Search

The expression of acid phosphatases is cytochemically one of the most important features in permanent growing B-cell-lines. In few cell lines acid phosphatase is resistant against tartrate. Tartrate resistant isoenzyme 5 with components a and b can be demonstrated in monocytes, lymphocytes, chronic lymphatic leucemic cells and especially in hairy cells as well as in cell lines derived from a healthy donor. Fractionation of acid phosphatase by gelelectrophoresis in separated lymphocytes demonstrates especially isoenzyme 3, in separated macrophages isoenzyme 4. Isoenzyme 4 could not be detected in several cell lines. It is therefore concluded that these cell lines are probably derived from lymphocytic precursors. Cell lines with isoenzyme 4 may be the result of a facultative hybridisation between lymphocytes and monocytes. Profiles of acid phosphatases in virus-negative cell lines (Ramos, BJAB) were not significantly altered by conversion with EBV.

Da die Einrichtung von Krankenhauskonferenzen neben dem Personalrat somit an rechtlichen Bedenken scheitert, bleibt zur Verwirklichung des Wunsches nach einem berufsgruppen-spezifischen Gremium letztlich nur noch eine entsprechende Ausgestaltung des Personalrates. Im folgenden soll daher zunachst festgestellt werden, ob eine derartige berufs-gruppenbezogene Zusammensetzung des Personalrates, die sich in etwa an die Zusammensetzung der oben genannten Krankenhauskonferenzen anlehnen wurde, nach geltendem Recht zulassig ist. Sollte diese Frage zu verneinen sein, so ist zu prufen, ob eine entsprechende Anderung personalvertretungsrechtlicher Normen rechtlich moglich ist.

Includes bibliography., In 1984 it became legal for pharmacists to offer customers a cheaper generic alternative for a given prescription. The motivation for this was the excessively high cost of brand name drugs. The substitution of a generic alternative for a brand name drug is based on the assumption that drugs with a comparable chemical composition will have a similar therapeutic effect. The fact that this supposition is not always true has been demonstrated by a number of particular drugs, digoxon being perhaps the most vivid example. The objective of this thesis is to review the statistical aspects associated with (i) measuring the bioavailability of a drug (Chapter 2) (ii) establishing the equivalence of a new and standard formulation of a drug (Chapter 3). In the process of reviewing the literature two problems were identified. Firstly, it is commonly assumed that bioavailability parameters follow either the normal or lognormal distribution. This assumption is difficult to defend, hence procedures based on such assumptions became suspect. Secondly, bioavailability is inherently multivariate whereas in practice univariate procedures are employed. Efren's bootstrap method, which does not rest on assumptions about the underlying distribution, is proposed as a tool for assessing bioequivalence. A new measure of bioequivalence, the Index of Concordance, is proposed. This index can be computed with equal ease for univariate or multivariate data using the bootstrap (Chapter 5). The bootstrap idea of resampling the data can also be applied to compartmental modelling of bioavailability data. One result of this is a nonparametric estimate of the underlying distribution of the bioavailability parameters (Chapter 6). The bootstrap is, on its own, a fascinating concept. A review of the bootstrap is given in Chapter 4.

Gereinigte Ferritin-Amboceptor-Konjugate wiesen im Vergleich zur Ausgangsfraktion einen erheblichen Aktivitatsverlust auf. Die Verminderung der lytischen Aktivitat war dabei unabhangig davon, ob die Immunferritinkonjugate mit Toluol-2,4-Diisocyanat, p,p′-Difluor-m,m′-Dinitrodiphenylsulfon oder Glutardialdehyd hergestellt worden waren. Ein Teil der verlorengegangenen lytischen Aktivitat lies sich wiederherstellen, wenn die mit dem Immunferritinkonjugat sensibilisierten Erythrocyten vor Zugabe des Komplements mehrmals gewaschen wurden. Die Bindung des Antikorpers selbst an den Erythrocyten war dagegen durch die Kupplung an Ferritin nicht beeintrachtigt. In hohen Konzentrationen erwiesen sich uber Toluoldiisocyanat und Difluordinitrodiphenylsulfon hergestellte Immunferritinkonjugate als antikomplementar.

Physicochemical changes in the cell membrane of Ehrlich ascites tumor (EAT) cells during infectionin vitro with oncolytic influenza A0 virus, strain WSA, were studied by means of cell electrophoresis. The surface charge of virus-infected cells, when compared to the mean electrophoretic mobility (EPM) of non-infected EAT cells, was reduced in two consecutive steps. The first reduction of EPM occurred in the course of virus adsorption to the cell membrane and was related to the action of viral neuraminidase on the receptor glycoproteins; inactivated and fully active virus had the same effect. In contrast to this, the second decrease of EPM, beginning at 180 minutes after infection, was strictly related to virus replication. By comparison with the effect of bacterial neuraminidase (Vibrio cholerae) on EPM of infected and non-infected EAT cells, the second reduction during virus replication was shown to be due to the removal of negatively charged moieties from the cell surface. This might also have been caused by enzymatic activity (of the replicating virus) or by incorporation of sialic acid-free viral components into the host cell membrane. Neither cationogenic groups, such as could occur in virus-coded proteins, nor unspecific adsorptions from the suspending fluid were found to influence the electrophoretic behaviour of WSA-infected cells. The removal of negatively charged moieties from the cell membrane is discussed in relation to the increased immunogenicity of WSA-infected EAT cells.

Im Jahre 1832 hat Hodkin 7 Beobachtungen “On some morbid appearances of the adsorbent glands and spleen” veroffentlicht. Sternberg [2] hatte heute wohl kaum noch virchows Bemerkung dazu zitiert, „das Hodgkin’s Zusammenstellung wenig kritisch ist, denn es finden sich darunter tuberkulose, krebsige, moglicherweise syphilitische Falle und der Rest ist wenig genau beschrieben”. Die 1936 von Fox angestellten Nachuntersuchungen haben namlich ergeben, das bei den Fallen 2, 3 und 7 alle Charakteristika eines aus Leukocyten, Plasmazellen, epitheloiden Formen und jenen mehrkernigen Riesenzellen bestehenden Granuloms vorhanden sind, die Scit Sternberg (1898) unabdingbare Voraussetzungen fur die histologische Bestimmung eben jener Erkrankung sind, welche Gross „Lymphogranulomatosis” benannte. Ihre im englischen Sprachraum ubliche Bezeichnung als “Hodgkin’s disease” geht auf Wilks (1865) zuruck, der “Cases of enlargement of lymphatic glands and spleen (or, Hodgkins Disease)” beschrieben hat. Klinisch handelt es sich um eine progrediente Krankheit mit Fieberschuben, Vergroserung der Lymphknoten und der Milz, einer Leukocytose mit gelegentlicher aber nicht obligater Eosinophilie, positiver Diazo-Reaktion und Abzehrung; das morphologsche Korrelat wird als entzundliche Reaktion gewertet aber auch als autonome Neoplasie gedeutet.

The cytologically demonstrable storage in the retothelial system (RS) has become a model test of its functions. A substance suitable for clearance tests, determination of the pattern of distribution and histological changes of the RS must yield stable, metabolically largely inert colloidal solution of known molecular size; the storage must be reversible without any disturbances; it must be also suitable for quantitative determination and morphological identification. In order to gain criteria for the evaluation of the functional behavior of the RS the fate of 32P labelled K-Na-polyphosphate was investigated in rabbits in serial tests over some period of time. The extrarenal clearance shows in semi-logarithmic representation a straight line as an exponential function of time; the elimination half-life increases with dosage, due to a saturation effect, and may go as far as blockade; excretion in the urine within 10 days is in 20 per cent of the administered activity. The actual pattern of distribution shows about 40 per cent to be present in liver and bone marrow. The intensity of storage was found in the decreasing order of spleen, bone marrow and liver. The turnover of P is obviously most intense in the bone marrow in con-nection with hematopoiesis. The functional capacity of the PS is greatest in the mouse and smallest in the dog, the rabbit being intermediate. Preferred site and intensity of storage vary with different species of animal but are characteristic enough for each species to make possible comparative investi-gations of the RS under varied conditions.

Lymphogranuloma is not localized and only linked with the RS in so far as its cells are of retothelial origin. Differentiation of the characteristic histological pattern has shown that the histogenesis of the lymphogranulomatous focus, with empty necrobiosis, granuloma formation and sclerotic obliteration, corresponds to the regular biopathological phases of inflammation. As a reactive process of varied duration and degree, lymphogranulomatosis can present various, including tumor-like changes, without satisfying the histological criteria of auto-nomous neoplasia or prospective sarcoma. Even though the etiology of Hodgkin's disease is unknown, it is clinically, anatomically and histologically a separate disease. A survey of the various morphological findings leads to classifying it as an inflammation. It may be that the Hodgkin's disease, like rheumatic diseases, nephritis or lupus erythematosus, is a poly-etiological reaction product, a course emancipated from the cause and proceeding by its own laws.