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Ten excerpts of both President Clinton's Grand Jury Testimony of August 17, 1998 and of each of two interviews with Hillary Rodham Clinton (Today Show, January 27, 1998; Good Morning America, January 28, 1998) were analyzed. In all of them, the topic under discussion was the President's insistence on his innocence in the Lewinsky case. Comparisons between the President and First Lady revealed long and short within-speaker pauses, respectively. His replies to questions average more than twice the length of hers. Comparisons were also made with other speech genres, including modern presidential inaugural rhetoric. In particular, President Clinton's statement of his innocence at the conclusion of an educational press conference on January 26, 1998 and his prepared statement at the beginning of his Grand Jury Testimony were found to vary notably from all the other corpora. Both are characterized by several of Ekman's (1985, p. 286) behavioral cues for the detection of deception.

The initiation of chemical reaction–diffusion waves by visible light of wavelength λ=633 nm from a 20 mW He–Ne laser in the ferroin-catalysed BZ reaction on a polysulfone membrane is repor ted. With low loading of the catalyst on the membrane, oxidation waves can be initiated from the resting steady state and in the recovering tail of a wave. With high loading, waves can only be initiated in the ‘vulnerable’ region behind an existing wavefront. The mechanism of this initiation is discussed in terms of the photoreduction of the metal–ligand catalyst and expressed in terms of a modified Oregonator model. These new observations are in contrast to the inhibitory effect of visible light in the light-sensitive Ru-catalysed BZ system.

Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) has a high incidence in dogs and, as in humans, is difficult to diagnose. The aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic significance of serum unconjugated bile acid concentrations in dogs with bacterial overgrowth. Fasting sera were obtained from 23 dogs: 10 with culture-proven SIBO, 8 with indirectly diagnosed SIBO (normal pancreatic function but small intestinal disease associated with subnormal serum cobalamin and supranormal folate concentrations), and 5 healthy controls. Unconjugated bile acids were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after isolation by liquid-solid extraction and anion-exchange chromatography. Mean serum unconjugated bile acid concentrations were significantly elevated in dogs with SIBO (mean +/- SD: 0.91 +/- 1.03 micromol/liter), and in dogs with indirectly diagnosed SIBO (2.11 +/- 2.20 micromol/liter) compared to clinically healthy dogs (0.015 +/- 0.015 micromol/liter, P < 0.005). Cholic acid was the predominant unconjugated bile acid in the serum of dogs with SIBO. In conclusion serum unconjugated bile acid concentrations of healthy dogs are significantly lower than reported values for humans, and this fraction represents a relatively small proportion (0-2.3%; mean 0.8%) of the total bile acids in dogs. Unconjugated bile acids increased 10- to 20-fold in dogs with SIBO indicating the clinical utility of serum unconjugated bile acids for diagnosis of intestinal bacterial overgrowth in dogs.

This study evaluated the safety and efficacy of a single administration of a recombinant adenovirus encoding human aquaporin-1 (AdhAQP1) to the parotid glands of adult rhesus monkeys. In anticipation of possible clinical use of this virus to correct irradiation damage to salivary glands, AdhAQP1 was administered (at either 2 x 10(9) or 1 x 10(8) plaque-forming units/gland) intraductally to irradiated glands and to their contralateral nonirradiated glands. Radiation (single dose, 10 Gy) significantly reduced salivary flow in exposed glands. Virus administration resulted in gene transfer to irradiated and nonirradiated glands and was without untoward local (salivary) or systemic (sera chemistry, complete blood count) effects in all animals. However, the effect of AdhAQP1 administration varied and did not result in a consistent positive effect on salivary flow rates for all animals under these experimental conditions. We conclude that a single adenoviral-mediated gene transfer to primate salivary glands is well-tolerated, although its functional utility in enhancing fluid secretion from irradiated parotid glands is inconsistent., Journal Article, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Primary failure of tooth eruption rarely occurs. This case represents a rare clinical situation and appears to reflect a generalized disturbance in the eruptive process, inasmuch as (1) deciduous and permanent dentition are affected, (2) incisors, molars, and premolars are involved in all quadrants, (3) skeletal and craniofacial growth are within normal limits, and (4) no systemic/genetic anomalies were detected. This is the first such case reported in the literature; diagnosis and management are discussed.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a pathogen in both humans and animals. This bacterium, most often associated with respiratory infections in cystic fibrosis patients, was found to be the causative agent in bovine mastitis outbreaks among 11 Irish dairy herds. Epidemiological findings suggested that the infection was spread to all herds by teat wipes that had been contaminated with this organism. Two molecular-typing strategies were used in an attempt to determine the genomic relationship(s), if any, of the P. aeruginosa strains isolated from the various herds and to verify whether the same strain was responsible for each outbreak. Thirty-six isolates from the mastitis outbreaks were tested and compared to fourteen clinical isolates from Cork University Hospital. With one exception, all outbreak-linked strains produced identical patterns when ribotyped with Cla I and Pvu II enzymes. Eight of the clinical isolates gave the same Cla I ribotype pattern as the mastitis-causing strains. However, Pvu II proved more discriminatory, with only the outbreak isolates producing identical patterns. Similar results were obtained with RW3A-primed DNA amplification fingerprinting, with all outbreak isolates except one displaying the same fingerprint array. The clinical strains produced several fingerprint patterns, all of which were different from those of the mastitis-causing isolates. Fine-resolution DNA fingerprinting with a fluorescence-labelled RW3A primer also identified a number of low-molecular-weight polymorphisms that would have remained undetected by conventional methods. These data support the view that the same P. aeruginosa strain was responsible for the mastitis outbreaks in all 11 herds.

This paper presents a comparison of the isotopic values of 23 pairings of hair keratin and bone collagen taken from archaeological humans excavated in the U.K. with the aim of examining whether modern human isotopic data can be directly compared with archaeological isotopic data. The mean differences between bone collagen and hair keratin isotopic values are in the range of 0–1 per mil in δ13C and 0–2 per mil in δ15N, but with a high degree of variability, making it impossible to quantify the isotopic relationship between collagen and keratin. However, a lack of information about the individuals analysed suggests that such a comparison may not be the ideal method of comparing the two tissues.

Fundamental to the understanding of human history is the ability to make interpretations based on artifacts and other remains which are used to gather information about an ancient population. Sequestered in the organic matrices of these remains can be information, for example, concerning incidence of disease, genetic defects and diet. Stable isotopic compositions, especially those made on isolates of collagen from bones, have been used to help suggest principal dietary components. A significant problem in the use of collagen is its long–term stability, and the possibility of isotopic alteration during early diagenesis, or through contaminating condensation reactions. In this study, we suggest that a commonly overlooked material, human hair, may represent an ideal material to be used in addressing human diets of ancient civilizations.Through the analysis of the amino–acid composition of modern hair, as well as samples that were subjected to radiation (thus simulating ageing of the hair) and hair from humans that is up to 5200 years old, we have observed little in the way of chemical change. The principal amino acids observed in all of these samples are essentially identical in relative abundances and content. Dominating the compositions are serine, glutamic acid, threonine, glycine and leucine, respectively accounting for approximately 15%, 17%, 10%, 8% and 8% of the total hydrolysable amino acids. Even minor components (for example, alanine, valine, isoleucine) show similar constancy between the samples of different ages. This constancy clearly indicates minimal alteration of the amino–acid composition of the hair. Further, it would indicate that hair is well preserved and is amenable to isotopic analysis as a tool for distinguishing sources of nutrition.Based on this observation, we have isotopically characterized modern individuals for whom the diet has been documented. Both stable nitrogen and carbon isotope compositions were assessed, and together provide an indication of trophic status, and principal type (C3or C4) of vegetation consumed. True vegans have nitrogen isotope compositions of about 7‰ whereas humans consuming larger amounts of meat, eggs, or milk are more enriched in the heavy nitrogen isotope. We have also analysed large cross sections of modern humans from North America and Europe to provide an indication of the variability seen in a population (the supermarket diet). There is a wide diversity in both carbon and nitrogen isotope values based at least partially on the levels of seafood, corn–fed beef and grains in the diets. Following analysis of the ancient hair, we have observed similar trends in certain ancient populations. For example, the Coptics of Egypt (1000 BP) and Chinchorro of Chile (5000–800 BP) have diets of similar diversity to those observed in the modern group but were isotopically influenced by local nutritional sources. In other ancient hair (Egyptian Late Middle Kingdom mummies,ca. 4000 BP), we have observed a much more uniform isotopic signature, indicating a more constant diet. We have also recognized a primary vegetarian component in the diet of the Neolithic Ice Man of the Oetztaler Alps (5200 BP). In certain cases, it appears that sulphur isotopes may help to further constrain dietary interpretations, owing to the good preservation and sulphur content of hair. It appears that analysis of the often–overlooked hair in archaeological sites may represent a significant new approach for understanding ancient human communities.

For millenia, the human family has relied on transcription of spoken discourse into permanent written records as an indispensable tool of culture, history, and science. Currently, various transcription systems are used by linguists, psycholinguists, sociolinguists, and ethnographers to encode verbal, prosodic, paralinguistic, and extralinguistic features of spoken discourse for scientific analysis. The recent history of such systems, some problems involved in their scientific application, and arguments against the mandatory standardization of such systems are presented. Guidelines for the construction and use of transcription systems are formulated.

We describe a metabolic defect in bile acid synthesis involving a deficiency in 7 alpha-hydroxylation due to a mutation in the gene for the microsomal oysterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase enzyme, active in the acidic pathway for bile acid synthesis, The defect, identified in a 10-wk-old boy presenting with severe cholestasis, cirrhosis, and liver synthetic failure, was established by fast atom bombardment ionization-mass spectrometry, which revealed elevated urinary bile acid excretion, a mass spectrum with intense ions at m/z 453 and m/z 510 corresponding to sulfate and glycosulfate conjugates of unsaturated monohydroxy-cholenoic acids, and an absence of primary bile acids. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis confirmed the major produces of hepatic synthesis to be 3 beta-hydroxy-5-cholenoic and 3 beta-hydroxy-5-cholestenoic acids, which accounted for 96% of the total serum bile acids. Levels of 27-hydroxycholesterol were > 4,500 times normal. The biochemical findings were consistent with a deficiency in 7 alpha-hydroxylation, leading to the accumulation of hepatotoxic unsaturated monohydroxy bile acids, Hepatic microsomal oxysterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity was undetectable in the patient. Gene analysis revealed a cytosine to thymidine transition mutation in exon 5 that converts an arginine codon at position 388 to a stop codon. The truncated protein was inactive when expressed in 293 cells. These findings indicate the quantitative importance of the acidic pathway in early life in humans and define a further inborn error in bile acid synthesis as a metabolic cause of severe cholestatic liver disease.

This study examined the effect of gamma-irradiation (5 and 10 Gy) on the human submandibular cell line (HSG). Radiation treatment (5 Gy and 10 Gy) induced a dose-dependent decrease in cell proliferation, with a G2/M arrest of the cell cycle, and an increase in cell death (cells with

Orality and literacy were investigated in a 1964 German television interview of Hannah Arendt by Gunter Gaus and publications thereof. The interview itself was awarded the Adolf Grimme Prize (1964); and yet, the publications were extensively edited. This paradox raises the question: what was changed in this transition from successful oral performance to readable literate prose? Information regarding temporal organization was inevitably lost in the publications. Back channel signals, hesitations, contractions and elisions, and paralinguistic phenomena (e.g., laughter) were virtually eliminated. Turn-taking was regularized, and many discourse markers were removed. Comparisons with another prize-winning interview (Princess Diana with Martin Bashir; BBC, 1995) revealed optional, rather than prescriptive ways of being successful: although spoken syllables in both interviews were allocated to interviewers and interviewees in a 25% to 75% ratio, turns of both interviewer and interviewee were much longer in the Arendt than in the Princess Diana interview; Arendt spoke more slowly and used more hesitations than any other speaker; although both interviewers remained atypically off-camera, their styles were different. Gaus used frequent back-channeling, and Bashir none at all; Bashir articulated more slowly and less hesitantly, interrupted less frequently, and his pauses before taking his turns were twice as long as Gaus's. Characteristics of orality and literacy in excellent public discourse are discussed.

The following study investigated the effect of writing systems (logographic vs. alphabetic) on the temporal organization of reading aloud. More specifically, we wished to test Perfetti and Zhang's (1995) assertion that “the reader of an alphabetic system can do better at recovering the phonological form, less well at recovering the semantic category of the word” (p. 186f.). Native speakers of Chinese and German read a semantically identical passage from texts written in their own language. The Chinese version consisted of 132 characters (132 syllables), the German of 80 words (also 132 syllables). In accord with Perfetti and Zhang's position, Chinese readers articulated significantly more slowly; they also used significantly more pauses. Moreover, German readers used a set pattern of pause positions, whereas Chinese did not. Logographic and alphabetic determinants of reading aloud are discussed.

Recent findings suggest that the effects of cholestyramine and psyllium in combination could be additive for cholesterol-lowering. We therefore examined the effect of both agents, alone and in combination, on lipoprotein cholesterol and neutral and acidic steroid excretion in the hamster. Animals (n = 8/group) were fed for 21 days, either a basal chow diet supplemented with 10% palm oil and 0.2% cholesterol, or one of four treatments consisting of the basal diet plus: 5.5% cellulose; 5% psyllium with 0.5% cellulose; 0.5% cholestyramine with 5% cellulose; or 5% psyllium with 0.5% cholestyramine. Psyllium and cholestyramine both had significant hypocholesterolemic effects, but in combination produced additive reductions in lipoprotein and hepatic cholesterol. Psyllium, cholestyramine, and the combination increased total bile acid excretion by 26%, 57%, and 79%, respectively. Psyllium affected only unconjugated bile acid excretion while cholestyramine also increased the excretion of conjugated and primary bile acids. Neither agent, nor the combination, affected fecal neutral sterol excretion. We conclude that, while both agents lower cholesterol by a mechanism of increased bile acid excretion, these studies indicate that psyllium does not bind bile acids in vivo and lend further support for the concomitant use of these agents for cholesterol-lowering.

Inaugural addresses require a complex interplay of literacy and orality. They are written to be performed, but oral performance is not explicable in terms of textual analyses alone. Texts of the 55 inaugurals of the 42 U.S. presidents and audio recordings of the 16 dating from F. D. Roosevelt were the corpus for this study. The general hypothesis was that changes in media technology and in Presidential governance have moved both text and performance of inaugurals in the twentieth century in the direction of “conversational style.” Textual response measures were frequency-of-occurrence ratios of words (per paragraph, sentence, punctuation, and discourse marker), of syllables (per paragraph, sentence, word, punctuation, and discourse marker), and of first-person pronominal forms. Performance response measures were speech and articulation rates, percentage of pause time, pause duration, and phrase length. Use of contractions was also analyzed. Textual analyses showed a shortening of units and a shift from singular to plural first-person pronominal forms in the course of 200 years. Performance of the inaugurals over the past 60 years showed no diachronic changes, but was dramatically slower than that of other speech genres. Use of contractions was limited to three recent inaugurals. Various published texts of Reagan's first inaugural and Bush's and Clinton's inaugurals were compared with one another and with the audio recordings and were found to differ from one another in text, punctuation, and format, and from the audio recordings in text. The notion of conversational style is critically discussed, particularly in terms of the boundaries imposed upon it by the norms of both literacy and orality.

Maya Angelou's performance of her poem On the Pulse of Morning at the inauguration of William Jefferson Clinton as 42nd President of the United States on January 20, 1993, was compared with other poetry and prose performances. Measurements of her pause frequency, pause location, pause duration, phrase length, speech rate, articulation rate, and percentage of pause time all uniquely characterized her performance. Printed versions of Angelou's inaugural poem were also analyzed. Inconsistencies in spelling, punctuation, spacing, and line and stanza breaks, along with additions, omissions, and sequence changes of words and phrases, were found. The poem performed possesses a richness unpredictable from either the extant literature on poetry readings or from Angelou's own printed pages.

Many high-performance applications require an optimized electrical machine to achieve desired operating characteristics within a given environment and minimum cost and weight. Traditional design methods that focus on single-point performance optimization (nominal load) often do not produce the best possible solution, because they are based on empirical design formulations and rules gathered from standard motor designs. To facilitate machine design for such applications, an integrated design process is introduced that utilizes multi-physics modeling to determine an electrical machine's performance in the electromagnetic, electrical, mechanical, and thermal domains, and leverages a genetic algorithm optimization process to enable multi-objective optimization. The integrated design process avoids empirical design rules and allows a machine to be optimized simultaneously for several performance requirements, which can be transient and/or steady-state in nature, by taking advantage of application-specific system information. The capabilities of the process are demonstrated in an example design of an aerospace generator that has to satisfy several steady-state and transient performance requirements under varying environmental conditions. The results indicate how such a process drives design criteria and solutions and considers performance limitations that were not necessarily obvious from the requirements.

Between 50,000 and 20,000 years ago, Europe experienced a series of rapid climate change events known as the Dansgaard–Oeschger cycles, which may have made areas of northern Europe more attractive for occupation by early modern humans at certain times than at others. This paper investigates when humans were occupying northern Europe in relation to these climatic changes at the archaeological site of Krakow Spadzista Street (B), by applying oxygen isotope analysis of mammoth tooth enamel carbonates (δ 18 O and δ 13 C) found at the site. The new isotopic data suggest that mean annual temperatures at Krakow Spadzista were 4–9 C° colder than present and, based on comparisons with previously published isotopic data for mammoth in Europe, the Krakow assemblage most likely formed during a cold Dansgaard–Oeschger event. This suggests modern humans were able to occupy and survive in this area of northern Europe during the harsh cold phases that affected Europe at this time.

The efficiency of bile acid conjugation before and during therapy with 600 mg/day of ursodeoxycholic acid was measured in seven adult patients with early chronic cholestatic liver disease (6 with primary biliary cirrhosis; 1 with primary sclerosing cholangitis). Duodenal bile samples were obtained by aspiration and the proportion of unconjugated bile acids was determined using lipophilic anion exchange chromatography to separate bile acid classes, followed by analysis of individual bile acids by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The proportion of conjugated bile acids was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Use of a (99m)Tc-HIDA recovery marker permitted the absolute mass of unconjugated bile acids in the gallbladder to be calculated. Unconjugated bile acids comprised 0.4% of total biliary bile acids before and 0.2% during ursodeoxycholic acid therapy, indicating highly efficient conjugation of bile acids. During therapy, percentage unconjugated ursodeoxycholic acid significantly increased from (mean +/- S.D.) 13 +/- 13% to 54 +/- 12%; P < 0.002. When the unconjugated and conjugated fractions of bile acids were compared, there was an enrichment in unconjugated fraction for cholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid and a depletion for chenodeoxycholic acid both in basal condition and during ursodeoxycholic acid therapy, suggesting that hydrophilic bile acids were conjugated less efficiently. During therapy, the conjugation efficiency significantly increased for cholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid. The pretreatment mass of total unconjugated bile acids in the gallbladder was (mean +/- S.D.) 4.4 +/- 3.2 mumol, and was not significantly changed by ursodeoxycholic acid therapy (6.2 +/- 3.5 mumol). However, ursodeoxycholic acid therapy caused a significant increase in the mass of unconjugated ursodeoxycholic acid. It is concluded that endogenous bile acids and exogenous ursodeoxycholic acid when given at the usual dose are efficiently conjugated in patients with early cholestatic liver disease. Despite showing increased biliary unconjugated ursodeoxycholic acid during its oral administration, our data do not lend support to the occurrence of hypercholeresis due to cholehepatic shunting of bile acids.

Zooarchaeological and paleoecological investigations have traditionally been unable to reconstruct the ethology of herd animals, which likely had a significant influence on the mobility and subsistence strategies of prehistoric humans. In this paper, we reconstruct the migratory behavior of red deer (Cervus elaphus) and caprids at the Pleistocene-Holocene transition in the northeastern Adriatic region using stable oxygen isotope analysis of tooth enamel. The data show a significant change in δ18O values from the Pleistocene into the Holocene, as well as isotopic variation between taxa, the case study sites, and through time. We then discuss the implications of seasonal faunal availability as determining factors in human mobility patterns.

We describe for the first time the identification of 3 alpha, 7 beta-dihydroxy-5 beta-chol-22-en-24-oic acid (delta 22-UDCA) in the plasma, bile, intestinal contents, and liver tissue of Sprague-Dawley rats after intravenous and oral administration of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). Infusion of [2,2,4,4-2H4]UDCA confirmed delta 22-UDCA to be a specific metabolite of UDCA. Definitive confirmation of this unique and major metabolite was established by liquid secondary ionization mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry by comparison of the retention index and mass spectrum with an authentic standard of delta 22-UDCA. When rats were fed a diet containing 1.0% UDCA, high concentrations of delta 22-UDCA were found in the plasma (40.3 +/- 11.8 mumol/L) and liver tissue (300.9 +/- 64.2 nmol/g of tissue), and these represented 36% and 57%, respectively, of the UDCA concentration. In animals fed 0.4% and 1.0% UDCA, the mass of delta 22-UDCA in the jejunum was high (7.5 +/- 0.9 and 6.6 +/- 0.6 mg, respectively), accounting for 50-60% of the total UDCA, but diminished markedly along the intestine, accounting for < 3% of the total UDCA in the colon. Although delta 22-UDCA was not found in biological samples from control rats, delta 22-beta-muricholic and delta 22-omega-muricholic acids were normal constituents of plasma and intestinal contents and were major muricholate isomers in liver tissue and bile. Synthesis of delta 22-bile acids appears to be highly specific toward bile acids possessing a functional 7 beta-hydroxyl group. We presume that, in common with pathways for endogenous bile acid synthesis, partial side-chain oxidation of UDCA occurs in the peroxisome with formation of alpha/beta unsaturation; since UDCA has only a 5-carbon side chain, release of propionic or acetic acid is not possible, beta-oxidation proceeds no further, and delta 22-UDCA is formed. While the mechanism of formation and physiological significance of delta 22-bile acids remain to be established, our data indicate that partial beta-oxidation is a quantitatively important pathway for endogenous bile acid synthesis and for UDCA metabolism in this species.

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) Of Cr3+ ions has been observed in single crystals of sodium ammonium sulphate dihydrate (SASD) doped with chromium. At 300 K the spectrum is relatively simple, exhibiting two main different sites, labelled alpha and beta . The spin-Hamiltonian parameters for these sites have been measured. The relative concentration of different paramagnetic sites shows marked sensitivity to unknown factors in the crystal growth. On lowering the temperature the spectrum becomes very complex, making detailed study of the various sites, and changes at any phase transition, impossible to elucidate. None of the spectra shows a marked change at the ferroelectric transition temperature, Tc=92 K.

Four undergraduate volunteers, two women and two men, transcribed an audiotaped interview of former United States President Ronald Reagan by Dan Rather. Their first transcript was made from a single complete playing, with only pausing, but no repetition or replay allowed. Thereafter, two of the transcribers made corrections by an “on-line” method—complete playings as often as they wished. The two others were allowed an “off-line” method—unlimited playback of any portions. None produced a verbatim transcription, but all preserved semantic content quite well. Still, deletions were numerous, particularly of discourse markers and hesitation phenomena, both of which characterize spoken, not written discourse. Significantly more deletions in the on-line than in the off-line condition indicated the difficulty of audiotape processing without off-line replay. These results are discussed in light of recent theories of speech processing.

Background Young children habitually place objects in their mouths to discover and learn about the world and it is considered a normal stage of early childhood development. Ingestion and aspiration of foreign objects predominantly occurs in preschool toddlers with a peak incidence at age three years, and can have serious consequences. Case report A 2-year-old boy presented to the Dublin Dental University Hospital with a tooth-coloured mass tightly adherent to a lower primary incisor. The lesion surrounded the cervical third of the crown on the lower right primary central incisor and extended subgingivally. The tooth was mobile but with minimal inflammation. Treatment The tooth was subsequently extracted under general anaesthesia to reveal that the mass was in fact a foreign body, although this was originally thought unlikely as a cause. Follow-up The patient underwent an unremarkable recovery. Conclusion The case of a foreign body disguised as a tooth-like abnormality was only identified under general anaesthesia, and even then it was impossible to prise the object from the tooth in situ. Misdiagnosis of impacted foreign bodies in young children presents complicated diagnostic problems.

The oral cavity is the usual portal for nutrition throughout life and any aberrations in its development or function may impact on the capacity of an infant to thrive. The mouth is complex and unique, it is open to the environment, forms the anterior section of the gastrointestinal system and contains tissue derived from ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm, including teeth, in the presence of saliva. Any interference with normal development of the face, mouth, and teeth arising in utero and infancy can lead to a wide spectrum of disorders presenting at birth or in infancy. Some malformations are evident at birth, such as cleft lip/palate, Trisomy 21, and Pierre Robin Sequence. Other issues with structure and function of components of the craniofacial complex may not be immediately apparent but can complicate feeding and nutrient intake in the infant which will manifest as failure to thrive.

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Caries removal in primary teeth—a systematic review. Ferreira JM, Pinheiro SL, Sampaio FC, de Menezes VA. Quintessence Int 2012;43(1):e9-15. Reviewer Anne C. O'Connell, BA, BDent Sc, MS Purpose/Question To attempt to determine what extent of caries removal is required to arrest caries in primary teeth Source of Funding Information not available Type of Study/Design Systematic review Level of Evidence Level 2: Limited-quality, patient-oriented evidence Strength of Recommendation Grade Grade B: Inconsistent or limited-quality patient-oriented evidence

AIM: Pre-eruptive intra-coronal radiolucency (PEIR) describes a radiolucent lesion located in the coronal dentine, just beneath the enamel-dentine junction of unerupted teeth. The prevalence of this lesion varies depending on the type and quality of radiographic exposure and age of patients used for assessment. The aetiology of pre-eruptive intra-coronal radiolucent lesions is not fully understood, but published clinical and histological evidence suggest that these lesions are resorptive in nature. Issues around the diagnosis, treatment planning and clinical management of this lesion are explored using previously unreported cases. CASE REPORTS: Case 1: A ten-year-old girl attended for a routine check-up. An intra-coronal radiolucency in the unerupted lower right second premolar was an incidental finding on orthopantomograph (OPT). The tooth erupted and removal of enamel revealed a space filled with soft red tissue, unlike carious dentine in appearance. The tooth was restored with an indirect pulp cap, resin modified glass ionomer base and composite resin. Tissue from the lesion was removed for histopathological investigation. Root development continued to completion and the tooth remained asymptomatic and vital. Case 2: A six-year-old girl attended for her first dental visit. An intra-coronal radiolucency in a lower right first permanent molar was noted on baseline bite-wing radiographs. The lesion was monitored and fissured sealed upon eruption. The lesion was monitored annually radiographically. The tooth remained symptom free for 5 years. The patient presented on an emergency basis having fractured the distolingual cusp overlying the lesion. There was no pain and the tooth was vital. The softened dentine was removed and the tooth was restored using a preformed metal crown. Case 3: A 12-year-old girl was referred for restoration of mandibular left second permanent molar. Clinically there was extensive occlusal destruction. Review of a previous OPT showed that an intra-coronal radiolucency was present in tooth 37 at least one year prior to its eruption. The large mass of coronal soft tissue was removed, the remaining enamel shell was deemed to be unrestoreable and the tooth was extracted. The patient was referred back to an orthodontist for completion of orthodontic treatment. CONCLUSION: Early detection and classification of the PEIR lesion allows an array of individualised treatments to be provided for successful outcome.

George A. Miller and Noam Chomsky can be considered the responsible agents behind the history of modern mainstream psycholinguistics which emerged in mid-twentieth century. It is a narrative of the dramatic shift away from behaviorism in the direction of mentalist principles. This cognitivism was based largely on transformational linguistics. A closer view of the historical literature serves to diminish the importance of behaviorism, while manifesting a prevailing “written language bias” (Linell, P. (2005). The written language bias in linguistics: Its nature, origins and transformations. London: Routledge, p. 4) in psycholinguistic research and elevating some theoretical and empirical thinking of the late nineteenth and the early twentieth centuries on language and language use to a far more important role than has heretofore been acknowledged by most scholars. In keeping with the theoretical and methodological perspective of the present book, Philipp Wegener’s ((1885–1991). Untersuchungen uber die Grundfragen des Sprachlebens (Newly edited). Amsterdam: Benjamins) Investigations regarding the fundamental questions of the life of language (our translation) must be erected into a basic historical reference. His philological investigations began with informal observations of actual speaking in everyday settings rather than with analyses of formal structures in dead languages, as the investigations of his classical philological colleagues were being conducted. Wegener’s psychological insights into verbal communication were outstanding for a philologist of his era and became for this reason important for our own engagement of spoken dialogue. Moreover, he emphasized both the listener’s role and the situation in the process of communication. For Wegener, as well as for Edward A. Esper ((1935). Language. In C. Murchison (Ed.), A handbook of social psychology (pp. 417–460). Worchester: Clark University Press), the basic and developmentally primary genre of dialogical discourse was not sustained conversation, but the occasional use of speech in association with nonlinguistic activities. But it was the German psychologist Karl Buhler ((1934–1982). Sprachtheorie: Die darstellungsfunktion der Sprache. Stuttgart: Fischer) who introduced the definitive terminology of empractical speech. According to him, empractical speech occurred in a setting with two or more participants in which a nonlinguistic activity was salient, when the occasional need for a brief utterance arose. This chapter concludes with a discussion of periodical historical shifts in the relationship between psychology and other language-related sciences regarding the topic of the psychology of language.

This chapter recapitulates the historical neglect of empractical speech in the language-related sciences, seeks out the reasons for this neglect, and asserts emphatically that empractical speech is an important genre of spoken dialogue in everyday life along with conversational speech. The mystery is how such an evident fact of everyday life could possibly be overlooked by the language-related research communities throughout much of the past century. One explanation has to do with the nature of empractical speech itself: It is ubiquitous in our everyday life, but at the same time, by its very definition, inauspicious; it occurs in settings where its occasional use is taken for granted precisely because of the simultaneous presence of prominent nonlinguistic activity. Another explanation has to do with various aspects of its research history: Psycholinguistics has consistently exercised a deliberate penchant for concentrating on artificial and laboratory settings, and on both written and artificial materials rather than field-observational settings and materials. Later on, the insistence of sociolinguists and in particular Conversation Analysts that conversation was the sole proper object of research, if not the sole member of the genre of spoken dialogue, also contributed to both the empirical and theoretical neglect of empractical speech. And finally, the inaccessibility of translations from classical German-language research sources has substantively contributed to the invisibility of empractical speech on the modern research landscape. Furthermore, this chapter summarizes essential characteristics of empractical settings, including the setting itself, participants, varieties of concurrent nonlinguistic activities, diacrisis, and empractical speech, as garnered from the results presented in Chap. 4, along with a discussion of the role of nonverbal behavior in such settings.

In this chapter, we discuss a corollary of our position that field-observational data are the appropriate basis for a psychology of verbal communication. We argue that a psychologically adequate understanding of spoken dialogue, including both empractical and conversational speech, is not possible without taking into account social responsibility. The four fundamental psychological principles (intersubjectivity, perspectivity, open-endedness, and verbal integrity), reiterated in several chapters as the general theoretical basis of this book, are presented here as universal prescientific criteria whereby social responsibility in spoken dialogue is established. In other words, we wish to emphasize their moral import. Accordingly, the impact of each of the principles for socially responsible dialogical interaction is presented herein. We wish to acknowledge that the scientific initiative for this emphasis on morality has come largely from Ragnar Rommetveit’s writings. In addition, we argue that, in the final analysis, the social responsibility for the words uttered in dialogue is localized solely in the individual speaker, and correspondingly, the social responsibility for what is understood is localized solely in the individual listener. These responsibilities are not jointly shared, even though communication is a joint activity. We make use of examples from our corpora to point out differences in social responsibility across empractical and conversational settings.