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The integration of electrical drive components into hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) poses big challenges to the system integration of all components involved. Hybrid functions require new information structures with additional dependencies and interactions. This Continental Automotive Systems article describes the new structures, shows the interfaces between the components and presents a hybrid drive controller as core of a hierarchical networking.

Dongfeng Commercial Vehicles (DFCV) is developing powertrain controls for a hybrid light truck. To support this development, a virtual integration platform is being implemented, using Modelica models and Functional Mock-up Units (FMUs) for the engine/EMS, gearbox, MCU/e-motors, driveline, tyres and longitudinal dynamics. Simulink models and/or c-code of the Hybrid Control Unit (HCU) and Transmission Control Unit (TCU) are also integrated in the platform to achieve closed-loop simulation. The virtual integration allows reproducing accurately the overall vehicle behavior and is used for optimization of gearshifts, hybrid mode switches and hybrid drive strategies.

Although hydraulic hybrid systems have shown promise over the last few years, commercial deployment of these systems has primarily been limited to Class 8 refuse trucks. In 2005, the Hybrid Truck Users Forum initiated the Parcel Delivery Working Group including the largest parcel delivery fleets in North America. The goal of the working group was to evaluate and accelerate commercialization of hydraulic hybrid technology for parcel delivery vehicles. FedEx Ground, Purolator and United Parcel Service (UPS) took delivery of the world’s first commercially available hydraulic hybrid parcel delivery trucks in early 2012. The vehicle chassis includes a Parker Hannifin hydraulic hybrid drive system, integrated and assembled by Freightliner Custom Chassis Corp., with a body installed by Morgan Olson. With funding from the U.S. Department of Energy, CALSTART and its project partners assessed the performance, reliability, maintainability and fleet acceptance of three pre-production Class 6 hydraulic hybrid parcel delivery vehicles using information and data from in-use data collection and on-road testing. This document reports on the deployment of these vehicles operated by FedEx Ground, Purolator and UPS. The results presented provide a comprehensive overview of the performance of commercial hydraulic hybrid vehicles in parcel delivery applications. This project also informs fleetsmore » and manufacturers on the overall performance of hydraulic hybrid vehicles, provides insights on how the technology can be both improved and more effectively used. The key findings and recommendations of this project fall into four major categories: -Performance, -Fleet deployment, -Maintenance, -Business case. Hydraulic hybrid technology is relatively new to the market, as commercial vehicles have been introduced only in the past few years in refuse and parcel delivery applications. Successful demonstration could pave the way for additional purchases of hydraulic hybrid vehicles throughout the trucking industry. By providing unbiased, third-party assessment of this “hybrid without batteries” technology, this report offers relevant, timely and valuable information to the industry.« less

This chapter provides a classification of electric hybrid systems for cars and describes the conflicting design challenges involved in designing advanced vehicle propulsion systems. In addition, the chapter provides an analysis of the solution methods currently provided in literature on the coupled control and system design level.

Tehnološko zahtevni izdelki zahtevajo razvoj naprednih preoblikovalnih postopkov, pri katerih je uporaba konvencionalnih mehanskih stiskalnic nemogoča. Z uporabo servo pogonov v stiskalnicah z omejeno potjo je možno slediti trendom razvoja. Diplomsko delo prikazuje temeljne karakteristike navadnih mehanskih stiskalnic in stiskalnic s servo pogoni. Pri razdelitvi stiskalnic glede na pogonski mehanizem, se diploma osredotoča na 3 najbolj značilne zasnove. Te so: ekscentrska, kolenasta in večzgibna zasnova. Namen naloge je izvesti podrobno primerjavo med kinematičnimi veličinami obeh konceptov stiskalnic in v kakšni meri te veličine vplivajo na preoblikovalni proces. Z uporabo servo pogonov zagotovimo neposreden nadzor nad celotnim hitrostnim profilom stiskalnice, neodvisno od položaja paha, kar s pridom izkoriščamo za izboljšanje produktivnosti in zagotavljanje kakovosti. Technologically demanding products demand the development of advanced forming processes in which the usage of conventional mechanical presses is not possible. The usage of servo drives in stroke controlled presses allows these trends to be followed. The diploma work shows the fundamental characteristics of ordinary mechanical presses and presses with servo drives. Splitting the presses based on their drive mechanism, the diploma focuses on the 3 most typical designs. These are: eccentric, knuckle-joint and link-drive design. The purpose of the diploma work is to make a detailed comparison between the kinematical values of both press concepts and the effect these values have on the forming process. The usage of servo drives grants us direct control over the whole speed profile of the press, independent of the slide position, which we exploit to improve productivity and quality assurance.

В работе на примере шасси транспортера-тягача МТ-ЛБ по классическим методикам проведены расчеты мощности, которая в рамках существующей двухпоточной главной передачи необходима для замены механических ветвей механизмов поворота на электропривод. Независимо от того, гидравлический или электромеханический тип механизмов поворота предполагается устанавливать в процессе модернизации, для любой гусеничной машины в зависимости от условий ее эксплуатации необходимо рассчитывать мощность приводов механизмов поворота для того, чтобы обеспечить не только бесступенчатое изменение радиусов поворота, а и максимальную динамичность поворота на любых грунтах. Кроме того предложенное техническое решение в перспективе позволит использовать отдельный электропривод механизмов поворота для кратковременного увеличения мощности в режимах прямолинейного движения за счет мощности, накопленной в аккумуляторных батареях, что существенно повысит характеристики подвижности машины. In work on the example of the conveyor tractor MT-LB chassis by classical techniques calculations of power which within existing main transfer is necessary for replacement of mechanical branches of mechanisms of turn by the electric drive are carried out. Irrespective of, the hydraulic or electromechanical type of mechanisms of turn is supposed to be established in the course of modernization, it is necessary for any track laying vehicle depending on conditions of its operation to be able to count the necessary power of drives of turn mechanisms to provide not only smooth change of turn radiuses, and the maximum dynamism of turn on any soil. Besides the proposed technical solution in prospect will allow to use the separate electric drive of mechanisms of turn for short-term increase in power in modes of rectilinear movement for the account of the power which has been saved up in storage batteries that will significantly raise characteristics of mobility of the track laying vehicle.

Model development of a serial hybrid powertrain for the city bus to use in urban transport in Slavonia Plain is presented. Data analysis of the driving speed, fuel consumption and engine speed using energy flow method in driving cycles of observed busses provided basic design parameters to the powertrain concept of serial hybrid drive. Solution concept of the diesel engine power reduction due to the optimum operation and kinetic energy recovery system ensures the project sustainability and the return on investment in a relatively short period of time. Serial hybrid powertrain concepts in busses through energy efficiency ensure benefit in fuel economy, reduced noise and CO2 emission versus larger total investments costs.

Various types of hybrid drives are increasingly being applied in transportation. Wing sails can give additional propulsion to the motor driven ship in order to decrease fossil fuel consumption. This article is a contribution to the selection and consideration of the influencing parameters for application of wing sails for ship propulsion. Basic development factors and application of wing sails are described. Influential parameters and heir relations are described. These parameters are connected with physical and mechanical properties of the wing sails and their impact on propulsion. It is important to recognize the certain contribution of every influential parameter in relation to the final achievement. Parameters are ranked and described for a several common types of sail, in order to find the best solution. Changing values of the influencing parameters on wing sails can significantly increase converted wind energy. Aim was to point out the parameters that influence the wing sail to drive ships more efficiently. Their importance is explained in example based on the two most important sail types. Finally, some guides for structural and operational changes of future wing sails are given. This can help developers to drive their efforts in order to find better solution for ship propulsion.

The search for an automotive power source to replace the Otto and Diesel engines used today has yielded few concrete results to date. One alternative which has long been considered is the gas turbine, another is electric drive. Now, the combination of these two in a hybrid system presents new opportunities and drives of this type are currently under trial in vehicles such as the Volvo Environmental Concept Car. The development of high-speed generators and efficient electric motors has played a decisive role in the success of this new concept. The Volvo hybrid drive and its characteristics are described along with another unique key component: the combustion system. Minimum emission levels have been a high priority and a unique low-emission design has been developed. The combustion chamber employs the lean-premixed-prevaporized technique, which means that the fuel is vaporized and mixed intimately with air prior to combustion, lowering the flame temperature and minimizing the NO x formation. The gas turbine emission levels are so low that it will be possible to build a high speed generation drive with lower emission levels than the ULEV limits applicable in the USA.

The wireless networks have become an integral component of the modern communication system. The mobile terminals have limited battery life. Also ad-hoc networks are used in situations like disaster management, battlefield etc. where the resources available for battery recharge would be limited. Hence energy efficiency is an important design criterion for ad-hoc networks. IEEE 802.11 provides a mechanism known as PSM (Power saving mechanism) in MAC layer which reduces the power consumption by the transition of mobile stations between awake and doze state. Here the energy efficiency is high when the network load is small but decreases with the increase in network load. For RTS-CTS scheme, the energy efficiency is high when the network load is heavy. Hybrid Drive Scheme (HDS) combines RTS-CTS scheme with the conventional PSM so that energy efficiency is high even if the network load is light or heavy. But after each data transmission, beacon frames are transmitted which cause additional energy wastage. This paper presents a novel energy saving mechanism, called as Enhanced Hybrid Drive Scheme (E-HDS), which extract the features of PSM as well as RTS-CTS scheme. Here a single beacon frame is transmitted per beacon interval which reduces energy wastage. Hence E-HDS out-performs HDS. Also E-HDS could obtain high energy efficiency than conventional scheme in the IEEE 802.11 standard irrespective of the network load conditions.

According to the design requirement of large aperture, light mass and longevity, membrane reflectors have already become the developing direction for future space reflectors. In order to overcome membrane reflectors’ defect of low stiffness, active control for reflectors must be adopted to ensure the shape accuracy. This paper puts forward an active shape control method based on PVDF piezoelectric film for plane membrane reflectors: using in-plane laminated PVDF piezoelectric actuators to change the shape of the plane membrane reflector by activating the PVDF converse piezoelectric effect, so that active shape control can be achieved. In this paper, a plane membrane reflector model is built. Then shape error caused by thermal effect in medium earth orbit (MEO) and geosynchronous earth orbit (GEO) in which membrane reflectors mainly work is analyzed. After that the shape and layout of PVDF actuators is designed and the validity of the control method is verified by simulation. Lastly, the PLZT/PVDF hybrid drive theory is induced, and the possibility of distance control is demonstrated based on the photo/piezoelectric control strategy.Copyright © 2013 by ASME

The paper reports on a novel hybrid drive lower-extremity exoskeleton research platform, XoR2, an improved version of XoR. Its design concept, details of the new hardware and basic experimental results are presented. The robot is designed so that it does not interfere with the user's normal walking and supports a 30-kg payload in addition to its own weight of 20 kg. The robot has a total of 14 joints; among them six flexion/extension joints are powered. Pneumatic artificial muscles are combined with small high-response servo motors for the hip and knee joints, and arranged antagonistically at the hip and ankle joints to provide passive stability and variable stiffness. The preliminary experimental results on position and torque control demonstrate that the proposed mechanisms, sensors and control systems are effective, and hybrid drive is promising for torque-controllable, high-speed, backdrivable, mobile (but non-power-autonomous) exoskeleton robots.

A new two-motor hybrid system is developed to maximize powertrain efficiency. Efficiency of the system is drastically enhanced without any driving performance sacrifices by switching driving modes from "Hybrid Drive" to "EV (Electric vehicle) Drive" or "Engine Drive" according to the driving condition, along with the application of a series hybrid based system to make full use of high flexibility of engine operating points. Basic concepts of the maximization of powertrain efficiency including an applied system configuration and control technologies are discussed in this paper. Along with this system, a high capacity Li-ion battery and an on-board charger are installed in 2014 Honda Accord Plug-In to add practical plug-in HEV capabilities. Superior fuel economy is achieved with values of 46 MPG (Miles Per Gallon) in CS (Charge Sustaining) mode, 115 MPGe (Miles Per Gallon equivalent) in CD (Charge Depleting) mode and 13miles of AER (All Electric Range). MPGe is a unit of fuel economy for the alternate fuel vehicles such as plug-in hybrid electric vehicles or electric vehicles. The ratings are calculated by converting used electric energy into equivalent amount of gasoline.

Power-split architecture is, in theory, an excellent drive train in city bus applications because it combines the advantages of series (control flexibility) and parallel (high-efficiency power transfer) architectures. However, the power split also increases the complexity of the drive train with more component choices and control degrees of freedom that, if not properly optimized, would result in significant power loss. The hydraulic hybrid drive train has the disadvantages of the low speed limit of the hydraulic pump/motor unit and the low energy density of the hydraulic accumulator. An extensive optimization study has been done to ensure the hydraulic hybrid city bus drive train runs at optimal conditions. This study analyzes all twelve basic power-split configurations before any component or control strategy optimization is done. One input coupled configuration is found suitable for use in a power-split hydraulic hybrid city bus.Copyright © 2013 by ASME

Producing components of energy storage for electric vehicles and the production of the vehicles themselves is partly material different from the production process of combustion engine and hybrid drive vehicles. Concerning high voltage safety the teaching and development of skills in terms of electro mobility is a basis for a midterm realization of acceptable lot sizes in a series production environment to produce electric vehicles. So far, there are rarely any educational models or training methods for production orientated qualifications regarding high voltage components. Hence, companies are required to design appropriate trainings of the HV-production themselves to ensure a safe handling for HV-energy-storages and innovative production methods. Thus the following abstract provides a survey about different possibilities and limits of innovative training methods in respect of production orientated qualification of HV-energy-storage as well as potential fields of application for research in electro mobility. Thereby the focus of research in HV-qualification is the method of business games, which covers the whole process chain of the HV-energy-storage production and is based on the integration and development of already acquired knowledge. Additionally in this abstract the first test results are introduced, which were gained through already implemented business games in HV-qualifications. Furthermore feasible starting points for further research in this field are shown. Thus it will be elaborated why it is important to design and develop innovative business games, which are adjusted to the companies' situation and challenges, in the context of HV-qualification.

This paper represents the prototype inverter, which is designed for 48 V belt-drive unit with enhanced hybrid functionalities. A pure electric drive mode for low speed range is possible in addition to the classical hybrid operation modes like internal combustion engine start, recuperation and boosting. Electric machine and inverter are combined in a compact drive unit where the inverter is axially attached to the electrical machine. The entire unit is intended to be installed into the engine compartment and integrated in the combustion engine cooling circuit. The paper is focused on thermal design of the inverter which was constructed using standard electronic components and materials. Furthermore first experimental results of the thermal behavior of the inverter prototype are introduced.

A sub 25 kg class unmanned aerial system has been developed with the intent of flying with power derived from alternative energy systems. The aircraft has a wingspan of 5.5 m; its expected top speed is 23 m/s, maximum takeoff weight is 25 kg, and minimum takeoff distance is 87 m. This paper is focused on the aircraft design and performance calculations. An overview is also given on the aircraft’s construction technique and design of the hybrid drive train to incorporate alternative energy systems. Results of simplified design techniques for the aircraft performance are compared with numerical modeling for the wing lift coefficient and induced drag. Limited performance data of the initial flight with battery power is presented. Plans for future testing with gaseous and liquid hydrogen through a PEM fuel cell, and gasoline-electric generator are discussed.

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) have two energy inputs, the petroleum fuel and electric energy from the utility grid. Due to the different operation costs, the energy management has significant effects on the fuel economy. In this paper, an energy management strategy, stemmed from the AER-focused and blended strategy, is developed. It features the “smart” utilization of the stored electric energy and meanwhile provides intensive electric range. A traffic pattern identification algorithm is proposed. Using the historic and current traffic data, the algorithm can identify the highway and urban traffic pattern, which provides the guidance of the “smart” utilization. In addition, an innovative real time control algorithm for charge sustenance is proposed. It computs the comprehensive energy loss of the hybrid drive train. The operation points with the minimum comprehensive energy loss is found to be the optimized engine and motor operation points. Simulation results show that significant improvement of fuel efficiency can be achieved.

A project is currently underway to develop a bi-directional advanced hybrid drive system (AHDS) for application to a future surface combatant. This system would support propulsion powered through ship service gas turbine generators, as well as ship service power supplied from the mechanical propulsion gas turbines. This paper discusses system studies currently being conducted to assess the requirements and implications of incorporation of two such AHDS units on a future surface combatant.

This paper outlines the initial stages of a project to analyze the requirements and then design an intelligent controller for hybrid electric vehicles. Such a controller would be required to manage energy flow through the hybrid drive train and for optimum control would require a number of parameters normally available only upon journey completion. This paper presents work to attempt to predict these parameters at the start of the journey using intelligent classification techniques and a knowledge base of previous journey histories.

A simulation software was developed in cooperation with the Renault Truck and Bus Research Department to take into account different drivelines for increased accessibility features on urban buses such as: (a) a conventionnal internal combustion engine powered bus; (b) a diesel-electric driveline bus; and (c) a series hybrid driveline bus. This paper describes drivelines, computing models, bus usage and the corresponding results obtained (in terms of consumption, emissions and performance) for the three different cases mentioned above. The results of the calculations, using the same parameters (driving schedules, vehicle load, etc.) imply that the diesel-electric driveline is comparable to the conventional one. The hybrid design enables the vehicle to be operated in the all-electric mode in city centres, causing no local pollutant emission, and offers the possibility of a switch from petroleum to electricity. Though fuel consumption with no energy switch is higher than those of conventional designs, emissions are found to be lower for the hybrid driveline in all cases studied.

The dynamic behavior of a Pt-Rh/CeO2-Al2O3 three-way catalyst (TWC) under pulsed flow operation conditions (intermittent mode), such as occur in a newly developed hybrid drive system, has been studied experimentally in a laboratory apparatus with simulated exhaust gas. The parallel hybrid system is based on the combination of an Otto-cycle engine with an electric motor and a flywheel providing a short-term energy storage. This configuration permits intermittent charging of the flywheel by the combustion engine which runs only during about 10% of the driving time. Each exhaust gas pulse (duration typically ca. 3 s) is proceeded by an air pulse, which results from the filling of the engine cylinders with air at start up and shut off. Experimental studies indicated that the air pulses have a negative impact on the performance of the catalytic converter, reducing the inherent benefits resulting from the intermittent operation mode of the combustion engine. Forced asymmetric λ-cycling during exhaust pulse was found to be most beneficial for improving catalyst performance. A simple reduced kinetic model derived from a Langmuir-Hinshelwood model for CO oxidation, which was extended by introducing CO and O2 equivalents to mimic the complex exhaust gas, was used to describe the dynamic behavior of the TWC. The model proved to be useful for finding the optimal λ-cycling conditions. Experiments with the real Otto-cycle engine exhaust proved that the reduced kinetic model is suitable for use in a closed loop λ-control.

This paper investigates the problem of driving a machine with several reciprocating heavy inertias. The drive should also realize some programmable flexibility of the motion, so that the operation of the machine, e,g., synchronization between different motions and duration of standstills, can easily be modified. The use of a single servomotor for every motion is not the best solution, since it does not allow for energy recuperation. This means that the installed servomotor power will be much higher than the required net peak power for the machine as a whole. The presented solution, however, reduces the servomotor peak torque and power by one order of magnitude, and makes energy transfer between the motions possible. The hybrid cam mechanism consists of a hybrid drive, which is a combination of a servomotor, a constant velocity motor and a cam follower mechanism. The operation principle exploits the nonlinear characteristics of the cam to add flexibility at low cost of energy. The hybrid solution is particularly successful for motions involving high peak acceleration. In addition, the concept can be used to reject disturbances. Simulations show the performance of the hybrid cam mechanism.

In designing a traction vehicle it is necessary to take into account the type of field operation it is meant for. It was found out that during shunting operation a ChME3 diesel locomotive is in idling mode for almost half of its general running time. That is why, the introduction of a less powerful engine along with an energy storage device for shunting operations at a shunting diesel locomotive is appropriate. The calculations were made using a modernized shunting diesel locomotive ChME3 with hybrid transmission of power as an example. The dependences of the general running time of a diesel locomotive on the position of the engine driver controller under performing shunting, transportation and hump operation were given in percentages. For every operation mode there was calculated the optimum power of a diesel-generator plant and the optimum energy capacity of an energy storage system taking into account the above-mentioned dependences. It was found out that due to the introduction of a hybrid drive for the section discussed above and the corresponding mass of a train the aggregate fuel consumption will be reduced by 25% and the efficiency of travel will increase by one third.

A hybrid drive combines the features of SSDs and HDDs in the same unit by using SSD as the intermediate cache. In light of its promising features, we propose a new algorithm called CGHJ(Cached Grace Hash Join) for hybrid drives, which reduces hard disk random I/Os that occur in the partitioning phase of traditional Grace hash joins by caching the segments of buckets in the SSD and migrating these segments of each partition contiguously to the HDD. Experiment results show that CGHJ can greatly reduce random disk I/Os in the case of small joining working spaces or larger relations and improve hash join performance.

Over three decades modern wind power development is characterised by huge advancements in turbine scaling, drive technology, switching rotor fixed-speed to variable-speed operation, advanced load-control and grid integration. Larger rotors per megawatt aims at much lower cost of energy (CoE) and achieving accelerated cost parity with conventional power plants. Hybrid drive from the late 1990s expanded the choice between high-speed geared and direct drive. Double fed induction generators (DFIGs) were long been predicted to lose out from permanent magnet generators (PMG), while by mid-2010 PMG-based direct drive was predicted to become the ultimate drive solution. DFIG proves more enduring than predicted, and uncertainty on future rare earths price development and fluctuations has turned medium-speed requiring smaller PMGs into a main trend. Hydraulic-drive solutions offer variable rotor speed with fixed generator speed and appear on the increase.

The multitude of possible configurations of hybrid drive trains makes it extremely difficult to design, evaluate, and optimize a suitable structure. This paper will present mathematical models of hybrid vehicles described by means of the system description language DSL. In order to manage the complex control mechanisms in hybrid vehicles, models of hybrid drives and corresponding hierarchical control structures were designed. These models are used for the analysis, simulation and optimization of the system.

Main topics are the development and build-up of an 18 ton hybrid truck with a parallel hybrid drive train. With this truck it is possible to drive up to 3 km in the pure electric driving mode. In this R&D Project, a hybrid truck has been developed with an integrated motor generator (IMG) including a clutch system for pure electric driving, a Li-Ion power battery, electrified traction voltage auxiliaries (steering pump, air compressor and climate compressor) and the cooling system for the new power components. The first part of the chapter shows a detailed system layout of the hybrid truck that has been developed. Chapter 2 shows the developed simulation model which is used for the dimensioning and for detailed simulations of hybrid drive trains. A special focus has been laid upon the operation strategy of hybrid commercial vehicles. To gain high market shares for hybrid trucks, the total cost of ownership will be the main driver, so the development of affordable hybrid components (battery, traction system, auxiliaries) with high efficiency and the development of optimized overall hybrid vehicles systems has to be the short term objective.

Compared with traditional therapy means, it has many highlighted advantages to replace the physician with rehabilitation robot in limbs recovery. The paper sets up a wearable and intelligent lower limp robot-assisted rehabilitation system. And after a brief introduction to the whole system and robot ontology that is a mechanical structure of series and parallel hybrid drive, the paper performed in-depth study on the rehabilitation rating system. However, unlike the traditional empirical evaluation method relying on therapists' experience, the paper proposes a quantitative evaluation method, which is realized by introducing two new concepts, that is "Joint Movement Health Belt" and "Health Evaluation Index (HAI)". Finally, conduct the clinical trials for a patient and experimental results show that the system is effective.

Print ISBN: 978-1-4673-0953-0 INSPEC Accession Number: 13286423; International audience; Hybrid vehicles are found to be one solution to reduce fuel consumption in the transportation sector. Eco-driving is a concept that is immediately applicable by drivers to improve the efficiency of their vehicle. In this work the potential of eco-driving for hybrid drive train vehicles is discussed. The operation of hybrid vehicles is strongly dependent on their energy management and therefore on battery state-of-charge. Here, the velocity trajectory will be optimized taking into account battery state-of-charge. The vehicle and its control strategy will be modeled to simulate its operation. Given constraints on distance, velocity and time the optimal velocity trajectory is computed using the dynamic programming method in a non-standard approach. The optimal operation of the vehicle is compared to standard driving with respect to fuel consumption and battery state-of-charge. The algorithm is applicable to any hybrid vehicle architecture and will be illustrated on the Toyota Prius II vehicle.

An inherent trade-off exists in simulation model development and employment: a trade-off between the level of detail simulated and the simulation models computational cost. It is often desirable to simulate a high level of detail to a high degree of accuracy. However, due to the nature of design optimisation, which requires a large number of design evaluations, the application of such simulation models can be prohibitively expensive. A induction motor modelling approache to reduce the computational cost while maintaining a high level of detail and accuracy in the final design is presented.

Designing the drive train for a hybrid working machine necessitates totally new methods compared to traditional diesel operated working machine design as dimensioning the diesel, the energy storage and the electric drive is much more complicated than just selecting the diesel according to the peak power demand as in traditional ICE drives. Preparing a prototype is a time and other resources consuming way and something else should be offered for the task to speed up the process. Virtual prototyping, software-in-the-loop (SIL) and hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) methods might speed up the hybrid drive design in a significant way. In this paper we present a method for working machine virtual prototyping and testing. A mechanical model of the working machine is running in a simulator designed specifically for modelling working machines. The human-machine interface (HMI) with important visuals and movement feedback emulating the real driving feeling is a key component in the SIL and HIL simulator enabling virtual testing of the working machine designed. The electric drive control software and the electrical motor model are running in another application in the SIL case and later real drive components are tested in the HIL case. The applications are connected together via TCP-IP protocol enabling even longer distances between the components. The presented method is used to dimension the drive train components in a hybrid working machine.

This paper focuses on the electromagnetic design and experimental evaluation of a (insert) permanent magnet synchronous machine (IPMSM) for hybrid commercial heavy vehicle applications. The machine specifications are based on drive cycle simulations with a set of target vehicles and drive cycles. The goals for the machine design are to fulfil the specification including a wide constant power range and an overload capability, all to be realized in the strictly limited space in the vehicle. The torque speed characteristics are shown for the designed machine including the temperature dependence, winding arrangement, etc. The prototype is built and experimentally verified. The comparison shows that the design considerations in the modelling match the measured results.

Considering the effect of driving cycle to control strategy(CS), a fuzzy CS based on driving cycle recognition is presented in the paper to improve fuel economy of parallel hybrid electric vehicle(PHEV). The CS is composed of driving cycle recognition and fuzzy torque distribution controller. The present driving cycle is recognized by learning vector quantization combined with vehicle traveling parameters in driving cycle recognition. The torques of engine and motor are controlled by fuzzy torque distribution controller based on required torque of hybrid drive system and battery state of charge. The membership functions and rules of fuzzy torque distribution controller are optimized simultaneously by using particle swarm optimization. Based on the identification results of driving cycle recognition, fuzzy torque distribution controller selects corresponding membership function and rule to control hybrid system. The simulation research based on ADVISOR demonstrates that, compared with traditional fuzzy CS, the fuzzy CS based on driving cycle recognition improves fuel economy more effectively.

Hybrid electric vehicles are one of the most effective solutions to improve our environment, one of few such products that are available at the mass-market and also accepted by the customers. With the improved energy storage systems and control algorithms, hybrid vehicles can further gain on the applicability and consequently on the popularity. In this paper, a design and control of the elements of the hybrid vehicle propulsion system, with an emphasis on supercapacitor as the peak energy storage unit, is presented. The propulsion system is dimensioned for light delivery vehicle. In order to simplify design and testing, a laboratory test rig was built rather than using the complete vehicle. Trough simulations and experiments a significant improvement of the properties of energy storage system is confirmed after adding the supercapacitor to the battery. The experiments also confirm the advantages of energy flow management based on the stabilization of the common DC bus voltage.

Fuel cell hybrid power trains comprise an energy storage to supply peaks in the power demand and to facilitate regenerative braking. In terms of control systems, the presence of storage provides additional freedom to minimize the vehicle’s fuel consumption. In a previous paper [1] an analytical solution to the energy management problem for fuel cell hybrid propulsion systems was derived and compared with existing strategies like the Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS) [1–4]. An experimental study has been carried out on a Fiat Doblo, which was converted from a regular gasoline powered vehicle into a fuel cell hybrid vehicle. The fuel cell drive train comprises a 10kW proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack connected by means of a DC/DC converter to a Li-ion battery. The aforementioned analytical energy management strategy was used during the experiments. The experiments were carried out on a roller test bench and on the road. The experiments were conducted not only to validate the energy management strategy and the underlying models but also to establish its practical value. The paper shortly reviews the energy management problem and solution. Next the vehicle and its fuel cell hybrid drive train are presented as well as the experimental setup. The paper finishes by stating the experimental results and the conclusions.

As gasoline prices rise and the green movement grows, more fluid power companies are working to develop hydraulic hybrid drive trains for large trucks to passenger cars and wind turbines. The hydraulic hybrid drive system is more effective and efficient than traditional hybrid systems because the quantum of recuperation energy generated is comparatively very high. Series hydraulic hybrid system specially designed for stop-and-go vehicles captures energy as the vehicle brakes and puts the vehicle in motion, when the vehicle is restarted. Then the engine kicks in, once the energy captured gets depleted. The kinetic energy lost as heat energy during mechanical friction braking is recovered and stored in the hydraulic accumulator as potential energy during hydrostatic regenerative braking. This paper gives an insight in to the dynamic simulation results obtained using LMS AMESim tool and effect of various system parameters like pre-charge pressure and hydraulic pump/motor maximum displacement on system output power. Varying the pre-charge pressure of the accumulator and controlling the hydraulic pump/motor maximum displacement show significant improvement in the system output power. Maximizing the system output power indirectly leads to less fuel consumption and pollution reduction in hybrid vehicles. � 2012 The Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

The importance of a focus on mobility and the kilometres travelled using light duty vehicles is reflected in the persistence of strong demand for personal mobility and emissions that tend to be linked with population and economic growth. Simulation results using the WITCH model show that changes in the kilometres driven per year using light duty vehicles have a notable impact on investments in alternate transport options. As a result, different mobility futures have notably different optimal vehicle fleet compositions. As climate policy becomes more stringent, achieving abatement with increased mobility implies large investments in battery related technologies and less investments in technologies related to the conversion of biofuel from biomass. Climate policy consistent with a 2°C temperature increase above pre-industrial levels in 2100 leads to a quick transition to plug-in hybrid drive vehicles. Without decreases in mobility trends the cost effective achievement of such a target results in the electrification of passenger vehicles commencing between 2020 and 2035.

This paper describes a three-phase "hybrid" inverter drive circuit topology, suitable for high-power applications, that supplies the output inverter with a dual DC-link consisting of a constant current and a constant voltage. Four basic hybrid drive types are described: freewheel diode, buck, boost, and the PWM rectifier. The resultant drive topologies combine the current overload protection features associated with a current source inverter together with the high performance associated with a pulse-width modulated voltage source inverter. Three-phase pulse-width modulated schemes are investigated to show that the output inverter bridge can be used to control the DC-link voltage and the DC-link current without interfering with the pulse-width modulated voltage waveforms fed to the motor. Computer simulations and experimental results are used to demonstrate the operating features of the various drive types. >

Cilj naloge je razvoj določenih komponent za vodenje prototipa hibridnega pogona. V ta namen smo izdelali modele posameznih sklopov kot so: interpolacija izmerjenega izkoristka bencinskega motorja, osnoven model baterije in sklop za identifikacijo režima delovanja v katerem se trenutno nahaja hibridno vozilo. Ti modeli so se na to integrirali v matematični model vozila. Na podlagi skupnega modela je bilo razvito enostavno preklopno vodenje. Simulacija se je izvedla na podlagi ECE-15 voznega cikla. Podrobno so opisani modeli komponent hibridnega pogona. Opisani so tudi režimi delovanja vozila s hibridnim pogonom z vsemi stanji in prehodi med njimi. Za vsak modeliran sklop so prikazani rezultati simulacij. The goal of this work is to develop components which can be utilised in a control management system for a prototype hybrid drive including: interpolation algorithm for by measurement obtained efficiency of ICE motor, simple battery model and a model for identification of the current operating regime of the hybrid drive. For this purpose, the models of those components have been made. They were integrated into the mathematical model of the vehicle. Simple control algorithm has been developed by use of those models. The simulations were made for ECE-15 driving cycle. The hybrid drive components are in detail described in the work. There is also a full description of the operating regime for the soft hybrid drive which can be utilised at the further development of supervising control. The results of the simulations are presented as well.

While electric vehicles (EV) are already widespread in particular applications, e.g. fork lifts or baggage carrying (cf. Rand et al., 1998), their use as individual motor cars is still limited. E.g., only 2,300 EV were registered in Germany on 1st of January 2011 (Federal Motor Transport Authority, 2011). However, many drivers lead towards an electrification of individual motor car traffic all over the world: advancing battery technology, high oil prices in 2008 and 2011, the recent automobile crisis in 2009 and the hope for ecological advantages of EV usage. Moreover, the combination of two major energy conversion systems, namely the electric utility system and the light vehicle fleet (e.g. individual motor cars), could create considerable synergies (Kempton & Letendre, 1997; Kempton & Tomic, 2005a; Tomic & Kempton, 2007). One proposed concept is Vehicle-to-Grid realized through “... vehicles with an electric drive motor powered by batteries, a fuel cell or a hybrid drive train, [that] can generate or store electricity when parked, and with appropriate connections can feed power to the grid ...” (Kempton & Tomic, 2005b). EV can be subdivided into hybrid EV (HEV) and battery EV (BEV). The subset of HEV combines the (parallel or serial) electric drive motor with a combustion engine, a fuel cell or human power (e.g. Pedelec). The BEV rely only on a – mainly electro-chemical – energy storage. Although the energy to fulfill an HEV’s mobility function could be provided alternatively (e.g. by fuel or a battery exchange), all EV are assumed to be plug-in vehicles in this article. This means they charge from and possibly discharge into the power grid. All in all, the term EV refers from now on to (at least partly) electrically propelled cars used for individual motor traffic which can be conductively or inductively connected to the power grid. A lot of research questions have been raised with respect to EV. Most of them approach the subject from a technical (e.g. battery performance), economic (e.g. total cost of ownership) or a user (e.g. driving behaviour) perspective, others investigate social, political and cultural barriers for broader EV usage (Sovacool & Hirsh, 2009). Information and communication technology (ICT) (definition cf. Krcmar 2006), is affected in all of these perspectives, since it has to ...  be mastered technically,  be used economically, and  increase usability. Moreover, research questions can be categorized with respect to an EV’s life cycle which on a top view corresponds to the serial phases of production, usage and recycling. While questions about production aim at producing EV efficiently for the market demand, the

We propose a novel exoskeleton robot prototype aimed at a brain-machine interface and rehabilitation for postural control for elderly people, people with spinal cord injury, stroke patients, and others with similar needs. By arranging pneumatic muscles with electric motors in a optimal way, one can achieve both weight-reduction and torque-controllability. Its anthropomorphic design and torque-controllability enable users to implement and test various rehabilitation/compensation programs consistent with human motor control and learning mechanism. Hybrid drive itself is not new, but its specialized application to lightweight exoskeleton is novel. This paper reports the design and development of the robot, particularly addressing a hybrid drive for load-bearing tasks such as standing and postural maintenance. The experimental data as well as the attached videos demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed system.

Alternative fuels, emissions control technologies and advanced propulsion technologies offer great potential for reducing emissions from, and increasing fuel economy of, buses employed in public transportation. The use of fuels such as Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) and biodiesel, emissions controls such as diesel particulate filters (DPF) and diesel oxidation catalysts (DOC), and the use of advanced propulsion systems such as hybrid-electric diesel have great potential for decreasing emissions from public transit vehicles and potentially increasing fuel economy. The focus of this paper is to assess the environmental benefits of alternative fuels and advanced hybrid drive technologies in transit vehicles through experimental testing and analysis. Results show that hybrid-electric diesel and CNG buses yield significant reductions in CO2 emissions, approximately 10-20% lower than conventional diesel. Stoichiometric CNG buses demonstrated extremely low emissions of NOx, while conventional, lean-burn CNG had the highest NOx emissions, approximately twice that of hybrid technologies and conventional diesel engines. The hybrid-electric technology demonstrated the highest fuel economy, while CNG has the lowest fuel economy. The use of a 20% biodiesel blend (B20) demonstrated no discernable differences in fuel economy, while showing slightly higher NOx emissions levels and significantly lower PM compared to conventional diesel.

This paper presents the modeling and design of an optimal Energy Management Strategy (EMS) for a flywheel-based hybrid vehicle, that does not use any electrical motor/generator, or a battery, for its hybrid functionalities. The hybrid drive train consists of only low-cost components, such as a flywheel module and a continuously variable transmission. This hybrid drive train is characterized by a relatively small energy capacity (flywheel) and discrete shifts between operation modes, due to the use of clutches. The main design criterion of the optimized EMS is the minimization of the overall fuel consumption, over a pre-defined driving cycle. In addition, comfort criteria are formulated as constraints, e.g., to avoid high-frequent shifting between driving modes. The criteria are used to find the optimal sequence of driving modes and the generated engine torque. Simulations show a fuel saving potential of 20% to 39%, dependent on the chosen driving cycle.

A study of the design process of BLDC motor designated as a power source for an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). It was assumed that the UAV would be powered by a hybrid system, where electric power source operates in parallel to a combustion engine. Geometry of the electric motor being designed is presented as well as how the shape and magnetizing method influence cogging torque and average torque of the motor. Regulation characteristics, instantaneous currents, voltages and electromagnetic torque values are presented. Motor performance was analyzed as well as losses versus deliberately selected control parameters.