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The fight against nosocomial infections in hospitals, has promoted the use of microencapsulated essential oils on medical wearing uniforms. These types of microcapsules can be improved with the use of antimicrobial polymers in the shell structure. Chitosan is one of the most used biopolymers and the effectiveness of the treatment can be increased with the combination of different molecular weight chains of chitosan. This modification in the composition of shell structure allows controlling the rate of hydrolysis and, therefore the amount of its cationic form. The main objective of this work is to define a methodology to get microcapsules with different shell compositions, using surfactants as stabilizers in their first step. Once they have been obtained, these microcapsules will be fixed into textile substrates with the objective to use these tissues as surgical and medical clothes to spread the antibacterial effect, in sanitary staff, as well as in the own patient. In the process of microencapsulation the molecular weight distribution of polymers, influences strongly the delivery mechanisms of the active principle, as well as the chemical characteristics of the textile substrate used in every case. In this work, several chitosan biopolymers have been checked. Structural changes in the stabilization first step and the influence of the cross-linking extension have been related with the final antibacterial effect when fixed on cotton substrates, Authors want to show their acknowledgements to the institutions and companies that helped to the development of this work. Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology. TEXBICO (RTI2018-094014-B-100) that granted the necessary funds to do the experimental work and Biomedical Chitosan (Australia) and CHIBIO (China), for kindly supply the samples used in the Shell structure of microcapsules, Postprint (published version)

L’estudi de les micro/nano-emulsions és vital per tal de poder reduir la mida dels principis actius i així millorar la penetració i absorció de les drogues. Igualment, poden arribar a millorar la distribució dels medicaments en àrees especifiques, reduint així considerablement els efectes secundaris en segons quins tractaments. Es tracten de sistemes termodinàmicament estables. Això implica que la seva formació es dona de manera espontània, és a dir, no requereix d’energia externa., Micro/nano emulsion studies are essential to shrink active agents’ particle size and, thus, increase the absorption and penetration of drugs. Furthermore, drug distribution in some specific areas can be increased and, therefore, secondary effects can be reduced in some medical treatments. These are high thermodynamic stables systems. This implies the spontaneous formation, this is, there is no need for external energy to force its formation.

Biopolymeric chitosan is considered a promising encapsulating agent for tex-tile applications due to its biocompatibility, lack of toxicity, antibacterial activ-ity, high availability, and low cost. After cellulose, it is nature's most importantorganic compound. Also, chitosan has unique chemical properties due to itscationic charge in solution. Microencapsulation technologies play an impor-tant role in protecting the trapped material and in the durability of the effect,controlling the release rate. The app lication of chitosan microcapsules in tex-tiles follows the current interest of industries in functionalization technologiesthat give different properties to products, such as aroma finish, insect repel-lency, antimicrobial activity, and thermal comfort. In this sense, methods ofcoacervation, ionic gelation, and LBL are presented for the production ofchitosan-based microcapsules and methods of textile finishing that incorporatethem are presented, bath exhaustion, filling, dry drying cure, spraying, immer-sion, and grafting chemical. Finally, current trends in the textile market areidentified and guidance on future developments, Postprint (author's final draft)

La presència d’ions nitrogenats a les aigües d’arreu del món augmenta a mesura que passa el temps des de que es té coneixement de l’existència de dits ions. De la mateixa manera augmenta el control mediambiental i les investigacions sobre els compostos nitrogenats., The presence of nitrogenated ions in waters around the world increases with time since it’s known the existence of this type of ions. In the same way, environmental controls are increasing and also the investigations about these components.

Botrytis cinerea spp. es un patógeno de origen fúngico capaz de infectar a cientos de cultivos por todo el mundo, lo que lo ha convertido en uno de los patógenos más estudiados. Este hongo, además de ser capaz de destruir cientos de cultivos, también puede generar lo que se conoce como podredumbre noble, bajo condiciones muy específicas. Las uvas que sufren de esta afección son muy valiosas en la industria enológica, puesto que se utilizan en la producción de los denominados vinos botritizados. Se tratan de vinos dulces que presentan un cuadro aromático y de sustratos muy complejo debido a su propia naturaleza. En este presente Trabajo de Fin de Grado se ha llevado a cabo una revisión bibliográfica acerca de Botrytis cinerea, las condiciones necesarias para que se produzca la podredumbre noble, los procesos de vinificación que se siguen durante la elaboración de los vinos botritizados, su origen histórico, y una breve clasificación de los principales vinos elaborados a partir de estas uvas.

Diseño del proceso productivo de una bodega en Madrid, específicamente en Morata de Tajuña. En este trabajo se citarán las características necesarias en el proceso, para poder cumplir las condiciones impuestas en los pliegos de condiciones de la D.O Vinos de Madrid. Explicando además todos los procesos desde que se recibe la materia prima y productos auxiliares, hasta que se realiza la expedición del producto y el dimensionamiento y distribución en la planta.

El presente Trabajo de Fin de Grado tiene como objetivos principales diseñar, calcular y zonificar los equipos e instalaciones necesarias para una almazara de aceite de oliva virgen extra (D.O.P. Aceite de Monterrubio), utilizando 800.000 kg de aceitunas. El aceite se elabora con aceitunas que proceden de las variedades Cornezuelo y Picual o Jabata como mínimo en un 90%. Se trabajará para conseguir elaborar 128.000 kg de aceite de oliva virgen extra de pago a la temporada, partiendo de 800.000 kg de aceitunas en la temporada. La Almazara se encuentra en el municipio de Monterrubio de la Serena (Badajoz) amparada bajo la Denominación de Origen Protegida (D.O.P.) garantizando el aceite de oliva virgen extra. Los productos de Denominación de Origen Protegida (D.O.P.) son aquellos, cuyas características, les marca el medio geográfico del que proceden, con sus factores naturales y humanos y, cuya producción, transformación y elaboración se realizan siempre en el territorio de la Denominación de Origen Protegida donde se enmarcan. La Denominación de Origen Protegida Aceite Monterrubio fue creada en 10 de mayo de 2001. Desde entonces viene desarrollando su labor de comprobación y certificación del aceite de oliva virgen extra, producido por los asociados de la DOP Aceite Monterrubio, con la única y exclusiva finalidad de garantizar su procedencia y sus excelentes características, lo que es una garantía total para la salud del consumidor. Es un aceite obtenido únicamente por procedimientos mecánicos (labores comunes del olivar, tratamientos fitosanitarios y por medios físicos). Presenta un color amarillo verdoso, de gran estabilidad, sabor afrutado, aromático, almendrado y ligeramente amargo y picante. Tiene una acidez máxima de 0,5º, una humedad e impurezas inferiores a 0,1% y un índice de peróxidos menor de 20.

Adaptar los procesos de una industria química a las directrices de la Industria 4.0 para poder desarrollar la fábrica del futuro. El objetivo del trabajo es aplicar conceptos de Industria 4.0 a una planta de producción de productos químicos para lograr una optimización de los procesos llevados a cabo actualmente y conseguir mejorar la competitividad de la marca

Incoming

The purpose of this project was to get a better understanding of the delignification kinetics of the enzyme laccase with the mediator HBT (Hydroxybenzotriazole) on hemp and lignin as a substrate. The end goal was to find the ideal ratio of enzyme/ HBT/ substrate. In addition, a bleaching process was done on the same pre-treatment hemp as that of the enzyme treatment. The first step was the pre-treatment of the hemp. With the last step of the pre-treatment, the chemical delignification through an alkaline treatment. The hemp before and after the alkaline treatment are tested trough the lignin determination test, FTIR and TGA. These tests gave good results where it was clear that this process indeed partly delignifies the hemp but also removes other constituents in the process. The following step was to determine the effect of the enzyme laccase, HBT and laccase together with HBT on two different alkaline treated hemps. After the reaction, an UV-vis spectroscopy was done on the liquor of the reactions and the percentage of lignin left from the pure lignin samples were determined. After that, the lignin content in the treated hemp samples was also determined. The found results gave an unchanged lignin percentage in the hemp samples. After the lignin determination test, the lignin received from this test was put under an FTIR spectrometer. In the pure lignin there was a drop in the amount of lignin left but not in an expected way. It was decided not to work any further on this section in this project. In the end, a bleaching process with H2O2 was done on the two same alkaline treated samples. On these bleached samples, a DP test was done. On a few selected samples an FTIR and TGA were also performed. The bleaching process gave interesting results but more research needs to be done to get a better understanding of what exactly is happening towards the hemp in the bleaching process., Incoming

Aquest projecte tracta sobre la degradació del colorant Blau Sirius BRR (direct blue-71) utilitzant el diòxid de titani com a catalitzador. La degradació o eliminació dels colorants de les aigües residuals tèxtils és un dels camps més estudiats actualment. Avui dia hi ha gran varietat d'estudis sobre aquest camp i un dels mètodes que destaca és la degradació amb l'ajuda de catalitzadors fotoinduïts. Un dels catalitzadors més estudiats és el diòxid de titani que és un fotocatalitzador, això vol dir que el catalitzador necessita absorbir llum per activar-se i poder accelerar la reacció. En aquest projecte s'estudiarà la cinètica de la degradació d'un colorant amb diòxid de titani, per entendre millor el seu funcionament. També cal observar les diferències entre el comportament de l'diòxid de titani quan es troba sota l'efecte de llum UV i quan no ho està., Este proyecto trata sobre la degradación del colorante Azul Sirius BRR (direct blue-71) utilizando el dióxido de titanio como catalizador. La degradación o eliminación de los colorantes de las aguas residuales textiles es uno de los campos más estudiados actualmente. Hoy en día hay gran variedad de estudios sobre este campo y uno de los métodos que destaca es la degradación con la ayuda de catalizadores fotoinducidos. Uno de los catalizadores más estudiados es el dióxido de titanio que es un fotocatalizador, esto significa que el catalizador necesita absorber luz para activarse y poder acelerar la reacción. En este proyecto se estudiará la cinética de la degradación de un colorante con dióxido de titanio, para entender mejor su funcionamiento. También se observarán las diferencias entre el comportamiento del dióxido de titanio cuando se encuentra bajo el efecto de luz UV y cuando no lo está., This project deals with the degradation of the Sirius Blue BRR (direct blue-71) dye using titanium dioxide as a catalyst. The degradation or elimination of colorants from textile wastewater is one of the most studied fields today. Today there are a great variety of studies in this field and one of the methods that stands out is degradation with the help of photoinduced catalysts. One of the most studied catalysts is titanium dioxide, which is a photocatalyst, this means that the catalyst needs to absorb light to activate and accelerate the reaction. In this project, the kinetics of degradation of a colorant with titanium dioxide will be studied to better understand its operation. The differences between the behavior of titanium dioxide when it is under the effect of UV light and when it is not will also be observed.

Los sistemas nanométricos se basan en el estudio de la materia a escalas de tamaño reducido, dando lugar al estudio de las propiedades fisicoquímicas únicas del sistema a estudiar. El auge de estudiar los aspectos a escala nanométrica ha llevado a un nuevo paradigma en áreas como la nanomedicina y perfumería, donde el hecho prioritario es el beneficio del paciente y la acción prolongada y homogénea de la dosis subministrada . En contraste, los sistemas nanométricos activados se basan en la respuesta de un estímulo interno (pH, presencia de encimas, luz, temperatura) mejorando la biodisponibilidad, proponiendo nuevos sistemas de liberación d ebido a su versatilidad química, consiguiendo ser funcionales en su superficie con moléculas que reconozcan selectivamente. Debido a su estructura y tamaño, los nanosistemas pueden contener una mayor cantidad de producto y permitiendo un mayor control de s u liberación. Los sistemas de nanoestructuras orgánicas e inorgánicas, donde se encuentran materiales poliméricos tales como nanoesferas, nanocápsulas, micelas, liposomas, etc. Han llevado al estudio de los campos anteriores, con tal de conseguir los obje tivos anteriormente mencionados. Debido a todo lo anteriormente antedicho, el objetivo principal del presente trabajo reside en el desarrollo de nanocápsulas de fragancia para la aplicación en sustratos textiles.

The influence of the alkaline delignification of hemp on its moisture uptake has been studied under the project “Preparation and functionalization of hemp for textile substrates” focussed on the reduction of cotton imports for the manufacturing of clothing, household textiles and medical devices. The project looks for the partial replacement of cotton by hemp on the production of natural cellulosic textiles. Hemp fibres are alkaline delignified at different times to evaluate its effect on their moisture uptake behaviour to evaluate the ability of replacing cotton in the next-to-skin goods manufacturing. The paper gives three easy tools to analyse the moisture uptake behaviour by determining the sorption ratio, the hysteresis and the parameters of the isotherms fitted using three different models (GAB, Hailwood-Horrobin and Dent) to the absorption desorption isotherms. The samples of the original and delignified hemp have been subjected to moisture absorption/desorption trials from 5% to 95% RH at 25 º C. Sorption ratio and hysteresis reveal the greater influence of lignin on moisture uptake at low relative humidities, while at high, was cellulose which plays the most important role. The models fitted to the isotherms show that delignification decreases the size of the monolayer that, in desorption results always greater than in absorption. The energy constants of the monolayer for delignified fibres in absorption were higher than those for the original fibres, while the opposite occurred in desorption. Lignin caused great differences between absorption and desorption. The energy constants of the multilayer show a greater range of variation in delignified samples than in the original one, and results in absorption were higher than those in desorption. Delignification time of 3 h reached the highest cellulose content which best approached to the cellulose content of cotton causing that the moisture uptake behaviour drew near to it, especially at higher relative humidi, Postprint (published version)

Nowadays, the needs and requirements to avoid infections during surgical operations, require to be more imaginative than ever. The one-use textiles substrates that are used in hospitals can be, also, a way to transport the antibacterial effect around the own building. This is the main objective of this work; to use clothes and textiles surfaces as antibacterial systems using natural components. Microencapsulation has shown in several occasions the effectivity to protect and vehiculize active principles that can be used for medical treatments. In this case, essential oils have been used as antimicrobial agent, that when combined with shell polymers based on Chitosan of different molecular weight distribution and Arabic gum, allows them to act against Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacteria. Chitosan has been shown to be a biopolymer with a wide range of applications and is highly dependent on its molecular weight. The study of the efficiency of the final systems obtained present high valuable possibilities, due to its character similar to hydrogels. The influence of the molecular weight of biopolymers used, in a layer by layer approach (LbL), has been demonstrated and shows a very promising way to state a clear control on the delivery mechanisms. The essential oil used has a very volatile character formed by more than 40 components and with the help of FT-IR and TGA it has been possible to corroborate that all its components were encapsulated. The impregnation of the different samples to the tissue was successful and allowed the antibacterial study to be carried out, which was carried out in duplicate on each sample and demonstrated that they have bacterial activity., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

El projecte tracta de dissenyar un procés productiu nou per a l'elaboració d'un Coulant de Xocolata Natural industrialitzat intentant que el producte s'assimili al màxim al Coulant tradicional que es fa manualment.

En la contemporaneidad es innegable la necesidad de la búsqueda por nuevas fuentes de energía alternativas que no contaminen y que no se extingan, como alternativa a los recursos fósiles utilizados actualmente. En este contexto, este proyecto busca, a través de una revisión bibliográfica, proveer información necesaria para la realización de una fermentación dando lugar a la producción, por ejemplo, de un combustible alternativo, como el bioetanol, ya implementado en países como Brasil, Estados Unidos y Colombia. De ese modo, se ha buscado proporcionar una visión genérica del proceso, así como operaciones relacionadas con el mismo, enfocándose principalmente en aspectos relacionados con su obtención, a través de la fermentación y biorreactores empleados. Respecto al proceso, se han desarrollado diversos tipos de pre y postratamientos, así como técnicas esterilización y de purificación del bioetanol producido. Además, se ha tenido en cuenta el reaprovechamiento de residuos como fuente de sustrato, teniendo en cuenta que el desperdicio también es una problemática que afecta la realidad actual. En ese marco, se ha empleado un modelo ejemplificativo del proceso de obtención de bioetanol a partir de residuos de remolacha azucarera. Por último, se han destacado métodos de tratamiento de residuos oriundos de la conversión de las materias primas a bioetanol, de modo a transformar la elaboración del biocombustible en un proceso sostenible, reaprovechando los desechos y reduciendo el impacto ambiental., In contemporary times, the need to search for new alternative energy sources that do not pollute and do not become extinct, as an alternative to the fossil resources currently used, is undeniable. In this context, this project seeks, through a bibliographic review, to provide the necessary information to carry out fermentation, leading to the production, for example, of an alternative fuel, such as bioethanol, already implemented in countries such as Brazil, United States. United and Colombia. In this way, it has been sought to provide a generic vision of the process, as well as operations related to it, focusing mainly on aspects related to its obtaining, through the fermentation and bioreactors used. Regarding the process, various types of pre and post-treatments have been developed, as well as sterilization and purification techniques for the bioethanol produced. In addition, the reuse of waste as a source of substrate has been considered, considering that waste is also a problem that affects the current reality. In this framework, an exemplary model of the process of obtaining bioethanol from sugar beet residues has been used. Finally, waste treatment methods originating from the conversion of raw materials to bioethanol have been highlighted, in order to transform biofuel production into a sustainable and closed process, reusing waste and reducing environmental impact.

Interaction between microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) and compaction procedures to stabilise raw soil materials has been studied with the aim of producing earthen engineering structures. Initial tests to optimise MICP in aqueous medium and in selected soils were performed. MICP and compaction were finally applied to assess medium-size elements. The main result was that sandy soils should be compacted before irrigation treatment to close the existing voids and prevent bacterial sweeping, whereas clayey soils should be compacted after irrigation treatment to avoid the plugging effect. MICP improved small sand soil compressive strength by up to 32% over the value reached by compaction alone. However, MICP had no positive effect on coarse soils and soils with an optimum particle size distribution: MICP treatment was not able to fill large connected voids in the first case and it caused little void generation due to bacteria sporulation in the second, Postprint (published version)

Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a plant of which, its ease of cultivation, structure and properties, provide it great potential for industrial applications; nevertheless, the unfavorable content of lignin complicates its processing, especially in the textile area. Thus, an appropriate knowledge of the delignification process would lead to treating hemp fibers as cotton fibers. In this work, hemp has been treated with an alkaline liquor [NaOH 1¿M] at 110¿°C during different times and afterwards, the substrates were chemically characterized in order to determine their lignin content and also analyzed by thermogravimetry (TGA). Through the correlation analysis, the relationship between lignin content, onset temperature of cellulose decomposition and loss of mass at the different decomposition steps were established. A hyperbolic kinetic model to explain the influence of alkaline treatment time on lignin content and also on the loss of mass at the four steps of decomposition of the samples by TGA up to 600¿°C has been developed. Although it has been found that the degradation of lignin occurred across the entire temperature range, results have shown that the influence of treatment time has become clearly relevant on lignin content, Step2 (180.5¿°C-273.5¿°C) where a fraction of 10 to 16% of lignin was degraded, and Step3 273.5¿°C-396.5¿°C) where cellulose was mainly decomposed and 20% of lignin was also degraded, Authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support for this research from the Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain (Project MAT2016-79352-R) and from the National Secretary of Higher Education, Science, Technology and Innovation of Ecuador (SENESCYT) for Doctoral's Fellowship (No. CZ02-000926-2018), Postprint (author's final draft)

For the actual courses of surroundings conservation, segregation of oily water mixtures is increasingly desired. The hydrophobic/oleophilic cotton fabric as a system for removing oil from a water phase was prepared by reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) reaction technology. A piece of fabric was modified with the RAFT chain transfer agent S-1-Dodecyl-S'-(a',a''-dimethyl-a''-acetic acid) trithiocarbonate (CTA), then hydrophobic/oleophilic interface was fabricated on the CTA modified fabric by grafting the octadecyl methacrylate. The chemical structures, surface topographies and surface properties were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and contact angle experiments, respectively. The ability of as-prepared fabric with a separation efficiency was better than 97.0 % on average for various types of oil/water mixtures demonstrated the hydrophobic/oleophilic property. We believe that the work will extend the applications of fabric in the oil/water separation and provide a new design in practical applications, Postprint (author's final draft)

The influence of the alkaline delignification of hemp on its moisture uptake has been studied under the project “Preparation and functionalization of hemp for textile substrates” focussed on the reduction of cotton imports for the manufacturing of clothing, household textiles and medical devices. The project looks for the partial replacement of cotton by hemp on the production of natural cellulosic textiles. Hemp fibres are alkaline delignified at different times to evaluate its effect on their moisture uptake behaviour to evaluate the ability of replacing cotton in the next-to-skin goods manufacturing. The paper gives three easy tools to analyse the moisture uptake behaviour by determining the sorption ratio, the hysteresis and the parameters of the isotherms fitted using three different models (GAB, Hailwood-Horrobin and Dent) to the absorption desorption isotherms. The samples of the original and delignified hemp have been subjected to moisture absorption/desorption trials from 5% to 95% RH at 25 °C. Sorption ratio and hysteresis reveal the greater influence of lignin on moisture uptake at low relative humidities, while at high, was cellulose which plays the most important role. The models fitted to the isotherms show that delignification decreases the size of the monolayer that, in desorption results always greater than in absorption. The energy constants of the monolayer for delignified fibres in absorption were higher than those for the original fibres, while the opposite occurred in desorption. Lignin caused great differences between absorption and desorption. The energy constants of the multilayer show a greater range of variation in delignified samples than in the original one, and results in absorption were higher than those in desorption. Delignification time of 3 h reached the highest cellulose content which best approached to the cellulose content of cotton causing that the moisture uptake behaviour drew near to it, especially at higher relative humidit

Postprint (author's final draft)

Raw hemp fibers are alkaline delignified to evaluate the effect of lignin on themoisture uptake behavior of hemp. Samples are subjected to moisture absorp-tion/desorption isotherms from 5% to 95% relative humidity at three differenttemperatures (15, 25, and 35 C). The sorption ratio between delignified anduntreated hemp is lowered by 25%. Hysteresis makes evident the greater influ-ence of lignin on moisture binding at low relative humidity while at highrelative humidity, cellulose plays the most important role. The GAB,Hailwood-Horrobin and Dent models are fitted to absorption/desorptionisotherms. Delignification and temperature decrease the size of the monolayer.The energy constants of the monolayer differ according to the model used.Lignin causes great differences between absorption and desorption. The greaterthe temperature is, the lower the monolayer energy constant. The energy con-stants of the multilayer are identical for the three models, showing a greaterrange of variation in delignified samples than in the untreated samples. Basedon primary and secondary energy constants, bonding enthalpies are determined.Estimations in desorption show higher correlation coefficients with the energyconstants, which enables to conclude that measures in desorption better explainthe effect of delignification on the water uptake behavior of hemp, Postprint (published version)

Gràcies als sentits som capaços de percebre el món, i l’olfacte a més és el sentit que està relacionat amb la part més antiga del nostre cervell, aquella que és més instintiva i menys racional, és degut això que l’olfacte te un gran impacte sobre aspectes socials i emocionals, arribant a l’extrem d’estimar o odiar un objecte o un aliment pel simple fet de l’olor. És per això que en avui en dia es busca la durabilitat de les fragàncies que es compren, dels suavitzants de la roba, dels sabons i cremes corporals i fins i tot dels tes i les infusions. Com que tots aquests components s’evaporen de seguida, per la seva alta volatilitat, en aquest treball s’estudia com encapsular aquest principi actiu per tal que la seva olor sigui alliberada en el moment adequat. Per tal de no afegir més contaminants a l’escena global, aquest treball es realitzarà utilitzant biopolímers, que són biodegradables o compostables., Gracias a los sentidos, somos capaces de percibir el mundo. El olfato, además, es el sentido de que está relacionado con la parte más antigua de nuestro cerebro, aquella que es más instintiva y menos racional. Es por ello que el olfato tiene un gran impacto sobre los aspectos sociales y emocionales. Hasta el extremo que, a veces, se quier o se odia un objeto o un alimento, en función del olor que haga. Es por ello que en hoy en día se busca la durabilidad de las fragancias que se compran, los suavizantes de la ropa, de los jabones y cremas corporales e incluso de los tés y las infusiones. Como todos estos componentes se evaporan enseguida, por su alta volatilidad, en este trabajo se estudia cómo encapsular este principio activo para que su olor sea liberado en el momento adecuado. Con el fin de no añadir más contaminantes en la escena global, este trabajo se realizará utilizando biopolímeros, que son biodegradables o compostables., Thanks to the senses, we are able to perceive the world. Smell is also the sense that is related to the oldest part of our brain, the one that is more instinctive and less rational. That’s why smell has a big impact on social and emotional aspects. To the point where an object or food is sometimes loved or hated, depending on how it smells. That is why today we are looking for the durability of the fragrances that are bought, fabric softeners, body soaps and creams and even teas and infusions. Because all these components evaporate immediately, due to their high volatility, this work studies how to encapsulate this active ingredient so that its odour is released at the right time. In order not to add more pollutants to the global scene, this work will be done using biopolymers, which are biodegradable or compostable.

Postprint (published version)

Pectinases can be used to remove impurities and hydrophobic material from cotton fibers by the degradation of pectic substances. The biochemical characterization and the evaluation of process parameters that influence the enzyme’s activity are mandatory to optimize the industrial application. In the present study, a factorial experimental design was conducted to evaluate the activity of a commercial pectate lyase at different reaction conditions of temperature, pH, and nonionic surfactant concentration, aiming its application in bioscouring of textiles. The main effects of all three factors were found to be statistically significant. The second-order interactions between temperature and pH, and pH and surfactant concentration, were also important. Maximum activity on polygalacturonic acid was achieved at 60¿°C, pH 9, and without surfactant. These results provided support for the subsequent bioscouring assays, resulting in a high level of cleanliness and good wettability of knitted cotton fabric at the lowest enzyme concentration (1¿g/l), and could make textile processing more sustainable, BLC acknowledges her grant to Programa de Bolsas Universitárias de Santa Catarina (UNIEDU), JABV is thankful to Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES, project 88887.310560/2018-00), JA appreciates his grant from Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq, Grant 313458/2017-0), and DBDS would like to thank FAPESC and CAPES for his MSc. Scholarship (call 05/2019). Furthermore, the authors would like to thank Novozymes for the enzyme, as well as Graduate Program in Textile Engineering at the Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC – Blumenau), Laboratório Central de Microscopia Eletrônica (LCME) of the Federal University of Santa Catarina, and Chemistry Department of FURB – Universidade Regional de Blumenau for their support, Postprint (author's final draft)

One of the great advantages of electrospun fibers is the large tridimensional area produced, capable of storing any type of material. The aim of our investigation is to study the electrospinning technique to produce polymer membranes for drug delivery applications, given their large surface area and ability to transport a bioactive compound. A mathematical modeling of the delivery system kinetics was also studied to find the mechanism that controls the releasing process. Results showed that electrospinning could provide regular and smooth membranes suitable for drug delivery processes. The choice of a proper solvent for this process was an important parameter analyzed, because it determined whether fibers were capable of forming, as well as influencing fiber porosity. The mathematical modeling also proved that thicker PLLA membranes exhibited a Fickian diffusion behavior during the drug transport, presenting better control in drug delivery processes, The authors are grateful to CAPES for financial support, Postprint (published version)