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O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da disponibilidade de P no solo, da micorriza formada por Glomus etunicatum e de Mycoform, um estimulante desta última, no crescimento e competição inicial de seis espécies arbóreas semeadas diretamente. O trabalho foi realizado em casa de vegetação com as espécies Senna macranthera (fedegoso), Guazuma ulmifolia (mutamba), Senna multijuga (cássia-verrugosa), Solanum granuloso-leprosum (gravitinga), Schinus terebenthifolius (aroeira) e Trema micrantha (trema), em solo com níveis de P na solução considerados muito baixo, baixo e alto, com inoculação ou não do fungo micorrízico arbuscular G. etunicatum, além do tratamento G. etunicatum + Mycoform. O crescimento das mudas respondeu à inoculação em P muito baixo e baixo. As mudas apresentaram moderada dependência das micorrizas, não respondendo ao G. etunicatum em P alto. Gravitinga morreu em P muito baixo, mas foi dominante com P baixo e alto. Fedegoso foi dominante com P muito baixo, mostrando-se adaptado à baixa fertilidade. G. etunicatum influenciou a dominância das espécies, auxiliando as menos competitivas e gerando maior equilíbrio. Mycoform influenciou pouco o crescimento, nutrição e competição. O crescimento de espécies pioneiras semeadas diretamente é favorecido pela elevação do P e pelas micorrizas, as quais também favorecem o equilíbrio entre espécies.The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of soil P availability, mycorrhiza and a mycorrhiza stimulatory product (Mycoform) upon growth and initial competition of six sown woody species, in the greenhouse. The species Senna macranthera, Guazuma ulmifolia, Senna multijuga, Solanum granuloso-leprosum, Schinus terebenthifolius and Trema micrantha were sown together in a soil with very low, low and high levels of P in soil solution combined with inoculation treatments of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus etunicatum, G. etunicatum + Mycoform and a non-inoculated control. Growth response to mycorrhizal inoculation occurred with very low and low phosphorus. The seedlings presented moderate mycorrhizal dependency, because there was no response with high phosphorus. Solanum granuloso-leprosum died with very low P, but was the dominant specie with low and high P, and very responsive to phosphorus. Senna macranthera was dominant only with very low P, indicating that it is quite adapted to low fertility soils. Glomus etunicatum influenced the species dominance, promoting the least competitive species and favoring uniformity in plant growth. Growth, nutrition and competition were little influenced by Mycoform. The growth of pioneer species is favored by increasing P availability and by mycorrhiza which also favores the growth equilibrium between them in mixed and direct seeding on low fertility soil.

Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar os teores foliares de clorofila total (a+b) em porta-enxertos de citros cultivados em tubetes, como índices no diagnóstico do estado nutricional de N, de acordo com adição das doses de N (0; 400; 800; 1.600; 3.200 e 4.800 mg/dm³ de N no substrato). Os teores foliares de clorofila total apresentaram alta correlação positiva com a altura, diâmetro do caule, massa da matéria seca da parte aérea e raízes, área foliar e teor de N-NO3 da parte aérea dos porta-enxertos, indicando a possibilidade de serem utilizados como índices para o diagnóstico de N em porta-enxertos cultivados em tubetes. Aos 120 dias após a semeadura, os teores foliares máximos de clorofila total dos porta-enxertos 'Tangelo-Orlando', 'Cravo', 'Volkameriano', 'Cleópatra' e 'Sunki' ocorreram quando foram aplicadas as doses 1.461; 2.386; 2.494 1.444; e 2.284 mg/dm³ de N no substrato, respectivamente. Os teores foliares adequados de clorofila total do porta-enxerto 'Tangelo-Orlando' devem estar compreendidos na faixa de 1,80 a 3,00 mg de clorofila total/dm² de folha, aos 120 dias após a semeadura. Para o limoeiro-'Cravo' esta faixa deve ser de 2,46 a 3,94 mg de clorofila total/dm² de folha, sendo que, para o limoeiro-'Volkameriano', esta faixa deve ser de 2,27 a 4,23 mg de clorofila total/dm² de folha. Para a tangerineira 'Cleópatra', a faixa adequada dos teores foliares de clorofila total deve ser de 3,29 a 4,00 mg de clorofila total/dm² de folha, sendo que, para a tangerineira-'Sunki', esta faixa deve ser de 1,80 a 3,16 mg de clorofila total/dm² de folha.The objective of this work was to evaluate chlorophyll content (a+b) on 'Cravo', 'Cleópatra', 'Sunki', 'Volkameriano' and 'Tângelo Orlando' rootstocks in tubes using as indicator on diagnosis by increasing N doses (0; 400; 800; 1,600; 3,200; 4,800 mg N/dm³ of substrate). The chlorophylls content presented righ positive correlation to height, diameter, aerial portion and roots dry matter mass, foliar area and NO3-N content for aerial portion, indicating that the total chlorophyll content can be used as indicator to diagnose N in citrus rootstocks cultivated in tubes. The maximum chlorophylls content estimated in rootstocks 'Tangelo-Orlando', 'Cravo', 'Volkameriano', 'Cleópatra' e 'Sunki' occurred in doses 1,461; 2,386; 2,494; 1,444; and 2,284 (mg N/dm³ of substrate), respectively. Total foliar chlorophyll content adequate for rootstocts of 'Tangelo Orlando' showed to be placed between 1.80 to 3.00 mg of total chlorophyll/dm² of leaf at 120 days after sowing, for lemon 'Cravo' between 2.46 to 3.94 while the 'Volkameriano' showed to be placed between 2.27 to 4.23 mg of total chlorophyll/dm² of leaf. Adequate values for foliar contents for total chlorophyll for Cleopatra tangerine showed to be 3.29 to 4.00 mg of total chlorophyll/dm² of leaf while for 'Sunki' tangerine the values showed to be 1.80 to 3.16 mg of total chlorophyll/dm² of leaf.

Submitted by Deyse Queiroz (deysequeirozz@hotmail.com) on 2018-05-30T12:11:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JOSÉ DA SILVA SOUSA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2014..pdf: 1561653 bytes, checksum: aa1844de8c3babe6fa251dc328c9832c (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-30T12:11:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JOSÉ DA SILVA SOUSA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2014..pdf: 1561653 bytes, checksum: aa1844de8c3babe6fa251dc328c9832c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-11 O coentro (Coriandrum sativum L.) é uma olerícola herbácea anual com altura média de 10 a 20 cm planta-1, dependendo das condições edáficas que esteja sendo cultivado, da cultivar e adubação. O seu cultivo é principalmente voltado para atender à demanda para o consumo fresco de hastes e para as indústrias de condimentos. Nesse sentido a pesquisa objetivou avaliar a jitirana (Merremia aegyptia), flor-de-seda (Calotropis procera) e mata-pasto (Senna uniflora) como fonte de adubo verde no desempenho agroeconômico do coentro. O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda Experimental Rafael Fernandes, localizada no distrito de Alagoinha, zona rural de Mossoró-RN, no período de julho a setembro de 2013. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos completos casualizados, com os tratamentos arranjados em esquema fatorial 4 x 3, com 3 repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram da combinação de quatro quantidades de espécies espontâneas (0,4; 0,8; 1,2 e 1,6 kg/m2) e o segundo fator, correspondendo a três tipos de espécies espontâneas (jitirana, flor-de-seda e mata-pasto). Cada parcela constou de doze fileiras de plantas espaçadas de 0,1 m x 0,05 m, com 05 plantas cova-1. Dez dias após a emergência realizou-se o desbaste, trinta e três dias após o plantio foi realizada a colheita. As características avaliadas foram as seguintes: altura de planta, número de hastes por planta, massa fresca de coentro, massa seca de coentro e número de molhos de coentro, os parâmetros econômicos foram: Renda bruta, renda líquida, taxa de retorno por real investido e índice de lucratividade. Para altura de planta em relação aos tipos de adubos verdes, observou-se diferença da jitirana em relação a florde- seda e mata-pasto, com valores médios de 18,9; 16,8 e 16,0 cm planta-1. Para a massa fresca, observou-se que a jitirana foi superior à flor-de-seda e mata-pasto, com produtividade máxima de 0,9; 0,7 e 0,8 kg m-2 de canteiro, equivalente a 18, 14 e 16 molhos m-2 de canteiro, na quantidade de 16,0 t ha-1. A aplicação de espécies espontâneas da caatinga, proporcionou rentabilidade líquida de R$ 6.070,00, taxa de retorno da ordem de R$ 2,80 e índice de lucratividade de 64,2% para jitirana. Rentabilidade líquida de R$ 2.920,00, taxa de retorno de 1,86 e índice de lucratividade de 46,3% para a flor-de-seda e rentabilidade líquida de R$ 4.270,00, taxa de retorno de 2,26 e índice de lucratividade de 55,8%. Nesse sentido, o cultivo de coentro adubado com espécies espontâneas da caatinga constitui-se em alternativa como adubo verde. Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is an annual herbaceous vegetable crop with average height 10-20 cm plant-1, depending on the soil conditions that are being grown, cultivar and fertilization. Its cultivation is mainly geared to meet the demand for fresh consumption stems and condiments industries. In this sense the research aimed to evaluate the jitirana (Merremia aegyptia), silk-flower (Calotropis procera) and kills pasture (Senna uniflora) as a source of green manure on agroeconomic performance of cilantro. The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm Rafael Fernandes, located in the district of Alagoinha, rural area of Mossoró-RN, in the period from July- September 2014. The experimental design was complete randomized block with treatments arranged in a factorial 4 x 3, with 3 repetitions. Treatments included a combination of four amounts of wild species (0,4; 0,8; 1,2 e 1,6 kg/m2) and the second factor, corresponding to three types of spontaneous species (jitirana, silk-flower and bush-pasture). Each plot consisted of twelve rows of plants spaced 0,1 mx 0,05 m, with 05 plants pit-1. Ten days after germination thinning took place thirty-three days after the planting to harvest was performed. The characteristics evaluated were: plant height, number of stems per plant, fresh coriander mass, dry mass and number of bunches cilantro coriander, economic parameters were: gross income, net income, rate of return per dollar invested and profitability index. Plant height in relation to the types of green manures, a difference was observed in relation to the jitirana-flowered silk-flower and bush-pasture, with average values of 18.9; 16.8 and 16.0 cm plant-1. For fresh pasta, it was observed that the jitirana was superior to silk-flower and bush-pasture and woods with maximum productivity of 0,9; 0,7 to 0,8 kg m-2 construction, equivalent to 18, 14 and 16 m2 sauces construction, the quantity of 16.0 t ha-1. The application of spontaneous caatinga species yielded net profit of R $ 6.070,00, return rate of R$ 2,80 and the profit margin of 64,2% for jitirana. Net profit of R $ 2.920,00, rate of return of 1.86 and profitability index of 46,3% for the silk-flower and net profit of R$ 4.270,00, rate of return of 2,26 and profitability index of 55,8%. Accordingly, the cultivation of coriander fertilized with wild species of the caatinga constitutes alternatively as green manure.

The structure of natural zeolite ofclinptilolite type is ideal for sorption and ion exchange processes. In this study the infuence of zeolite andammonia-loaded zeolite on growth and yield ofItalian ryegrass (Loliummullflorum Lam.) was investigated on two types of soil: Planosol and Dystric Cambisol. Potexperiment carried out in greenhouse included four different treatments: a) soil(control); b) soil+zeolite; c) soil+ammonia-loaded zeolite; d) nitrogen application bymineralertilizer; all in 4 replications. Our results show that there is a signicantdifference in yields obtained on the two types of soil, but the difference between treatments was not significant up to 3rd cut when the optimal yield was obtained inpots containing ammonia-loaded zeolite. The results are yet to be tested in conditions.

Tetraploid cultivars of Italian ryegrass have been developed and used as an alternative to diploid cultivars in an attempt to improve forage yield and quality. But, very often, production of tetraploid cultivars is reduced by unfavourable weather conditions. The objective of this research was to determine seed production stability of the tetraploid Italian ryegrass cultivar K29T in variable and contrasting environmental and meteorological conditions in Serbia. The study was conducted in four consecutive years and generations of seed multiplication. Every year, seed was harvested from the primary growth in the first production year after the year of establishment. Data of investigated traits (heading and harvest dates, tiller length, number of spikelets per spike, seed yield, dry herbage yield and 1,000 seed weight) were recorded for different management practices (stand densities and nitrogen applications). It was determined that seed yield, dry matter production and tiller length were presumably most affected by different environmental factors in different production years, and different management practice, especially different sowing densities. In contrast, number of spikelets per spike and 1,000 seed weight were less affected by management practice, except in the extremely arid 2003 year. Variation in seed yield was more related to variation in seed numbers than to variation in seed weight. In the first seed production year, the best density in this experiment was 15-20 kg ha−1 of seed sown at an interrow spacing of 60 cm without fertilizing or with only 50 kg ha−1 of N. Therefore, seed of tetraploid Italian ryegrass cv. K29T can be produced in diverse environmental conditions in Serbia, but lower stand densities allow for better plant tillering and the production of a greater volume of seed and, at the same time, good dry matter yield of the residual biomass.

LIMA, Fabrício Ferreira. Crescimento e rendimento em mamoeiro formosa em função de doses de boro, fósforo e zinco. 2014. 71 f. Tese (Doutorado em agronomia)- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2014. Papaya is a plant of rapid growth and continuous production and therefore requires a balanced nutrition. In this research three experiments were made under field conditions in Acaraú, CE, aiming to evaluate the growth, yield and mineral composition of the papaya plant stemming doses of B, P and Zn. In the first experiment, the treatments were arranged in factorial 4 x 4 + 1, being four B doses (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 kg ha-1) and four installments (P1 = 100 % of B fertilization at 30 days after planting (DAP), P2 = 50% at 30 DAP and 50% at 180 DAP; P3 = 50% at 30 DAP, 25% at 90 DAP and 25% at 180 DAP, and P4 = 100% to 180 DAP), plus a control (0 kg ha-1 B), in experimental design of randomized blocks with four replications. In the second experiment, the treatments were in a factorial 3 x 3 + 1, three P2O5 doses (100, 200 and 300 kg ha-1) and three installments (P1 = 100% of P fertilization at planting; P2 = 50% at planting and 50% at 180 DAP and P3 = 50% at planting, 25% at 90% DAP and 25% at 180 DAP), plus a control (0 kg ha-1 P2O5) in experimental design of randomized blocks with three replications. In the third experiment, treatments consisted of six Zn doses (7.8, 9.8, 11.8, 13.8, 15.8 and 19.8 kg ha-1) in experimental design of randomized blocks with three replications. Were evaluated plant height and girth stem at 180 DAP; B, P and Zn concentrations in the petiole leaf at 210 and 360 DAP and in the fruit at 240 DAP and the yield of papaya trees between 210 and 360 DAP. The experimental data were subjected to analysis of variance by F-test. To the B, P and Zn doses were adjusted regression equations and the B and P installments were applied Tukey test. The growth, the B, P and Zn concentration in the petiole leaf and the yield were affected by B, P and Zn doses. The maximum yields were achieved at doses 2 kg ha-1 of B, 160 kg ha-1 of P2O5 and 10 kg ha-1 of Zn. Already the B, P and Zn concentration in the petioles related maximum yield was 22 mg kg-1, 1.9 g kg-1 and 12 mg kg-1 at 210 DAP, respectively. O mamoeiro é uma planta de rápido crescimento e produção contínua e por isso, necessita de uma nutrição balanceada. Nesta pesquisa foram feitos três experimentos em condições de campo, em Acaraú, CE, com o objetivo de avaliar o crescimento, a produtividade e a composição mineral do mamoeiro, decorrentes de doses de B, P e Zn. No primeiro experimento, os tratamentos foram constituídos em esquema fatorial 4 x 4 + 1, sendo quatro doses de B (0,5; 1,0; 2,0 e 4,0 kg ha-1) e quatro parcelamentos (P1 = 100% da adubação com B aos 30 dias após o plantio (DAP); P2 = 50% aos 30 DAP e 50% aos 180 DAP; P3 = 50% aos 30 DAP, 25% aos 90 DAP e 25% aos 180 DAP; e P4 = 100% aos 180 DAP), mais um controle (0 kg ha-1 de B), em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. No segundo experimento, os tratamentos foram constituídos em esquema fatorial 3 x 3 + 1, sendo três doses de P2O5 (100; 200 e 300 kg ha-1) e três parcelamentos (P1 = 100% da adubação com P no plantio; P2 = 50% no plantio e 50% aos 180 DAP e P3 = 50% no plantio, 25% aos 90 DAP e 25% aos 180 DAP), mais um controle (0 kg ha-1 de P2O5), em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. Já no terceiro experimento, os tratamentos foram constituídos de seis doses de Zn (7,8; 9,8; 11,8; 13,8; 15,8 e 19,8 kg ha-1), em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. Foram avaliadas a altura da planta e a circunferência do caule aos 180 DAP; os teores de B, P e Zn no pecíolo foliar aos 210 e 360 DAP e no fruto aos 240 DAP e o rendimento dos mamoeiros entre 210 e 360 DAP. Os dados experimentais foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo teste F. Para as doses de B, P e Zn foram ajustadas as equações de regressões e para os parcelamentos de B e P foram aplicados os testes de Tukey. O crescimento, os teores de B, P e Zn no pecíolo foliar e o rendimento foram afetados pelas doses B, P e Zn. Os máximos rendimentos foram alcançados nas doses de 2 kg ha-1 de B, 160 kg ha-1 de P2O5 e 10 kg ha-1 de Zn. Já os teores no pecíolo foliar relacionados à máxima produtividade foram de 22 mg kg-1 de B, 1,9 g kg-1 de P e 12 mg kg-1 de Zn aos 210 DAP.

O presente trabalho, realizado em janeiro de 1995, visou avaliar a atividade da enzima fosfatase ácida em folhas de quatro progênies de pupunheira (Bactris gasipaes Kunth), cultivadas em duas doses de nitrogênio e duas de fósforo. Para tanto, utilizou-se a porção média da segunda folha mais jovem de perfilhos de palmeiras com quatro anos de idade. As plantas analisadas representam parcelas submetidas a duas doses de nitrogênio (N1 = 0, N2 = 400 kg ha-1 ano-1 de N) e duas doses de fósforo (P1 = 0, P2 = 200 kg ha-1 ano-1 de P2O5). A dose de potássio foi 200 kg ha-1 ano-1 de K2O. Análises dos elementos no solo e nas folhas foram efetuadas e correlações foram estimadas entre as características avaliadas e o crescimento e a produção de palmito dos quatro tratamentos. Foram observados valores médios de atividade da fosfatase ácida de 8,35; 4,58; 10,84, e 11,05 µmol h-1 g-1, para os tratamentos N2P2, N2P1, N1P2 e N1P1, respectivamente. Houve diferenças significativas de atividade entre doses de nitrogênio (10,95 e 6,47 µmol h-1 g-1, para N1 e N2, respectivamente) e entre progênies (variando de 6,18 (G3) a 10,10 (G1) µmol h-1 g-1), indicando que esses dois fatores devem ser levados em conta em estudos dessa natureza. A atividade da fosfatase ácida apresentou correlação negativa com as características que avaliam o crescimento (biomassa aérea e radicular) e a produção de palmito (peso e diâmetro) das plantas estudadas, não se correlacionando com os teores de fósforo no solo ou no tecido foliar. Acid phosphatase activity was evaluated in leaf extracts of four year old peach palms (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) in January, 1995. Plants from four progenies were field-grown under the combination of two levels of phosphorus (P1 = 0 and P2 = 200 kg ha-1 year-1 of P2O5) and two levels of nitrogen (N1 = 0 and N2 = 400 kg ha-1 year-1 of N). Potassium was applied at a rate of 200 kg ha-1 year-1 of K2O. The results of acid phosphatase activity were 8.35, 4.58, 10.84 and 11.05 µmol h-1 g-1, respectively, for combinations N2P2, N2P1, N1P2 and N1P1. There were differences in enzyme activity between nitrogen levels (10.95 and 6.47 µmol h-1 g-1, respectively, for N1 and N2) and among progenies, ranging from 6.18 to 10.10 µmol h-1 g-1. Acid phosphatase activity was negatively correlated to above ground and root dry matter weight, as well as heart of palm yield. No significant correlation was found between enzyme activity and P soil or leaf content.

Foram estudados atributos relacionados à produção da cana-de-açúcar no sistema orgânico com o intuito de avaliar a eficiência desse sistema. Avaliou-se a fertilidade do solo, a nutrição e produtividade da cana-de-açúcar e os impactos do sistema de produção sobre os estoques de carbono e nitrogênio no solo. Analisaram-se os seguintes atributos: matéria orgânica (MO), pH do solo (pH), acidez potencial (H+Al), alumínio (Al3+), enxofre (S), capacidade de troca catiônica (CTC), saturação de bases (V), saturação de alumínio (m), fósforo (P), potássio (K), cálcio (Ca) e magnésio (Mg). Para caracterizar o estado nutricional da cultura e a produtividade: número total de colmos, produção total de colmos, carbono (C), nitrogênio (N) e a relação C/N das plantas, produção de palhada, produção de matéria seca e a extração de P, Ca, Mg, K, Fe, Zn, Cu e Mn. O impacto do cultivo da cana-de-açúcar sobre o solo foi avaliado por meio da densidade do solo (Ds) e os estoques de carbono e nitrogênio no solo. Na fertilidade e no estado nutricional da cana estudou-se a seguinte cronossequência de canaviais: Org.0 - área cultivada em sistema convencional, representando o início do sistema de cultivo orgânico; Org.2 - área cultivada há dois anos no sistema orgânico; Org.6 - área cultivada há seis anos no sistema orgânico; Org.10 - área cultivada há dez anos no sistema orgânico. Avaliaram-se também: uma área onde ocorreu uma queima acidental, Org.2Q - área cultivada há dois anos no sistema orgânico com uma queima acidental e outra área onde o canavial foi plantado há doze anos e desde então não foi reformada, sendo cultivada há dez anos no sistema orgânico - Org.10SR. No estudo do impacto do cultivo da cana sobre o solo foi excluída a área Org.6 porque o teor de argila nessa área foi inferior às demais. Uma área de cerrado nativo (CN) foi usada como referência para os cálculos corrigidos dos estoques de carbono e nitrogênio. As amostras de solo (Latossolo Vermelho) e de planta foram coletadas em canaviais pertencentes à Usina Jalles Machado, em Goianésia – GO. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado, com cinco repetições. O solo foi coletado nas seguintes profundidades: 0-5, 5-10, 10-20-, 20-30, 30-40, 40-60, 60-80 e 80-100 cm, em dezembro de 2010. O tecido vegetal foi coletado em fevereiro de 2011. O cultivo orgânico da cana-de-açúcar foi melhor do que o cultivo convencional. Houve aumento nos níveis de fertilidade do solo e na produtividade do canavial. A extração de nutrientes do solo foi maior nas áreas orgânicas, as quais requerem manejo especial da adubação para evitar o empobrecimento dos solos. Quanto ao perfilhamento e produtividade do canavial, verificou-se que no início da conversão para o sistema orgânico, após dois anos, houve redução do perfilhamento, mas sem comprometer a produtividade final do canavial. As plantas cultivadas no sistema orgânico absorveram mais nutrientes do que cultivo convencional e a densidade do solo reduziu-se sensivelmente nas camadas superficiais. No sistema de cultivo orgânico os estoques de carbono aumentaram consideravelmente em relação ao cultivo convencional. There were studied attributes related to sugarcane production in the organic cultivation system aiming to evaluate the efficiency of this system. There were evaluated the soil fertility, the nutrition and productivity of sugarcane and the impacts of the production system on the stocks of carbon and nitrogen on soil. There were analyzed the following attributes of soil fertility: organic matter (OM), soil chemical reaction (pH), potential acidity (H+Al), aluminum (Al3+), sulfur (S), cation exchange capacity (CEC), base saturation (V), aluminum saturation (m), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg). In order to establish the crop nutritional status and its productivity: total number and total production of stalks, carbon (C), nitrogen (N) e and C/N ratio of the plants, straw production, production of dry matter and the extraction of P, Ca, Mg, K, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn. The impact of sugarcane cultivation on the soil was evaluated through the soil density (Sd), content and stocks of carbon and nitrogen on soil. Regarding the fertility and nutritional status of sugarcane it was studied the following chronosequence of cultivated areas in the organic system: Org.0 – area cultivated under conventional system, representing the beginning of the organic system cultivation; Org.2 – area cultivated for 2 years in the organic system; Org.6 – area cultivated for 6 years in the organic system; Org.10 – area cultivated for 10 years in the organic system. There were evaluated also two different situations that may occur in any production system: one area where it occurred an accidental burn, Org.2Q – area cultivated for two years in the organic system with an accidental burn and other area where the sugarcane plantation was grown for twelve years and since then it was not reformed and replanted, being cultivated for ten years in the organic system - Org.10SR. In the study of impact of sugarcane cultivation on soil it was excluded the area Org.6 because the clay content in this area was inferior to the others. One area of native cerrado (CN) was used as reference for the calculated stocks of carbon and nitrogen. The soil (Oxisol), and plant samples, were collected in plantations belonging to Usina Jalles Machado, Goianésia – GO. The design was entirely randomized with five repetitions. The soil was collected in the following depths: 0-5, 5-10, 10-20-, 20-30, 30-40, 40-60, 60-80 and 80-100 cm, December 2010. The vegetal tissue was collected in February 2011. The organic cultivation was found more efficient than the conventional one of sugarcane. There was a rise up on the levels of fertility of the soil and of productivity. The extraction of nutrients of the soil was higher in the organic areas, which require special management of fertilizing to avoid weakening of the soil. Regarding the tillering and productivity, it was verified that in the beginning of the conversion to the organic system, after two years, there was reduction of tillering, however with no compromising of the final productivity of the plantation. The plants cultivated in the organic system absorbed more nutrients than in the conventional system. The soil density reduced highly in the superficial layers. In the organic system the carbon stocks raised considerably in relation to the conventional cultivation.

Magistrantūros studijų baigiamajame darbe pateikiami skirtingai tręšto produktyvaus žolyno ankstyvos ir vėlyvos pirmos žolės pjūties žolynų produktyvumo ir maistingumo vertinimo rezultatai. Darbo objektas – Produktyvus sėtinis pupinių – miglinių žolių žolynas, kuriame tiriamos kompleksinių trąšų normos įvertinant ir skirtingos pirmos pjūties laiko įtaką. Darbo metodai : R.Svipo ūkyje vykdomas tikslusis bandymas, kuriame nustatomas žolyno žaliosios masės ir SM derlingumas, nustatoma išdžiovintos žolės cheminė sudėtis bei svarbiausi žolės maistingumo rodikliai (žalieji proteinai, žalioji ląsteliena, apykaitos (NEL) energija). Darbo rezultatai. Kompleksinių trąšų normos didinimas nuo 200 kg ha-1 iki 500 kg ha-1, iki 20 proc. didino žaliosios masės ir SM derlių. Vėlinant pirmosios pjūties laiką iki birželio 4 d., didėja pirmos žolės derliaus dalis metiniame derliuje. Pjaunant pirmąją žolę gegužės 18 d., tolygiau pasiskirsto atskirų pjūčių derlius metiniame žolyno derliuje. Suvėlinus pirmos žolės pjūtį iki birželio 4 d., padidėjo metinis SM derlius ir santykinai sumažėjo atolų procntinė dalis metiniame derliuje. Anksti nupjautos pirmos žolės pašaras atitiko gyvulių fiziologines reikmes ir kokybiško žolinio pašaro rodiklius. Suvėlinus pirmąją pjūtį, nepaisant didesnio žaliosios masės ir SM derlingumo padidėjimo, esmingai pablogėjo visi pašaro maistingumo rodikliai. Master's thesis presented differently fertilized grassland productive early and late first-harvest grass sward productivity and nutritional assessment. Object of the work – Productive playpen Fabaceae - Poaceae grass sward, which investigated complex fertilizer rates and different evaluation of the first harvest time influence. Method of the work – R.Svipas farm made an exact test to determine the mass and the green grass DM yield, determined the chemical composition of the dried grass and herbs the most important nutritional indicators (crude protein, crude fiber, metabolism (NRL) energy). The results of work. Complex fertilizer rate increases from 200 kg ha-1 to 500 kg ha-1 to 20 percent. increasing green mass and SM yield. Delaying the harvest of the first time to June 4. Increases the first part of the annual grass crop yield. Cutting the grass on the first of May 18., Evenly distributed in the individual crop yields annual grass yield. Later, the first grass harvest until June 4th. Increased annual DM yield and the relative decrease in the atolls procent part of the annual yield. Early in the first cut of grass for animal feed is matched physiological needs and quality herbal feed rates. Later, the first harvest, despite the increased mass and Green DM yields increase substantially worse all the feed nutrition indicators.

У статті наведені результати досліджень фітосанітарного стану насаджень картоплі залежно від удобрення. Суттєвої різниці в ураженні рослин фітофторозом та колорадським жуком між варіантами удобрення не виявлено. Ураженість фітофторозом у фазу цвітіння складала 1 бал за 6-ти значною шкалою, а у фазу початку природного відмирання бадилля 5 балів. Ушкодження рослин колорадським жуком складала лише 1,7–3,0% завдяки здійсненню заходів захисту рослин. Внесення соломи, сидератів, гною сприяло зменшенню кількості бур'янів у насадженнях картоплі., The paper presents the results of the investigations into the fitosanitary condition of potato plantation depending on the fertilization. The essential damage of plants by fitoftoroz, colorado beetle between fertilizing no determine. The fitoftoroz damage of potato plants in blooming phase was 1 point for 6 point scale, and in natural die off phase 5 point. The damage of plants by colorado beetles was only 1,7–3,5% owing to realize of plants protect measure. The application straw, ciderates and manure decrease number of weeds in potato plantation.

A produção de mandioquinha-salsa (Arracacia xanthorrhiza Bancroft) vem aumentando marcadamente em algumas regiões do Brasil, com uma crescente demanda nos grandes centros consumidores. O desenvolvimento e produção desta espécie no estado do Rio de Janeiro foi avaliado, em condições de campo, em um experimento com três níveis de nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio em esquema fatorial, num delineamento de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Foram realizadas amostragens, da planta inteira, da parte aérea, do propágulo e da raiz, em quatro épocas ao longo do ciclo da cultura. O maior acúmulo da massa seca na parte aérea ocorreu aos 180 dias e, em relação ao propágulo e às raízes, aos 300 dias depois do transplante. Não foram observadas respostas significativas na produtividade de raízes comercializáveis às doses aplicadas de fósforo e potássio e a maior produtividade foi alcançada com a dose de 60 kg.ha-1 de N. Arracacha production has been markedly increasing in some regions of Brazil, with a indreasing demand in the most important consuming centers. A field experiment was conducted with the objective of evaluating the development of this species in the State of Rio de Janeiro. Three levels of N, P and K were tested in completely randomized blocks design with four repetitions in a factorial scheme. Shoot, corm and root samples were collected four times along the plant cycle. The highest shoot dry weight accumulation was recorded at 180 days, for corm and roots at 300 days after planting. No Significant effects of phosphorus and potassium levels were observed and the highest production was reached with the level of 60 kg.ha-1 of N.

A produção de mandioquinha-salsa (Arracacia xanthorrhiza Bancroft) vem aumentando marcadamente em algumas regiões do Brasil, com uma crescente demanda nos grandes centros consumidores. O desenvolvimento e produção desta espécie no estado do Rio de Janeiro foi avaliado, em condições de campo, em um experimento com três níveis de nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio em esquema fatorial, num delineamento de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Foram realizadas amostragens, da planta inteira, da parte aérea, do propágulo e da raiz, em quatro épocas ao longo do ciclo da cultura. O maior acúmulo da massa seca na parte aérea ocorreu aos 180 dias e, em relação ao propágulo e às raízes, aos 300 dias depois do transplante. Não foram observadas respostas significativas na produtividade de raízes comercializáveis às doses aplicadas de fósforo e potássio e a maior produtividade foi alcançada com a dose de 60 kg.ha-1 de N.Arracacha production has been markedly increasing in some regions of Brazil, with a indreasing demand in the most important consuming centers. A field experiment was conducted with the objective of evaluating the development of this species in the State of Rio de Janeiro. Three levels of N, P and K were tested in completely randomized blocks design with four repetitions in a factorial scheme. Shoot, corm and root samples were collected four times along the plant cycle. The highest shoot dry weight accumulation was recorded at 180 days, for corm and roots at 300 days after planting. No Significant effects of phosphorus and potassium levels were observed and the highest production was reached with the level of 60 kg.ha-1 of N.

Submitted by Ruth Quaresma de Freitas (ruth_quaresma@hotmail.com) on 2019-02-07T16:06:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ROGER LUIZ DA SILVA ALMEIDA - TESE PPGEA 2012..pdf: 12827344 bytes, checksum: eef2dc8c9a6c22d337aac901e8326c3c (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2019-02-07T16:06:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ROGER LUIZ DA SILVA ALMEIDA - TESE PPGEA 2012..pdf: 12827344 bytes, checksum: eef2dc8c9a6c22d337aac901e8326c3c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03 O crescimento de mudas de cacau e o efeito da irrigação e adubação nitrogenada sob as características de crescimento e de produtividade do cacaueiro {Theobroma cacao L.) clone CCN-51, foi verificado em um experimento realizado em casa de vegetação e no campo na propriedade hidroágricola Vale do Sol em Jequié-BA. O viveiro era constituído de sombrite 50%, micro-aspersores invertidos com tubo de descida de 0,60 m sendo sua área de aproximadamente 630 m2 com pé direito de 2m. A área experimental útil utilizada no campo foi de 1792 m2 plantada com cacau clonal com espaçamento de 3,5 x 2,0 m onde foram aplicadas quatro lâminas de irrigação tomando-se como base a lâmina bruta de irrigação (LB) sendo estas 0,60 LB, 0,80 LB, 1 LB e 1,2 LB, sendo as laminas brutas inferidas de leituras de evaporação de água num tanque Classe "A" instalado na propriedade rural. As doses de fertilizantes aplicadas foram 70, 100, 130 e 160 % do nitrogénio (N) recomendado para a cultura do cacau. O delineamento estatístico experimental foi um factotial 4 x 4 , em blocos casualizados com 4 repetições ,onde os fatores lâminas de água (L) e doses de nitrogénio (N) foram combinados resultando em 16 tratamentos. No viveiro foram mensurados a altura da planta, diâmetro do caule e número de folhas; no campo a altura da plantas, diâmetro do caule os componentes de produção (número de frutos por planta, comprimento, diâmetro dos frutos, peso dos frutos, número de sementes por frutos, peso da amêndoa e produtividade). Os níveis de água e as doses de nitrogénio utilizado neste estudo influenciaram a altura da planta e o diâmetro do caule, enquanto que a interação dos fatores água e nitrogénio não influenciaram nestas características. As lâminas de água, doses de nitrogénio e a interação entre elas influenciaram positivamente na produção de amêndoas secas e no número de frutos por planta do cacau. No campo o uso de 1922,52 mm de água e 493,10 kg ha*1 de nitrogénio promoveu a maior produtividade de amêndoas de cacau para comercialização, 1025,69 kg ha"1. A combinação ótima lâmina de água e dose de nitrogénio foi de 1926,23 mm e 560,70 kg ha"1 de nitrogénio proporcionando uma produção de 1649,23 kg ha'1 de amêndoas secas de cacau. The growth of cocoa seedlings and the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the growth characteristics and productivity of cacao {Theobroma cacao L.) CCN-51 clone, was verified in an experiment conducted in a greenhouse and in the field of the Hydroagricultural property in Vale do Sol Jequié-BA. The nursery shaft had 50% shading, micro-sprinklers reversed to the height of 0.60 m and an area of approximately 630 m2 with a ceiling height of 2m. The experimental field had an area of 1792 m2 planted with clones spaced 3.5 x 2 m, where were applied 4 irrigation regimes, based on the gross irrigation depth (GD) 0.60, 0.80 ,1.0 and 1.2 GD, inferred from a Class "A" Evaporation Pan installed on the farm. The fertilizer doses applied were 70, 100 130 and 160% of the recommended nitrogen for the cocoa cultivation. The statistical experimental design was a 4 x 4 factorial, randomized blocks with four replications, where the water depths and nitrogen factors were combined resulting in 16 treatments. In the nursery was measured the plant height, stem diameter and leaf number; at the field the plant height, stem diameter and the yield components (number of fruits per plant, length, diameter ffuit, ffuit weight, number of seeds per fruit, weight of kernel and productivity). The water depths and nitrogen doses used in this study influenced the plant height and stem diameter, while the interaction of water and nitrogen did not affect these characteristics. The amount of water, the nitrogen and the interaction between them influenced positively the production of dry beans and fruit number per plant of the cocoa. In the field the use of 1922.52 mm of water and 493.10 kg ha"1 nitrogen promoted the highest productivity of commercial cocoa beans, 1025.69 kg ha"1. The optimal combination of water depth and nitrogen was 1926.23 mm and 560.70 kg ha"1, nitrogen giving a yield of 1649.23 kg ha"1 of dry cocoa beans.

Effect of microbiological fertilizer (Slavol) and soil additives (zeolite and hydrogel) on buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) yield was investigated in this paper. Trial was set up in the village of Radijevići, Serbia in agroecological conditions of mountain Zlatar (altitude 1,065 m) during a two-year period 2009 and 2010. A randomized complete block design with four replications was set up. In organic cropping system three combinations of microbiological fertilizer (Slavol) with zeolite and hydrogel were used prior to sowing. Different combinations of the microbiological fertilizer and the soil additives gave positive results especially in the second year of the trial. The best combination in organic cropping system was Slavol+hydrogel with foliar application of the microbiological fertilizer, which resulted in the greatest yield of buckwheat and this treatment can be recommended to producers. Buckwheat performed very well under limited conditions of acidic soil on high altitude in organic cropping system and it can be recommended as a very suitable crop for organic producers. U ovom radu je ispitivan uticaj mikrobiološkog đubriva (Slavol) i oplemenjivača zemljišta (zeolita i hidrogela) na prinos heljde (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench). Ogled je postavljen u selu Radijevići u agroekološkim uslovima planine Zlatar na nadmorskoj visini od 1.065 m tokom dvogodišnjeg perioda 2009. i 2010. Ogled je postavljen po slučajnom blok sistemu u četiri ponavljanja. U organskom sistemu gajenja su primenjene tri kombinacije mikrobiološkog đubriva sa zeolitom i hidrogelom pre setve useva. Sve varijante đubrenja su dale pozitivne rezultate u odnosu na prinos, naročito u drugoj godini istraživanja. Najbolja kombinacija u organskom sistemu gajenja je bila varijanta Slavol+hydrogel sa folijarnom primenom mikrobiološkog đubriva Slavola, koja je dala i najveći prinos heljde. Gajenje heljde pod limitiranim uslovima kiselog zemljišta na većoj nadmorskoj visini u organskom sistemu gajenja se pokazalo opravdanim i može se preporučiti proizvođačima.

Microorganisms are involved in the formation of soil fertility, both potential and effective. They facilitate the processes of humification and dehumification and play a key role in the cycling of nutrients - macro and microelements. Rhizosphere is the soil in direct contact with plant roots and influenced by plant exudates. Root exudates of maize significantly affect the composition and abundance of microorganisms in the rhizosphere. Bio-fertilizers are microbial fertilizers composed of highly effective strains of bacteria, algae and fungi isolated from soil. Their application activates microbial processes that secure a better and steadier supply of plants with nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and some micronutrients. The application of PGPR-containing biofertilizers reduces the need for expensive nitrogen fertilizers, facilitates phosphorus uptake by plants and affects the direction and dynamics of microbial processes. Mikroorganizmi učestvuju u stvaranju plodnosti zemljišta, kako potencijalne tako i efektivne. Mikroorganizmi omogućavaju odvijanje procesa humifikacije i dehumifikacije i zauzimaju centralno mesto u kruženju neophodnih hranljivih makro i mikroelemenata. Zona zemljišta koja okružuje korenov sistem biljaka i pod uticajem je njegovih izlučevina može se definisati kao rizosfera. Svojim korenskim izlučevinama kukuruz može značajno da utiče na sastav i brojnost mikroorganizama u rizosferi. Biofertilizatori su mikrobiološka đubriva koja sadrže selekcionisane visoko efektivne sojeve bakterija, algi i gljiva izolovane iz zemljišta. Njihovim unošenjem u zemljište aktiviraju se odgovarajući mikrobiološki procesi koji omogućavaju bolje i ravnomernije snabdevanje biljaka azotom, fosforom i kalijumom, kao i nekim mikroelementima. Primenom biofertilizatora koji sadrže rizobakterije promotore biljnog rasta - PGPR (Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria) smanjuje se upotreba skupih azotnih đubriva, omogućava se biljci lakše usvajanje fosfora i utiče na pravac i dinamiku mikrobioloških procesa.

Präzision und Schlagkraft stehen bei der Düngung nach wie vor im Vordergrund. Realisieren lassen sich diese Forderungen nur in Verbindung mit elektronischen Regelmechanismen und dem passenden Datenmanagement. Die Zentrifugalstreuer – lange Zeit als Einfachgeräte eingeordnet – sind inzwischen aufgerückt in die anspruchsvolle Leistungsklasse der Anbaugeräte. Entsprechend hat sich auch die Kostenstruktur verschoben. Nach wie vor gilt aber auch: Die Kosten für den ausgebrachten Dünger sind um ein Vielfaches höher als die Anschaffungskosten für den Streuer selbst., Precision and speed are the main aspects regarding fertilizing. These can only be solved with electronic controls and data management. Rotating disc fertilizer spreaders have been seen long times as simple machines. Presently they advanced to the more challenging machines. Therefore the price of these machines changed drastically. Nevertheless, fertilizer spreaders still cost a fraction of the amount which is paid for the fertilizer being broadcasted., Jahrbuch Agrartechnik, vol. 24. 2012Jahrbuch Agrartechnik 2012, vol. 24.2012, p. 113

This publication gives insight into organic fertilizer types and their nutrient values.

Inoculation is the best way to ensure good nodulation with the proper strain of nitrogen-fixing bacteria for increased yield in an environmentally safe manner. This investigation was conducted on three-year experiment which was set up in four replications with three-crop rotation (maize-soybean-wheat) at experimental field of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad, Serbia. Effects of application of microbiological fertilizer (with nitrogen-fixing bacteria Bradyrhizobium japonicum) on root mass, number and mass of nodes per plant, soil biogeneity (number of ammonifiers, Azotobacter, actinomycetes), as well as the effect on soybean yield were studied. Obtained results indicated positive impact of inoculation on nitrogen fixation parameters. The higher amounts of mineral nitrogen had negative impact on atmospheric nitrogen fixation, i.e. by increasing preplanting mineral nitrogen amount in the soil by 1 kg, the amount of calculated nitrogen from the air was decreased by 1.72 kg. Increasing abundance of studied microorganisms in the rhizosphere, as well as soybean yield using microbiological fertilizer was stimulated by plowing under crop residues. The impact of meteorogical conditions on the effects of inoclutaion was very significant. Key words: Inoculation, fertilizing, nitrogen fixation, soybean, microorganisms, yield.

Magistro darbe tiriama azotinių medžiagų dinamikos dėsningumai skirtingo amžiaus ir priežiūros sąlygų golfo laukų dirvožemiuose. Darbo objektas – seniai naudojamo ir naujai įrengto golfo laukų dirvožemiai. 2009-2010 m. laikotarpyje senojo golfo lauko (16 ha) dirvožemiams tręšti sunaudota 3303,2 kg ha-1, o naujojo golfo lauko (140 ha) dirvožemiams – 5006 kg ha-1 trąšų, t.y. 1,5 karto daugiau. Darbo rezultatai. Atlikus tyrimą nustatyta, kad vidutiniai suminiai (Nb) ir mineralinio azoto (Nmin) kiekiai tirtuose senojo ir naujojo golfo laukų dirvožemiuose buvo 2-2,6 karto didesni nei vidutiniškai Lietuvos dirvožemiuose ir kito nuo 0,11 % naujojo iki 0,19 % senojo golfo laukų dirvožemiuose. Nmin senojo golfo lauko dirvožemyje vidutiniškai sudarė 17,98 mg kg-1 arba 0,94 % bendrojo N kiekio (Nb+Nmin), o naujojo golfo lauko dirvožemyje – 13,58 mg kg-1 arba 1,22 % Nb+Nmin. Amonio azoto (NH4-N) senojo golfo lauko dirvožemyje nustatyta vidutiniškai 1,69 ± 0,91 mg kg-1 arba 9,4 % Nmin. Naujojo golfo lauko dirvožemyje NH4-N sudarė 8,5 % Nmin ir buvo statistiškai reikšmingai (p0,05). Nitratų azoto (NO3-N) senojo golfo lauko dirvožemyje nustatyta 88,5 % Nmin, o naujojo golfo lauko dirvožemyje – 89,6 % Nmin , tačiau DLK (130 mg kg-1 pagal NO) neviršijo. Priklausomai nuo vegetacijos sezoniškumo senojo golfo lauko... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] Dynamics of nitrogen substances in soil of golf courses of various age and management conditions are investigated in the Master’s Thesis. Object of the work – soils of long-used and newly installed golf courses. In the year 2009-2010 3303.2 kg ha-1 of fertilizers were used to fertilize the soils of the old golf course (16 ha) and 5006 kg ha-1 of fertilizers were used for the soils of the new golf course (140 ha). Results of the work. The research disclosed that total (Nb) and mineral nitrogen (Nmin) contents in the soils of investigated old and new golf courses were 2-2,6 times more than mean Lithuanian soil Nb contents and varied in the range 0.11-0.19% . The Nmin content in the soil of the old golf course was 17.98 mg kg-1 or 0.94% of the total amount of N (Nb + Nmin), while the amount in the soil of the new golf course was 13.58 mg kg-1 or 1.22% Nb+Nmin. The mean amount of ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N) in the soil of the old golf course was 1.69 ± 0.91 mg kg-1 or 9.4%. NH4-N constituted 8.5% of the Nmin in the new golf course, and it was significantly less (p0.05). Amount of nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) in the soil of the old golf course constituted 88.5% of Nmin, and in the new golf course – 89.6%of Nmin, but it did not exceed the MPC (130 mg kg-1 according to NO) (HN 60:2004)... [to full text]

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior O óleo essencial de gerânio (Pelargonium graveolens L´Her) é amplamente usado em sabonetes, nas indústrias de perfumaria e cosméticos. Há um déficit na produção do óleo essencial de gerânio pelo mundo e assim tornou-se necessário o investimento em pesquisas que garantam o aumento da produção mundial de gerânio. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi de avaliar a influência do uso de diferentes cores de filme plástico, tipos de adubação, espaçamentos de plantio e intervalos de colheita na biomassa e no óleo essencial de gerânio. Dois ensaios foram conduzidos. No primeiro ensaio avaliou-se o efeito de diferentes cores de filme plástico e tipos de adubação e no segundo avaliou-se o efeito de diferentes espaçamentos de plantio e intervalos de colheita. As variáveis avaliadas foram: sobrevivência, altura de plantas, diâmetro de copas, massa fresca e seca de folhas e caules, teor e rendimento de óleo essencial e os teores dos seguintes compostos majoritários: geraniol, citronelol, formiato de citronelil, linalol, 6,9-guaiadieno, formiato de geranila, geranial e iso-mentona. No primeiro ensaio a ausência de filme plástico resultou na redução significativa para praticamente todas as variáveis e o uso de esterco bovino, isolado ou combinado com NPK (3-12-6), resultou em valores mais elevados em boa parte das variáveis. Para o cultivo de gerânio pode se recomendar o uso de filme plástico, preferencialmente de cor preta que é mais barato, espaçamento de plantio de 50 x 50 cm e os intervalos de colheita da parte aérea de oito semanas.

The results obtained in the ten-year trial (2000-2009) carried out under agro-ecological conditions of Zemun Polje are presented in this study. The objective was to determine effects of soil water regime (A) and the fertilizer rates (B) on the yield of maize directly sown in chernozem. The trial was set up according to the block design under conditions of rain fed and irrigation with the three NPK levels: B1 - Ø; B2 - 150 kg nitrogen ha-1, 105 kg phosphorus ha-1 and 75 kg potassium ha-1; B3 - 300 kg nitrogen ha-1, 210 kg phosphorus ha-1 and 150 kg potassium ha-1. Maize was sown with the John Deere-7200 MaxEmerge 2 planter. Results were processed by the factorial analysis of variance and the LSD test, while the dependence of the yield on the water regime was established by the regression analysis. Obtained results showed that the formation of yield had been significantly affected by the water regime and fertilizing. The average yield amounted to 7.25 t ha-1 and 9.31 t ha-1 under rain fed and irrigation conditions, respectively. The following yields were obtained on the average over fertilizing variants: B1- 6.46 t ha-1, B2- 8.74 t ha-1 and B3- 9.64 t ha-1. The yield of 7.74 t ha-1 can be expected in the variant B1, if 450 mm of water enters the soil surface during the growing season. With 20 mm more water the yields expected in variants B2 and B3 could be 10.60 t ha-1 and 11.70 t ha-1, respectively. U radu su prikazani rezultati desetogodišnjeg ogleda (2000-2009) izvedenog u agroekološkim uslovima Zemun Polja. Cilj je bio da se utvrdi uticaj vodnog režima zemljišta (A) i nivoa đubrenja (B) na prinos kukuruza, koji je sejan na černozemu direktno u strnište. Ogled je bio postavljen po metodi blok sistema, u prirodnom i irigacionom vodnom režimu, u varijantama primene sledećih količina NPK hraniva: B1- Ø kg ha-1; B2 - 150 kg N ha-1, 105 kg P ha-1 i 75 kg K ha-1; B3- 300 kg N ha-1, 210 kg P ha-1 i 150 kg K ha-1. Setva hibrida kukuruza ZP 704 je obavljana sejalicom John Deer- 7200 MaxEmerge 2. Rezultati prinosa su obrađeni analizom varijanse i LSD testom, a regresionom analizom utvrđena je zavisnost prinosa i količine vode. Rezultati pokazuju da su vodni režim zemljišta i đubrenje veoma značajno uticali na formiranje prinosa kukuruza. U prirodnom vodnom režimu ostvaren je prosečan prinos 7,25 t ha-1, a u irigacionom 9,31 t ha-1. U proseku, po varijantama đubrenja dobijene su sledeće vrednosti: B1- 6,46 t ha-1, B2- 8,74 t ha-1, B3-9,64 t ha-1. U varijanti B1 može se očekivati maksimalni prinos 7,74 t ha-1, ako tokom vegetacionog perioda na površinu zemljišta dospe 450 mm vode. Sa 20 mm više vode u varijantama B2 i B3 mogu se očekivati prinosi 10,60 t ha-1 i 11,70 t ha-1.

This guide outlines simplified methods to calibrate manure spreaders based on determining the load and area covered by the load.

Landtechnik ist intelligent geworden und wird noch mehr Elektronik (Intelligenz) erhalten – dem technischen Trend folgen/vorauseilen! Mit dieser Technik kann der Landwirt heute und morgen noch effizienter, umweltschonender und „komfortabler“ produzieren – seinen gesellschaftlichen Verpflichtungen nachkommen! Generell besteht kein Unterschied für die Nutzung im konventionellen Landbau und im Biolandbau – für letzteren sind sogar die neuen Möglichkeiten größer und effizienter als für ersteren! Allerdings erfordert die Landtechnik von morgen auch eine „Betriebsführung von morgen“ mit völlig neuen/alten Aufgaben – und vielen neuen Möglichkeiten! Die dafür erforderlichen Standards, Methoden und Hilfsmittel sind derzeit erst ansatzweise verfügbar – Wissenschaft, Landtechnik und Beratung stehen vor der nächsten Herausforderung!

Yield sensors and electronics came up as door-openers for Precision Farming in the early 90th. Electronic controllers for precise application in fertilizer spreaders and sprayers are today state-of-the art. ISOBUS would guarantee standardized electronic communication but is still not in use on farm level for some reasons. Site-specific application still suffers due to poor adoption to the needs of farmers, but real-time application systems are greatly accepted and mainly used by contractors as well as by large farm units. As far as precision farming is more than site-specific treatment farmers prefer auto-guidance systems to gain comfort through automation and fast return of investment. Automation and alternative energies will gear agricultural mechanisation after handwork, animal draft and mobile crude oil power into a new age. Precision farming then will really come to the farm level if science and industry are willing and able to cope the new challenges.

O manejo da adubação é uma das principais práticas culturais para a produção de mudas cítricas em cultivo protegido. Avaliou-se o efeito de seis tipos de manejo das adubações comercialmente recomendadas na produção de mudas de laranjeira 'Valência' [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] enxertada sobre os porta-enxertos limoeiro 'Cravo' (Citrus limonia Osbeck) e citrumeleiro 'Swingle' [Citrus paradisi Macf. x Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.]. As avaliações foram conduzidas a partir da transplantação dos porta-enxertos até 180 dias após a enxertia, em viveiro empresarial, em Conchal-SP. Os manejos corresponderam a duas soluções de fertilizantes solúveis aplicadas isoladamente, soluções de fertilizante solúveis associadas a fertilizante de liberação controlada e aplicação exclusiva de fertilizante de liberação controlada. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o fatorial 2 x 6 (porta-enxerto x manejo da adubação), em blocos casualizados, com três repetições e 12 mudas na parcela. O limoeiro 'Cravo' induziu maior crescimento ao enxerto. O crescimento vegetativo das mudas foi similar após o uso de fertilizantes solúveis ou de liberação controlada, apesar da grande variação de quantidades totais de nutrientes fornecidas às plantas. Desta forma, o viveirista poderá optar pelo manejo mais econômico ou prático, conforme as condições locais. The fertilizer program is a major practice for screened citrus nursery tree production. The effect of six fertilizer programs commercially recommended was evaluated on the production of 'Valência' sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] nursery trees budded on rootstocks 'Rangpur' lime (Citrus limonia Osbeck) and 'Swingle' citrumelo [Citrus paradisi Macf. x Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.]. Experimental work was carried out from rootstock transplant until 180 days after budding, in a citrus nursery in Conchal, SP, Brazil. Fertilizer managements consisted of two soluble fertilizers solutions applied isolated, soluble fertilizers associated with control release fertilizer and control release fertilizer alone. Experimental design was factorial 2 x 6 (rootstock x fertilizer program) in randomized blocks, with three replicates and 12 plants in the unit. 'Rangpur' lime induced higher vigor to the scion. Plant growth was similar among fertilizer managements, even though nutrient amounts applied varied significantly. Therefore, nurserymen can choose the most practical or economic management depending on local conditions.

397 σ., Το αντικείμενο της διατριβής αναφέρεται στο σχεδιασμό, την ανάπτυξη και την εφαρμογή ενός συμβουλευτικού συστήματος λίπανσης για τη Χωρικά Καθορισμένη Διαχείριση Καλλιεργειών (ΧΚΔΚ) υπό τη μορφή ενός Χωρικού Συστήματος Υποστήριξης Αποφάσεων (ΧΣΥΑ). Η σύγχρονη άσκηση της γεωργίας εξαρτάται σε μεγάλο βαθμό από χημικές εισροές, όπως λιπάσματα και προϊόντα φυτοπροστασίας, προκειμένου να επιτύχει υψηλές παραγωγές. Είναι ενδεικτικό, ότι η ποσότητα των χρησιμοποιούμενων λιπασμάτων στην καλλιέργεια του βαμβακιού, τις τελευταίες δεκαετίες, έχει σημειώσει θεαματική αύξηση. Το πρόβλημα αυτό, οφείλεται στο ότι οι όποιες τεχνικές προσθήκης, εφαρμόζονται χωρίς την χρήση επιστημονικών ερευνητικών δεδομένων για τη σωστή διαχείριση των πόρων, αλλά με εμπειρικό τρόπο. Εντούτοις, γεγονός είναι ότι ο έλεγχος της αζωτούχου λίπανσης των αροτραίων ή δενδρωδών καλλιεργειών, αποτελεί μία εξαιρετικά σύνθετη διαδικασία, λόγω του πλήθους των παραμέτρων που επιδρούν επί των συνθηκών αφενός διαθεσιμότητας του αζώτου στο έδαφος και αφετέρου πρόσληψής του από τα φυτά. Η φιλοσοφία ανάπτυξης και υλοποίησης του ΧΣΥΑ βασίζεται στο γεγονός ότι καμία αγροτική περιοχή και θέση δεν παρουσιάζει ακριβώς τις ίδιες ιδιότητες και συνθήκες, όσον αφορά στο έδαφος, το κλίμα και τις εφαρμοζόμενες καλλιεργητικές πρακτικές, σε σχέση με μία άλλη και για το λόγο αυτό δε θα πρέπει να υποβάλλονται στις ίδιες διαχειριστικές πρακτικές. Τα ιδιαίτερα χαρακτηριστικά γνωρίσματα μιας περιοχής θα πρέπει να καταγράφονται, να αξιολογούνται και να λαμβάνονται υπόψη σε κάθε απόφαση που άπτεται της εφαρμογής αγροχημικών σκευασμάτων στο έδαφος, μέσω μιας χωρικά εντοπισμένης προσέγγισης. Στην παρούσα διατριβή διερευνάται και προτείνεται μία τέτοια μεθοδολογική προσέγγιση, η οποία τεκμηριώνεται επιστημονικά και έρχεται να καλύψει ορισμένα κενά σχετικά με τη στήριξη των αποφάσεων στη λίπανση των καλλιεργειών. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, το ΧΣΥΑ κάνει χρήση των λειτουργιών, δυνατοτήτων και ευκολιών που προσφέρουν τα Γεωγραφικά Συστήματα Πληροφοριών (Γ.Σ.Π.) σε συνδυασμό με τη Λογική της Ασάφειας, στην υποστήριξη και την εφαρμογή χωρικών αποφάσεων και μέσα από μία αυτοματοποιημένη συστημική μεθοδολογία, αποδίδει συνταγές λίπανσης, τόσο υπό τη μορφή περιγραφικής πληροφορίας, όσο και υπό τη μορφή χαρτών διαχείρισης. Το ΧΣΥΑ συνίσταται σε τέσσερα επιμέρους συστήματα, τα οποία αναλαμβάνουν να διεκπεραιώσουν τη διαδικασία από στοιχεία σε πληροφορία, όπως αυτή εκδηλώνεται στη λήψη χωρικών αποφάσεων λίπανσης. Το πρώτο σύστημα επιτελεί την είσοδο και διαχείριση των δεδομένων εισόδου του ΧΣΥΑ, το δεύτερο και τρίτο σύστημα συνιστούν το αναλυτικό επίπεδο του ΧΣΥΑ και στην ουσία, μέσω αυτών λαμβάνεται η απόφαση για την ποσότητα και τον τύπο του προς χορήγηση λιπάσματος και τέλος το τέταρτο σύστημα έχει επιφορτιστεί με τη λειτουργία της εξόδου και απεικόνισης των χωρικών αποφάσεων. Το προτεινόμενο ΧΣΥΑ επιδιώκει να διαχωρίσει τις καλλιεργούμενες περιοχές, σε διαχειριστικές ζώνες λίπανσης, με βάση τα ιδιαίτερα χαρακτηριστικά τους γνωρίσματα. Με τον τρόπο αυτό, αναγνωρίζονται και διασφαλίζονται οι ήδη παραγωγικές περιοχές με τη μη περαιτέρω επιβάρυνσή τους με χημικά σκευάσματα και παράλληλα, τονώνονται οι μειονεκτούσες θέσεις με ειδικές, ιδιαίτερες και εντοπισμένες συμβουλές λίπανσης. Τέλος, παρέχεται μία σαφής και χρηστική βοήθεια στους παραγωγούς σχετικά με τη λίπανση των καλλιεργειών τους, η οποία όμως βασίζεται σε συγκεκριμένα κριτήρια και τεκμηριώνεται με βάση την επιστημονική γνώση., The objective of the thesis refers to the design, development and implementation of an advisory system for Site Specific Crop Management (SSCM), through the proposal of a Spatial Decision Support System (SDSS). Modern agricultural practices are largely dependent on chemical inputs such as fertilizers and crop protection products in order to achieve high yields. It is indicative that the quantity of fertilizer used in cotton cultivation during the last three decades has dramatically increased. This problem mainly relies on the fact that any fertilizing addition techniques are applied without the use of scientific research data regarding the proper management of resources, but empirically. On the contrary, it is indeed true that the control of nitrogen fertilization of arable or arboriculture crops is an extremely complex process, because of the large number of parameters affecting both the conditions of nitrogen availability in soil and its assimilation by the plants. The general idea under which the SDSS is developed and implemented is based on the fact that no rural area and site, present exactly the same properties and conditions relating to soil, climate and cultivation practices applied as another and therefore it should not be submitted to the same management practices. The site specific features of a region must be recorded, assessed and taken into account in any decision involving the application of agrochemical products in the soil, identified through a spatial approach. This thesis investigates and proposes a methodological approach, which is scientifically documented and consolidated and seeks to cover many gaps relating to the support of decision making in fertilization of crops. More specifically, the SDSS uses functions, capabilities and facilities offered by the Geographical Information Systems in conjunction with Fuzzy Logic, in supporting and implementing spatial judgments by the means of an automated system methodology. It gives fertilization recipes, both in the form of descriptive information and in the form of management maps. The SDSS consists of four sub-systems, which are taken to complete the so called process “from data to information”, as manifested in spatial decision-making applications. The first system undertakes the entry and management of SDSS’s input data, the second and third system in essence, form the analytic level of the SDSS, through which the quantity and the type of fertilizer to be supplied is decided and finally the forth system has entrusted with the operation of the output and display of the former drawn spatial decisions. The proposed SDSS seeks to delineate the cultivated with cotton areas, in fertilizer management zones, based on their specific characteristics. In this way, the already productive areas are being recognized and guaranteed with no further burden of chemicals and in parallel the disadvantaged positions are stimulated with specific and localized fertilization advices. Finally, a clear and useful aid is given to the producers in order to fertilize their crops, which is based on site specific criteria and documented on the basis of scientific knowledge., Αντώνιος Β. Παπαδόπουλος

The effect of nitrogen fertilization levels on seed cotton yield responses of cultivars from Andalusia was studied during two consecutive years. To obtain preliminary information for improving nutrient management, the analysis of nitrate and potassium (K) was performed in petiole extracts at critical times (flowering, boll-setting, boll growth) during the growth cycle. Signif icant differences among cotton cultivars were found for petiole nitrate and K concentrations. The highest petiole nitrate and K concentrations were found in cultivar "Crema 111" with 4.140 and 14.180 mg/kg respectively. These concentrations were affected by N treatment and sampling date. The relationships among petiole nutrient concentrations and seed cotton yield depended on sampling date, cultivar and year. The highest association between petiole nitrate and yield was found early in the season in 2003 (r = 0.918 and r = 0.965 for "Crema 111" and "Sor Angela" respectively). The analysis of petiole extracts for controlling plant nutritional status and optimize seed cotton yield requires a systematic assessment as critical values in nutrient concentration for seed cotton yield may differ depending on cultivar, soil type, sampling date and crop management. The technique of petiole analysis used in this paper might be useful for detecting genotypes with improved nutrient uptake or use efficiency., Se ha estudiado el efecto de la respuesta de distintos niveles de fertilización nitrogenada sobre el rendimiento de algodón bruto en cultivares andaluces durante dos años consecutivos. Con el objeto de obtener información para mejorar el manejo nutricional del cultivo, se realizaron análisis de nitrato y potasio (K) en peciolos en períodos críticos del cultivo (floración, fructificación y desarrollo de cápsulas). Los cultivares presentaron diferencias en la concentración de nitrato y K en peciolo, alcanzándose las mayores concentraciones en "Crema 111" (4,140 y 14,180 mg/kg para nitrato y K respectivamente). Los tratamientos fertilizantes y la fecha de muestreo afectaron a las concentraciones de nitrato y K en los peciolos. Las relaciones entre las concentraciones de nutrientes en el peciolo y el rendimiento de algodón bruto dependieron de la fecha de muestreo, del cultivar y del año. La relación más estrecha entre producción y concentración de nitrato se observó en 2003 y el muestreo temprano (r = 0,918 y r = 0,965 para "Crema 111" y "Sor Angela" respectivamente). El uso del análisis del peciolo para controlar el estado nutricional de la planta y optimizar los rendimientos requiere una evaluación sistemática para estimar valores críticos de concentración de nutrientes, ya que estos difieren dependiendo del cultivar, tipo de suelo, fecha de toma de muestra y prácticas culturales. La técnica del análisis peciolar parece útil también para detectar genotipos con mayor eficiencia en el uso y absorción de nutrientes.

The influence of Ca2+ and K+ levels on fruit yield and quality of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Orlando) plants under hydroponic culture has been investigated. The treatments consisted of three concentrations of Ca2+ (1.5, 4 and 8 mmol/L) and K+ (2.5, 7 and 12 mmol/L) that were imposed separately. Fruit yield parameters and different fruit quality parameters, as well as dry matter production and mineral composition in individual parts of the plant, were determined. The increase of Ca2+ in the root medium increased the marketable yield from 1.67 to 2.38 kg/plant, mainly due to an increase in the number of fruits per plant, while higher K+ levels decreased marketable yield from 2.2 to 1.66 kg/plant, due to decreases in the number of fruits per plant and the mean fruit weight. With respect to fruit quality, fruit shape index and, therefore, pepper fruit appearance improved with Ca2+ addition to the root medium. Fertilization with K+ increased fruit acidity and decreased maturity index, which could improve fruit storability. Low Ca2+ or high K+ levels reduced both root and shoot dry matter. Therefore, an adequate management of fertilization with Ca2+ and K+ could improve the yield and fruit quality of pepper grown in soilless culture., Se investigó el efecto del Ca2+ y del K+ sobre el rendimiento y la calidad de los frutos en plantas de pimiento (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Orlando) crecidas en cultivo hidropónico. Los tratamientos consistieron en tres concentraciones de Ca2+ (1,5, 4 y 8 mmol/L) y tres de K+ (2,5, 7 and 12 mmol/L), que fueron comparadas de forma separada. Se determinaron los parámetros de rendimiento y la calidad de los frutos, así como la producción de materia seca y composición mineral en la parte aérea, raíces y frutos. El aumento de la concentración de Ca2+ en la solución nutritiva incrementó el rendimiento comercial de 1,67 a 2,38 kg/planta, al aumentar el número de frutos por planta. La mayor concentración de K+ ensayada (12 mmol/L) disminuyó el rendimiento de frutos comerciales de 2,2 a 1,66 kg/planta, debido al descenso del número de frutos por planta y del peso medio de los frutos. El índice de forma de los frutos, y por tanto, su apariencia, mejoró con la adición de Ca2+. Por su parte, el aumento de K+ incrementó la acidez de los frutos y disminuyó el índice de madurez, lo que podría facilitar el almacenaje de los frutos. El crecimiento de la parte aérea y de la raíz disminuyó con 1,5 mmol/L de Ca2+ o con 12 mmol/L de K+. De esta forma se concluye que un manejo adecuado de la fertilización con Ca2+ y K+ podría mejorar el rendimiento y la calidad de los frutos en pimiento crecido en cultivo sin suelo.

Vinhaça is the residue obtained after the fractionated distillation of sugar cane and is characterized for presenting in its composition a high content of organic substances becoming a preoccupying pollutant agent, since it can modify the characteristics of the ground, subterranean and superficial waters. However, vinhaça possess a great value as fertilizing and it is already used in the proper sugar cane farmings and can also be used as culture medium for other organisms. The current work had as objective to evaluate the culture of the micro algae Chlorella sp in different concentrations of vinhaça, as well as to extract the oil of the produced biomass. Vinhaça was gotten of a sugar cane industry of the Ceará State, where it is stored in tanks of accumulation, while the micro algae Chlorella sp was isolated from cultures of the cianobacterium Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis. Culture mediums were prepared with the concentrations of 0.13; 0.16; 0.20; 0.23; 0.27; 0.30; 0.60 and 0.70% of vinhaça diluted in water containing 10 g L-1 sodium bicarbonate. For the determination of the frequency of vinhaça use in the culture medium, it was administered daily, in alternating days and to each two days, using a 0,87% concentration. The micro algae population growth curves were obtained through the cellular counting in Newbauer chamber and the equations were adjusted by the polynomial function of Origin 6.0 software. The results showed that Chlorella sp presented a better development with vinhaça 0,2% administered to the culture medium in alternating days. The reduction of the bicarbonate concentration to 5 g L-1 resulted in death of the culture due the culture medium acidification. The algal biomass attainment by flocculation with NaOH 2N was not so efficient due to the high culture medium pH and it was obtained an income of only 0,08 g L-1. On the other hand, the dry biomass presented a high content of total oils reaching 17%. In such a way, Chlorella sp micro algae presents a great potential to use vinhaça as the main nutrient of the culture medium and due to the great availability of salty and brackish water in the Ceará State, a large scale production of this micro algae could be used for the treatment of this effluent although it is necessary an economical analyses of the other required nutrients costs A vinhaça é o resíduo obtido após a destilação fracionada da cana-de-açúcar e caracteriza-se por apresentar em sua composição uma alta carga de matéria orgânica tornando-se um agente poluente e de caráter preocupante, visto que pode modificar as características do solo, poluir lençóis freáticos e águas superficiais. No entanto, a vinhaça possui um grande valor como fertilizante e já é utilizada nas próprias lavouras de cana-de-açúcar, podendo servir como meio de cultura para vários organismos. O atual trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o cultivo da microalga Chlorella sp em diferentes concentrações de vinhaça, bem como extrair os lipídios da biomassa produzida. A vinhaça foi obtida de uma indústria de cana-de-açúcar do Estado do Ceará, onde é armazenada em tanques de acumulação, enquanto a microalga Chlorella sp foi isolada de cultivos da cianobactéria Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis. Foram preparados meios de cultivo com as concentrações de 0,13; 0,16; 0,20; 0,23; 0,27; 0,30; 0,60 e 0,70% de vinhaça diluída em água contendo 10 g L-1 de bicarbonato de sódio. Para a determinação da frequência de utilização da vinhaça no meio de cultivo, a mesma foi administrada diariamente, em dias alternados e a cada dois dias, utilizando uma concentração de 0,87%. As curvas de crescimento populacional das microalgas foram obtidas através das contagens celulares em câmara de Newbauer e as equações ajustadas pela função polinomial do programa Origin 6.0. Os resultados mostraram que a microalga Chlorella sp apresentou um melhor desenvolvimento com 0,2% de vinhaça quando a mesma foi administrada ao meio de cultivo em dias alternados. A redução da concentração de bicarbonato para 5 g L-1 resultou em morte da cultura devido à acidificação do meio. A obtenção da biomassa algal por floculação com NaOH 2N não foi tão eficiente devido ao elevado pH do meio de cultivo, sendo obtido um rendimento de apenas 0,08 g L-1. Por outro lado, a biomassa seca apresentou um elevado teor de lipídios totais alcançando 17%. Desta forma, a microalga Chlorella sp apresenta um grande potencial para utilizar a vinhaça como nutriente principal do meio de cultivo e devido à grande disponibilidade de água salgada e salobra no Estado do Ceará, poderá ser utilizada para o tratamento deste efluente em larga escala, havendo, no entanto, a necessidade de uma análise econômica dos custos com outros nutrientes necessários

Зроблено аналіз технології отримання амофосу. Показана принципова можливість отримання на основі екстракційної фосфорної кислоти з алжирського фосфориту добрива. Розраховані витратні норми сировини для отримання добрива типу амофос. При цитуванні документа, використовуйте посилання http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/3711 Проведён анализ технологии получения аммофоса. Показана принципиальная возможность получения на основе экстракционной фосфорной кислоты из алжирского фосфорита удобрения. Рассчитаны расходные нормы сырья для получения удобрения типа аммофос. При цитировании документа, используйте ссылку http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/3711 The technology of ammophos production has been analysed. The possibility of obtainment based on extracted phosphoric acid from the Algerian phosphorite fertilizers is shown. Expenditure rate of raw material for ammophos fertilizer obtainment has been calculated. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/3711

The response of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) to Zn nutrition was studied in pot experiments under natural conditions using four acid soils of northwest Spain during 2007 and 2008. Five concentrations of Zn (0, 1, 2, 4 and 8 mg Zn/pot) were added to the pots as Zn chelate. Chickpea responded to the soil Zn applications and there were highly significant differences between soils. At maturity plants fertilized with Zn had greater total dry matter production mainly due to increments in pods weight. The lowest yield (2.65 g/plant) was obtained from 0 mg Zn/pot, while the highest yield (3.52 g/plant) was recorded at 4 mg Zn/pot. The increased yields in Zn applied plants was the result of increased number of pods per plant. Furthermore, this yield component was closely correlated with the seed yield., Se estudió la respuesta del garbanzo cultivado en macetas al aire libre a las aplicaciones de Zn usando cuatro suelos del noroeste de España durante 2007 y 2008. Cinco concentraciones de Zn (0, 1, 2, 4 y 8 mg Zn/maceta) fueron añadidas a las macetas. El garbanzo respondió a las aplicaciones de Zn al suelo, existiendo diferencias altamente significativas entre los suelos. A la madurez, las plantas de las macetas fertilizadas con Zn tenían una mayor producción total, principalmente por el incremento del peso seco de las vainas. El menor rendimiento (2,65 g/planta) se obtuvo en las macetas con 0 mg Zn/maceta, mientras que el mayor rendimiento (3,52 g/planta) se alcanzó con 4 mg Zn/planta. El incremento del número de vainas por planta fue el responsable del incremento de rendimiento. El número de vainas por planta fue el componente del rendimiento más directamente correlacionado con el rendimiento en semilla por planta.

The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of adding DMPP (3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate) to urea on nitrate leaching and maize (Zea mays L.) yield over two growing seasons. Two nitrogen (N) levels (optimum and excessive) were applied to an irrigated maize crop under Mediterranean conditions. There were five treatments: optimal N (as urea) and the same dose plus DMPP; optimal N (as urea plus 40 kg N/ha) and the same N dose plus DMPP; and a control with no added N fertilizer. The maize was irrigated with an overhead mobile-line sprinkler system. EnviroSCAN probes were used to determine drainage and evapotranspiration and ceramic cups to obtain soil solution samples at a soil depth of 1.4 m. The use of DMPP with urea reduced nitrate leaching. No phytotoxic effects were observed due to the DMPP. There were no differences in grain yield between treatments with and without DMPP at the same rate of N. When DMPP was applied, sodium was displaced from the soil exchange complex due to increased NH4+ concentration, which also increased the electrical conductivity of soil in the drainage zone., El objetivo de este experimento fue evaluar los efectos de la adición de DMPP (3,4-dimetilpirazol fosfato) a la urea sobre la lixiviación de nitrato y la producción de maíz durante dos periodos de cultivo. Para su realización se aplicaron dos niveles de nitrógeno (óptimo y en exceso) a un maíz irrigado, bajo condiciones mediterráneas. Se aplicaron cinco tratamientos: una dosis óptima de nitrógeno en forma de urea, la misma dosis de urea con DMPP, una dosis óptima de urea más 40 kg N/ha y la misma dosis con DMPP; y un testigo sin fertilización nitrogenada. Para el riego del maíz, se empleó un sistema mediante Pívot. Se emplearon sondas de EnviroSCAN para determinar el drenaje y la evapotranspiración; y cápsulas cerámicas de vacío para obtener muestras de la solución del suelo a una profundidad de 1,4 m. El uso de DMPP con la urea redujo la lixiviación de nitrato. No se observó ningún efecto fitotóxico en el cultivo debido al inhibidor, pero tampoco se obtuvieron diferencias en la producción de grano entre tratamientos con y sin DMPP a la misma dosis de nitrógeno. Cuando se aplicó DMPP, el sodio fue desplazado del complejo de cambio debido al aumento de la concentración de NH4+, el cual también originó un incremento en la conductividad eléctrica en la zona de drenaje.

This study was conducted to investigate influence of filtration or centrifugation of TRIS milk diluent on the viability and acrosomal integrity of buffalo spermatozoa preserved under refrigeration condition. Semen ejaculates (n=40) were collected twice weekly using artificial vagina. Each ejaculate was exposed to the following diluents, TRIS (T1 to T4), Milk (M1 to M8), and combinations of TRIS and milk diluents at different ratios (TM1 to TM11). Some parameters as live percentage, viability indicies and acrosomal integrity of spermatozoa was calculated immediately following dilution of semen, then at 3rd, 6th and 9th day of storage at refrigeration temperature (5ºC). Data were statistically analyzed. The results revealed that centrifugation of TRIS diluent once (T3) or twice (T4), before dilution processes, had a beneficial effect on the examined parameters of diluted semen (live percentage, viability indicies and acrosomal integrity of spermatozoa) during the entire period of storage when compared with control TRIS diluent (T1) or filtrated TRIS diluent (T2). However, T3 was the best of all (T1, T2 or T4). Centrifugation of milk-yolk diluent (M3) was found better than any other treatment for the examined milk diluents. Moreover, M3 was the best of all followed by M4 and M6, then followed by the others. Likewise, a combination of T3 and M3 at a ratio of 50:50 (TM6) was, in many aspects, superior to any other combination (TM1 to TM11) or diluents used in this study for dilution and preservation of buffalo semen at refrigeration temperature. It can be concluded that centrifugation of TRIS or milk diluent once before dilution would be the best treatment. Moreover, combination of one part of centrifuged TRIS diluent and one part of centrifuged milk diluents proved to be the proper diluent of choice for dilution and preservation of buffalo semen. It is recommended to use this combination to dilute and freeze buffalo semen for the artificial insemination program., Cilj ovoga rada bio je istražiti utjecaj filtriranja i centrifugiranja razrjeđivača TRIS i mliječnog razrjeđivača na vijabilnost i akrosomalni integritet sperme bufala čuvane u uvjetima hlađenja. Ejakulati sperme (n=40) sakupljani su dvaput tjedno primjenom umjetne vagine. Svaki ejakulat izložen je sljedećim razrjeđivačima: TRIS (T1 do T4), mlijeko (M1 do M8) i kombinacija razrjeđivača TRIS i mliječnog razrjeđivača (TM1 do TM11). Neki su parametri, kao živi postotak, vijabilnost i akrosomalni integritet sperme, izračunati odmah nakon rezrjeđivanja sperme, zatim 3., 6. i 9. dan čuvanja na temperaturi hlađenja (5°C). Podaci su statistički analizirani. Rezultati su pokazali da centrifugiranje razrjeđivačem TRIS jedanput (T3) ili dvaput (T4) prije procesa razrjeđivanja ima povoljan utjecaj na ispitivane parametre razrjeđivanja sperme (živi postotak, vijabilnost i akrosomalni integritet sperme) u cijelom razdoblju čuvanja, u usporedbi s kontrolnim razrjeđivačem TRIS (T1) ili filtriranim razrjeđivačem (T2). Međutim, T3 je bio najbolji od svih (T1, T2 ili T4). Centrifugiranje razrjeđivača mlijeko-žumanjak (M3) pokazalo se boljim od bilo kojeg tretiranja ispitivanih mliječnih razrjeđivača. Štoviše, M3 je bio najbolji, slijede M4 i M6, a zatim ostali. Isto tako, kombinacija T3 i M3 u omjeru 50:50 (TM6) bila je u mnogo pogleda bolja od bilo koje druge kombinacije (TM1 do TM11) razrjeđivača upotrijebljenih u ovom istraživanju. Može se zaključiti da bi centrifugiranje TRIS ili mliječnim razrjeđivačem jedanput prije razrjeđivanja bio najbolji tretman za očuvanje sperme bufala na temperaturi hlađenja. Osim toga, kombinacija jednog dijela centrifugiranog razrjeđivača TRIS i jednog dijela centrifugiranih mliječnih razrjeđivača pokazala se pravim izborom za razrjeđivanje i očuvanje sperme bufala. Preporuča se upotreba ove kombinacije za razrjeđivanje i zamrzavanje sperme bufala za program umjetne oplodnje.