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The Smart Bag is a very innovative and helpful project that uses RFID Technology [1] for identifying books / items smartly. The Radio Frequency Identification sensor uses a reader to get information about the item from a tag attached to it. Smart Bag initially used this technology. Technologies or devices which are used in development of The Smart Bag are RFID Sensor, HX711 Load Cell Sensor, NodeMCU, Arduino, and GPS. The Books / items can be identified by using RFID tag and it will store the count of books / items to its memory and matches the items according to schedule. The circuit for communication comprises of NodeMCU and RFID receiver in which passing of messages / alerts, reading of books / item is done. When the books / items are placed inside the bag, the RFID receiver reads the RFID Tag and sends the Books / items in the bag to the NodeMCU [2]. The NodeMCU compares it with the schedule list. If any book / item is missing then the NodeMCU generates an alert of missing books / item. The smart bag has GPS function also, which sends the Real-time Location of a Bag or a Kid to the Guardian or Parents. Initially, this project is for those small kids who regularly go to school.

This work reports the effect of sodium aluminate (NaAlO2) filler particles on the ion dynamics of a solid polymer electrolyte system comprising polyethylene oxide, sodium perchlorate (NaClO4) and propylene carbonate. Free-standing flexible polymer electrolyte films were obtained by solution-casting technique. The effect of NaAlO2 fillers in the Na+ transport in the electrolyte system has been investigated using various physical and electrochemical studies. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction studies reveal the enhanced amorphicity of the polymer electrolyte system upon dispersion of NaAlO2 fillers. The undispersed polymer electrolyte displays a maximum ionic conductivity of 1.6 × 10−5 S cm−1 at 25°C, which increases to 7.4 × 10−5 S cm−1 on dispersion of 5 wt.% NaAlO2 fillers at 30°C. The ion mobility and enhanced free ion numbers in the dispersed polymer electrolyte system are well-observed in the frequency-dependent dielectric studies. The optimized composition shows a significantly improved Na+ transport number of ~ 0.60 and electrochemical stability window of ~ 4.5 V.

On the basis of first-principle calculation using density functional theory, we systematically investigate the vibrational properties and thermal properties of two-dimensional honeycomb lattices of graphene, silicene and black phosphorene. We focus on the similarities and differences of their properties and try to understand them from their lattice structures. We illustrate that, a phonon band gap develops in silicene and black phosphorene which reduce effectively the phonon thermal conductivity. All the systems (graphene, silicene and black phosphorene) have positive frequencies which ensure their structural stability. Also, we found that the specific heat, entropy and free energy for all the systems increases rapidly at very low temperature and specific heat (Cv) become constant at higher temperature.

Introduction: A complete Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) injury can result in a progressively increasing symptomatic knee instability, which can cause recurrent intra articular damage and eventually results in osteoarthritis if not treated on time. Aim: To analyse the effects of delaying ACL reconstruction beyond a period of 12 weeks and compared the results with cases managed before that time period. Materials and Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted between July 2017 to October 2019 in Government Medical College, Jammu on two groups of patients divided into early (12 weeks) on the basis of interval between the injury and definitive surgery. ACL reconstruction was done using a quadrupled semitendinosus-gracilis graft. A standard rehabilitation protocol was followed and the results were compared. Patients were followed-up till one year postsurgery. Software used for statistical analysis was EpiInfo Version 3.0 and SPSS. Results: A total of 72 patients were included in the study. Forty patients were in the early group and 32 in delayed. Male patients outnumbered the females in both the groups and the incidence of injury was more on the right side. Sports injuries were the most common mode of injury, followed by falls and road traffic accidents in both the groups. The incidence of grade 3/4 medial and Lateral Meniscal (LM) tears was more in the delayed group and the association was statistically significant (p

Red is not only a colour but is a language of art and creativity from the dawn of civilization. The aroma of the red colour has the extravaganza of life with its fullest energy. In India art and architecture, variety of application of colour red can be seen as having multiple associations. Consequently, the approach can be seen in the art and architecture, the folk and tribal art practices too. This very genesis of red colour has been adopted in Indian art and advertising too. The symbolic association of red and its religious values which are usually associated with deities and ritualistic performances have been taken as a tool to manipulate the minds of the consumer. In various countries the same symbolic and organic temperaments of red colour have been taken as a semiotic for the coding of physiological approach in the consumer and art lovers. The paper aims to discuss the effective role symbolism of red colour in the creative process and productions. The paper has been based on two major aspects i.e. the approach of art and advertising with the significance of red colours with a special reference to Indian art.

Airplane ear or ear discomfort during flight is common irrespective of ticket price we pay for our flights according to class. Whether we get extra leg space or extra facilities during flying in business class, air travelers often face this problem of airplane ear (Figure 1). Airplane ear is also known as ear barotrauma, barotitis media or aerotitis media [1]–[5]. Severe earache affects individuals of varying levels of social determinants of health as it is entirely a physiological phenomenon [3]. Airplane ear is commonly experienced when the airplane is ascending or descending, which makes it one of the commonest health problems for people travelling in air routes. Open in a separate window Figure 1. Airplane ear. 2. Etiology Generally, airplane ear occurs due to quick changes in altitude and quick changes in air pressure [4]. In normal physiological conditions, the air pressure in our middle ear cavity is nearly equivalent to that of the external ear canal. This equalization of air pressure is maintained physiologically and contributes to regular auditory function and maintenance of normal balance among individuals. However, the eustachian tube dysfunction may occur with any changes in pressure and failure to ventilate through the middle ear space. This may result in outward bulging of the tympanic membrane causing moderate to severe earache. This phenomenon can be compared with a bread expanding while baking [3],[5]. Conversely, due to the vacuum effect, if the air pressure inside the middle ear space reduces rapidly compared to the external ear pressure, the tympanic membrane may be pulled inside due to the pressure gradient. The eustachian tube becomes flattened during the pressure changes and it necessitates bringing air into the middle ear (Figure 2). During sudden ascend or descend of an aeroplane, ear cavity pressure is often decreased complemented by an increase in the cabin compared to the outside air pressure. In such a scenario, the unusual stretching of the eardrum or tympanic membrane may precipitate pain in the ear. At the same time, individuals may also experience decreased hearing abilities and muffled sounds as the eardrum as it becomes unable to vibrate normally [2]–[4]. Open in a separate window Figure 2. Imbalance of air pressure in the middle ear. The pathophysiology remains the same in cases of scuba diving, in hyperbaric oxygen chambers, and during explosions happening nearby [2].

An electrical power system is designed to operate at the frequency of 50 Hz or 60 Hz. But there are certain loads which generate voltage and current that are the integer multiple of 50 or 60 Hz. Those higher frequencies form electrical network pollution called as power system harmonics. An Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) is one of such load when operated on AC affects the power quality of the power system. The power quality is degraded mainly due to the poor power factor, current and voltage harmonics and voltage fluctuation. The problems due the harmonics is getting worsen day by day due to the introduction of power electronics equipments and voltage fluctuation arise by the use of large industrial load such as EAFs and LMF (Ladle Melt Furnace) in steel meting shop. Also connecting rolling mill and forging shop generate harmonics in the adjacent electrical power system. In this paper, an extensive review of harmonics generated in EAF is presented .

Energy consumption is dependent on temperature, humidity, occupancy, occupant type, building area etc. All these factors collectively define the context of an energy meter. Once the context is known, the meters within the same context can be grouped and their behaviour can be analyzed together. This paper presents four heuristics, including one novel heuristic, to identify abnormal energy consumption. Using these heuristics, data collected from fifty smart meters deployed inside hostels of IIIT-Delhi was investigated for abnormal energy consumption detection. The anomalies and possible causes were discussed with IIIT-Delhi campus administrator. Energy consumption per occupant for one of the meters was found four times when compared to rest of the meters. The results demonstrated that the proposed heuristics successfully found abnormal energy consumption behaviour.

Health information technology (HIT) refers to the comprehensive management of health information across computerized systems and its secure exchange between patients, health care providers, government, and others [1],[2]. A broad and consistent use of HIT can potentially improve the quality of primary health care, reduce medical errors, reduce basic health care costs, decrease paperwork, increase administrative efficiency, and expand access to affordable care. The World Health Organization has identified HIT as a tool with which to address health problems and transform quality of life [3]. India is a hub of IT-enabled service industries. Despite this tremendous potential, there is limited use of HIT in the public health sector as compared with other sectors such as banking, railway, tourism, and entertainment, which have embraced IT on a considerable scale [1]. According to the technology acceptance model [4], the speed of acceptance and dissemination of a particular technology depends primarily on its perceived usefulness and ease of use (Figure 1). England et al. [5] conducted a study which revealed that the complexity of health care organizations and their fragmented internal structure constrained their ability to adopt organization-wide IT. The authors concluded that both organizational and technological factors lead to the slow adoption of strategic IT. Open in a separate window Figure 1. Technology acceptance model [4]. Another important contributing factor to the limited use of IT in health care is the comparatively less revenue generation in the public health sector. For most governments, primary health care is an investment with no immediate return though there are obvious long-term benefits. Such myopic perception at the policy level may function as a barrier to the adoption of any technology [6]. Other reasons of low use of technology in health sector include language barriers, use of outdated technology, and lackluster appeal for the general public [1]. With use of the smart phones by general public increasing day by day, an important way of use of HIT is popularization of emojis, images, and icons are pictorial methods of expression as health-related communication. India is now considered a major mobile technology consumer [7], and communication through mobile phones is no longer limited to text messages. We communicate more with each other using emojis, images, and icons in chats or on social media. The inclination toward this pictorial mode of expression is quite natural. If we consider paleo-anthropology and the history of linguistic development, we can clearly see that Homo Sapiens have always used symbolic languages and wall paintings to communicate with each other (Figure 2). Even the earliest traces of language, dating back to the age of the caveman and woman, were also strikingly similar to icons, paintings, and symbols. These are still observed in tribal hamlets. The symbol/icon is thus a connecting link between our past and the present. Open in a separate window Figure 2. Similarity in symbolic communication earlier and now (Source-https://www.freepik.com/free-photos-vectors/design). Emojis, images, and icons help break the barriers of languages. Meanings of symbols are easily understood across the globe. Furthermore, images tend to have more appeal than text. As the saying indicates, “A picture speaks more than a thousand words.” Interestingly, the written language (script) of some Asian countries (e.g., China, Korea, and Japan) are symbol-based. Apart from being linked with human emotions, Emojis, images, and icons can also be developed or tailor-made to appeal to the cultural norms prevalent in a society. One cannot ignore the strong influence of culture [6].

Current drug treatment available for neuropathic pain (NP) provides meager and partial pain relief due to incomplete efficacy and dose-dependent adverse effect. Hence, combination therapy can provide prolongation in analgesic effect with milder side effects. The present investigation aimed at observing the effects of sildenafil (SD) on Fluoxetine (FLX) in attenuation of chronic constriction injury (CCI) induced NP in rats. CCI was achieved in rats by placing four loose ligations around the sciatic nerve and rats were received respective treatments on SD and FLX till 14 days further behaviors parameters like heat hyperalgesia and allodynia, pin prick and acetone drop test were executed in order to access thermal, mechanical and cold allodynia, respectively, on a predetermined time interval. On the 21st day the animals were sacrificed for determination of total protein, myeloperoxidase activity in the adjoining muscular tissues while glutathione and TNF-α in the sciatic nerve. Co-administration of SD + FLX + CCI gave the pronounced effect that was superior over individual responses of SD and FLX in all behavioral as well as biochemical parameters. It was observed that attenuation in the altered behavioral pattern of CCI induced rats was modified prominently from 3rd day only in a group of rats treated with SD + FLX + CCI. The whole study was finally supported by histopathological results. Finally, it was concluded that SD produces an additive effect when given with FLX in attenuation of NP may be due to elevation in the level of intracellular concentrations of cyclic guanosine monophosphate which further causes downregulation of calcium channel.

The immunostimulatory and disease-resistance properties of Achyranthes aspera were evaluated in rohu (Labeo rohita) challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila. Experimental diets were enriched with leave...

Whale optimization algorithm is a new member of nature inspired optimization algorithm which is inspired from foraging behaviour of humpback whales. Similar to other heuristic algorithms, Whale optimization algorithm suffers with immature convergence and stagnation problems while solving optimization problems. In this paper, Whale optimization algorithm is hybridized with Laplace Crossover operator and a new algorithm, Laplacian whale optimization algorithm (LXWOA), has been proposed. It has been used to solve a set of 23 classical benchmark functions which consists of scalable unimodal functions, scalable multimodal functions and low dimensional multimodal functions and the results are compared with original whale optimization algorithm, particle swarm optimization, differential evolution, gravitational search algorithm and Laplacian gravitational search algorithm. In this paper, LXWOA and WOA have also been used to solve the problem of extraction of compounds from gardenia.

Information of codon usage bias has been used for modifying genes for improved expression in heterologous systems. Codon modifications are carried out using the species-specific codon usage so that they reflect the codon usage pattern of the host, without modifying the amino acid sequence of the encoded protein. In the present study we analyzed the effect of codon optimization on the expression of the bacterial gene bar in tobacco. In order to identify the percentage of optimal codons needed to achieve high levels of protein expression, bar genes with different percentage and placement of optimal codons were analyzed in transgenic tobacco lines. It was observed that there was no gain in bar protein expression when the percentage of optimal codons was increased from 63.9% (as observed in the wild type bar gene) to 93.9%. However, reducing the percentage of optimal codons to 54.0 led to a drop in the levels of the bar protein. Further, in silico analysis was also carried out in ~ 4500 genes present on chromosome 2 of Arabidopsis thaliana to study the distribution of optimal codons. It was observed that majority (88%) of the genes have 30–50% of optimal codons and none of the gene was found to have more than 80% of optimal codons. The present study showed that there may not be a one-to-one correlation between the percentage of optimal codons and the expression levels of the transgene. A certain percentage of optimal codons is probably enough to achieve high levels of transgene expression. Any increase in the percentage of optimal codons beyond this level may not necessarily lead to any further improvement in expression.

The immunostimulatory properties of seeds and leaves of Achyranthes aspera (Linn.) was evaluated in rohu Labeo rohita in the pond conditions. Rohu fry (1.9 ± 0.08 g) were introduced in nine hapas (25 hapa−1) set inside a pond. Two test diets enriched with 0.5% seeds (D1) and leaves (D2) of A. aspera and control diet (D3) were fed for 60 days. Then fish were immunized with chicken-RBC and blood and tissue samples were collected on days-7, 14 and 21 after immunization. The average weight was significantly (p

Smart thermostats, with multiple sensory abilities, are becoming pervasive and ubiquitous, in both residential and commercial buildings. By analyzing occupants' behavior, adjusting set temperature automatically, and adapting to temporal and spatial changes in the atmosphere, smart thermostats can maximize both - energy savings and user comfort. In this paper, we study smart thermostats for refrigerant leakage detection. Retail outlets, such as milk-booths and quick service restaurants set up cold-rooms to store perishable items. In each room, a refrigeration unit (akin to air-conditioners) is used to maintain a suitable temperature for the stored products. Often, refrigerant leaks through the coils (or valves) of the refrigeration unit which slowly diminishes the cooling capacity of the refrigeration unit while allowing it to be functional. Such leaks waste significant energy, risk occupants' health, and impact the quality of stored perishable products. While store managers usually fail to sense the early symptoms of such leaks, current techniques to report refrigerant leakage are often not scalable. We propose Greina - to continuously monitor the readily available ambient information from the thermostat and timely report such leaks. We evaluate our approach on 74 outlets of a retail enterprise and results indicate that Greina can report the leakage a week in advance when compared to manual reporting., Comment: 21 pages

BACKGROUND The increase in proportion of elderly implies that their problems demand more attention of the administrators. The current study was carried out to assess the functional status of the elderly and to explore the extent and pattern of routine daily life problems faced by them. METHODS An integrated qualitative and quantitative research design was employed. A stratified multistage random sampling technique was used to select the respondents from various areas of Chandigarh. The houses were selected randomly from where elderly persons (> 60 years) were identified. Katz Index of Independence in activities of daily living (ADL) was used to evaluate functional ability of the respondents. Instrumental ADLs (IADLs) were assessed using Lawton and Brody scale. Focus group discussions and in-depth interviews were conducted among the elderly to explore their problems using an interview guide. RESULTS One thousand and eighty elderly were enrolled in the study. Their mean age was 67.22 ± 7.54 years. (range 60-102 years). The majority (70%) were independent in carrying out their daily life activities. Financially, around one-third were completely dependent and around half were partially dependent. Major dependence was in food preparation, housekeeping and laundry. From the qualitative data, four main themes were formulated, that is general personal problems of elderly; family problems; problems faced by elderly in hospitals and at public places. A feeling of purposelessness, financial insecurity, physical dependency, problems in hospitals and so on, emerged as the main problems. CONCLUSIONS Majority of the elderly considered their lives as problematic because they were dependent physically as well as financially. The main domains of dependency were problems related to bowel continence, food preparation, housekeeping and laundry.

In medical schools across the globe, students are taught about the “THE NORMAL CURVE” as a part of statistics unit of Public Health, Community, and Family Medicine. However, its potentials for explaining the subject of health education and behavior change are grossly underutilized. Through this article, we attempt to demonstrate that this can be sorted out by integrating theories of Positive Deviance and Diffusion of Innovation through extrapolation of the concepts of “THE NORMAL CURVE” for explaining or planning things and events in Public Health, Community, and Family Medicine.

Background:Safe Surgery Saves Lives. Patient safety is a fundamental of good quality health care, and complications due to the health-care system are well-documented and constitute an important public health problem. Implementation of the checklist in medicine and surgery can help to decrease the risk of adverse events thus can improve patient safety.Materials and Methods:After the Institutional Ethical Committee clearance, a total of 500 patients were enrolled and divided into two equal groups. In Group 1 (n= 250), patients underwent surgery before regular implementation of the World Health Organization (WHO) surgical safety checklist (SSC), whereas in Group 2 (n= 250), patients underwent surgery after the WHO SSC was regularly implemented. All the patients were followed up after the surgery, and patients were looked for and compared for the postoperative complications.Results:We found that 27 patients (10.8%) in Group 1 and 13 patients (5.2%) in Group 2 developed major wound disruption (P< 0.05). There were 73 patients (29.2%) in Group 1 and 34 patients (13.6%) in the Group 2 who developed an infection of the surgical site (P< 0.05). There were five patients (2%) in Group 1 while none of the patients in Group 2 developed sepsis during the study (P< 0.05).Conclusions:We found that implementation of the WHO SSC significantly reduces surgical site infections, major disruptions of the wound, and sepsis.

The term NOMOPHOBIA or NO MObile PHone PhoBIA is used to describe a psychological condition when people have a fear of being detached from mobile phone connectivity. The term NOMOPHOBIA is constructed on definitions described in the DSM-IV, it has been labelled as a “phobia for a particular/specific things”. Various psychological factors are involved when a person overuses the mobile phone, e.g., low self-esteem, extrovert personality. The burden of this problem is now increasing globally. Other mental disorders like, social phobia or social anxiety, and panic disorder may also precipitate NOMOPHOBIC symptoms. It is very difficult to differentiate whether the patient become NOMOPHOBIC due to mobile phone addiction or existing anxiety disorders manifest as NOMOPHOBIC symptoms. The signs and symptoms are observed in NOMOPHOBIA cases include- anxiety, respiratory alterations, trembling, perspiration, agitation, disorientation and tachycardia. NOMOPHOBIA may also act as a proxy to other disorders. So, we have to be very judicious regarding its diagnosis. Some mental disorders can precipitate NOMOPHOBIA also and vice versa. The complexity of this condition is very challenging to the patients’ family members as well as for the physicians as NOMOPHOBIA shares common clinical symptoms with other disorders. That's why NOMOPHOBIA should be diagnosed by exclusion. We have to stay in the real world more than virtual world. We have to re-establish the human-human interactions, face to face connections. So, we need to limit our use of mobile phones rather than banning it because we cannot escape the force of technological advancement.

Background and Aims: Reduced inhalational anaesthetic requirement in end-stage liver disease during living donor orthotopic liver transplantation (LD-OLT) is due to increased endogenous opioids. This study evaluated the changes in bi-spectral index (BIS) monitored end-tidal desflurane (ETDes) requirements during ‘dissection’, ‘anhepatic’, and ‘neohepatic’ phases of LD-OLT. Methods: This prospective, cohort study included 40 adults undergoing LD-OLT under general anaesthesia (GA). All patients received BIS-guided desflurane GA. ETDes requirements in three phases of LD-OLT (primary objective); relationship between inhalational anaesthetic requirements and severity of liver disease; and effect of changes in mean arterial pressure (MAP) and body temperature on ETDes concentration for all three phases were also evaluated. Results: ETDes during the ‘dissection’ phase (2.92 ± 0.65%) was > ‘anhepatic’ (2.68 ± 0.85%, P = 0.049) and ‘neohepatic’ phases (2.58 ± 0.71%, P = 0.005). Patients with model of end-stage liver disease (MELD) score < 20 returned significantly greater ETDes than those with MELD score ≥20 during the ‘dissection’ (MELD

Thin films of P3HT and its blend with PCBM were investigated for vertical segregation of the crystalline structure using grazing incidence diffraction. The films were cast from a solution (P3HT/PCBM) on silicon substrates using the spin-coating technique, and their thickness (170–580 Å) were determined using x-ray reflectivity. In the grazing incidence diffraction technique, the scattered intensity is measured below and above the critical angle of incidence to distinguish the surface structure from the structure of the film underneath. We obtained a diffraction peak due to the lamellar alignment of P3HT perpendicular to the substrate. For thick films of pristine P3HT, the surface was more crystalline as compared to that of the entire film. In the blend films, the surface was found to be amorphous with crystalline structure underneath. The substrate interaction strongly influenced the crystal formation upon annealing at 110 °C as the structure of thicker films (∼600 Å) was strongly modified, whereas that of thinner films (170–290 Å) was negligibly affected.

A study on the efficiency of procurement of food grains from farmers on quality norms was carried out in the state of Punjab. The survey involves collection of foodgrains viz., wheat and paddy from farmers in mandies/procurement centres from 2008 to 2016. The samples of paddy were analysed for their quality parameters in respect of content of various refractions such as, foreign matter, damaged grains, discoloured, shrunken, shrivelled, weevilled, immature grains and moisture. In paddy and wheat, the analysis results revealed the extent of its quality in which the refractions content of paddy and wheat were observed to lie within the quality specifications formulated by the Government of India (GOI)for their procurement during Kharif and Rabi marketing season to supply to the consumers through Public Distribution System (PDS) and other welfare schemes.

The nonlinear and time varying nature of Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) causes power quality problems such as harmonics, flicker and voltage /current imbalances. In order to analyze the power quality of power system containing EAF, mathematical model of arc furnace becomes useful and informative. This paper presents different models of alternating current operated arc furnace to analyze the power quality in electric power system. The behavior of these models under static and dynamic conditions is studied. A comparison is also made between these models of arc furnace. Simulation results in MATLAB/ SIMULINK shows the voltage/current wave forms and percentage harmonic component in arc furnace system.

India has shown a special interest towards ASEAN under the overall context of its Act East policy. This relationship is expected to be significant in the development of northeast part of India. It is in this context, an assessment of Northeast India’s perspectives assumes significant, although the actual engagement and role of this area of India are still negligible. We must also not expect a great result in a short period of time as there are multiple impediments facing this area. But, the purpose of this engagement is not unachievable at all. Moreover, some people argue that this policy is unrealistic in Northeast India.

Anther and tapetum-specific genes are important for understanding male gametophyte development, as well as for their use in the development of barnase/barstar-gene based male sterility and restorer system for hybrid seed production. An essential component of the system is the availability of tapetum-specific promoters. In the present study, anther-specific genes were identified in cotton using microarray-based differential expression analysis, some of which show expression specific to the anthers at a stage where tapetum tissue was fully developed. Validation of the identified genes using RT-PCR and in situ hybridization identified one novel gene (AEG—Anther Expressing Gene) encoding a putative lipid binding protein as having a tapetum-specific expression. Further, three paralogs of the gene were identified in the cotton genome out of which the gene AEG1 (Anther Expressing Gene1) was found to express in the tapetum layer. Analysis of transgenic plants developed in cotton using 1.5 Kb promoter region of the of AEG1 gene fused upstream to the reporter gene β-glucuronidase revealed a broad window of expression of the AEG1 promoter in the tapetum tissue from the tetrad stage of anthers till the degeneration of the tapetum cells. Low levels of expression were also observed in the root tissues. Expression was not observed in the stem and leaves. The broad window of expression of AEG1 promoter in the tapetum tissue makes it a suitable candidate for the expression of the barstar gene for effective fertility restoration in the barnase/barstar system.

Multiple salt reduction strategies have been devised from time to time, addressing the issues of hypertension without considering the other essential factors, like the variability of salt sensitivity from the person to person. In this paper, we discuss how high salt consumption is one modifiable risk factor associated with hypertension among Indians, and there needs to be updated cut-off values. A thorough literature search on salt consumption articles on well-known search engines like Cochrane Library, PubMed, Google Scholar and Embase electronic database revealed a paucity of data in this field for India. Several studies revealed that the mean salt intake among the Indian populations ranges between 5.22 and 42.30 g/day. Moreover, among other risk factors analysed, salt intake (≥ 5 gm/day) was significantly associated with the development of hypertension. Although the need to address reduced salt intake for primordial prevention of hypertension and related cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in India is well acknowledged by the key stakeholders, social and cultural beliefs, unorganized food retail sector and lack of existing food policing are some of the potential barriers that affect the progress and employment of such effective strategies. Some multinational food companies have already research is warranted to evaluate the contextual barriers and facilitators and to adopt effective strategies to improve awareness among consumers, to encourage the endorsement of salt reduction by the food industry, and to facilitate the adoption of countrywide consumer-friendly food labelling. We concluded that salt consumption is high in India, although this assessment has been done primarily by subjective methods in India. People all across are recommended the same cut-off value of dietary salt consumption regardless of the diversity in dietary patterns and environmental conditions across the country. There is an urgent need to address these issues through evidence-based population research.

Mouse infection models are frequently used to study the host–pathogen interaction studies. However, due to several constraints, there is an urgent need for a simple, rapid, easy to handle, inexpensive, and ethically acceptable in vivo model system for studying the virulence of enteropathogens. Thus, the present study was performed to develop the larvae of Helicoverpa armigera as a rapid-inexpensive in vivo model system to evaluate the effect of Yersinia enterocolitica strain 8081 on its midgut via a label-free proteomic approach. Helicoverpa armigera larvae fed with Yersinia enterocolitica strain 8081 manifested significant reduction in body weight and damage in midgut. On performing label-free proteomic study, secretory systems, putative hemolysin, and two-component system emerged as the main pathogenic proteins. Further, proteome comparison between control and Yersinia added diet-fed (YADF) insects revealed altered cytoskeletal proteins in response to increased melanization (via a prophenoloxidase cascade) and free radical generation. In concurrence, FTIR-spectroscopy, and histopathological and biochemical analysis confirmed gut damage in YADF insects. Finally, the proteome data suggests that the mechanism of infection and the host response in Y. enterocolitica-H. armigera system mimics Yersinia-mammalian gut interactions. All data from current study collectively suggest that H. armigera larva can be considered as a potential in vivo model system for studying the enteropathogenic infection by Y. enterocolitica strain 8081.

In today’s world digital right protection is an important issue. Finger printing codes are used in this digital right protection. When digital media have to be distributed each digital media is embedded with a unique code. The digital content received by each recipient has a unique digital finger printing code. Illegal distribution of digital media is identified by the unique finger printing codes and the traitors distributing these illegal copies are caught. These finger printing codes can be attacked by colluders. In these attacks a combination of users to whom the digital media is distributed collude together to attack the finger printing codes. The collusion attacks are threats to prevention of piracy of the digital content. The work here simulates Tardos Finger Printing Codes with Randomized Bits Collusion Attacks and evaluates the performance of Tardos Finger Printing Codes under this attack.

Composite materials, natural or wangled materials prepared from two or more materials, are some of the most studied advanced materials for diverse applications ranging from the large, such as advanced spacecraft, tanks, trains, and automobiles, to the small: machine components including sporting goods, sensors/actuators, biomedical tools/devices, and energy storage/conversion devices such as batteries, supercapacitors, fuel cells, etc. In order to meet the requirements of a particular application, functionality is produced by tailoring the constituents, their stoichiometry, and their preparation techniques. These composite materials show tremendously improved physical and chemical properties when compared with the original material. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of electrical and mechanical properties of various composite materials, such as polymer-matrix composites, ceramic-matrix composites, and metal-matrix composites. A section of this chapter is dedicated to the properties of composite materials as electrodes and electrolytes in secondary batteries and fuel cells.