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La croissance et la santé des porcs sont affectées par les conditions d’hygiène du logement. Le ralentissement de la croissance en conditions dégradées s’explique par la baisse d’ingestion et des modifications métaboliques induites par l’activation des fonctions de défense. Une précédente étude a rapporté des réponses moyennes contrastées en termes de performances, métabolites sanguins et indicateurs immunitaires chez des porcs soumis à un challenge sanitaire durant leur croissance. L’objectif de cette étude est de prendre en compte la variabilité interindividuelle des réponses observées afin de déterminer, par des méthodes statistiques multivariées, si un profil sanguin particulier peut prédire la variabilité de croissance. Les données ont été collectées sur 160 porcs en croissance soumis pour la moitié d’entre eux à un challenge sanitaire pendant six semaines. Les animaux ont été pesés à jeun et des prises de sang effectuées à trois reprises : avant puis trois et six semaines après le début du challenge. Le jeu de données est constitué de 51 variables comprenant des métabolites et des indicateurs des statuts redox et immunitaires sanguins. La méthode des forêts aléatoires (Random Forest) a été utilisée pour identifier 22 variables constituant de bons prédicteurs du gain de poids (GMQ). Parmi ces variables, une recherche semi-exhaustive de modèles linéaires a permis d’identifier sept variables sanguines relatives à l’inflammation, aux défenses antioxydantes et des acides aminés, permettant de prédire le GMQ avec une précision de 63% environ (R2 ajusté). Cette approche nous permet de proposer des métabolites sanguins indicateurs du ralentissement de la croissance et de mettre en exergue des modifications métaboliques en situation d’inflammation., Health and growth of pigs are affected by the hygienic conditions of housing. The lower growth rate observed in poor hygienic conditions is explained by reduced feed intake and metabolic changes caused by the activation of body defences. A previous study reported contrasting average values for growth performance, blood metabolites, redox and immune indicators in pigs subjected to a hygiene challenge during the growing period compared to pigs housed under good conditions. The objective of this study was to consider inter-individual variability in responses to determine, using a machine learning method and multivariate statistics, whether a particular blood profile can predict average daily gain (ADG). The data were collected from 160 growing pigs, half of which were subjected to a health challenge for six weeks. The animals were weighed in the fasted state, and blood samples were taken three times: before, and then three and six weeks after the beginning of the challenge. The dataset consisted of 51 variables including metabolites and immune indicators. The random forest method was used to identify 22 variables that were good predictors of ADG. Among these variables, a semi-exhaustive search of the best linear models made it possible to identify seven variables (indicators of inflammation and antioxidant status, amino acids) to predict ADG with an accuracy of about 63% (adjusted R2). This approach allows us to propose blood metabolites as indicators of slower growth and to highlight metabolic changes in a situation of inflammation.

Improvingprotein autonomy is amajor challenge in organic pig production. According to organic specifications, pigs should have access to fodder (roughage,fresh, dried) orsilage.The objective of thisstudy was to evaluate consequences of feeding alfalfa hayon growth and carcass performances. A total of 120 pigs were used in two consecutive trialsof 60 pigs. Pigs were group-housed (sixpigs/pen). Fivetreatments were compared. The control group (T) and the R0 LEgroup were fed ad libitumwith a commercial grower feed. The R10 LE, R15 LEand R22 LEgroups were restrictively fed at 10%, 15%and 22% of ad libitum, respectively,compared to the T and R0 LEgroups. Alfalfa haywas providedad libitumto the R0 LE, R10 LE, R15 LEand R22 LEgroups. Pig growth in the T and R10 LEgroupsdidnot differ significantly (949and 937 g/d, respectively),but the average daily gain of those in the R15 LEand R22 LEgroups was significantly lower(855 and 804 g/d,respectively, P

Structure génétique de la population porcine férale de Martinique. 51. Journées de la Recherche Porcine

National audience; Assessing consumers’ acceptability of traditional pork products (TPP) from local breeds is part of evaluating the sustainability of local chains. Expectations and hedonic perception of Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) Noir de Bigorre (NB) dry-cured ham produced from the pure Gascon breed were assessed. The study was conducted in Toulouse (France), as an expanding market for TPP, with 124 consumers who regularly purchased TPP (quota sampling method). Three products were used: “NB-PDO dry-cured ham 24-month curing – local pig breed in extensive system” (NB24), “NB-PDO dry-cured ham 36-month curing – local pig breed in extensive system” (NB36) as an innovative TPP to enhance sensory quality, and “Iberian ham – 50% Iberian pig” (IB) as a competing product. Following the expectation disconfirmation theory, the sensory test included three phases: blind (tasting without information), expected (product description only) and actual liking (tasting with information), using a 9-point scale from 1 (extremely dislike) to 9 (extremely like). Data were analysed using a mixed linear model including the effects of product, phase, interaction between product and phase, consumer session as random, and considering repeated measures within consumer. The blind hedonic test showed no differences (P>0.05) among products, which all had high blind liking scores (6.7-6.8). Product description strongly influenced expected liking (P

Réduire les impacts environnementaux des productions animales reste une priorité. Formuler des éco-aliments générant de moindres impacts environnementaux peut constituer un levier d’action. Cette formulation nécessite la connaissance des impacts des intrants alimentaires, ce que rassemble la base de données ECOALIM. Ces données d’impacts sont des valeurs moyennes à l’échelle de la France et, de ce fait, ne rendent pas compte de la grande diversité des itinéraires techniques et des contextes pédoclimatiques. Ainsi, ces valeurs moyennes nationales sont-elles suffisantes pour mettre en oeuvre une écoconception des aliments du bétail ? Cette étude ambitionne d’y répondre en se basant sur une analyse d’incertitude des impacts des principales matières premières utilisées en alimentation animale (blé, maïs, orge, colza, tournesol, et leurs coproduits transformés), et des impacts des éco-aliments formulés soit à partir de données moyennes, soit à partir de données spécifiques, pour différents contextes économiques et de disponibilité en matières premières. Un échantillonnage aléatoire (N entre 500 et 1000) a été réalisé en tirant les valeurs d’impacts des matières premières dans une loi normale bornée par des valeurs minimales et maximales. Chaque jeu de données est utilisé pour comparer les impacts environnementaux et les taux d’incorporation des matières premières entre les aliments formulés à moindre coût et les éco-aliments. Pour les impacts changement climatique et consommation d’énergie, les moyennes nationales d’impacts environnementaux des matières premières s’avèrent suffisantes pour l’écoconception en permettant de réduire effectivement les impacts par rapport à la formulation à moindre coût. Les résultats sont plus variables pour les impacts consommation de phosphore et occupation des sols. De même, certaines matières premières comme le blé et le maïs requièrent des itinéraires plus précis qu’une simple situation moyenne nationale., Reducing environmental impacts of the livestock sector remains a priority. Formulating eco-feeds with lower impacts can be used as one mechanism. Doing so requires knowledge about feedstuff impacts, such as those contained in the ECOALIM database. As this database provides average values at a national scale, it can have high uncertainty due to the large variability in production techniques and soil/climate contexts for crops. Thus, the purpose of this study was to assess the relevance of eco-designing feed based on average national values. Uncertainty analysis was performed considering the variability in impact of the main crops used for pig feeds: wheat, maize, barley, rapeseed and sunflower and their processed co-products. This was applied to formulate eco-feeds within various economic contexts and conditions of feedstuff availability. A random sample (n = 500-1000) was created by drawing environmental impact values from a normal distribution truncated by minimum and maximum values. Each dataset was used to compare impacts of the eco-feed with those of an average standard feed. The effect of incorporation rates of feedstuffs was also analysed. For the impacts “energy consumption” and “climate change”, and for many feedstuffs, the use of national average data of environmental impacts appeared suitable for an eco-design implementation by feed manufacturers. Nonetheless, the ECOALIM dataset needs to be enriched with more detailed data for certain feedstuffs, such as maize and wheat, and also for certain impacts, such as “phosphorus use” and “land use”.

Les questions relatives au bien-être animal apparaissent souvent comme des contraintes pour les éleveurs, alors qu’ils sont le mieux à même de parler de leurs animaux et de leurs pratiques. Un outil d'évaluation du bien-être animal a été co-construit avec des éleveurs de trois régions. Cet article présente les méthodes utilisées lors de sa conception ainsi que l’outil consolidé. Une liste exhaustive de critères a été établie lors de trois ateliers de co-élaboration impliquant des éleveurs, leurs conseillers et des experts du bien-être animal. Les éleveurs ont indiqué comment ils évaluaient si leurs animaux se portaient bien, soit de manière spontanée lors d’échanges, soit en réagissant aux questions d'un visiteur naïf. Des représentants des groupes ont ensuite recueilli, hiérarchisé et sélectionné les critères selon quatre dimensions : logement, comportement, santé et alimentation. Ils ont proposé des modes opératoires pour la réalisation des mesures en élevage. Un prototype d'outil a été construit et testé par les éleveurs et leurs techniciens à deux reprises dans leurs élevages. Les retours d'expérience des deux sessions de notation ont permis d'évaluer la faisabilité de cet outil dans différents types de fermes, les difficultés rencontrées dans sa mise en œuvre par les éleveurs, et de finaliser avec eux une liste de mesures pertinentes. L’outil final comporte 15 mesures à relever principalement sur les animaux, dans deux salles en post-sevrage et en engraissement. Cet outil a vocation à être largement utilisé par les éleveurs ou leurs conseillers, qui pourront objectiver la situation de l’élevage, se comparer aux autres élevages et envisager des voies de progrès., Animal welfare issues often appear as constraints for farmers, even though they are the people best placed to talk about their animals and practices. An animal welfare assessment tool was co-constructed with farmers from three regions of France. This article presents the methods used during development as well as the final tool. An exhaustive list of criteria was established at three co-development workshops involving farmers, their advisers and animal welfare experts. Farmers indicated how they evaluate whether their animals are doing well, either spontaneously during exchanges or by responding to questions from a naive visitor. Group representatives then looked at and ranked all the criteria and selected some of them according to four dimensions: housing, behaviour, health and feeding. They proposed procedures for carrying out measures on the farm. A prototype tool was then built and tested by farmers and their technicians twice on their farms. The feedback from the two scoring sessions made it possible to evaluate the feasibility of this tool on different types of farms, identify the difficulties encountered during implementation by farmers and finalise a list of relevant measures with farmers. The final tool consists of 15 measures to be taken mainly on animals, in two rooms during the post-weaning and fattening periods. This tool is intended to be widely used by farmers or their advisers to assess the condition of the farm and its animals according to these indicators, compare it to other farms and consider pathways for progress.

L’alimentation de précision permet de diminuer les impacts environnementaux des systèmes d’alimentation actuels, mais nécessite l’estimation précise des besoins de phosphore (P) et de calcium (Ca). L’objectif est d’adapter un modèle mécaniste récemment développé portant sur l’utilisation du P et du Ca alimentaires, à l’alimentation de précision. Une première étape a consisté à modifier le potentiel de dépôt de P et Ca dans l’os pour le rendre indépendant du dépôt protéique. Ceci a été réalisé à partir de résultats récents obtenus sur des porcs nourris avec des excès de P et Ca. Ensuite, des données de composition corporelle de porcs recevant des apports de Ca et P contrastés (rations couvrant ou non les besoins et dont l’apport de Ca et de P est déséquilibré ou non) ont été utilisées pour estimer la capacité de prédiction du modèle par l’erreur quadratique moyenne de prédiction (EMP) et sa décomposition en erreur de tendance centrale (ETC), de régression (ER) et de bruit (EB). Les résultats montrent une prédiction globale qui est très bonne avec des EMP de moins de 9% provenant à plus de 70% d’EB, donc non liées aux paramètres du modèle. Lorsque la qualité de prédiction est étudiée par groupes d’apport (témoins, carencés, stratégies de déplétion-réplétions), les témoins présentent une ETC plus élevée (P : ETC = 30%, ER = 0%, EB = 70% ; Ca : ETC = 22%, ER = 2%, EB = 76%) montrant que le modèle sous-estime le Ca et P corporels (pente = 0,99 et 0,98 respectivement). Pour les porcs carencés, l’ER est plus élevée (P : ETC = 6%, ER = 11%, EB = 83% ; Ca : ETC = 51%, ER = 23%, EB = 26%) mettant en évidence que le modèle surestime la teneur corporelle en P et Ca des porcs en phase de finition. Des pistes d’amélioration ont été proposées pour améliorer sa prédiction sur ses points faibles avant de passer à l’étape de l’inversion pour prédire les besoins de porcs en groupe puis ceux d'animaux alimentés individuellement de façon journalière., Precision feeding reduces environmental impacts of current phase-feeding systems but requires an accurate estimate of phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca) requirements. The aim is to adjust to precision feeding a mechanistic model recently developed to predict the fate of dietary P and Ca. The first step was to modify the model’s potential Ca and P deposition into bone to make it independent of protein deposition. This was done by using recent results for pigs fed excess P and Ca. Then, body composition data from pigs receiving contrasting Ca and P supplies were used to evaluate the predictive ability of the model. Mean squared prediction error (MSPE) and its decomposition into central tendency error (ECT), regression (ER) and disturbance (ED) were calculated. The results show good prediction overall, with MSPE less than 9% from more than 70% of ED not related to model parameters. For predictive ability by contribution group, control pigs have higher ECT (P: ECT = 30%, ER = 0%, ED = 70%; Ca: ECT = 22%, ER = 2 %, ED = 76%), showing that the model underestimates requirements (slope = 0.99). For pigs fed deficient dietary Ca and P diets, higher ER was observed (P: ETC = 6%, ER = 11%, ED = 83%; Ca: ECT = 51%, ER = 23%, ED = 26%), showing that the model overestimates requirements in the finishing phase. Areas for improvement have been identified, and in the next steps the model will be modified to improve its prediction of its weak points before moving to the inversion stage to predict requirements of pigs fed on group basis and then on an individually basis.

National audience; The adiposity of carcasses of pigs slaughtered in France decreased by 45% on average from 1977 to 2016. This is the result of 40 years of production of increasingly lean animals, initiated from 1950-1960 by setting up commercial grading scales for carcasses and differentiated payment according to lean tissue content, to the detriment of fatty tissues. This evolution led to standardization of production, leading to difficulties in meeting the demand of certain market segments. However, changes have occurred in recent years within the French pork industry, resulting in a renewed interest in fat and the desire to move towards greater diversification of produced and marketed carcasses. Indeed, adipose tissues have many advantages, both for the processing of cured meat products and delicatessen products (fat cover), as well as for sensory and nutritional qualities of products (intramuscular lipids). This review provides an update on pig genetic improvement in France in relation to adiposity and product quality. After a reminder of the importance of adipose tissues for meat quality and the characteristics of these tissues, factors of variation of adiposity and traits related to the amount of fat considered in breeding programs (measurement methods, genetic parameters) are presented. An inventory of the genetic variability that remains within French pig populations (selected breeds and local breeds) in terms of quantity and distribution of adipose tissues is drawn up. This assessment is necessary to define future selection strategies in order to better meet the various expectations of the pork industry and consumers.; L’adiposité des carcasses de porcs abattus en France s’est réduite en moyenne de 45% entre 1977 et 2016. Ce constat est le résultat de 40 années de production d’animaux de plus en plus maigres, initiée dans les années 1950-1960 par la mise en place des grilles de classement commercial des carcasses et de paiement différencié en fonction de leur teneur en tissus maigres, au détriment des tissus gras. Cette évolution a conduit à une standardisation de la production, entraînant des difficultés pour répondre à la demande de certains segments de marché. Toutefois, une nouvelle évolution s’opère depuis quelques années au sein de la filière porcine française, se traduisant par un regain d’intérêt pour le gras et la volonté de s’orienter vers une plus grande diversification des carcasses produites et commercialisées. En effet, les tissus adipeux présentent de nombreux atouts, tant pour la transformation en produits de charcuterie et salaison (gras de couverture), que pour les qualités sensorielles et nutritionnelles des produits (lipides intramusculaires). Cette synthèse fait le point sur les évolutions de l’amélioration génétique du porc en France en lien avec l’adiposité et la qualité des produits. Après un rappel sur l’intérêt des tissus adipeux pour les qualités des viandes et sur les caractéristiques de ces tissus, les facteurs de variation de l’adiposité et les caractères de quantité de gras pris en compte dans les programmes d’amélioration génétique (méthodes de mesure, paramètres génétiques) sont présentés. Un état des lieux de la variabilité génétique qui demeure au sein des populations porcines françaises (races sélectionnées et races locales) en termes de quantité et de répartition des tissus adipeux est dressé. Ce bilan est nécessaire pour définir les futures stratégies de sélection, afin de mieux répondre aux diverses attentes des industriels et des consommateurs.

National audience; An unfavourable relationship between responses to stress and feed efficiency has been proposed. Parallel trials were run, including divergent lines for residual feed intake and divergent lines for plasma cortisol response 1 h after ACTH injection. At 6 weeks of age, 48 pigs from each of the four lines were injected with ACTH. Plasma cortisol was measured before injection, and 1 h and 4 h later. Growth rate, feed intake, feed efficiency, body composition and meat quality were measured during the growing-finishing period on the same pigs fed either a conventional diet (9.7 MJ net energy (NE) and 160 g crude protein/kg) or a diet with an increased proportion of dietary fibres to dilute NE and digestible amino acids (AA) by 10%. Comparison of the lines selected for feed efficiency showed that the response to ACTH was slightly stronger, and lasted longer, in the more efficient line (P < 0.05). During the feed challenge, the growth rate of the most efficient line decreased more with the diet with lower NE and AA contents than that of the less efficient line (P < 0.06). However, in terms of feed efficiency, the more efficient line remained more efficient. On the other hand, comparison of the 'response to ACTH' lines showed no difference for growth and feed intake during the growth period, but a higher carcass yield and a leaner body composition of animals with higher plasma cortisol after ACTH injection. Thus, the initial hypothesis of a negative association between feed efficiency and the HPA axis activity is not supported.; Une relation défavorable entre réponse au stress et efficacité alimentaire est souvent mise en avant. Deux lignées divergentes pour l’efficacité alimentaire, et deux lignées divergentes pour la réponse en cortisol plasmatique à une injection d’ACTH, indicateur de l’activité de l’axe corticotrope, ont été testées en parallèle. A 6 semaines d’âge, 48 porcs par lignée ont reçu une injection d’ACTH. Le cortisol plasmatique a été mesuré avant injection, 1 h et 4 h après injection. La vitesse de croissance, l’ingestion, l’efficacité alimentaire, la composition de carcasse et la qualité de la viande ont été enregistrées. La moitié des animaux a reçu un aliment croissance conventionnel (9,7 MJ d’énergie nette (EN) et 160 g de protéines brutes/kg), et l’autre moitié a été soumise à un challenge alimentaire avec un aliment contenant des fibres alimentaires pour diluer l’EN et les acides aminés digestibles dans une proportion de 10%. La réponse à l’ACTH a été légèrement plus forte, et prolongée dans le temps, dans la lignée la plus efficace (P < 0,05). La vitesse de croissance et l’ingéré de la lignée plus efficace soumise à un régime fibreux ont été plus diminués que ceux des porcs moins efficaces (P < 0,06), mais l’avantage d’efficacité alimentaire a été maintenu. D’autre part, la comparaison des lignées « réponse à l’ACTH » ne montre pas de différence pour les caractères de croissance et d’ingestion pendant la période de croissance, quel que soit l’aliment, mais montre une composition corporelle plus maigre des porcs ayant une concentration de cortisol plasmatique plus élevée. Ainsi, contrairement à l’hypothèse initiale, la sélection pour une meilleure efficacité alimentaire n’affecte pas négativement la réponse à l’ACTH, et la diminution de l’activité de l’axe corticotrope n’est pas favorablement corrélée aux performances.

Évaluation économique de la demande sociale pour des caractéristiques clés de la filière Noir de Bigorre. Journée de restitution des résultats du projet TREASURE

The present study aimed at investigating the evolution of pigs&rsquo, fecal microbiota composition from post-weaning to finishing in a longitudinal analysis. The experiment was conducted on 160 Pietrain &times, (Large White &times, Landrace) castrated male and female pigs in two replicates. Feces were collected at 52, 99, 119, 140, and 154 days of age for further 16S rRNA sequencing to analyze the microbiota composition. Pig microbiota evolved strongly from 52 to 99 days of age with an increased abundance of Streptococcaceae and a decreased abundance of Lactobacillaceae. During the finishing stage, microbiota kept evolving at a slower rate. To link the community structure to the performances, the fecal samples were clustered into enterotypes sharing a similar bacterial composition. At 52 days, two enterotypes dominated either by Lactobacillus or by Prevotella&ndash, Sarcina were identified. They differed from the two enterotypes determined from 99 to 154 days which were dominated either by Lactobacillus or by Turicibacter&ndash, Clostridium sensu stricto. During this time period, 75% of the pigs switched enterotypes. The enterotypes were not related to differences in the overall growth or feeding performance. The enterotype definition was time-dependent and seemed to be related to the sex type at 99 days of age.

The raw materials used to make processed meat products come mainly from pork. Swine production has evolved over the past sixty years. Animals are less fat and the fat tissues themselves contain less fat. Current products may therefore contain less fat than before, but this remains related to the recipes used. Swine production continues to evolve by modifying, through animal feeding, the composition of fatty acids deposited in tissues in order to fit to dietary recommendations for human nutrition. Specific pork production chains enrich the meat by incorporating raw materials rich in n-3 fatty acids into the feed. These are then found in processed meat products, which improves their nutritional qualities. The environmental impact will also be improved with animal production chains using local proteins to replace imported soya. All this could contribute to improving the image of processed meat products.; Les matières premières qui entrent dans la fabrication des produits de charcuterie sont essentiellement à base de porc. La production porcine a évolué au cours des soixante dernières années, les animaux sont moins gras et les tissus gras eux-mêmes contiennent moins de lipides. Les produits de charcuterie actuels peuvent donc contenir moins de lipides qu’auparavant, mais ceci reste en relation avec les recettes utilisées. La production porcine continue d’évoluer en modifiant, par l’alimentation des animaux, la composition des acides gras déposés dans les tissus afin de répondre au mieux aux recommandations alimentaires en nutrition humaine. Des filières spécifiques de production porcine enrichissent la viande par l’incorporation dans l’aliment de matières premières riches en acides gras n-3. Ceux-ci se retrouvent ensuite dans les produits de charcuterie, ce qui améliore leurs qualités nutritionnelles. L’impact environnemental sera également amélioré avec des filières de productions animales utilisant des protéines locales en remplacement du soja importé. Tout ceci pourrait concourir à améliorer l’image des produits de charcuterie.

To avoid boar taint before slaughtering, late castration by immunisation against gonadotrophin releasing hormone or immunocastration has been developed. The current study aimed at determining whether differences in feed efficiency between castrated male (CM), immune castrated (IM) and entire male pigs (EM) can be explained by differences in nutrient plasma profiles after a meal. In this study, 24 male pigs (n = 8/type) were enrolled between 14 to 19 weeks of age. Entire and IM pigs ate less and were more feed efficient than CM pigs (p < 0.05). The postprandial plasma profiles of glucose, insulin, urea and amino acids (AA) were determined before (d –6), just after (d 8) and well after (d 16) the decrease in testicular hormones in IM pigs. For each test day, pigs were fasted overnight and subsequently fed a small meal (400 g). On d –6, postprandial profiles of plasma glucose of IM pigs did not differ from the two other types of pigs. On d 8, EM pigs had a greater average plasma glucose concentration than IM and CM pigs (p < 0.05) but the profiles did not differ. On d 16, the differences between profiles of glucose suggest a lower clearance of glucose in EM compared with IM and CM pigs. Plasma insulin did not significantly differ between the three types. Plasma urea profiles did not differ between CM, EM and IC pigs on d –6 whereas CM pigs showed higher plasma urea concentrations than EM and IM thereafter (p < 0.01). Among AA, Lys plasma concentrations were greater in CM than in EM and IM pigs on d –6, d 8 and d 16 (p < 0.05), whereas on d 16 plasma Hypro concentrations were lower in CM than in EM and IM pigs (p < 0.05). The finding that plasma glucose profiles were modified by immunocastration much faster and earlier than urea and AA profiles, suggest that the decrease in testicular hormones impacted energy metabolism more rapidly than protein metabolism.

Objective: Feed energy required for pigs is first prioritized to meet maintenance costs. Additional energy intake in excess of the energy requirement for maintenance is retained as protein and fat in the body, leading to weight gain. The objective of this study was to estimate the metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance (MEm) by regressing body weight (BW) gain against metabolizable energy intake (MEI) in growing pigs.[br/] Methods: Thirty-six growing pigs (26.3 +/- 1.7 kg) were allotted to 1 of 6 treatments with 6 replicates per treatment in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were 6 feeding levels which were calculated as 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 100% of the estimated ad libitum MEI (2,400 kJ/kg BW0.60 d). All pigs were individually housed in metabolism crates for 30 d and weighed every 5 d. Moreover, each pig from each treatment was placed in the open-circuit respiration chambers to measure heat production (HP) and energy retained as protein (REp) and fat (REf) every 5 d. Serum biochemical parameters of pigs were analyzed at the end of the experiment.[br/] Results: The average daily gain (ADG) and HP as well as the REp and REf linearly increased with increasing feed intake (p< 0.010). beta-hydroxybutyrate concentration of serum tended to increase with increasing feed intake (p = 0.080). The regression equations of MEI on ADG were MEI, kJ/kg BW0.60 d = 1.88xADG, g/d+782 (R-2 = 0.86) and MEm was estimated at 782 kJ/kg BW0.60 d. Protein retention of growing pigs would be positive while REf would be negative at this feeding level via regression equations of REp and REf on MEI.[br/] Conclusion: The MEm was estimated at 782 kJ/kg BW0.60 d in current experiment. Furthermore, growing pigs will deposit protein and oxidize fat if provided feed at the estimated maintenance level.

In this study we investigated the impact of dietary protein and carotene levels on microbial functions and composition during the last month of purebred fattening Duroc pigs. Fecal microbiota was characterized using 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing at two points of live, 165 (T1) and 195 (T2) days. From 70 to 165 days of age, 32 pigs were divided into two groups fed either a standard-protein (SP) or a low-protein (LP) diet. In the last month (165-195 days), all pigs received a LP diet, either carotene- enriched (CE) or not (NC). Significant differences were observed between T1 and T2 at Amplicon Sequences Variants (ASVs), phylum and genus levels. In T1 group, Prevotella, Faecalibacterium and Treponema were the genera most influenced by dietary protein, together with predicted functions related with the degradation of protein. In contrast, the CE diet did not impact the microbiome diversity, although 160 ASVs were differentially abundant between CE and NC groups at T2. Weak stability of enterotype clusters across time-points was observed as consequence of medium-term dietary interventions. Our results suggest that during the last month of fattening, dietary protein have a stronger effect than carotenes on the modulation of the compositional and functional structure of the pig microbiota. This study supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and the European Union Regional Development Funds (AGL2015-65846-R). Y. Ramayo-Caldas was funded by the European Union H2020 Research and Innovation programme under Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant (P-Sphere) agreement No. 6655919. ES is a recipient of a PhD fellowship from the University of Lleida. RG is a recipient of a postdoctoral fellowship from the UdL-Impuls program. We acknowledge the staff at Selección Batallé for their cooperation.

International audience; Local pig breeds are adapted to the specific local environment and fed with various locally available feedstuffs. Besides their genetic merit for agro-biodiversity, they represent the basis for sustainable local pork chains. The present chapter aims to present history and current status of the Basque pig breed, its exterior phenotypic characteristics, geographical location, production system and main products. This French autochthonous breed of pigs, which almost disappeared few decades ago, seems now consolidated, thanks to a chain organization and recognised high-quality products (Protected Designation of Origin). Reproductive performance data reviewed from the literature and estimated from the LIGERAL database (herdbook) are presented. Available data on production traits including growth (early, middle, late and overall growth), feed intake, body composition and carcass traits are also summarized. Meat quality traits (pH, colour, intramuscular fat content and fatty acid composition) and back fat tissue characteristics (fatty acid profile) are also described. Studies on the Basque pig breed are scarce. Different production systems, feeding regimes and feed composition used among studies can explain differences observed between studies, especially for productive traits. However, the current review gives insight into the reproduction, production and carcass and meat quality traits of this local pig breed.

Comment les filières agricoles influencent-elles l’adoption de pratiques écologiques à l’échelle des exploitations ? Étude sur le secteur porcinLa qualité environnementale des produits fait l’objet d’une demande sociétale forte, depuis ces deux dernières décennies, qui est à l’origine de l’émergence de gouvernances privées et de nombreuses démarches de qualité. Notre étude examine i) comment la création de démarches qualité privées influence l’adoption de pratiques écologiques à l’échelle des exploitations et ii) les rôles joués par les organisations de producteurs (OP). Cette étude porte sur le secteur porcin du Grand Ouest de la France. Des entretiens semi-directifs ont été menés en face-à-face avec neuf personnes, chacune représentant une OP porcine du Grand Ouest. Ces personnes citent la démédicalisation, les pratiques alimentaires, la gestion des effluents et la diminution des consommations de ressources naturelles comme les principales pratiques écologiques soutenues par leur OP. Les énergies renouvelables ou encore la gestion des déchets sont des pratiques moins largement soutenues. Les personnes interrogées identifient trois types de modifications engendrées par les démarches qualité sur le système de production : modifications douces (engendrées, par exemple, par le sans-OGM), modifications incrémentales (engendrées, par exemple, par le sans-antibiotique), ou modifications radicales (engendrées, par exemple, par une conversion à l’agriculture biologique). Les représentants rencontrés ont une perception diversifiée des facteurs facilitant l’adoption de pratiques écologiques à l’échelle des exploitations, que ces facteurs soient de nature économique, sociologique ou financière. Ces représentants des OP perçoivent l’adoption de pratiques écologiques à l’échelle des exploitations comme une possibilité de réduction des coûts de production et une opportunité de générer une plus-value. Par ailleurs, il apparaît que, pour ces personnes interrogées, le bien-être animal surpasse l’environnement en terme de préoccupation sociétale.

Cet article décrit un dispositif expérimental conçu pour peser, effectuer des mesures et des prélèvements sur des porcs après le sevrage. Ce dispositif a été conçu et réalisé par les techniciens animaliers de la Plateforme Tropicale d’Expérimentation sur l’Animal (PTEA) de Duclos, Petit-Bourg. Il est constitué d’un ensemble de cellules et d’un dispositif de contention associé à une balance.

The quality of pig carcasses, meat and pork products is reflected by different dimensions: economic (commercial value), technological (processing ability), sensory (appearance, texture, flavour, etc.) and nutritional (nutrient supply meeting human nutritional requirements). Each of these dimensions is described by several indicators, evaluated by different methods (physical, biochemical, etc.). One objective of the TREASURE project was to characterise the intrinsic quality of traditional pork products from diverse European local pig breeds and production systems. To harmonise the evaluation of quality within the project, a single tool based on common indicators and methods for quality assessment was developed. A "toolbox" for quality was established considering, for each main product (carcass, subcutaneous fat, fresh loin, green ham, dry ham, other dry products), the main quality dimensions (economic, technological, sensory, nutritional, etc.) and within each, the individual indicators (e.g. backfat thickness, intramuscular fat content, TBARs level, pH 24 h, colour parameters (L* a* b*), sensory tenderness, processing yield, NaCl content, etc. leading to a total of about 80 indicators) along with assessment of the method. The inventory of quality dimensions and indicators was drawn from our expertise, the scientific literature, and the Animal Trait Ontology for Livestock (ATOL) database. Measurement methods were chosen based on our expertise and the literature, including a recent “Handbook of reference methods for meat quality assessment” produced within the FAIM COST action. This “Pork Quality” toolbox is a generic tool that can help stakeholders from a variety of pork chains evaluate the quality of pork and pork products.

Lien vers la version preprint déposée sur Biorxiv.org https://prodinra.inra.fr/record/447811; Weaning is a critical transition phase in swine production in which piglets must cope with different stressors that may affect their health. During this period, the prophylactic use of antibiotics is still frequent to limit piglet morbidity, which raises both economic and public health concerns such as the appearance of antimicrobial-resistant microbes. With the interest of developing tools for assisting health and management decisions around weaning, it is key to provide robustness indexes that inform on the animals’ capacity to endure the challenges associated with weaning. This work aimed at developing a modelling approach for facilitating the quantification of piglet resilience to weaning. A total of 325 Large White pigs weaned at 28 days of age were monitored and further housed and fed conventionally during the post-weaning period without antibiotic administration. Body weight and diarrhoea scores were recorded before and after weaning, and blood was sampled at weaning and 1 week later for collecting haematological data. A dynamic model was constructed based on the Gompertz–Makeham law to describe live weight trajectories during the first 75 days after weaning, following the rationale that the animal response is partitioned in two time windows (a perturbation and a recovery window). Model calibration was performed for each animal. Our results show that the transition time between the two time windows, as well as the weight trajectories are characteristic for each individual. The model captured the weight dynamics of animals at different degrees of perturbation, with an average coefficient of determination of 0.99, and a concordance correlation coefficient of 0.99. The utility of the model is that it provides biologically meaningful parameters that inform on the amplitude and length of perturbation, and the rate of animal recovery. Our rationale is that the dynamics of weight inform on the capability of the animal to cope with the weaning disturbance. Indeed, there were significant correlations between model parameters and individual diarrhoea scores and haematological traits. Overall, the parameters of our model can be useful for constructing weaning robustness indexes by using exclusively the growth curves. We foresee that this modelling approach will provide a step forward in the quantitative characterisation of robustness.

Le projet propose un nouveau paradigme de la production porcine qui vise à développer des filières durables basées sur les races locales sous-exploitées. Le programme vise à répondre aux attentes des consommateurs pour la qualité des produits régionaux traditionnels et aux exigences sociétales concernant l'environnement, le bien-être animal et le développement rural. Les objectifs sont de mieux caractériser les races porcines locales, en particulier les races actuellement sous-exploitées, aux niveaux phénotypique et génétique (avec l’utilisation des nouveaux outils génomiques), d’évaluer leurs performances dans leur système de production spécifique, d’étudier les effets des pratiques d’élevage notamment la valorisation des ressources alimentaires locales, d’évaluer les besoins nutritionnels de ces animaux et l’impact environnemental de la production, et de mieux comprendre le lien entre les pratiques d’élevage et la qualité intrinsèque des produits traditionnels ou innovants de haute qualité. Les préférences et attitudes des consommateurs, ainsi que les stratégies de commercialisation des produits traditionnels de porcs issus de races locales sont également évaluées. L’ensemble de ces activités a pour but de contribuer à améliorer la durabilité des filières porcines valorisant des races locales. Dans l’esprit du programme H2020 prônant une approche multi-acteurs, le projet TREASURE associe des partenaires de différents secteurs : recherche, développement, services et conseil en agriculture, petites et moyennes entreprises, associations de producteurs afin de créer et renforcer les interactions entre la recherche, le développement et les filières de production et de renforcer l’impact des travaux de recherches et le transfert de connaissances vers les utilisateurs., The project proposes a new paradigm of pork production that aims to foster development of sustainable pork value chains based on rarely exploited local pig breeds. The program is designed to meet consumer expectations about the quality of products with a regional identity, meet societal requirements regarding the environment and animal welfare, and foster rural development. The objectives are to better characterise these rarely exploited local pig breeds at the phenotypic and genetic levels (with new genomic tools), assess their performances as a function of the production system and agro-climatic conditions, assess effects of farming practices (especially the use of local feed resources), assess their nutritional needs, assess environmental impacts of producing these breeds, and better understand relationships between production systems and the intrinsic quality of traditional or innovative products of high quality. Consumer preferences and attitudes, as well as marketing strategies for traditional products based on local pig breeds, are studied. All of these activities are expected to contribute to improved sustainability of pork chains based on local pig breeds. In the spirit of the H2020 multi-actor approach, the TREASURE project involves partners from multiple sectors: research, development, advisory services, small and medium enterprises, breeders’ associations to create and strengthen the impact of research work and the transfer of knowledge to users.

L’élevage porcin entraine la mise en contact d’animaux de statuts sanitaires et immunitaires très différents. Ces statuts diffèrent au sein d’animaux de bandes différentes, mais aussi au sein d’une même bande voire d’une même portée. Dans cette étude, un suivi d’une centaine de porcelets a été effectué depuis la mise-bas jusqu’à 69 jours de vie. Le suivi a consisté à mesurer différents paramètres chez ces porcelets pour observer si ces derniers ont un impact sur la réponse vaccinale en post-sevrage. Cette dernière est grandement modifiée selon la quantité d’anticorps d’origine maternelle lors de la vaccination. Cette quantité dépend du délai entre la naissance du premier porcelet de la portée et celle du porcelet étudié. Les porcelets immatures ont une moins bonne réponse vaccinale, ceux dont le GMQ en maternité est plus faible ont une moins bonne réponse vaccinale. Ce GMQ étant influencé par le poids à la mise-bas, la prise colostrale, le poids du porcelet par rapport au poids du reste de sa portée ainsi que les adoptions

The present study aimed at investigating the impact of heat challenges on gut microbiota composition in growing pigs and its relationship with pigs’ performance and thermoregulation responses. From a total of 10 F1 sire families, 558 and 564 backcross Large White × Créole pigs were raised and phenotyped from 11 to 23 wk of age in temperate (TEMP) and in tropical (TROP) climates, respectively. In TEMP, all pigs were subjected to an acute heat challenge (3 wk at 29 °C) from 23 to 26 wk of age. Feces samples were collected at 23 wk of age both in TEMP and TROP climate (TEMP23 and TROP23 samples, respectively) and at 26 wk of age in TEMP climate (TEMP26 samples) for 16S rRNA analyses of fecal microbiota composition. The fecal microbiota composition significantly differed between the 3 environments. Using a generalized linear model on microbiota composition, 182 operational taxonomic units (OTU) and 2 pathways were differentially abundant between TEMP23 and TEMP26, and 1,296 OTU and 20 pathways between TEMP23 and TROP23. Using fecal samples collected at 23 wk of age, pigs raised under the 2 climates were discriminated with 36 OTU using a sparse partial least square discriminant analysis that had a mean classification error-rate of 1.7%. In contrast, pigs in TEMP before the acute heat challenge could be discriminated from the pigs in TEMP after the heat challenge with 32 OTU and 9.3% error rate. The microbiota can be used as biomarker of heat stress exposition. Microbiota composition revealed that pigs were separated into 2 enterotypes. The enterotypes were represented in both climates. Whatever the climate, animals belonging to the Turicibacter–Sarcina–Clostridium sensu stricto dominated enterotype were 3.3 kg heavier (P < 0.05) at 11 wk of age than those belonging to the Lactobacillus-dominated enterotype. This latter enterotype was related to a 0.3 °C lower skin temperature (P < 0.05) at 23 wk of age. Following the acute heat challenge in TEMP, this enterotype had a less-stable rectal temperature (0.34 vs. 0.25 °C variation between weeks 23 and 24, P < 0.05) without affecting growth performance (P > 0.05). Instability of the enterotypes was observed in 34% of the pigs, switching from an enterotype to another between 23 and 26 wk of age after heat stress. Despite a lower microbial diversity, the Turicibacter–Sarcina–Clostridium sensu stricto dominated enterotype was better adapted to heat stress conditions with lower thermoregulation variations.

Cette étude porte sur la quantification des bases génétiques de la caudophagie chez des femelles Tai Zumu. Le phénotype mesuré est la présence de morsure(s) à la queue en fin d’engraissement, traduisant le fait que l’animal n’a pas su se défendre contre l’attaque de ses congénères. Les objectifs sont de 1/ comparer les performances de croissance et d’adiposité au contrôle à 100kg entre femelles indemnes et femelles mordues à la queue, 2/ quantifier la contribution d’effets génétiques sociaux, qui sont liés aux génotypes des partenaires de groupe, à la variation phénotypique du caractère ‘mordu’, et enfin 3/ estimer les effets de l’environnement sur l’expression génétique de ce caractère sous forme d’interactions génétique-environnement (GxE). La présence de morsure(s) a été enregistrée sur 33266 cochettes dans les trois élevages de sélection de la lignée. La prévalence variait entre 2,8% et 10,8% selon l’élevage. Ceux-ci diffèrent par les caractéristiques des groupes (ex. taille, nombre de mélanges) et le mode d’alimentation en engraissement. Les modèles d’analyse tenaient compte d’un effet génétique direct seul ou avec un effet génétique social. Les modèles ont été appliqués à la population globale des trois élevages et à chaque élevage séparément. Les effets génétiques sociaux contribuent à plus de 80% de la variance héritable. Leur prise en compte permet d’expliquer 40 à 80% de la variation phénotypique contre seulement 6 à 8% avec un modèle direct. Les différences entre élevages de classement des verrats connecteurs selon leurs valeurs génétiques, indiquent l’existence de fortes GxE puisque leurs corrélations de rang sont non différentes de 0. Bien que la part de variance génétique directe du caractère soit très faible, une sélection contre la caudophagie est possible. Inclure des effets génétiques sociaux permet de mieux quantifier la variation héritable et leur prise en compte dans les schémas augmenterait la réponse à la sélection contre ce comportement déviant., This study focusses on quantification of the genetic basis of tail-biting in Tai Zumu females. The phenotype under measure was the presence of tail bite(s) at the end of the fattening period, reflecting that the animal was unable to defend itself from groupmates’ attacks. The objectives were to (1) compare the growth and leanness performance at the monitoring at 100 kg between non-bitten females and bitten females; (2) quantify the contribution of social genetic effects, which depend on the genotypes of groupmates, to the phenotypic variation of the trait ‘bitten’; and (3) estimate the effect of the environment on the genetic expression of this trait as interactions between genetics and environment (GxE). The presence of tail bite(s) was recorded on 33,266 gilts from three nucleus herds. The prevalence of tail bites varied from 2.8% to 10.8% among herds that differed according to the groups’ characteristics (e.g., size, number of mixings) and feeding system during fattening. The models for analyses considered single direct genetic effects or also social genetic effects. Models were applied to the entire population including the three nucleus herds and to each herd taken separately. Social genetic effects contributed to more than 80% of total heritable variance, which equalled 40-80% of phenotypic variation, whereas only 6-8% was explained with a direct model. Differences in the ranking of connecting sires between herds according to their breeding values yielded rank correlations not different from zero, indicating strong GxE. Selection against tailbiting is possible even though the direct genetic contribution for this trait is low. Considering social genetic effects improves quantification of heritable variation, and accounting for them in breeding schemes would increase response to selection against this deviant behaviour.

In summary, heat stress compromises a variety of production parameters in the swine industry including growth, carcass composition, and reproduction. Evidence suggests that maternal exposure to heat stress has long-lasting effects on postnatal offspring performance. The combination of climate change forecasts increased pork production in tropical and subtropical regions of the globe and improved genetic capacity for lean tissue accretion and fecundity, all point to increasingly negative impacts of heat stress on pork production efficiency and quality in the future. Physically modifying the environment is currently the primary abatement strategy that should be utilized to mitigate the negative effects of heat stress, but other approaches include dietary modifications and genetic improvement.

Intestinal diamine oxidase (DAO) acts as a protective barrier against exogenous histamine. A deficit of DAO activity can lead to the appearance of histamine intolerance, a clinical condition that may be treated by a low-histamine diet and oral DAO supplementation to enhance intestinal histamine degradation. As sources of DAO, porcine kidneys and certain legume seedlings are suitable components for the formulation of a DAO supplement. The aim of this work was to develop a rapid and reliable methodology for the in vitro determination of DAO activity in food matrices based on an enzymatic assay coupled to UHPLC-FL. The proposed method showed a satisfactory linearity and sensitivity and provided a relative standard deviation lower than 3%, guaranteeing method precision, and a mean recovery greater than 99% both for lyophilized pea sprouts and porcine kidney protein extracts. A high specificity is a key attribute of this method due to the use of histamine as the reaction substrate and the direct quantification of its degradation. Moreover, the lack of interference of catalase and hydrogen peroxide is another advantage in comparison with previously published methods. Lyophilized pea sprouts showed the greatest histamine-degrading activity (0.40 ± 0.01 mU/mg), followed by porcine kidney protein extracts (0.23 ± 0.01 mU/mg) and commercial DAO supplements (0.09 ± 0.06 mU/mg). This technique could be used as a tool to validate the DAO activity of food matrices of potential interest for the treatment of histamine intolerance.

Présenté au: 18. Annual Congress of the French Speaking Transplantation SocietyToulouse FranceDate: 4 au 7 décembre 2018; International audience; Introduction: Due to organ shortage, clinicians are prone to consider alternative type of organ donors among them donors deceased after circulatory death (DCD). However, especially using these organs which are more prone to graft dysfunction, there is a need to better understand mechanistic events occurring during ischemia phase and leading to ischemia/reperfusion injuries (IRI). The aim of this study is to provide a dynamic transcriptomic analysis of preclinical porcine model kidneys subjected to ischemic stress mimicking DCD donor.Methods: We compared cortex and corticomedullary junction (CMJ) tissues from porcine kidneys submitting to 60 min warm ischemia (WI) followed by 0, 6 or 24 h of cold storage in University of Wisconsin solution versus control non‐ischemic kidneys (n = 5 per group).Results: 29 cortex genes and 113 CMJ genes were significantly up or down‐regulated after WI versus healthy kidneys, and up to 400 genes were regulated after WI and more 6 or 24 h of cold storage (p < 0.05). Home selected gene kinetic classification, Gene‐ontology‐biological processes and Gene‐ontology‐molecular‐function functional enrichment analysis revealed relevant genes implication during WI and cold storage.Conclusion: We uncovered targets which we will further validate as biomarkers and new therapeutic targets to optimize graft kidney quality before transplantation and improve whole transplantation outcome.

The objective was to evaluate the impact of producing piglets fed diets with different crude protein (CP) levels through life cycle assessment and experimental data. In Trial I (performance), 28 crossbred barrow piglets, with an initial average weight of 15.3 ± 1.15 kg were divided into a randomized block design with four treatments, seven replications and one animal per experimental unit. In Trial II (nitrogen and phosphorus balance), 20 crossbred barrow piglets with an average weight of 21.4 ± 1.62 kg were divided in a randomized block design with four treatments, five replications and one animal per experimental unit. Four experimental feeds were evaluated: HighCP, CP18, CP17 and LowCP, with 19, 18, 17 and 16 % of CP, meeting the requirements of digestible amino acids through industrial amino acid (IAA) addition. From Trial I and II data, the environmental impact was calculated for global warming potential, acidification potential, eutrophication potential, cumulative energy demand, terrestrial ecotoxicity and land occupation (LO). Total nitrogen excretion decreased by 0.226 g d−1 for each 1 g of reduction on daily nitrogen intake. However, there was no statistical difference (p > 0.05) among experimental treatments for all impact categories. For LO, there was a reduction (p = 0.078) of impact with CP reduction, which was 8 % lower with the LowCP diet, in comparison with HighCP. Dietary CP reduction for piglets from 15 to 30 kg, through IAA supplementation, reduced the environmental impact under LO, considering soybean meal from southern Brazil and observed individual data of performance and excretion.

Diet formulation has a direct impact on the efficiency of use of nutrient and energy by pigs and poultry and, consequently, it affects nutrient and waste flow at farm level. All the compounds found in the manure, or emitted into the air, originate from the fraction of the diet which is not retained by the animals. The improvement of efficiency of nutrient retention by pigs and poultry is an efficient way to reduce excretion and emission from the animals. Changing the composition of the feed is efficient to modify the chemical properties of excreta in order to reduce the gaseous emissions and the production of odours. Changing the composition if the feed may allow to better adapt the composition of excreta to their future use for biogas production or as fertilisers. Innovations in the development of enzymes and amino acid production have been and are still important levers for the development of low environmental impact feeding strategies for pigs and poultry. The development of feeding strategies for reducing N and P excretion by pigs and poultry requires a good knowledge of nutrient bioavailability in feed ingredients and a precise evaluation of requirements. Phase feeding is required for practical application of improved feeding strategies. It is facilitated by the use of computerised feeding systems with the perspective of precision feeding.

National audience

National audience; Precision feeding is a promising strategy to improve the efficiency of resource use by improving the adequacy between nutrient supplies and animal requirements. Technologies that identify each pig within a group (RFID ear tags), weighs it automatically and mixes different diets to adapt the quality of the feed ration on an individual and daily basis (precision feeders) were combined in a decision support system developed in the H2020 Feed-a-Gene project. It also includes a conceptual model to estimate nutritional requirements that relies on prediction of body weight (BW) and BW gain. These day D+1 criteria must be predicted from daily and individual measurements of BW performed up to day D on growing pigs group-housed in a pen equipped with an automatic weighing scale. The BW predicted with the Holt-Winters’ double exponential smoothing model (HWα, with the smoothing parameter α set at 0.6) were compared to measurements performed over at least 97 days on two groups of 96 pigs. From the 85 and 83 individual growth curves available, the slope of the regression between mean measured and predicted BW averaged 0.98 (R² = 0.99). Based on 9080 and 7662 measured BW available (respectively in each group), mean daily RMSEP regularly varies over time around 4-5% (without any particular event during the trial). Consequently, the accuracy of the prediction method was considered to meet expectations.

Les alternatives à la castration chirurgicale chez le porcelet. Les implications pour le vétérinaire

Environmental assessment of pig production systems using local breeds remains poorly documented in the literature. So far, studies did not account for specificities of outdoor rearing which is quite common in such systems. The present study aimed at evaluating the environmental impacts of pig production systems using local breeds in Europe, while accounting for emissions associated to consumption of grass and mitigation of impacts through soil-C sequestration. Environmental impacts were estimated for 48 farms using local pig breeds: 25 in France (Gascon breed), eight in Italy (Mora Romagnola breed) and 15 in Slovenia (Krskopolje breed). Assessment was performed with and without accounting for pasture-intake emissions and potential soil-C sequestration. The data were obtained from on-farm surveys. Systems with Gascon pigs had the lowest impacts per kg of live weight for global warming and cumulative energy demand, due to lower impacts of feeds. Acidification potential was higher for Krskopolje pigs due to high dietary crude protein content and high AP of feeds, while eutrophication potential was higher for Gascon pigs due to higher phosphorus content of feeds (28% higher than the mean of the other farms). When impacts were expressed per ha of land use, pig production in Gascon farms had the lowest impacts due to more available area per pig, except for eutrophication. Low contribution of soil-C sequestration to climate change mitigation was observed (4.7% on average). However, it may have a substantial contribution for the most extensive pig systems using large land surfaces. Emissions resulting from grazing had a rather low contribution to Global Warming Potential (4%) and Eutrophication (3%), but a substantial one to Acidification impact (9% on average). In the frame of our study, the contribution of emissions related to grazing is moderate because commercial feed supply for outdoor pigs was higher than in extensive systems studied in literature. This study highlighted that main hotspots include feed composition and supply and the origin of feed ingredients. It also suggests that future assessments of extensive pig systems relying on pig foraging on grasslands or rangelands should account for soil-C sequestration and emissions associated to grazing and foraging.

International audience; Psychological chronic stress is an important risk factor for major depressive disorder, of which consequences have been widely studied in rodent models. This work aimed at describing a pig model of chronic stress based on social isolation, environmental impoverishment and unpredictability. Three groups of animals of both sexes were constituted. Two were exposed to the psychosocial stressors while receiving (SF, n = 12) or not (SC, n = 22) the antidepressant fluoxetine, and a third group (NSC, n = 22) remained unstressed. Animals were observed in home pens and during dedicated tests to assess resignation and anxiety-like behaviors. Brain structure and function were evaluated via proton MRS and fMRI. Hippocampal molecular biology and immunodetection of cellular proliferation (Ki67+) and neuron maturation (DCX+) in the dentate gyrus were also performed. Salivary cortisol, fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and various plasmatic and intestinal biomarkers were analyzed. Compared to NSC, SC animals showed more resignation (p = 0.019) and had a higher level of salivary cortisol (p = 0.020). SC brain responses to stimulation by a novel odor were lower, similarly to their hippocampal neuronal density (p = 0.015), cellular proliferation (p = 0.030), and hippocampal levels of BDNF and 5-HT1AR (p = 0.056 and p = 0.007, respectively). However, the number of DCX+ cells was higher in the ventral dentate gyrus in this group (p = 0.025). In addition, HOMA-IR was also higher (p < 0.001) and microbiota fermentation activity was lower (SCFAs, SC/NSC: p < 0.01) in SC animals. Fluoxetine partially or totally reversed several of these effects. Exposure to psychosocial stressors in the pig model induced effects consistent with the human and rodent literature, including resignation behavior and alterations of the HPA axis and hippocampus. This model opens the way to innovative translational research exploring the mechanisms of chronic stress and testing intervention strategies with good face validity related to human.

International audience; Vocal communication is of major social importance in pigs. Their auditory sensitivity goes beyond the intraspecific level; studies have shown that domestic pigs are sensitive to and can learn to recognise human voices. The question of which prosodic features (intonation, accentuation, rhythm) of human speech may matter to this recognition, however, remains open. A total of 42 piglets were allocated to three experimental groups. Each piglet was submitted to three choice tests, during which different pairs of sounds were broadcast. Each group was first offered a choice between an unmodified (neutral) human voice and a background noise, in order to verify the attractiveness of human voice. We found that piglets could distinguish human voice; they gazed more rapidly (P

La domesticación animal es un proceso realmente importante en la historia del hombre en el cual se seleccionaron diferentes rasgos de interés de los animales, como puede ser un crecimiento más rápido o una mayor docilidad. Para estudiar la domesticación a nivel genético es necesario identificar una serie de marcadores relacionados con este proceso evolutivo. Los avances en las tecnologías de secuenciación han mejorado considerablemente la investigación de la genómica de la domesticación, pudiendo determinar los cambios genéticos que causan esa transformación de especie salvaje a doméstica. El objetivo principal de esta tesis es la evaluación del efecto de la domesticación en el genoma del cerdo mediante el análisis de la diversidad genética en poblaciones domésticas y salvajes. En la primera parte se ha realizado un análisis de la diferenciación y del desequilibrio de ligamiento para detectar las diferencias entre cerdos domésticos y salvajes, utilizando la vía metabólica como unidad de análisis. Mediante el estudio de la diferenciación, utilizando el estadístico Fst, obtenemos una serie de rutas significativas relacionadas con el comportamiento y el desarrollo, que fueron algunos de los primeros rasgos seleccionados en cerdo. Sin embargo, al realizar el análisis del desequilibrio, mediante el estadístico nSL, detectamos diferencias en rutas relacionadas con la reproducción del animal, rasgo seleccionado recientemente. Por otro lado, realizamos una red de co-asociación entre todas las vías metabólicas significativamente diferentes entre cerdos domésticos y salvajes, obteniendo 3 clústeres diferenciados, uno relacionado con el crecimiento y la regulación hormonal, otro con el sistema nervioso simpático y el último con la reproducción. En la segunda parte, realizamos un análisis de la fuerza de la selección a nivel genómico en cerdos domésticos y salvajes, utilizando dos poblaciones domésticas, Ibérico y Large White, las cuales son muy diferentes entre ellas. Mientras que Ibérico es una raza autóctona que ha sufrido recientemente una gran reducción del tamaño poblacional, Large White es una raza comercial internacional que ha sido mejorada de manera artificial, además de introgresada con cerdos asiáticos. Para analizar la fuerza de la selección utilizamos el parámetro α, que estima la proporción de sustituciones no-sinónimas que son adaptativas, utilizando cuatro estimadores diferentes de la variabilidad, cada uno enfocado a una parte del espectro de frecuencias: Fu&Li (solo singletons), Watterson (todo el espectro dando más peso a las bajas frecuencias), Tajima (todo el espectro de manera uniforme) y Fay&Wu (incrementa el peso de manera proporcional a la frecuencia). Sin embargo, al analizar los patrones de selección no encontramos más señales comunes entre las razas domesticadas que al compararlas con la salvaje. En cambio, encontramos un mayor efecto de la demografía en la selección, Ibérico tiene una variabilidad muy baja debido a su bajo tamaño poblacional, lo cual se muestra en los patrones de selección obtenidos, que se asemejan a una reducción poblacional; mientras que Large White tiene una mayor variabilidad debido posiblemente a la presencia de alelos asiáticos en su genoma, obteniendo patrones explicados por la presencia tanto de mutaciones deletéreas como beneficiosas, además de una expansión poblacional y/o migración. Por último, hemos desarrollado una aplicación web para poder analizar archivos VCF, la cual puede ayudarnos a identificar posibles errores o sesgos, principalmente relacionados con la cobertura del SNP. Animal domestication is an important process in the human history in which different traits of the animals were selected, such as faster growth or greater docility. To study domestication at the genetic level it is necessary to identify the markers related to this evolutionary process. Advances in sequencing technologies have improved the investigation of the genomics of domestication, which has allowed to determine the genetic changes that cause this transformation from wild to domestic species. The main goal of this thesis is the evaluation of the domestication effect in the pig genome through the analysis of genetic diversity in domestic and wild populations. In the first part, analyses of differentiation and linkage disequilibrium were performed to detect differences between domestic and wild pigs, using the pathway as the unit of analysis. Through the study of differentiation, using the Fst statistic, we obtained significant pathways related to behavior and development, which were some of the first selected traits in pigs. On the other hand, when performing the disequilibrium analysis, using the nSL statistic, we detected differences in pathways related to the reproduction of the animal, a recently selected trait. Besides, we made a co-association network using all pathways that are significantly different between domestic and wild pigs, obtaining three differentiated clusters, one related to growth and hormonal regulation, another with the sympathetic nervous system and the last with the reproduction. In the second part, we performed an analysis of the strength of selection at the genome level in domestic and wild pigs, using two very different domestic populations, Iberian and Large White. Iberian breed is an autochthonous breed that has recently suffered a strong reduction in the effective population size, Large White is an international commercial breed that has been artificially improved and introgressed with Asian pigs. To analyze the strength of the selection we use the parameter α, which estimates the proportion of non-synonymous substitutions that are adaptive, using four different estimators of variability, each focused on a part of the frequency spectrum: Fu&Li (only singletons), Watterson (whole spectrum giving more weight at low frequencies), Tajima (whole spectrum weighted uniformly) and Fay&Wu (increases the weight proportionally with the frequency). However, when analyzing the selection patterns, we did not find more common signals between the two domestic breeds than between domestic and wild ones. Instead, we found a larger effect of demography on the selection, Iberian has a very low variability due to its low population size, which is shown in the obtained selection patterns, which resemble a population reduction; while Large White has a larger variability, possibly due to the presence of Asian alleles in its genome, obtaining patterns that can be explained by the presence of both deleterious and beneficial mutations, together with a population expansion and/or migration. Finally, we have developed a web-based application to analyze VCF files, which can help identify possible errors or biases, mainly related to the SNP coverage.

Background Improving feed efficiency (FE) is a major challenge in pig production. This complex trait is characterized by a high variability. Therefore, the identification of predictors of FE may be a relevant strategy to reduce phenotyping efforts in breeding and selection programs. The aim of this study was to investigate the suitability of expressed muscle genes in prediction of FE traits in growing pigs. The approach considered different transcriptomics experiments to cover a large range of FE values and identify reliable predictors. Results Microarrays data were obtained from longissimus muscles of two lines divergently selected for residual feed intake (RFI). Pigs (n = 71) from three experiments belonged to generations 6 to 8 of selection, were fed either a diet with a standard composition or a diet rich in fiber and lipids, received feed ad libitum or at restricted level, and weighed between 80 and 115 kg at slaughter. For each pig, breeding value for RFI was estimated (RFI-BV), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) and energy-based feed conversion ratio (FCRe) were calculated during the test periods. Gradient boosting algorithms were used on the merged muscle transcriptomes to identify very important predictors of FE traits. About 20,405 annotated molecular probes were commonly expressed in longissimus muscle across experiments. Six to 267 expressed muscle genes covering a variety of biological processes were found as important predictors for RFI-BV (R2 = 0.63–0.65), FCR (R2 = 0.61–0.70) and FCRe (R2 = 0.49–0.52). The error of prediction was less than 8% for FCR. Altogether, 56 predictors were common to RFI-BV and FCR. Expression levels of 24 target genes were further measured by qPCR. Linear regression confirmed the good accuracy of combining mRNA levels of these genes to fit FE traits (RFI-BV: R2 = 0.73, FRC: R2 = 0.76; FCRe: R2 = 0.75). Stepwise regression procedure highlighted 10 genes (FKBP5, MUM1, AKAP12, FYN, TMED3, PHKB, TGF, SOCS6, ILR4, and FRAS1) in a linear combination predicting FCR and FCRe. In addition, FKBP5 and expression levels of five other genes (IGF2, SERINC3, CSRNP3, EZR and RPL16) significantly contributed to RFI-BV. Conclusion It was possible to identify few genes expressed in muscle that might be reliable predictors of feed efficiency. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-6010-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Obesity induced by overfeeding ultimately can lead to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, whereas dietary fiber consumption is known to have a beneficial effect. We aimed to determine if a supplementation of a mix of fibers (inulin, resistant starch and pectin) could limit or alleviate overfeeding-induced metabolic perturbations. Twenty female minipigs were fed with a control diet (C) or an enriched fat/sucrose diet supplemented (O + F) or not (O) with fibers. Between 0 and 56 days of overfeeding, insulin (+88%), HOMA (+102%), cholesterol (+45%) and lactate (+63%) were increased, without any beneficial effect of fibers supplementation. However, fibers supplementation limited body weight gain (vs. O, −15% at D56) and the accumulation of hepatic lipids droplets induced by overfeeding. This could be explained by a decreased lipids transport potential (−50% FABP1 mRNA, O + F vs. O) inducing a down-regulation of regulatory elements of lipids metabolism / lipogenesis (−36% SREBP1c mRNA, O + F vs. O) but not to an increased oxidation (O + F not different from O and C for proteins and mRNA measured). Glucose metabolism was also differentially regulated by fibers supplementation, with an increased net hepatic release of glucose in the fasted state (diet × time effect, P

WOS:000467333800001; International audience; Swine lymph nodes (LN) present an inverted structure compared to mouse and human, with the afferent lymph diffusing from the center to the periphery. This structure, also observed in close and distant species such as dolphins, hippopotamus, rhinoceros, and elephants, is poorly described, nor are the LN macrophage populations and their relationship with B cell follicles. B cell maturation occurs mainly in LN B cell follicles with the help of LN macrophage populations endowed with different antigen delivery capacities. We identified three macrophage populations that we localized in the inverted LN spatial organization. This allowed us to ascribe porcine LN M 8 to their murine counterparts: subcapsular sinus M 8, medullary cord M 8 and medullary sinus M 8. We identified the different intra and extrafollicular stages of LN B cells maturation and explored the interaction of M 8, drained antigen and follicular B cells. The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a major porcine pathogen that infects tissue macrophages (M 8). PRRSV is persistent in the secondary lymphoid tissues and induces a delay in neutralizing antibodies appearance. We observed PRRSV interaction with two LN M 8 populations, of which one interacts closely with centroblasts. We observed BCL6 up-regulation in centroblast upon PRRSV infection, leading to new hypothesis on PRRSV inhibition of B cell maturation. This seminal study of porcine LN will permit fruitful comparison with murine and human LN for a better understanding of normal and inverted LN development and functioning.

Improvingprotein autonomy is amajor challenge in organic pig production. According to organic specifications, pigs should have access to fodder (roughage,fresh, dried) orsilage.The objective of thisstudy was to evaluate consequences of feeding alfalfa hayon growth and carcass performances. A total of 120 pigs were used in two consecutive trialsof 60 pigs. Pigs were group-housed (sixpigs/pen). Fivetreatments were compared. The control group (T) and the R0 LEgroup were fed ad libitumwith a commercial grower feed. The R10 LE, R15 LEand R22 LEgroups were restrictively fed at 10%, 15%and 22% of ad libitum, respectively,compared to the T and R0 LEgroups. Alfalfa haywas providedad libitumto the R0 LE, R10 LE, R15 LEand R22 LEgroups. Pig growth in the T and R10 LEgroupsdidnot differ significantly (949and 937 g/d, respectively),but the average daily gain of those in the R15 LEand R22 LEgroups was significantly lower(855 and 804 g/d,respectively, P

Currently, breeding programs exist only for few local pig breeds in Europe. For some of them, no or very few phenotypes are recorded. To promote phenotyping, a dedicated database and a website were developed as part of the TREASURE H2020 project. This is the first step towards implementing breeding programs in European local pig breeds, based on standardised recording of growth, carcass and meat quality traits. First, the required variables were collected for six local breeds: Basque (FR), Bísara (PT), Crna slavonska (HR), Gascon (FR), Krškopolje (SI) and Schwäbisch-Hällisches (DE). In total, 74 variables were identified representing animal herdbook information (10), rearing and growth (22), carcass (22) and meat quality (20) attributes. The database is compatible with the various identifiers (IDs) used in the different countries: animal IDs, breed, farm, etc. codifications. Great attention was paid to describing methods for measuring traits. Thus, each carcass and meat quality phenotype is associated with a method description representing 35 additional variables. The website can be easily translated into several languages: English, Croatian, French, German and Slovenian languages are already available, and other languages can be easily included. Stakeholders of all the breeds studied in TREASURE are free to use these tools. Data can be hosted in a common database or in duplicate partner-specific databases. Once enough data have been recorded, genetic parameters (heritabilities, genetic correlations between traits) can be estimated and selection objectives defined for each local breed.

International audience; Immunocastration, a technique to replace surgical castration of piglets, consists of two consecutive vaccinations to induce antibodies which transiently suppress testicular functions and avoid boar taint. It is a method to ensure both a high product quality and a high level of animal welfare. The impact of immunocastration on the three pillars of sustainability has been studied extensively. While all aspects of sustainability have been studied separately, however, a contemporary global overview of different aspects is missing. In immunocastrates, performance results are better than in barrows, but worse than in boars. The environmental impact of pork production with immunocastrates is lower than with barrows, but higher than with boars. The level of aggression is considerably lower in immunocastrates compared to boars. Societal concerns are mainly related to food safety, and are not supported by scientific evidence. After second vaccination, immunocastrates switch from a boar- to a barrow-like status. Therefore, the timing of second vaccination is a fine-tuning tool to balance advantages of boars with environmental and economic benefits against increased risk of welfare problems and boar taint. Nevertheless, both synergic and conflicting relationships between the pillars of sustainability must be communicated along the value chain to produce tailored pork products.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the associated effects of ambient temperature and inflammation caused by repeated administration of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on insulin, energy, and AA metabolism. Twenty-eight pigs were assigned to one of the two thermal conditions: thermoneutral (24 °C) or high ambient temperature (30 °C). The experimental period lasted 17 d, which was divided into a 7-d period without LPS (days −7 to −1), and a subsequent 10-d LPS period (days 1 to 10) in which pigs were administered 5 repeated injections of LPS at 2-d intervals. Postprandial profiles of plasma insulin and nutrients were evaluated through serial blood samples taken on days −4 (P0), 4 (P1), and 8 (P2). Before the LPS-challenge (P0), postprandial concentrations of glucose, lactate, Gln, Ile, Leu, Phe, Tyr, and Val were greater in pigs kept at 24 °C than at 30 °C (P < 0.05). In contrast, Arg, Asp, Gly, His, and Met postprandial concentrations at P0 were lower at 24 °C than at 30 °C (P < 0.05). At both 24 and 30 °C conditions, pigs had greater postprandial concentrations of insulin (P < 0.01) and lower concentrations of NEFA (P < 0.01) and α-amino nitrogen (P < 0.05) at P1 and P2 than at P0. Compared with P0, postprandial concentrations of glucose were greater (P < 0.05) at P1 in pigs kept at 24 °C, and at P1 and P2 in pigs kept at 30 °C. At both ambient temperatures, pigs had lower (P < 0.05) postprandial concentrations of Ala, Gly, His, Ile, Leu, Pro, Ser, Thr, Trp, and Val at P1 and P2 than at P0. Arginine postprandial concentration at P1 was lower than at P0 in pigs kept at 24 °C (P < 0.05), whereas no difference was observed in pigs at 30 °C. Relative to P0, Gln and Tyr concentrations were lower at P1 and P2 in pigs kept at 24 °C (P < 0.01), whereas lower Gln concentration was observed only at P2 (P < 0.01) and lower Tyr only at P1 (P < 0.01) in pigs kept at 30 °C. Our study shows a hyperglycemic and hyperinsulinemic state in LPS-challenged pigs and a greater magnitude of this response in pigs kept at 30 °C. Furthermore, LPS caused important changes in BCAA, His, Thr, and Trp profiles, suggesting the role these AA in supporting the inflammatory response. Finally, our results suggest that LPS-induced effects on postprandial profiles of specific AA (Arg, Gln, Phe, and Tyr) may be modulated by ambient temperature.

Tail docking is widely performed in pig farms to prevent tail biting. We investigated the consequences of this practice on behavioral indicators of pain and stress, and on the human-piglet relationship during lactation. Within 19 litters, piglets (1–3 days of age) were submitted on day 0 (D0) to docking with a cautery iron (D), sham-docking (S), or no docking (U). Piglets from the D and S groups were observed during the procedure (body movements and vocalizations) and just after, in isolation, during 20 s for body, tail and ear postures as well as ear movements. Piglets from the three treatments were observed in their home pen after docking on D0 and D3 afternoon for body posture, tail posture and movements. Piglets from the D and U groups were observed on D6, D12, D19, and D26 in their home pen for oral behavior, body, and tail posture. Tail damage and tear staining were scored on D5, D11, D18, and D25. A 5-min motionless human test was performed on D14. During the procedure, D piglets screamed more and with a higher intensity (P < 0.05) than S piglets (n = 48–50). Just after docking, D piglets held their ears in a posture perpendicular to the head-tail axis and changed their ear posture more often (P < 0.05). Between D6 and D26, D piglets kept their tail immobile (P < 0.001) and in a horizontal position (P < 0.01) more often than U piglets (n = 45–47). Between D11 and D25, U piglets had higher scores for tail damage and damage freshness than D piglets (0.09 < P < 0.02) whereas tear-stain score was similar. In the human test, D piglets interacted later with an unfamiliar human than U piglets (P = 0.01, n = 18/group). Present data indicate signs of acute pain and stress in piglets due to docking during the procedure itself and adverse consequences throughout lactation thereafter, including on their relationship with humans. On the other hand, the presence of tail lesions shows that undocked piglets are subject to more tail biting, even before weaning.

Improving robustness of farm animals is one of the goals in breeding programmes. However, robustness is a complex trait and not measurable directly. The objective of this study was to quantify and characterize (elements of) robustness in growing pigs. Robustness can be analysed by examining the animal’s response to perturbations. Although the origin of perturbations may not be known, their effect on animal performance can be observed, for example, through changes in voluntary feed intake. A generic model and data analysis procedure was developed (1) to estimate the target trajectory of feed intake, which is the amount of feed that a pig desires to eat when it is not facing any perturbations; (2) to detect potential perturbations, which are deviations of feed intake from the estimated target trajectory; and (3) to characterize and quantify the response of the growing pigs to the perturbations using voluntary feed intake as response criterion. The response of a pig to a perturbation is characterized by four parameters. The start and end times of the perturbation are ‘imposed’ by the perturbing factor, while two other parameters describe the resistance and resilience potential of the pig. One of these describes the immediate reduction in daily feed intake at the start of the perturbation (i.e., a ‘resistance’ trait) while another parameter describes the capacity of the pig to adapt to the perturbation through compensatory feed intake to rejoin the target trajectory of feed intake (i.e., a ‘resilience’ trait). The procedure has been employed successfully to identify the target trajectory of feed intake in growing pigs and to quantify the pig’s response to a perturbation.

BackgroundPoor hygiene of housing induces a systemic inflammatory response. Because inflammation and oxidative stress are processes that can sustain each other, the ways pigs are able to activate their antioxidant defenses are critical for production performance and health during periods when the immune system is solicited. Selection for production performance can also influence reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and expression levels of genes involved in cellular response to oxidative stress in different tissues. To establish the extent by which poor hygiene and selection for feed efficiency affected redox status, pigs divergently selected for residual feed intake (RFI) were housed in poor or good hygiene during 6 weeks. At the end, blood was collected in all pigs, and half of them were killed for tissue sampling. The remaining pigs were reared in good hygiene conditions during a recovery period of 7–8 weeks.ResultsAt week 6, poor hygiene was associated with a lower total antioxidant capacity assessed by plasma ferric reducing ability in all pigs, and with greater plasma levels of hydrogen peroxides in the high RFI pigs (less efficient). Adipose tissue of high RFI pigs exhibited higher activities of catalase and glutathione reductase, and greater thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) concentrations when compared with the low RFI pigs (more efficient). Poor hygiene conditions activated the antioxidant enzymes activities (glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase and catalase) in adipose tissue of both lines, but led to higher ROS production by mature adipocytes isolated from the high RFI pigs only. In liver and muscle, there were only minor changes in antioxidant molecules due to genetics and hygiene conditions. After the resilience period, adipose tissue of pigs previously challenged by poor hygiene maintained higher antioxidant enzyme activities, and for the high RFI line, displayed higher TBARS concentrations.ConclusionsPigs selected for improved feed efficiency showed a lower susceptibility to oxidative stress induced by poor hygiene conditions. This could led to a lower inflammatory response and less impaired growth when these pigs are facing sanitary challenges during the production period.