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• High intensity fear training induced increasd activity in VTA glutmatergic neurons. • VTA glutamatergic neurons are involved in mediating fear response. • VTA glutamatergic neurons instead of dopaminergic neurons send outputs into ZI. • Manipulation of VTA-ZI glutamatergic projection is a stragy for treating excessive fear response. Innate defensive behavior is important for animal survival. The Vglut2+ neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) have been demonstrated to play important roles in innate defensive behaviors, but the neural circuit mechanism is still unclear. Here, we find that VTA – zona incerta (ZI) glutamatergic projection is involved in regulating innate fear responses. Combining calcium signal recording and chemogentics, we find that VTA-Vglut2+ neurons respond to foot shock stimulus. Inhibition of VTA-Vglut2+ neurons reduces foot shock-evoked freezing, while chemogentic activation of these neurons results in an enhanced fear response. Using viral tracing and immunofluorescence, we show that VTA – Vglut2+ neurons send direct excitatory outputs to the ZI. Moreover, we find that the activity of VTAVglut2 – ZI projection is pivotal in modulating fear response. Together, our study reveals a new VTA – ZI glutamatergic circuit in mediating innate fear response and provides a potential target for treating post-traumatic stress disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The control of freezing temperatures throughout the artificial ground freezing (AGF) process is always difficult. An overly high temperature of the circulating refrigerant may lead to insufficient frozen soil strength, while an overly low temperature may cause unnecessary energy waste, and even excessive pore ice may damage the soil structure and reduce the frozen soil strength. What's more, overly freezing may damage buildings on the surface. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the optimum freezing temperature (OFT), which is very important for better and more energy-efficient employment of the AGF method. In this paper, we use uniaxial compression and direct shear tests to obtain dynamic mechanical parameters in the soil freezing process. After the analysis of varying mechanical parameters by the entropy weight TOPSIS principal component analysis method, the results show that the interval range of OFT for saturated and unsaturated sandy gravel is [− 10 °C, − 15 °C] and [− 15 °C, − 20 °C], respectively. The findings indicate that, in the AGF method, a lower temperature is not always preferable. According to the results, constructive measures to optimize the temperature field distribution in the AGF method are proposed. The research results will contribute to the assessment of the safety and efficiency of AGF projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although reclaimed water (RW) has become a promising alternative source for alleviating water shortage in arid and semiarid regions, the ecological risks it poses to the receiving water bodies remain largely unknown. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is crucial for affecting the quality of RW and strongly influences bacterial communities (BCs) in aquatic ecosystems. In this study, we aimed to unravel the role of DOM signatures on the spatiotemporal composition of microbial communities (MCs) in a seasonally ice-sealed urban river that had been chronically replenished by RW. We found that discharging RW resulted in elevated DOM levels in the receiving river. Notably, an increase of 10% in protein-like substances was revealed. The differences between compositional characteristics of DOM and the abundance of riverine BCs between freezing and non-freezing periods were revealed. In the freezing season, humic-like components, aromaticity, and hydrophobicity of DOM were more significant, and bacterial taxa such as Bacteriodetes and Flavobacterium were increased, while Proteobacteria was decreased. Similarly, co-occurrence network analysis revealed an enhanced interplay between DOM and BCs at the same time. However, Klebsiella pneumoniae markedly decreased during the ice-sealed period. These results suggest that variations in DOM characteristics have remarkable impacts on the dynamics of aquatic BCs, which points to the need for a DOM−oriented RW quality monitoring strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author proposes that the experiences we designate as disturbing are those in which we are unable to distinguish healthy from unhealthy aspects, as the absence of a scientifically based theory of mental health leaves us too exposed to social pressures. The author also proposes that we should consider the theoretical contribution that could come from putting order in our conceptions of sanity through an evolutionary approach. In particular, he proposes a revision of the concept of psychological defense focusing the existence of ancient defense strategies in the form of paroxysmal metabolic savings (freezing) which in the course of evolution have become partly maladaptive, coming into conflict with the defense strategies which push in the direction of greater metabolic expenditure through hunting and aggression. The two defensive strategies can conflict if they are not regulated through cortical mediation. Some reasons for the failure of this mediation are examined, a failure that leaves individuals at the mercy of the oscillations of their basic nuclei. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of studies of directional wetting of linear packings with formation of icicles on discrete supply of water in jets under conditions close to the minimum wetting density. It is proposed to use a Π-shaped linear distribution device. Water is cooled in a moving jet over the distribution device and drops falling on packings from the vertical surfaces of the distribution device, which is poorly wetted with water so that the drops fall mainly at the center of the spot where the jet is incident. To increase the uniformity and quality of wetting, it is proposed to use the ribs of the distribution device with thin flexible elements. The best results are obtained when using cotton thread No. 40 located in two parallel turns in one rib with a pitch of 10 mm. In this case, the number of droplet formation centers at a water flow rate of 0.5 mL/s reached 70, while with 6 parallel turns in one rib the number of droplet formation centers was 35, and 7 when the surface had no ribs. The wetting device was tested in the course of wetting the tubes with production of icicles, which confirms the improvement of wetting packings with water. Desalination of water by freezing in icicles has also been studied, with the highest salinity occurring at the bottom of the icicles. It was revealed that it is impossible to obtain drinking water with one freezing cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: Cover crops can increase nitrogen (N) retention in agroecosystems by taking up soil soluble N when the grain crop is absent. We examined how the combination of cover crops and variability in winter conditions can affect soil N retention and N transfer to the subsequent crop. Methods: We used 15N tracer to quantify how the presence of cover crops (both winter-hardy and winter-killed) modifies the recovery by a corn crop of soil soluble N added the previous fall, and we used snow removal to assess how increased freezing would alter 15N recovery. We predicted snow removal would decrease 15N recovery in corn, and this decrease would be highest for plots with winter-hardy cover crops, given they remain vulnerable to increased frost over winter. Results: Cover crops approximately doubled corn grain 15N recovery (up to 8% of the added 15N) relative to the treatment that lacked cover crops (4% of the added 15N). Snow removal reduced 15N recovery in corn grain, but this effect did not differ among cover crop treatments. 15N recovery in soil at the time of corn harvest was increased by cover crops, with retention as high as 40% of the added 15N tracer, compared to only 20% for soil in the control plots. Soil 15N recovery was not significantly reduced by snow removal. Conclusion: Although increased soil freezing reduced grain N recovery, cover crops increased soil N retention, which indicates decreased N losses to the surrounding environment, and the potential for increased contributions to grain N in future years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The swelling properties of polyacrylonitrile gel prepared by the repeating cycle of freezing and thawing were examined, as its transient response toward the equilibrium swollen states varies with the variation of mixing ratio (r) of the immersion solvent which consisted of N, N–dimethylacetamide and benzene. Two experimental protocols were used; successive solvent exchanges were conducted in Protocol 1, and no solvent exchange but the varying of the volume of immersion solvent was conducted in Protocol 2. Also, the aging time was set between the end of the freezing and thawing cycle and the start of the swelling experiment. As a result, the equilibrium swelling ratio decreased with the increase in the aging time. Significant discrepancies for the transient responses were found for the immersion solvents between r ≤ 0.74 and r ≥ 0.78 both in Protocol 1 and 2, in which the elution of polyacrylonitrile molecules was related to the responses. A characteristic overshoot curve was observed in the swelling with r ≥ 0.78 in Protocol 2, which was also attributed to the polyacrylonitrile elution. The polymer solvent interaction parameter was calculated on the basis of the osmotic pressure equilibrium, which was associated with the interpretation of the transient response data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lower winter temperatures may negatively affect winter survival by preventing maximum cold acclimation before freezing temperatures. The process of cold acclimation requires adaptation to both light and low temperatures, depending on the duration of exposure. Accordingly, research is needed to identify strategies to promote cold acclimation and increase freezing tolerance. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to investigate whether a shorter or more extended preconditioning cold treatment can improve the cold hardiness of hollyhock and its threshold of winter hardiness. The results showed that both 14 (CP1) and 28 days of Cold Preconditioning (CP2) decreased electrolyte loss, increased the activity of SOD, CAT, and APX enzymes, inhibited accumulation of Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and delayed the increase of Malondialdehyde (MDA) content, while non-acclimated plants experienced a decrease in MDA. No difference was observed in antioxidant activity and photosynthetic parameters between CP1 and CP2. Although proline and water-soluble sugar contents were higher in plants subjected to 28 days of cold preconditioning than in those treated for 14 days, no significant difference was found in survival percentage. Low temperatures decreased photosynthetic parameters, while increasing leaf contents of Abscisic Acid (ABA) and phenolic. The results suggested that 14-day cold preconditioning could be used to increase cold tolerance for non-acclimated hollyhocks to grow in the field at -4°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regenerative medicine would benefit from a safe and efficient cryopreservation method to prevent the structural disruption caused by ice-crystal formation in cells and tissue. Various attempts have been made to overcome this problem, one of which is the use of an oscillating magnetic field (OMF). However, the underlying mechanism is unclear. In this study, to evaluate the effect of an OMF on ice-crystal formation in the leg muscles of mice, we used to use the frozen-section method with a slower freezing rate than is, usual which resulted in ice crystals forming in the tissue. We assessed the mean size and number per unit area of intracellular ice holes in sections of muscle tissue, with and without OMF. Ice-crystal growth was reduced in frozen tissue subjected to OMF. Furthermore, we evaluated the structure and function of proteins in frozen tissue subjected to OMF by immunostaining using an anti-dystrophin antibody and by enzymatic histochemistry for NADH-TR and myosin ATPase. The results imply that the ability of OMF to suppress ice-crystal growth might be related to their stabilization of bound water in biomolecules during freezing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Design: Cryotherapy is an easy-to-apply and effective method in the treatment of warts. Numerous studies have been conducted on the effectiveness of cryotherapy in treating warts. However, in the literature, there is no comparative study on the treatment success, side effects, and superiority of vertical or tangential application to each other in spray cryotherapy. This study aims to compare both methods and to determine the ideal method for increasing patient compliance and treatment success in cryotherapy. Materials and Methods: Between December 2014 and March 2016, 25 volunteer patients with 173 warts on both hands were applied spray cryotherapy with the vertical method in one hand and tangential method in the other. The patients were evaluated in terms of both treatment success and side effects at three-week intervals. Results: The two methods did not differ in therapeutic efficacy (p>0.05). There was no difference between the two methods in terms of bullae (p=0.515) and hypopigmentation (p=0.709) formation. When the pain scores of two spray methods warts were compared according to warts diameters, the tangential application's pain score was lower in warts smaller than 2.5 mm (p=0.031). There was no significant difference in warts of other diameters (between 2.6-5.0 mm and greater than 5.0 mm) (p>0.05). Warts requiring three sessions of treatment (20/173) were compared in each session for pain scores. Regardless of the method, a significant decrease in pain score was found in each consecutive session (p<0.05). Conclusion: This is the first study to compare spray cryotherapy's vertical or tangential application to the lesion. Based on the data of this study, tangential spray application is more comfortable than vertical application. Cryotherapy may be a more widely used method if tangential spray freezing becomes common. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Platelet cryopreservation extends the shelf‐life to at least 2 years. However, platelets are altered during the freeze/thaw process. Downscaling platelet cryopreservation by freezing in tubes would enable rapid screening of novel strategies to improve the quality of cryopreserved platelets (CPPs). The aim of this study was to characterize the effect of freezing conditions on the in vitro phenotype and function of platelets frozen in a low volume compared to standard CPPs. Methods: Platelets were prepared for cryopreservation using 5%–6% DMSO and processed using standard protocols or aliquoted into 2 mL tubes. Platelets were hyperconcentrated to 25 mL (standard CPPs) or 200 μL (tubes) before freezing at −80°C (n = 8). Six insulators/controlled rate freezing containers were used to vary the freezing rate of platelets in tubes. Platelets were thawed, resuspended in plasma, and then assessed by flow cytometry and thromboelastography. Results: The use of different insulators for tubes changed the freezing rate of platelets compared to platelets frozen using the standard protocol (p <.001). However, this had no impact on the recovery of the platelets (p =.87) or the proportion of platelets expressing GPIbα (p =.46) or GPVI (p =.07), which remained similar between groups. A lower proportion of platelets frozen in tubes externalized phosphatidylserine compared to standard CPPs (p <.001). The clot‐forming ability (thromboelastography) of platelets was similar between groups (p >.05). Conclusion: Freezing platelets in tubes modified the freezing rate and altered some platelet characteristics. However, the functional characteristics remained comparable, demonstrating the feasibility of downscaling platelet cryopreservation for high‐throughput exploratory investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fresh grapes are characterized by a short shelf life and are often subjected to quality losses during post-harvest storage. The quality assessment of grapes using image analysis may be a useful approach using non-destructive methods. This study aimed to compare the effect of different storage methods on the grape image texture parameters of the fruit outer structure. Grape bunches were stored for 4 weeks using 3 storage methods (– 18 °C, + 4 °C, and room temperature) and then were subjected subsequently to image acquisition using a flatbed scanner and image processing. The models for the classification of fresh and stored grapes were built based on selected image textures using traditional machine learning algorithms. The fresh grapes and stored fruit samples (for 4 weeks) in the freezer, in the refrigerator and in the room were classified with an overall accuracy reaching 96% for a model based on selected texture parameters from images in color channels R, G, B, L, a, and b built using Random Forest algorithm. Among the individual color channels, the carried-out classification for the R color channel produced the highest overall accuracies of up to 92.5% for Random Forest. As a result, this study proposed an innovative approach combining image analysis and traditional machine learning to assess changes in the outer structure of grape berries caused by different storage conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isochoric freezing (IF) at −5°C/77 and −10°C/100 MPa was used to preserve carrot juice for 12 weeks. The juice qualities were compared to those using heat treatment (HT) at 95°C for 15 s followed by cold storage at 4°C. The native population of total aerobic bacteria, yeasts, and molds in isochoric frozen juice remained below the detection limit for 12 weeks. In comparison, microbes started to grow in heat‐treated juices after 3 weeks of refrigeration. The color of isochoric frozen juice appeared more deep orange than the fresh juice due to an increase in carotenoid extractability. IF was not effective in reducing the activities of peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and pectin methyl esterase compared with HT. However, the isochoric samples showed higher carotenoid content, polyphenol content, and antioxidant capacity compared to the fresh and heat‐treated juices. Practical Application: Isochoric freezing was used to produce carrot juice with extended shelf life. Isochoric freezing could be a beneficial alternative to conventional heat treatment for carrot juice processing as the applied pressures reached total inactivation levels of spoilage microorganisms. Moreover, the low processing temperatures better retained desirable compounds and quality attributes of fresh juice throughout its shelf life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pomegranate juice was treated by isochoric freezing (−15°C/130 MPa) for 24 h and then stored under three different conditions for up to 4 weeks: 4°C/0.1 MPa, 24°C/0.1 MPa, and −10°C/100 MPa. The juice microbiological stability and quality were compared to those using heat treatment at 95°C for 15 s followed by cold storage at 4°C. Heat‐treated and isochoric frozen (IF) pomegranate juice stored under isochoric conditions showed no spoilage microorganisms after 4 weeks of storage. Also, IF juice stored at 4 or 24°C for 4 weeks had lower microbial loads than those in fresh pomegranate juice. IF juice stored under isochoric conditions showed greater color stability, antioxidant capacity, and nutrient retention (anthocyanins, ascorbic acid, and total phenolic compounds) than heat‐treated juices stored at 4°C. IF juice stored at 4°C also showed greater anthocyanin and ascorbic acid contents compared with heat‐treated juice. Practical Application: Isochoric freezing storage at −10°C can be used to preserve the quality properties of fresh pomegranate juice. Isochoric freezing at −15°C for 24 h can also be used as a pretreatment to extend the shelf life of refrigerated pomegranate juice since the applied pressures reached total inactivation levels of spoilage microorganisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a mass fatality incident (MFI), effective preservation of tissue samples is the cornerstone for downstream DNA-based identification of victims. This is commonly achieved through freezing of tissue samples excised from bodies/fragmented remains which may be buried or stored in refrigerated containers. This may, however, not be possible depending on the nature of the MFI; in particular, during armed conflict/war where extended periods of electrical outages would be expected. The present study compared the effectiveness of long-term tissue preservation at ambient temperatures using two commercial products (non-iodized kitchen salt and a 40% alcoholic beverage) against a chemical preservative (Allprotect™ Tissue Reagent (Qiagen, Germantown, MD, USA)) and freezing at −20 °C. Bovine muscle tissue, used as a proxy for human tissue, was treated with the four preservation methods and sampled at six different time-points over a 24-month period. All four methods were able to preserve the bovine tissue, generally yielding STR-PCR (Short Tandem Repeat-Polymerase Chain Reaction) amplicons > 200 bp in size even at the end of 24 months. Gel electrophoresis, however, indicated that salt was more effective in preserving DNA integrity with high-molecular-weight DNA clearly visible as compared to the low-molecular-weight DNA smears observed in the other methods. This study also proposes a simple process for the rapid and low-cost preservation of tissue samples for long-term storage at ambient temperatures in support of post-incident victim identification efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cystic fibrosis (CF), an autosomal recessive disease, is caused by variants in both alleles of the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. A new assay based on allele-specific polymerase chain reaction and high-resolution melting analysis was developed for the detection of 18 CF-causing CFTR variants previously identified in Cuba and Latin America. The assay is also useful for zygosity determination of mutated alleles and includes internal controls. The reaction mixtures were normalized and evaluated using blood samples collected on filter paper. The evaluation of analytical parameters demonstrated the specificity and sensitivity of the method to detect the included CFTR variants. Internal and external validations yielded a 100% agreement between the new assay and the used reference tests. This assay can complement CF newborn screening not only in Cuba but also in Latin America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cryoballoon ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF) requires adequate contact between the pulmonary vein (PV) antrum and cryoballoon. The surge of intraballoon pressure during the initial phase of ablation may change the balloon's shape and compliance, resulting in balloon dislodgement and loss of PV occlusion. Without continuous monitoring, this phenomenon is often undetected but can be associated with incomplete PV isolation (PVI). Methods: Primary cryoablation of AF was performed in 15 patients. PV occlusion status pre‐ and post‐freezing were analyzed with intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) and dielectric imaging‐based occlusion tool (DIOT) to calculate the incidence of expansion dislodgement of cryoballoon. Results: A total of 105 cryoablation applications were performed on 57 veins, including three common ostiums of left pulmonary veins. In the evaluation of PV occlusion, both modalities reported consistent results in 86.7% of the assessments. Despite complete PV occlusion before ablation, peri‐balloon leak after initiation of freezing was detected by ICE in 5/22 (22.7%) applications and by DIOT in 8/25 (32%) applications. Conclusion: Incidence of expansion dislodgement of the cryoballoon was detected in one‐fourth to one‐third of cryoablation applications depending on the imaging modality used, which was clinically frequent and significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the effects of adding shilajit to the diet of honey bees on semen freezing. A total of 5 groups were formed in the research, one of which was a control group (SH-0) and the other four were an experimental group (SH-1, SH-2, SH-3, SH-4). A total of 25 study colonies were used, 5 in each group. While the SH-0 group was formed without using any additives, the experimental groups were fed with the addition of shilajit (1/1 sugar/water) in different doses (5, 10, 15, 20 mg/L) to the honey bee diet. The collected semen samples were frozen in liquid nitrogen vapor and then stored in liquid nitrogen at -196°C. Then, semen samples were thawed at 37°C and evaluated to determine spermatological parameters (motility, acrosome integrity, plasma membrane integrity, spermatozoa concentration). It was also examined in terms of total oxidant and total antioxidant. Compared to the control group, it was determined that all shilajit doses significantly increased spermatological parameters such as motility, hypoosmotic swelling test (HOST), acrosome integrity (p<0.001), but did not significantly affect the spermatozoa concentration value (p >0.05). Although there is no statistical difference between the groups in terms of semen TAS (Total Antioxidant Status) and TOS (Total Oxidant Status) values, which are oxidative stress parameters, the numerical increase in TAS values in SH-2 and SH-3 groups; striking. As a result, it was determined that adding shijajit to the honey bee diet positively affected the post-thawing spermatological parameters of frozen bee semen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cryoprotectants are used to protect cells during freezing. The concentration, type, and freeze-thaw conditions of these substances vary depending on the type of cell to be used. It is very important to determine the appropriate cryopreservation method for the particular cell. This study aims to provide insights into the optimal cryopreservation method for HeLa cells by comparing the performance of different cryoprotectants and evaluating their effectiveness under various freezing and storage conditions. Cell suspensions were frozen with a freezing media composed of cryoprotectant + fetal bovine serum + medium at a ratio of 5:10:85 (v:v:v) and stored under the following conditions: 3 months (-20 °C), 1 month (-80 °C), and 6 months (-80 °C). Cell viability and recovery rates were analyzed immediately post-thaw and after 48 h using the trypan blue dye exclusion assay. In 3 months (-20 °C), viability and recovery rates were higher in the methanol group. Glycerol showed better performance in 1 month (-80 °C). DMSO was the most efficient in 6 months (-80 °C). Methanol failed at -80 °C storage temperature. This study demonstrates the effect of these cryoprotectants in HeLa cells on cell viability and cell recovery rates immediately after thawing and after 48 hours of cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trees living in subfreezing environments for extended periods are susceptible to brittle fracture and freezing injury, which limits wood quality and final utilization. This study investigates the effects of temperature and cooling rate on the freezing of water in wood using dielectric spectroscopy. Dielectric parameters such as dielectric constant, loss factor, and relaxation strength were observed during cooling process of wood. The effects of subzero temperature and cooling rate on the dielectric parameters were found significant. The dielectric parameters at a slow-cooling rate were generally higher 12%∼143% than those at a fast-cooling rate. During the cooling process from 20°C dropped to − 80°C, the freezing process of water in wood was divided into four stages based on the dielectric parameter change and its impact on wood cell wall was characterized using SEM and DSC methods. The findings of this study provide the basis to explore the freezing behavior of water in wood and further to determine the cause of freezing injury in trees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Machinery is the property of Food & Machinery Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aims to reduce the production of flocculent material and stratification of lemon juice during freezing and thawing, using electric or magnetic fields to assist with the freezing of lemon juice. This study investigated the effect of 10–30 kV/cm electric field (EF) and 2–10 mT magnetic field (MF) on the quality of frozen lemon juice. Electromagnetic field treatment can shorten the freezing time and reduce its particle size, resulting in a lower polymer dispersion index and lower enzyme activity, thus improving its cloud stability. When the EF strength was 20 kV/cm and the MF strength was 6 mT, it resulted in the highest cloud stability, which increased by 15.50 and 16.95%, respectively. In addition, we studied the effect of electromagnetic fields on the physico‐chemical properties and bioactive components of lemon juice. The results showed that it did not affect its bioactive compounds activity and antioxidant activity, and did not cause loss of lemon juice flavor. The electromagnetic field treatment improved the quality of the juice and can be used as a potential novel processing technology for fruit juices. Practical Applications: This study provides a simple and novel method to improve the stability of frozen lemon juice after thawing. The use of physical fields such as electric and magnetic field treatments to assist in freezing lemon juice improves the stability of lemon juice after thawing and provides a new method to improve the quality of fruit juice products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is necessary to further investigate the spatial considerations, temporal characteristics, and drivers of change affecting the beginning and end of soil freezing and thawing, including the maximum depth of the seasonal freezing (MDSF) and the active layer thickness (ALT) in Northeast China. Hourly soil temperature, among other data, from 1983–2022 were investigated, showing a delay of about 6 days in freezing. In contrast, thawing and complete thawing advanced by about 26 and 20 d, respectively. The freezing period and total freeze-thaw days decreased by about 29 and 23 days, respectively. The number of complete thawing period days increased by about 22 days, while the MDSF decreased by about 25 cm. The ALT increased by about 22 cm. Land Surface Temperature (LST) is the main factor influencing the beginning and end of soil freezing and thawing, MDSF and ALT changes in Northeast China; air temperature, surface net solar radiation, and volumetric soil water content followed. The influence of the interacting factors was greater than the single factors, and the interactive explanatory power of the LST and surface net solar radiation was highest when the soil started to freeze (0.858). The effect of the LST and the air temperature was highest when the soil was completely thawed (0.795). LST and the volumetric soil water content interacted to have the first explanatory power for MDSF (0.866) and ALT (0.85). The results of this study can provide scientific reference for fields such as permafrost degradation, cold zone ecological environments, and agricultural production in Northeast China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Jilin University (Science Edition) / Jilin Daxue Xuebao (Lixue Ban) is the property of Zhongguo Xue shu qi Kan (Guang Pan Ban) Dian zi Za zhi She and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective:$ in order to explore the effect of magnetic field assisted freezing on the quality of glutinous rice balls to develop a new type of auxiliary freezing method for rice flour products' and to study the effect of auxiliary freezing on the quality of glutinous rice balls under different magnetic field intensities. Methods: the method of plate freezing and magnetic field assisted freezing was used in this study. The freezing rate, water loss rate, chromaticity, texture characteristics, gelatinization characteristics' freezing water content and water binding state of Tangyuan powder were measured to reveal the influence of magnetic field assisted freezing on its quality change. The results showed that compared with the control group there were significant differences in the freezing rate water loss rate chromaticity texture characteristics gelatinization characteristics and freezing water content of Tangyuan powder after magnetic field assisted freezing (P<0.05). It was found that the freezing rate of Tangyuan powder frozen by magnetic field was accelerated at 24 Gs and the time of entering the maximum ice crystal formation zone was advanced by 4 min' making the ice crystal volume smaller; The water loss rate decreased by 37.57% the brightness increased by 3.63% the transmittance increased by 14.92% and the hardness decreased by 11.74%. From the water binding state' the frozen water content of Tangyuan powder was significantly lower than that of the control group' and decreased by 11.64% at 24 Gs; However' after the magnetic field assisted freezing the peak viscosity of the dumplings increased by 7.81% and the retrogradation value increased by 3.93% ; There was no significant difference in water binding state. Conclusion: when the magnetic field strength is 24 Gs the frozen quality of Tangyuan powder is the best which can obviously improve the quality indexes of Tangyuan powder such as water loss rate chroma hardness and frozen water content and provide a theoretical reference for the development of magnetic field assisted freezing on rice flour products in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Simple Summary: This study was designed to identify the protozoan parasite Sarcocystis spp. in sheep meat in Spain and to measure its inactivation when meat is frozen at −20 °C. Sarcocystis spp. cause substantial economic losses in the meat production sector when entire carcasses have to be condemned. One of our most significant findings is the presence of S. medusiformis, a species regarded as rare in Europe. Our results lead us to recommend freezing meat at −20 °C for 96 to 144 h to deactivate Sarcocystis spp., a procedure that results in a median viability of 1.5 to 0%, respectively. Measurements were conducted using two vital stains not previously employed for the viability assessment of bradyzoites in sheep meat. Sarcocystis spp. are complex apicomplexan parasites that cause a substantial economic impact on livestock used for meat production. These parasites are present worldwide. Our study aimed to identify Sarcocystis species affecting sheep meat in southern–central Spain and to evaluate the effectiveness of freezing for parasite inactivation. A total of 210 condemned samples of sheep meat were thoroughly assessed grossly and microscopically; the presence of macro- and microcysts was confirmed. The samples were then frozen at −20 °C for various time intervals (24, 48, 72, 96, 120, and 144 h) and compared with untreated samples. Bradyzoites were isolated through pepsin digestion for subsequent molecular analysis and viability assessment, employing trypan blue and double fluorescence staining techniques. Our measurements confirmed the presence of S. tenella, S. gigantea, and S. medusiformis in Spanish domestic sheep. Freezing for 96 to 144 h resulted in a significant reduction in parasite viability, with a robust correlation observed between the two staining methods. Both stains effectively measured the viability of Sarcocystis, thereby promising future advances in meat safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Kocatepe Veterinary Journal / Kocatepe Veteriner Dergisi is the property of Afyon Kocatepe University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the context of a main road area with significant traffic flow, posing challenges to constructing the freezing station on the ground, an innovative proposal suggests situating the freezing station at the station. This approach aims to facilitate construction at the same time for the connection aisle, tunneling, and track laying, thereby reducing the construction period; however, this will lead to a corresponding increase in the freezing pipeline distance. The theoretical analysis, numerical analysis, and integration with engineering practices were employed to examine the essential aspects and key technologies in the long-distance freezing design and construction, including the freezing hole construction, thermal insulation method of brine pipelines and tunnel segments, and technique program to retain the brine pressure and flow discharge, as well as the method to reduce the interplay of cross-construction. The validity of the construction program for the long-distance frozen excavation was finally evaluated based on onsite monitoring and theoretical analysis. The results show that the temperature of the brine in both the delivery and return pipelines first decreases linearly and then stabilizes gradually with freezing time, and the temperature difference is between 1 °C and 1.5 °C at the later freezing period. The temperature variation of the frozen wall is similar to that of brine in the delivery and return pipelines, and there is a good correlation between them. After the frozen wall encloses, the internal pressure of the frozen wall increases quickly, which can be effectively reduced to prevent wall cracking and breakage by regulating the pressure relief holes. The above theoretical analysis result shows that the average temperature of the frozen wall should be less than −9.7 °C when the designed thickness of the frozen wall is 2.2 m. The monitoring data indicates that the average temperature of the frozen wall reaches −13.9 °C, which satisfies the design requirement. The design and construction technology of long-distance freezing enhance the construction of the subway connection aisle. The novel method deviates from the conventional practice of establishing freezing stations within tunnels and offers valuable insight and guidance for comparable projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives To evaluate the feasibility of frozen soft tissues in simulating fresh soft tissues of pig mandibles using cone beam CT (CBCT). Methods Two fresh pig mandibles with soft tissues containing 2 tubes filled with a radiopaque homogeneous solution were scanned using 4 CBCT units and 2 field-of-view (FOV) sizes each. The pig mandibles were deep-frozen and scanned again. Three cross-sections were exported from each CBCT volume and grouped into pairs, with one cross-section representing a fresh and one a frozen mandible. Three radiologists compared the pairs and attributed a score to assess the relative image quality using a 5-point scale. Mean grey values and standard deviation were obtained from homogeneous areas in the tubes, compared using the Wilcoxon matched-pair signed-rank test and subjected to Pearson correlation analysis between fresh and frozen physical states (α = .05). Results Subjective evaluation revealed similarity of the CBCT image quality between fresh and frozen states. The distribution of mean grey values was similar between fresh and frozen states. Mean grey values of the frozen state in the small FOV were significantly greater than those of the fresh state (P  = .037), and noise values of the frozen state in the large FOV were significantly greater than those of the fresh state (P  = 0.007). Both mean grey values and noise exhibited significant and positive correlations between fresh and frozen states (P  < 0.01). Conclusions The freezing of pig mandibles with soft tissues may serve as a method to prolong their usability and working time when CBCT imaging is planned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During test operation of a geological latent heat storage system as a potential option in the context of heat supply for heating and cooling demands a part of a shallow quaternary glacial aquifer at the "TestUM" test site is frozen. To evaluate the current thermal state in the subsurface the dimension of the frozen volume has to be known. With the target being too deep for high resolution imaging from the surface, the use of borehole Ground-Penetrating-Radar (GPR) is assessed. For imaging and monitoring of a vertical freeze-thaw boundary, crosshole zero-offset and reflection measurements are applied. The freezing can be imaged in ZOP, but determination of ice body size is ambiguous, because of lacking velocity information in the frozen sediment. Reflection measurements are able to image the position of the freezing boundary with an accuracy determined through repeated measurements of ±0.1 m , relying on the velocity information from ZOP. We found, that the complementary use of ZOP and reflection measurements make for a fast and simple method, to image freezing in geological latent heat storage systems. Problematic is the presence of superimposed reflections from other observation wells and low signal-to-noise ratio. The use in multiple observation wells allows for an estimation of ice body size. A velocity model derived from zero-offset profiles (ZOP) enabled to extrapolate geological information from direct-push based logging and sediment cores to a 3D-subsurface model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supercooling of water complicates phase change dynamics, the understanding of which remains limited yet vital to energy-related and aerospace processes. Here, we investigate the freezing and jumping dynamics of supercooled water droplets on superhydrophobic surfaces, induced by a remarkable vaporization momentum, in a low-pressure environment. The vaporization momentum arises from the vaporization at droplet's free surface, progressed and intensified by recalescence, subsequently inducing droplet compression and finally self-jumping. By incorporating liquid-gas-solid phase changes involving vaporization, freezing recalescence, and liquid-solid interactions, we resolve the vaporization momentum and droplet dynamics, revealing a size-scaled jumping velocity and a nucleation-governed jumping direction. A droplet-size-defined regime map is established, distinguishing the vaporization-momentum-dominated self-jumping from evaporative drying and overpressure-initiated levitation, all induced by depressurization and vaporization. Our findings illuminate the role of supercooling and low-pressure mediated phase change in shaping fluid transport dynamics, with implications for passive anti-icing, advanced cooling, and climate physics. The momentum transport dynamics of a vaporizing droplet under low pressures remain undiscovered. Here authors report the vaporization momentum resulting from the intensive vaporization on the free surface of the water droplet contributes to the self-detachment of freezing droplets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Many insect species have evolved the ability to survive extracellular freezing. The search for the underlying principles of their natural freeze tolerance remains hampered by our poor understanding of the mechanistic nature of freezing damage itself. Objectives: Here, in search of potential primary cellular targets of freezing damage, we compared mitochondrial responses (changes in morphology and physical integrity, respiratory chain protein functionality, and mitochondrial inner membrane (IMM) permeability) in freeze-sensitive vs. freeze-tolerant phenotypes of the larvae of the drosophilid fly, Chymomyza costata. Methods: Larvae were exposed to freezing stress at -30°C for 1 h, which is invariably lethal for the freeze-sensitive phenotype but readily survived by the freeze-tolerant phenotype. Immediately after melting, the metabolic activity of muscle cells was assessed by the Alamar Blue assay, the morphology of muscle mitochondria was examined by transmission electron microscopy, and the functionality of the oxidative phosphorylation system was measured by Oxygraph-2K microrespirometry. Results: The muscle mitochondria of freeze-tolerant phenotype larvae remained morphologically and functionally intact after freezing stress. In contrast, most mitochondria of the freeze-sensitive phenotype were swollen, their matrix was diluted and enlarged in volume, and the structure of the IMM cristae was lost. Despite this morphological damage, the electron transfer chain proteins remained partially functional in lethally frozen larvae, still exhibiting strong responses to specific respiratory substrates and transferring electrons to oxygen. However, the coupling of electron transfer to ATP synthesis was severely impaired. Based on these results, we formulated a hypothesis linking the observed mitochondrial swelling to a sudden loss of barrier function of the IMM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chickpea is an economically and nutritionally important grain legume globally, however, cold stress has adverse effects on its growth. In cold countries, like Canada where the growing season is short, having cold stress-tolerant varieties is crucial. Crop wild relatives of chickpea, especially Cicer reticulatum, can survive in suboptimal environments and are an important resource for crop improvement. In this study, we explored the performance of eleven C. reticulatum wild accessions and two chickpea cultivars, CDC Leader and CDC Consul, together with a cold sensitive check ILC533 under freezing stress. Freezing tolerance was scored based on a 1-9 scale. The wild relatives, particularly Kesen_075 and CudiA_152, had higher frost tolerance compared to the cultivars, which all died after frost treatment. We completed transcriptome analysis via mRNA sequencing to assess changes in gene expression in response to freezing stress and identified 6,184 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in CDC Consul, and 7,842 DEGs in Kesen_075. GO (gene ontology) analysis of the DEGs revealed that those related to stress responses, endogenous and external stimuli responses, secondary metabolite processes, and photosynthesis were significantly over-represented in CDC Consul, while genes related to endogenous stimulus responses and photosynthesis were significantly overrepresented in Kesen_075. These results are consistent with Kesen_075 being more tolerant to freezing stress than CDC Consul. Moreover, our data revealed that the expression of CBF pathway-related genes was impacted during freezing conditions in Kesen_075, and expression of these genes is believed to alleviate the damage caused by freezing stress. We identified genomic regions associated with tolerance to freezing stress in an F2 population derived from a cross between CDC Consul and Kesen_075 using QTL-seq analysis. Eight QTLs (P<0.05) on chromosomes Ca3, Ca4, Ca6, Ca7, Ca8, and two QTLs (P<0.01) on chromosomes Ca4 and Ca8, were associated with tolerance to freezing stress. Interestingly, 58 DEGs co-located within these QTLs. To our knowledge, this is the first study to explore the transcriptome and QTLs associated with freezing tolerance in wild relatives of chickpea under controlled conditions. Altogether, these findings provide comprehensive information that aids in understanding the molecular mechanism of chickpea adaptation to freezing stress and further provides functional candidate genes that can assist in breeding of freezingstress tolerant varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comprehensive understanding of transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) is a key problem in contemporary biology, which is a critical issue in gene regulation. Identifying a pattern of TFBSs in every DNA sequence, motif discovery reveals the basic regulatory relationship and compassionate the evolutionary system of every species. In this case, recognizing the high-quality (ℓ, d) motif is a great challenge. This problem is addressed in motif discovery and motif finding, using the proposed algorithms, such as Segmentation to Filtration (S2F) and Firefly with FREEZE (FFF), respectively. In this study, the whole DNA sequences are divided into two segments. Segment 1 involves motif discovery and is sliced by base and sub k-mers applying an iterative approach, followed by filtration 1 and 2 techniques, respectively. This approach obtains the top five percent of the best motifs (TOPbk_mer) based on accuracy. In segment 2, the motifs recognized in segment 1 are given as input to the FFF algorithm to identify the TFBs locations. The standard firefly algorithm with two freezing techniques, local and global, is employed to recognize the final motif. The performance of these algorithms is evaluated on the simulated datasets and real datasets such as the Escherichia coli cyclic AMP receptor protein (CRP) dataset, mouse Embryonic Stem Cell (mESC) dataset, and human species ChIP-seq (Chromatin Immuno Precipitation Sequences) dataset. All of these datasets have a running time of the experiment within 3 min, and the sequence numbers (t) hold ranges up to 39,601. It is evident from the results that the two proposed algorithms, S2F and FFF, can identify the high-quality motif, and it is faster than the state-of-the-art PMS and QPMS algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freezing is commonly used to extend the shelf life of meat and meat products but may impact the overall quality of those products by inducing structural changes in myofibrillar proteins (MPs) through denaturation, chemical modification, and encouraging protein aggregation. This review covers the effect of freezing on the denaturation of MPs in terms of the effects of ice crystallization on solute concentrations, cold denaturation, and protein oxidation. Freezing-induced denaturation of MPs begins with ice crystallization in extracellular spaces and changes in solute concentrations in the unfrozen water fraction. At typical temperatures for freezing meat (lower than −18 °C), cold denaturation of proteins occurs, accompanied by an alteration in their secondary and tertiary structure. Moreover, the disruption of muscle cells triggers the release of cellular enzymes, accelerating protein degradation and oxidation. To minimize severe deterioration during the freezing and frozen storage of meat, there is a vital need to use an appropriate freezing temperature below the glass transition temperature and to avoid temperature fluctuations during storage to prevent recrystallization. Such an understanding of MP denaturation can be applied to determine the optimum freezing conditions for meat products with highly retained sensory, nutritional, and functional qualities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Science & Technology of Food Industry is the property of Science & Technology of Food Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ice air jet technology is one non-destructive, residue-free and environmentally friendly machining process. It is an efficient method to form ice particles by atomizing water droplets in ultra-low temperature environment. The freezing characteristics of water droplets in cryogenic gas and liquid nitrogen environment are visually analyzed, and the effects of droplet volume, ambient temperature are also studied. The results show that when water droplets freeze in a cryogenic gas environment, four distinct stages are observed, namely pre-cooling stage, recalescence stage, solidification stage, and deep cooling stage. However, when water droplets freeze in liquid nitrogen, the recalescence stage cannot be observed. For a 5 µl water droplet, it takes 68 s for water droplets to freeze into ice particles at − 20.36 °C, while it takes only 1.7 s in liquid nitrogen. During the freezing process, the water droplets form an ice shell outside and freeze inwardly. Ice particles may break up due to differences in solubility and density. With the increase of volume the time spent on pre-cooling stage and freezing stage both increases. For the large latent heat of water phase transformation, the solidification stage time is greatly affected by the volume of water droplets. When the ambient temperature drops from − 10.67 °C to − 24.68 °C, the freezing time of 5 µl water droplets decreases by 45.5%, indicating that the ambient temperature has a great influence on the freezing time. The results of the study can significantly contribute to the development of ice air jet technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main reason why horizontal freezing is different from vertical freezing is that the nonzero angle between the directions of matric suction and gravity changes dynamically. Current theories are mainly applicable to vertical freezing, but the interactions between driving force components during horizontal freezing are ignored. Based on soil water potential theory, the driving force of water migration in unsaturated silt during horizontal freezing is further investigated. First, the influence of different components of soil water potential on water migration is analysed, and the nonnegligibility of gravity in unsaturated silt is confirmed. Then, an experimental test is conducted to explore the particularity of horizontal freezing, and equations for calculating the nonzero angle are derived. Finally, the evolution of the nonzero angle during horizontal freezing and the influence of different factors are summarized based on theoretical analysis and numerical calculation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freezing damage indices for winter wheat during snowfall in the overwintering period in northern Xinjiang, China, were constructed using six climate factors: negative accumulated temperature, average temperature, maximum cooling range, average snow depth, extreme minimum temperature, and average wind speed. A snow depth data processing method was designed. Principal component analysis was used to construct the freezing damage indices. The freezing damage indices were constructed and analyzed separately using three different sources of data: freezing damage conditions recorded by 49 meteorological stations during 1960 − 2020; freezing damage conditions recorded by 11 wheat observation stations during 1960 − 2020; and freezing damage conditions recorded by 83 meteorological observation stations during 2016 − 2020. Before the analysis of disaster factors, the Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin measure of sampling adequacy and Bartlett's test of sphericity were applied to test the suitability of factor selection. The results were analyzed to determine freezing damage according to a Mann–Kendall mutation test. Historical freezing damage data were used to test the freezing damage indices. The results showed that the indices did reflect the freezing damage in northern Xinjiang. In the last 60 years, the interannual variation in the freezing damage indices in northern Xinjiang displayed a significant downward trend. The freezing damage indices changed abruptly in approximately 1985, and the frequency, extent, and scope of severe freezing damage in northern Xinjiang significantly decreased under climate warming. Additionally, instability was apparent due to climate change, with an increase in freezing damage from 1990 to 2009, a decrease from 2010 to 2020, and an increase in the area over which mild and moderate freezing damage occurred in the past 5 years. The analysis of wheat observation stations showed that the maximum cooling range and extreme minimum temperature during the overwintering period had the greatest influence on winter wheat freezing damage. A large part of the winter wheat crop experienced frequent freezing damage, and it is therefore necessary to predict and prevent freezing damage in advance and adjust the regional planting regime according to climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The freezing index (FI) is one of the most important indicators that shows the variation of permafrost. However, the relationship between climate change and the thermal conditions of permafrost is not understood well. This study analyzed the variation of FI based on 5-cm soil temperature derived from 74 meteorological stations from 1977 to 2016 on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). Furthermore, the factors affecting the FI variation and its relationship with permafrost degradation were also discussed. The results showed that FI was much smaller in the interior than other areas of the QTP, and it increased at a rate of 53.0 °C d/10a during the 40 years. FI in the main body of the QTP was relatively stable than surrounding areas; it was more stable in the northern part than in the southern part. On average, the FI variation coefficient was larger than 10%, indicating the large fluctuation of FI during the 40 years. FI decreased with the increasing altitude; it was more sensitive to the altitude in the south of 33° N than in the north. The variation of FI was closely related to the maximum freezing depth (MFD) and the active layer thickness (ALT). It was observed that MFD decreased and ALT increased by approximately 1.4 cm and 1.6 cm, respectively, with each 10.0 °C d increase in FI. The results exhibited the thermal condition variation of the permafrost in QTP and revealed a degrading trend of the permafrost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Rational design approaches based on freezing interfacial interaction mechanisms have been studied, and spherical nucleic acids have been constructed using non-thiolated DNA. • Electrostatic repulsion and DNA secondary conformation were identified as the key factors affecting the anchoring efficiency of thiolated or non-thiolated DNA. • Several practical freezing strategies were provided to facilitate anchoring DNA onto AuNPs. • The extreme conditions required for freeze anchoring using non-thiolated DNA were further illustrated. DNA-functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), also known as spherical nucleic acids, are widely used in the development of biosensors, resulting in anchoring DNA onto AuNPs being a crucial preparation step and a popular research topic. The latest freeze-anchoring method is a simple and time-saving alternative to traditional salt aging; however, its universal applicability remains limited. In this study, we explored the interfacial interaction between DNA and the AuNP surface and proposed various universal routes for promoting freezing anchoring. Among them, rational design has been considered as the core idea to overcome these limitations, particularly using non-thiolated DNA anchoring, which offers significant advantages such as being unmodified, cost-effective, and easily accessible. We emphasize the importance of sequence structure and preparation process optimization, which mainly considers differences in DNA conformation and electrostatic repulsion. Additionally, the prepared DNA-functionalized AuNPs exhibited complete biological hybridization capability, and the extreme limiting conditions for non-thiolated DNA freeze anchoring were clarified. In summary, this study enhances our understanding of the interfacial relationship between DNA and AuNPs in the freeze-anchoring process and can significantly advance the applications of DNA-functionalized AuNP-based biosensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kandelia obovata (Rhizophoraceae) is the most cold-tolerant mangrove species and has been widely used in coastal wetland ecological restoration due to its specific viviparous phenomenon, beautiful shape, and unique floral pattern. Due to long-term adaptation to their local environment, the phenotypic characteristics and stress resistance of widely distributed plants of the same species often differentiate across different locations. The capacity for cold resistance is closely linked to the physiological and structural characteristics of plants. Herein, we explored the temporal variations in the leaf structure and physiological status of K. obovata under −5.5 °C from different areas such as Jiulongjiang Estuary (JLJ, 24°25′ N), Fujian Province, and Longgang City (LG, 27°34′ N) and Jiaojiang District (JJ, 28°67′ N), Zhejiang Province. The morphological variations implied that the cold resistance of K. obovata obviously strengthened after the northward migration and acclimatization, in the following order: LG > JJ > JLJ. More specifically, after exposure to a sustained low temperature, the relative conductivity (REC), an index widely used to evaluate the degree of plant damage, remarkably increased from 33.62 ± 2.39 to 63.73 ± 3.81, 31.20 ± 1.63 to 49.48 ± 1.12, and 23.75 ± 0.13 to 54.24 ± 1.45 for JLJ, LG, and JJ, respectively (p < 0.05). Additionally, the palisade-to-spongy tissue ratio (P/I) of JLJ and JJ decreased from 0.78 ± 0.05 and 0.75 ± 0.03 to 0.5 ± 0.04 and 0.64 ± 0.02 (p < 0.05), whereas no significant changes were found in LG (p > 0.05). The SOD activity of LG significantly kept increasing, with values increased from 352.49 ± 10.38 to 477.65 ± 1.78 U·g−1, whereas no apparent changes in JLJ and JJ were observed with the sustained low temperature. The results of this study improved our understanding of the response of K. obovata to freezing stress, which could provide a sound theoretical foundation for cultivating cold-resistant varieties, as well as expanding mangrove plantations in higher latitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]