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The National Registry of Exonerations (the Registry) reports all known exonerations in the United States since 1989. Of the more than 2,400 exonerated defendants currently in the database, 281 are classified as Latinx. In many ways, their cases resemble those of other exonerees. The same factors that produced false convictions of non-Latinx defendants--including mistaken eyewitness identification, misconduct by police and prosecutors, and perjury--were also at work in Latinx defendants' cases. There are, however, differences both in the types of crimes for which Latinx exonerees were convicted and in the ways in which they were vulnerable to the errors and misconduct that produce false convictions. Moreover, the consequences of a false conviction--though calamitous for anyone--may be more pronounced for Latinx defendants with precarious immigration status. In this Article, we present what we know about Latinx defendants who have been exonerated-- the nature of the crimes, the factors that contributed to their wrongful convictions, and how their cases compare to non-Latinx exonerees. We discuss the particular ways in which Latinx defendants may be vulnerable to wrongful convictions, using case studies to explore how language barriers, racial profiling, and immigration concerns can be exploited in their cases. Finally, we consider barriers to exoneration, and how falsely convicted Latinx defendants may be particularly disadvantaged when seeking to overturn their convictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I study a strategic-communication game between an informed sender and an uninformed receiver with partially aligned preferences. The receiver is endowed with the ability to probabilistically detect if the sender is lying. Specifically, if the sender is making a false claim about her type, with some commonly known probability p the receiver additionally observes a private signal indicating that the sender is lying. The main result is that the receiver's stochastic lie-detection ability makes fully revealing equilibria—the best outcome for the receiver—possible, even for small p (less than 1 2 ). Additionally, if the language consists of precise messages, fully revealing equilibria exist only for p = 1 and for a set of intermediate values of p that is bounded away from 0 and 1, making the maximal ex-ante expected equilibrium utility of the receiver non-monotone in p. If vague messages are allowed, full revelation can be supported for all large enough p, overturning the non-monotonicity and improving communication outcomes relative to the precise-language case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We extend the deceptive advertising model of Piccolo et al. (RAND J Econ 46(3):611–624, 2015) to a framework in which consumers may be loss averse. There are two sellers, competing on prices and offering experience goods with some differences in quality. Prospective customers may be harmed by deceptive advertising: a marketing practice that can induce them to make bad purchases. We show that although deceptive advertising occurs depending on the degree of consumers' loss aversion, this behavioral bias does not reflect on firms' prices. Nevertheless, the presence of loss-averse consumers crucially changes the optimal deterrence rule that a Public Authority should adopt against false claims and misleading advertising. Unlike Piccolo et al. (2015), in this more general model, strong enforcements may improve the buyer welfare according to the degree of loss aversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mislabelling of agricultural and food products is one of the most common types of food fraud. Despite the frequency with which labelling fraud occurs, there is no empirical framework to study its welfare implications, the probability that it may occur, and the measures that can limit its occurrence. We present an empirical framework to study the economic consequences of food labelling fraud in a differentiated products food market. Such framework requires the availability of sales data and the use of an 'attribute‐space' demand model. The model is applied to the Italian extra‐virgin olive oil market to simulate the occurrence of fraudulent '100 per cent Italian' claims. Our results indicate that potential consumer losses due to overpayments for a false claim are higher than manufacturer gains, suggesting that labelling fraud results in welfare losses and not just in welfare transfers. Simulation results indicate that the level of the current administrative fines is not likely to be effective to discourage '100 per cent Italian' labelling fraud. Imposing larger fines or other measures negatively affecting a firm's image could be more effective in deterring labelling fraud. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of IUG Journal of Islamic Studies is the property of Islamic University of Gaza and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The formal acceptance of a mathematical proof is based on its logical correctness but, from a cognitive point of view, this form of acceptance is not always naturally associated with the feeling that the proof has necessarily proved the statement. This is the case, in particular, for proof by contradiction in geometry, which can be linked to a loss of evidence in various ways, owing to its particular logical structure and to the difficulty in managing geometrical figures with contradictory properties. In this paper, we observe that students produce argumentation by starting with the assumption that the claim is false (indirect argumentation), and that they seem to accept this as more evident than the proofs by contradiction. On the basis of the notion of intuitive knowledge developed by Fischbein and through the analysis of task-based interviews, we investigate the intuitive acceptance of proof by contradiction and of indirect argumentation, underlining, in particular, that indirect argumentation can be produced as a compromise between a proof by contradiction and the need for a more evident argument. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As public administration continues its postmodern turn, there is a need to reexamine administrative ethics. In this article, the concept of "performative ethics" is introduced as a counter to ethics based solely on bureaucratic codes, professional obligations, and democratic ideals. Overall, this article is theoretical in that it is meant to offer an interpretation of today's administrative ethics from a postmodern perspective and find ways to make sense of it all. Additionally, President Trump's use of "Make America Great Again" (MAGA), "fake news," and false or misleading claims are discussed in a case study that details the applicability and power of performative ethics. Conclusively, the article offers some suggestions for administrators and citizens thinking about postmodernity and counter-narratives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of analyses of qualitative data that reveal their underlying structure, using the facet framework, are reviewed in the present article. These provide the basis for a general theory of the inherent structure of most qualitative data, an aspect that other approaches typically only allow for with quantitative data. This broadens the application of Facet Theory beyond its usual remit with quantitative measures. It also provides a conceptual model, or "theory," that combines ordered (modulating) and non-ordered (radial) facets for many different contexts. Results from "qualitative structural theory" (QST) are shown to be open to interpretation as a form of Narrative Action System. Although the power of QST has been illustrated in many areas, in this article three contrasting areas of application are discussed, which each uses a different form of non-metric multidimensional scaling (MDS). One is the exploration of variation in the actions of arsonists revealed through Smallest Space Analysis (SSA). A second is the modeling of consumer choice of chocolates using Multidimensional Scalogram Analysis (MSA). The third is the differentiation of genuine and false claims of rape using Partial Order Scalogram Analysis by Co-ordinates (POSAC). The practical implications of these QST models to assist decision making are briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2007 Huneke and Wiegand announced in an erratum that one of the conclusions of their depth formula theorem is flawed due to an incorrect convention for the depth of the zero module. Since then, the deleted claim has remained unresolved. In this paper we give examples to prove that the deleted claim is false, in general. Moreover, we point out several places in the literature which relied upon this deleted claim or the initial argument from 2007. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A novel multipurpose ECG data hiding method is proposed. • 100% Reversibility even after having a multipurpose nature. • DNN based error prediction for improved imperceptibility. • Tamper localization with ownership checking for ECG. • High capacity (0.99 bps) with 100% reversibility. Biomedical signals serves as a backbone of telemedicine industry and its analysis help the remote diagnosis possible. Security of biomedical data is one of the critical issues during its transmission from one storage device to another storage device. In this work, a completely reversible data hiding method is proposed for the ECG (Electrocardiogram) data. The proposed scheme is designed in such a way that it can find out false ownership claims as well as detect the tampered region of ECG data. In addition, original ECG signal is perfectly reconstructed from watermarked signal. The reversibility is tested for a large set of 460 different ECG signals generated from MIT-BIH arrhythmia database and complete reversibility (100%) is obtained each time. In proposed approach, deep neural network is used for an improved error prediction and prediction error expansion (PEE) is combined with it to ensure reversibility. Proposed method is a high capacity method and data hiding of 0.99 bps (bits per sample) is achieved with very little distortion in watermarked signal. The performance of proposed work is evaluated through percentage residual difference (PRD), signal to noise ratio (SNR) and normalized cross correlation (NCC). The most important contribution of proposed work is its multipurpose nature: ownership detection, tamper localization and 100% reversibility. Tamper detection and localization performance of the proposed method is also tested against different attacks and it is found to be quite good. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The American public donates a staggering amount of money to nonprofit charities. These charities routinely solicit and receive money from donors for specific, earmarked purposes. Often, however, charities ignore their obligations to use money for these designated uses. In many circumstances, even a seemingly benign redirection of earmarked gifts for other charitable purposes could constitute fraud and misrepresentation. Breaking the implicit or explicit promise to use money in a designated manner harms donors, charities, and the public. Prospective donors assess the value of charitable donations in a manner similar to the way they value consumer goods and services and can be swayed by false claims. Accordingly, allowing distortions of perceived value misleads donors when they are directing their charity. In light of detailed examinations of charitable-organization spending practices, this Article will propose that charities should adhere to a new, higher level of candor in their public communications. Maintaining a renewed, scrupulous approach to disclosure would, in Chief Justice John Marshall's parlance in Trustees of Dartmouth College v. Woodward, ensure "that the charity will flow... in the channel" that the donors expressly choose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information-centric networking (ICN) supports efficient data provision and retrieval with in-network caching. The data life cycle over ICN includes atomic data collection, data publication, caching, and retrieval, suffering from various attacks, such as regulation violation and false claim. Existing solutions have not considered regulation compliance and typically focus on the protection of a specific procedure. To solve these problems, we propose a blockchain-based data life cycle protection framework (BDLP), which exploits the transaction and smart contract to provide a trusted and neutral environment in ICN. In BDLP, a special type of node, a data dam blockchain node, is designed to locally control registration and restrict data flow, besides the function of a blockchain node. BDLP consists of five types of transactions (RegT, CollectT, PubT, PayT, and PunT) to achieve accountability and four types of smart contracts (PubSC, PaySC, AccSC, and RepSC) to achieve authentication, regulation compliance, and neutrality. We elaborate on the data retrieval procedure in BDLP and analyze its scalability, demonstrating that BDLP can achieve a low data retrieval permission delay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When Orientalists saw that Islam was spreading rapidly across the world,gaining extraordinary popularity in Western countries, even the Pew Research Forum announced that Islam would be the world's largest religion in 2050,its progress could not be tolerated. They started making conspiracies against Islam and Muslims. They made baseless objections against Islam and the holy Prophet(PBUH).The Prophet(PBUH)was criticized for initiating Jehad, Islam was called barbaric religion. It was said that the Quran was totally the opposite to the other divine books, mostly accused of being erotic because of polygamy(men can marry upto four women). Muslims have been accused of violence, the concept of jihad and murder, orientalists support this false claim with some narration, and they believe Islam was spread by sword not by its true teachings. Since their main purpose was to defame Islam, they made every attempt to prove their objections right, but at times they even tried to prove their false claims with baseless propaganda.This study aims to remove these misunderstandings and to answer these questions through this “An introduction to the philosophy of Islam “Non-Violence, War and the Principles of War” and Overview of the objectives of those wars, which proved the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) right. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined over‐time differences in the nature and frequency of Food and Drug Administration warning and untitled letters issued to pharmaceutical companies. Across a 12‐year time frame, results indicate that frequency of letters and specific violations rose steadily from 2005 to 2010 but have since fallen dramatically. When infractions do occur, they continue to result from the omission or lack of risk information, misleading/false claims, omission of material facts, and labeling issues. In addition, the findings show that violations occur most frequently on brochures, sales aids, corporate websites, and print ads, with the proportion of violations on Internet media rising consistently over‐time. Overall, while these findings offer encouragement to those wary of deceptive marketing practices, given the increased proportion of violations within digital marketing platforms coupled with the rare, yet consistent tendency of companies to misrepresent product risk and/or efficacy information, continued focus must be given to consumer education initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incentives are an integral part of Contingency Management (CM) Programs for substance use disorder treatment, primarily for the treatment stimulant use disorders, but because stimulant use often co-occurs with opioid use, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) permits the use of CM incentives as a part of its State Opioid Response grant program. However, incentives implicate federal laws and could result in either financial penalties or criminal sanctions against programs that use them. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Inspector General (OIG) is tasked with enforcing key federal laws that address the issues of kick-backs, inducements, and false claims. By looking at these laws and regulations, this paper seeks to create a clearer understanding of the the barriers providers face when utilizing CM, as well as the guardrails that can be put in place to alleviate those barriers. This paper distills key concerns raised by the OIG and suggests critical guardrails that militate against fraud, waste and abuse. Conclusion: Following the recommended guardrails should allow providers to employ CM strategies to help their patients by making clear that the intent is to help patients without engaging in kickbacks, illegal inducements or false claims. • All five primary federal statutes regarding Contingency Management maybe implicated. • Incentives are judged by provider intent, protocols, and mechanisms to avoid fraud. • Congress has expressed interest to see if CM incentives should be given safe harbor. • CM programs can seek OIG advisory opinion; not required if guardrails adhered to. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author quotes testimony offered at trial and inferred that the analyst is implying that hair analysis is individualizing. However, if one would read the citation associated with this quote, the appeals for a new trial focused on new evidence involving the accident reconstruction report and the pathology report, not the hair testimony. Footnotes 1 See Original Article https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.15233 2 See Author's response https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.15364 REFERENCE 1 Morgon J. Wrongful convictions and claims of false or misleading forensic evidence. [Extracted from the article]

The article focuses on Utah Supreme Court has issued three rulings that all Utah attorneys should be aware of. Topics discussed include Thomas v. Hillyard on plea deal on replacing two felony convictions with three misdemeanor convictions sued his trial counsel for malpractice; Paxman v. King wherein optometrist pleaded guilty to charges under the Fraudulent Insurance Act and the False Claims Act and Moshier v. Fisher which was obtained filed for bankruptcy.

Highlights • Children view unintentionally false claims more positively than intentional. • Theory of mind ability associated with more positive view of unintentional claims. • Theory of mind leads to ability to distinguish unintentional and intentional states. • Embedded theory of mind predicts judgments better than standard theory of mind. Abstract This study investigated how theory of mind (ToM) competence is related to children's ability to differentiate between intentional and unintentional false statements regarding claims to resources. Participants (4–10 years old; N = 122) heard about individuals who had different access to knowledge about resource ownership when making resource claims, and they were asked to make an evaluation, attribute intentions, assign punishment, and predict the teacher's assigned punishment. Two measures of ToM were assessed: a prototypic false belief ToM assessment and a contextually embedded, morally relevant false belief theory of mind (MoToM) assessment. Children's ToM competence reliably predicted more favorable evaluations of the individual who made the unintentional false claim than of the one who did so intentionally. Furthermore, the contextually embedded MoToM assessment predicted children's responses for all of the assessments above and beyond age and prototypic ToM competence. The findings indicate that children's contextually embedded MoToM competence bears on their moral assessments of the intentions of transgressors and underscores the importance of ToM in the ability to discriminate intentional and unintentional false statements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interdisciplinary leadership education programs attempt to integrate students from diverse backgrounds and ideologies within contexts that facilitate cognitive growth and allow students to engage with real world problems. Specifically, the development of agency and effective decision-making can provide students with a powerful toolkit replete with the necessary capacities and dispositions for addressing complex global problems. However, recently counterreality has created significant challenges for leadership educators. Counter-reality, or the pervasive and persuasive replacement of objective truths with subjective opinions grounded in falsehoods, lead perceptions and provide barriers to developing leadership students primed for sustainably addressing complex organizational and community challenges. The following educational framework intends to address the challenge posed by counter-reality by developing agency in leadership students, so they are better equipped to ask incisive questions when presented with counter realities. Addressing counter-reality through the development of agency is incredibly timely as false claims and misinformation are presented on nearly a daily basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]