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Objective: HPLC method for determining ergosterol was established to evaluate the quality of Ganoderma lucidum and to analyze of the ergosterol in different varieties and cultrued tree species., Methods: Samples from 17 different varieties and 14 different tree species were quantified by HPLC. The RP-HPLC was conducted on Diamonsil C18 column with acetonitrile as the mobile phase at 40 degrees C. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min; and the detection wavelength was 282 nm., Results: The fluctuations of ergosterol content was 0.093%-0.243% among different varieties and 0.080%-0.227% among different tree species. Hanzhi-2, Yuanzhi, Ming-1, Yesheng-1 hao were excellent at both ergosterol content and conversion rate among all the varieties, and Bai Li, Yang Mei have comparatively more ergosterol and high conversion rate among all the tree species in this study., Conclusions: This method is simple, sensitive and accurate. It could be used to determine the contents of ergosterol and the evaluation of the quality in Ganoderma. It also provides references for choosing varieties and tree species when culture Ganoderma.

In the title complex, [Co(C(8)H(9)N(2)O(4))(2)(H(2)O)(2)]·3.5H(2)O, the Co(II) cation is six-coordinated by two H(2)pimda(-) ligands (H(3)pimda is 2-propyl-1H-imidazole-4,5-carboxylic acid) and two water mol-ecules in a distorted octa-hedral environment. The crystal structures features a three-dimensional network stabilized by extensive O-H⋯O and N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The propyl groups of the ligands are disordered over two sets of sites with refined occupancies of 0.673 (8):0.327 (8) and 0.621 (17):0.379 (17). One of the water mol-ecules is located on a site with half-occupancy.

In the title complex, [Co(C(8)H(9)N(2)O(4))(2)(H(2)O)(2)]·2C(3)H(7)NO, the Co(II) cation (site symmetry ) is six-coordinated by two 5-carb-oxy-2-propyl-1H-imidazole-4-carboxyl-ate ligands and two water mol-ecules in a distorted octa-hedral environment. In the crystal structure, the complex mol-ecules and dimethyl-formamide solvent mol-ecules are linked by extensive O-H⋯O and N-H⋯O hydrogen bonding into sheets lying parallel to (21).

In the title complex, [Ca(C(10)H(6)NO(2))(2)(H(2)O)(2)](n), the Ca(II) ion is eight-coordinated by six carboxyl-ate O atoms from four separate quinoline-3-carboxyl-ate ligands, two of which are bidentate chelate and two bridging, and two water mol-ecules in a distorted square-anti-prismatic geometry. The bridging groups form a polymeric chain substructure extending along the c axis, the chains being connected by coordinated-water O-H⋯N and O-H⋯O(carboxyl-ate) hydrogen bonds into a three-dimensional framework structure.

In the title compound, [Ni(H(2)O)(6)](C(16)H(12)O(6))·H(2)O, the Ni(II) cation is located on a mirror plane and is coordinated by six water mol-ecules, two of which are also located on the mirror plane, in a distorted octa-hedral geometry. The 4,4'-(1,2-dihy-droxy-ethane-1,2-di-yl)dibenzoate anion is centrosymmetric with the mid-point of the central ethane C-C bond located on an inversion center. The uncoordinated water mol-ecule is located on a mirror plane. Extensive O-H⋯O hydrogen bonding is present in the crystal structure.

In the title complex, [Cu(C(8)H(9)N(2)O(4))(2)(H(2)O)(2)]·2C(3)H(7)NO, the Cu(II) ion, lying on an inversion center, is six-coordinated in a slightly distorted octa-hedral geometry. Two N atoms and two O atoms from two H(2)pimda (H(3)pimda is 2-propyl-1H-4,5-dicarb-oxy-lic acid) ligands are in the equatorial plane. The axial positions are occupied by two O atoms from two water mol-ecules. A two-dimensional supra-molecular network parallel to (001) is constructed by N-H⋯O and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. An intra-molecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bond is also observed.

In the title complex, [Ni(C(8)H(9)N(2)O(4))(2)(H(2)O)(2)]·4H(2)O, the Ni(II) ion is coordinated in a slightly distorted octa-hedral environment formed by two bis-chelating H(2)pimda (H(3)pimda is 2-propyl-1H-4,5-dicarb-oxy-lic acid) ligands and two coordinated water mol-ecules. In the crystal structure, a three-dimensional framework is formed by inter-molecular O-H⋯O and N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds involving the solvent water mol-ecules, coordinated water mol-ecules, carboxyl-ate O atoms and the protonated N atoms of the H(2)pimda ligands. The propyl groups of each H(2)pimda ligand are disordered over two sets of sites with refined occupancies of 0.50 (2):0.50 (2) and 0.762 (11):0.238 (11). In one water solvent mol-ecule, one of the H atoms was refined as disordered over two sites of equal occupancy.

In the title complex, [Ni(C(8)H(9)N(2)O(4))(2)(H(2)O)(2)]·2C(3)H(7)NO, the Ni(II) atom is six-coordinated by two N,O-bidentate 5-carb-oxy-2-propyl-1H-imidazole-4-carboxyl-ate ligands and two water mol-ecules in a distorted octa-hedral environment. The methyl C and H atoms of the two ligands are disordered over two sets of sites in 0.74 (2):0.26 (2) and 0.57 (8):0.43 (8) ratios. A supra-molecular network is stabilized by intra- and inter-molecular N-H⋯O and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds involving the ligands, coordinated water mol-ecules and dimethyl-formamide solvent mol-ecules.

In the title compound, {[Cd(C(9)H(4)N(2)O(4))(C(3)H(7)NO)(H(2)O)]·2H(2)O}(n), the Cd(II) atom is coordinated by one N atom and three O atoms from four different 1H-benzimidazole-5,6-dicarboxyl-ate (Hbidc) ligands, one O atom from one dimethyl-formamide ligand, and one O atom from a water mol-ecule in a distorted octa-hedral geometry. The Hbidc ligands connect the Cd atoms into a two-dimensional network parallel to (001). N-H⋯O and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds involving the water molecules are observed in the crystal structure.

In the title complex, [Ag(C(3)H(3)N(4)O(2))](n), the Ag(I) atom is four-coordinated in a slightly distorted tetra-hedral coordination geometry by two N atoms from two tetra-zole-1-acetate (tza) ligands and two O atoms from the other two tza ligands. The tza ligand bridges two Ag atoms through the carboxyl-ate O atoms and simultaneously binds to the other two Ag atoms through the tetra-zole N atoms, forming a two-dimensional network parallel to (100).

In the title complex, [Mn(C(8)H(9)N(2)O(4))(2)(H(2)O)(2)]·2C(3)H(7)NO, the Mn(II) atom, lying on an inversion centre, is six-coordinated by two N,O-bidentate 5-carb-oxy-2-propyl-1H-imidazole-4-carb-oxyl-ate ligands and two water mol-ecules in a distorted octa-hedral environment. In the crystal structure, the complex mol-ecules and dimethyl-formamide solvent mol-ecules are linked by N-H⋯O and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds into a two-dimensional supra-molecular network parallel to (001).

In the title complex, [Ca(C(8)H(9)N(2)O(4))(2)(H(2)O)(2)](n), the Ca(II) atom is eight-coordinated in a distorted square-anti-prismatic environment. The water-coordinated Ca atom is N,O-chelated by the monocarboxyl-ate anion; the carboxyl -CO(2) portion engaged in chelation bears an acid hydrogen. The free -CO(2) portion engages in bonding to adjacent Ca atoms. The Ca(II) centres are connected through the ligand, forming a layer structure; the layers are linked by hydrogen bonds into a three-dimensional network.

In the mononuclear title compound, [Co(C(9)H(4)N(2)O(4))(2)(H(2)O)(4)]·2C(3)H(7)NO·2H(2)O, the Co(II) atom, which lies on a center of inversion, is coordinated by four water mol-ecules and two N atoms from two two symmetry-related 1H-benzimidazole-5,6-dicarboxyl-ate ligands in a distorted octa-hedral geometry. The packing is governed by inter-molecular O-H⋯O and N-H⋯O hydrogen-bonding inter-actions.

The title compound, [Ni(C(9)H(45)N(2)O(4))(2)(H(2)O)(4)]·2C(3)H(7)NO·2H(2)O, has the Ni(II) center coordinated by four water mol-ecules and two N atoms from two 1H-benzimidazole-5,6-dicarboxyl-ate ligands in an octa-hedral geometry. The mol-ecule inter-acts with the solvent water and dimethyl-formamide mol-ecules through N-H⋯O and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds to form a three-dimensional supra-molecular network. The metal atom lies on a center of inversion.

In the title mononuclear complex, [Co(C(9)H(4)N(2)O(4))(H(2)O)(5)]·5H(2)O, the Co(II) atom exhibits a distorted octa-hedral geometry involving an N atom of a 1H-benzimidazole-5,6-dicarboxyl-ate ligand and five water O atoms. A supra-molecular network is generated through inter-molecular O-H⋯O hydrogen-bonding inter-actions involving the coordinated and uncoordinated water mol-ecules and the carboxyl O atoms of the organic ligand. An inter-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bond is also observed.

In the title complex, [Ni(C(9)H(4)N(2)O(4))(C(12)H(8)N(2))(H(2)O)(2)](n), the Ni(II) atom is hexa-coordinated by one N and one O atom from two different 1H-benzimidazole-5,6-dicarboxyl-ate ligands, two N atoms from one 1,10-phenanthroline ligand and two water mol-ecules. The flexible 1H-benzimidazole-5,6-dicarboxyl-ate ligands link the Ni(II) centres, forming an infinite zigzag chain parallel to [001]. The crystal packing is governed by inter-molecular hydrogen-bonding inter-actions of the O-H⋯O, N-H⋯O and C-H⋯O types.

In the title mononuclear complex, [Ni(C(9)H(4)N(2)O(4))(H(2)O)(5)]·5H(2)O, the Ni(II) atom is six-coordinated by one N atom from a 1H-benzimidazole-5,6-dicarboxyl-ate ligand and by five O atoms from five water mol-ecules and displays a distorted octa-hedral geometry. Inter-molecular O-H⋯O hydrogen-bonding inter-actions among the coordinated water mol-ecules, solvent water mol-ecules and carboxyl O atoms of the organic ligand and additional N-H⋯O hydrogen bonding lead to the formation of a three-dimensional supra-molecular network.

Objective: The 4- and 16-hydroxylated metabolites of estrogens have been implicated in carcinogenesis, whereas its 2-hydroxylated metabolites have been shown to have antiangiogenic effects. We aimed to examine whether the polymorphisms of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) involved in the estrogen metabolism are associated with endometrial cancer risk., Methods: Polymerase chain reaction-restrictive fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis was used to study the variant allele frequency distributions of COMT Val158Met genetic polymorphism in a population based case-control study with 132 endometrial cancer cases and 110 controls. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated by unconditional logistic regression after adjustment for known or suspected risk factors for endometrial cancer., Results: The most frequent genotype was COMT(Val/Val) (47.2%, 52/110) in control group and COMT(Val/Met) (58.3%, 77/132) in endometrial cancer group. The difference between the two groups was of statistical significance (P < 0.05). Compared with COMT(Met/Met) genotype, the COMT(Val/Val) genotype was inversely correlated with endometrial cancer risk, and the adjusted OR value was 0.262 (95% CI: 0.080 - 0.862, P = 0.027)., Conclusions: Among the genotypes in women in South China, genotype COMT(Val/Val) is mostly seen, followed by COMT(Val/Met), and COMT(Met/Met) is the least in control group. The endometrial cancer susceptivity of genotype COMT(Val/Val) carriers may be lower than COMT(Met/Met) carriers.

Objective: To study the content variation of triptolide in medicinal material of Tripterygium and provide theoretical basis for the hereditary improvement, the gathering and process, the quality evaluation and the provenance division in medicinal material of Tripterygium., Method: HPLC method was used to determine the content of triptolide., Result: The relations between triptolide and germplasm, growth year, gathering season were found out basically., Conclusion: The triptolide contents in xylem are affected by hereditary factors remarkably. While the triptolide contents in phloem are not affected obviously. The accumulation of triptolide needs the certain growth years. However when growth is beyond certain years, the triptolide content decreases with the disintegration of secondary metabolism in xylem. The triptolide in xylem is highest in winter and decreasing in growing season. The triptolide in phloem is less affected by the season.

Objective: To explore the effects of Jiawei Xiaoyao Pills (JWXYP) on immune system of mice exposed to chronic emotional stress, and to compare its effects with blockage of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal cortex axis (HPAA) by metyrapone., Methods: Eighty male mice were randomly divided into eight groups: normal saline-treated group, normal saline-treated stress group, JWXYP-treated group, JWXYP-treated stress group, metyrapone-treated group, metyrapone-treated stress group, metyrapone and JWXYP-treated group and metyrapone and JWXYP-treated stress group. A box of electrical shock was used to induce chronic emotional stress in mice. The metyrapone was applied to blocking the HPAA. The JWXYP, a classical formula of traditional Chinese medicine, which can alleviate the damages caused by chronic emotional stress, was also used to compare its effects with that of metyrapone. The body weight, thymus index, rate of apoptosis in thymus, serum concentration of glucocorticoid, activity of natural killer cells, lymphocyte transmission rate of mice were all measured and examined after interventions. The pathological changes of thymus tissue were observed., Results: The thymus index, activity of natural killer cells and lymphocyte transmission rate were lower while the rate of apoptosis in thymus as well as the severity degree of pathological damages in thymus tissue were increased in the different drug-treated stress groups as compared with those in the corresponding drug-treated groups without stress. The activity of natural killer cells and the lymphocyte transmission rate induced by lipopolysaccharide were increased while the serum concentration of glucocorticoid and the severity degree of pathological damages in thymus tissue were decreased in both the metyrapone-treated stress group and JWXYP-treated stress group as compared with those in the normal saline-treated stress group. The combined intervention of metyrapone and JWXYP did not show better effects on immune system in mice exposed to chronic emotional stress than single metyrapone or JWXYP intervention., Conclusion: Blockage of HPAA by metyrapone intervention shows a significant protective effect on immune system in mice exposed to chronic emotional stress, and the JWXYP also exerts a similar protective effect against damages induced by chronic emotional stress. The HPAA may be one of the action targets of protective effects of JWXYP.