activities of cows were severely and rapidly depressed by ingestion of Dasanit residues. These measures of performance were inversely related to amount of treatment, and recovery was slow. One cow fed silage produced from the 2.24kg treatment died after ingesting Dasanit residues amounting to a total of 2.75mg/kg body weight during the first 7 days of experimental feeding. Dasanit and/or its metabolites were in milk, urine, and feces from cows fed silage from .56, 1.12, and 2.24kg treatments. Total residues in milk, urine, and feces were .027, .036, and .020 parts per million or less. Milk, urine, and feces were free of residues within 1 wk after the cows were withdrawn from treated silage.

When corn was sprayed in the field with Dursban [ O,O, -diethyl O (3,5,6-tricholoro-2-pyridyl) phosphorothioate] at rates of 0.28, 0.56, and 1.12kg/hectare and ensiled one day later, losses of Dursban residue from time of application through harvesting of the treatments amounted to 56, 40, and 71%, respectively. The resulting silages fed during a seven-week period following 92 days from ensiling of the 0.28, 0.56, and 1.12 kg/hectare treatments averaged 2.71, 5.87, and 11.59ppm Dursban (dry basis), respectively, which was near 70% of the Dursban ensiled. These residues did not cause a depression in silage intake or milk production. Milk and urine from the 12 cows ingesting residues at averages of 0.04 to 0.17 mg/kg body weight for 49 days were free of Dursban (