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Climate change poses a threat to cities. Geospatial information and communication technology (Geo-ICT) assisted planning is increasingly being utilised to foster urban sustainability and adaptability to climate change. To fill the theoretical and practical gaps of urban adaptive planning and Geo-ICT implementation, this article presents an urban ecosystem vulnerability assessment approach using integrated socio-ecological modelling. The application of the Geo-ICT method is demonstrated in a specific case study of climate-resilient city development in Nanjing (China), aiming at helping city decision-makers understand the general geographic data processing and policy revision processes in response to hypothetical future disruptions and pressures on urban social, economic, and environmental systems. Ideally, the conceptual framework of the climate-resilient city transition proposed in this study effectively integrates the geographic data analysis, policy modification, and participatory planning. In the process of model building, we put forward the index system of urban ecosystem vulnerability assessment and use the assessment result as input data for the socio-ecological model. As a result, the model reveals the interaction processes of local land use, economy, and environment, further generating an evolving state of future land use in the studied city. The findings of this study demonstrate that socio-ecological modelling can provide guidance in adjusting the human-land interaction and climate-resilient city development from the perspective of macro policy. The decision support using urban ecosystem vulnerability assessment and quantitative system modelling can be useful for urban development under a variety of environmental change scenarios. QC 20210824

Cilj istraživanja je bio utvrditi proizvodnju i kvalitetu kozjeg mlijeka na ekološkom obiteljskom poljoprivrednom gospodarstvu. Istraživanje je provedeno na obiteljskom poljoprivrednom gospodarstvu na 17 koza u laktaciji, pasmine francuska alpina. Uzorci kozjeg mlijeka uzeti su tijekom jutarnje mužnje 30., 50., i 75. dana laktacije.Utvrđen jekemijski sastav mlijeka, odnosno sadržaj mliječne masti (%), bjelančevina (%), laktoze (%), suhe tvari bez masti, uree (mg/dl) i broj somatskih stanica (broj/ml). Podaci su pripremljeni u programu MS Excel, a dobiveni rezultati statistički su obrađeni u statističkom programu SAS® (9.4). Proizvedena količina jutarnjeg mlijeka iznosila je 1,47 kg 50. dana laktacije te 1,32 kg 75. dana laktacije, pri čemu nije bilo značajnih razlika. U istraživanju je vidljiva visoka varijacija sadržaja mliječne masti, koncentracije uree kao i broja somatskih stanica. Utvrđena je porast sadržaja bjelančevina 75. dana (3,11 %) u odnosu na 30. dan laktacije (2,77 %). Sadržaj laktoze je značajno smanjen 75. dana u odnosu na 50. dan laktacije. Koncentracije uree je značajno porasla 50. dana (37,3 mg/dl) u odnosu na 30. dan (25,8 mg/dl) laktacije. Kemijski sastav mlijeka povoljniji je s odmicanjem laktacije, osobito u sadržaju bjelančevina koje su vrlo važne za proizvodnju sira na ekološkom obiteljskom poljoprivrednom gospodarstvu., The aim of the present study was to determine the production and quality of goat milk on organic family farm. The research was conducted on a family farm with 17 lactating goats of the French Alpine breed. Goat milk samples were taken during morning milking on the 30th, 50th, and 75th day of lactation. The chemical composition of milk was determined: content of milk fat (%), protein (%), lactose (%), dry matter without fat, urea (mg/dl) and the number of somatic cells (number/ml). The data were prepared in MS Excel, and the obtained results were statistically processed in the statistical program SAS® (9.4). The morning milk yield was 1.47 kg on the 50th day of lactation and 1.32 kg on the 75th day of lactation, although without any significant differences. The study resulted in high variations in milk fat content, urea concentration and somatic cells count. An increase in protein content was found on day 75 (3.11 %) compared to day 30 of lactation (2.77 %). Lactose content was significantly lowered on day 75 compared to day 50 of lactation. Urea concentration increased significantly on day 50 (37.3 mg/dl) compared to day 30 (25.8 mg/dl) during lactation. The chemical composition of milk is more favorable with the lactationprogress, especially in the content of proteins which are very important for cheese production on an organic family farm.

In response to urgent demand to raise awareness of the nutritional and health benefits of tomato consumption and to advocate for healthy diets through increased sustainable production and consumption of fruits and vegetables, this study is intended to promote a healthy and balanced lifestyle, sharing the best practices of production and consumption. The aim of this research was to compare the effects of the growing system (field vs. plastic tunnel) and of genotype characteristics for organic improved tomato genotypes. The research was carried out in the 2019 and 2020 years on eight improved tomato genotypes. The results showed that the ascorbic acid content presented higher values for organic tomatoes cultivated in the field for all genotypes studied, with an upper limit of 18.57 mg·100 g−1 FW. In contrast, the content in β-carotene and lycopene showed higher values for genotypes grown under plastic tunnel conditions. Significant statistical differences were noticed concerning the mean values of all genotypes according to cultivation conditions (field vs. plastic tunnel) for most parameters excepting total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), maturity index (MI) and flavor index (FI). This highlights the major importance of the selection of some genotypes of tomatoes that respond positively to the organic cultivation system in terms of the presence of the antioxidants compounds (vitamin C, lycopene, and carotene) in representative quantities. Genotype 3 is highlighted by the highest content in carotene (7.4 mg·100 g−1 F.W.) and lycopene (8.4 mg·100 g−1 F.W.) and genotype 5 by the highest content in vitamin C (16.8 mg·100 g−1 F.W.). The results of the study suggest that by applying appropriate techniques for growing organic tomatoes in the plastic tunnel system, the antioxidant substrate can be optimized compared to the results obtained for the field system.

The ecological system is the basis of human survival and global environmental protection. In the process of development, countries will pay close attention to the changing state of the ecosystem. Taking the ecosystem pattern as the research object, a three-layer analysis method was proposed. The transfer matrix and landscape index were used as the first layer to analyze the basic changes. Grey correlation, range-coupling coordination and relative priority were used as the second layer to analyze the reasons of the change. The interval-entropy weight, TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution), was used as the third layer to evaluate the quality of the change. The ten counties in the worst-hit areas of the Wenchuan earthquake were analyzed from different angles, with county region, intensity zone and ecosystem as the objects, and the following results were obtained: (1) Taking Mianzhu City as an example, from 2000 to 2010 and 2018, the conversion ratio of forest, grassland and farmland is 54.24, 59.19, 17.21, 20.06, 37.39 and 52.86%, which were distributed in the north, central and southern parts, respectively. (2) Taking the ninth intensity zone as an example, the forest landscape fragmentation increased, disturbance decreased, and species diversity increased. There is a high influence and restriction relationship between ecosystem and landscape pattern in the total landscape area change. Additionally, the relationship between them tends to develop in a benign way. As of 2018, it is in the change state of moderate imbalance-ecosystem lag. (3) Taking the county ecosystem change as an example, urban type is the best in the counties of ecosystem change, of which Shifang is the best and Pingwu is the worst. The results show that this method can effectively compare and analyze the changes in the multi-regional ecosystem pattern, which has the characteristics of universality and can also be applied to the research of ecosystem pattern change in special regions.

Der Beitrag befasst sich mit planerischen und gesellschaftlichen Zugängen zu einem nachhaltigen Umgang mit den natürlichen Lebensgrundlagen, die deren Schutz und Entwicklung konsequent berücksichtigen. Ein wesentlicher Ansatz ist die Auseinandersetzung mit dem Konzept der Ökosystemleistungen bzgl. dessen Anwendung in der Planungspraxis. Kritische Aussagen zum derzeitigen Wirtschaftssystem, zu Märkten und Bepreisungen und zur gemeindlichen Planungshoheit zeigen auf, warum auch bei Akteuren räumlicher Planung "Denkschablonen", die unsere raumrelevanten Entscheidungen bisher gesteuert haben - insbesondere bei Bewertungen und Abwägungen -, aufgebrochen und neue Wege beschritten werden müssen. Ohne das Verständnis dafür, warum in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten die Ökonomisierung aller Lebensbereiche auch das Denken, Handeln und die Werthaltungen immer stärker beeinflusst hat, sind keine zukunftsfähigen Veränderungen in Wirtschaft, Gesellschaft, Politik und Verwaltung - und damit auch in der räumlichen Planung - zu erwarten, die die Begrenztheit der natürlichen Ressourcen und ihre Regenerationsfähigkeit beachten und eine tatsächlich nachhaltige räumliche Entwicklung einleiten können. Der vorliegende Beitrag wagt - bezogen auf die Veränderungserfordernisse aus heutiger Sicht - einen Blick nach vorn und bezieht sich explizit auf die räumliche Planung als wirkmächtigem Akteur für eine nachhaltige Entwicklung durch die große Transformation. Er nähert sich der komplexen Thematik mit beispielhaften Darstellungen zur Organisation räumlicher Planung an. This chapter is concerned with planning and societal approaches to the sustainable management of natural resources which take consistent account of the need for protection and development. An important approach involves analysing the concept of ecosystem services and its use in planning practice. Criticism of the current economic system, of markets and pricing, and of municipal planning authority demonstrates why it is necessary to break with the established ways of thinking that have to date governed our spatial decision-making - particularly in evaluations and arbitrations; new paths must be pursued. It is necessary to understand why the economisation of all spheres of life has increasingly influenced our thoughts, actions and values. Without such an understanding, no viable changes can be expected in economy, society, politics or administration - and thus similarly not within spatial planning. Such changes must pay attention to the limited nature of natural resources and their regenerative capacities and introduce truly sustainable spatial development. Based on current assessments of the need for change, this chapter dares to look into the future and explicitly regards spatial planning as an effective actor for moving towards sustainable development through the great transformation. The complexity of the topic is approached using illustrative accounts of the organisation of spatial planning.

Целью работы является анализ возможностей применения различных методологических подходов в системах безопасности. Кардинальное повышение безопасности экологических систем можно достигнуть за счет снижения негативного воздействия на них техносферы путем повсеместного применения наилучших доступных технологий. Предлагается расширить диапазон технических характеристик мультисенсорной системы для экологического мониторинга водных и почвенных сред на дополнительное определение ионов: K+, Ca2+, Ag+, F–, Cl–, Br–, I–, Li+, Na+. Утверждается, что нейросетевая методология призвана повысить достоверность информации в системах безопасности на базе мультисенсорных систем для экологического мониторинга водных и почвенных сред., The purpose of this paper is to analyze the possibilities of applying various methodological approaches in security systems. A fundamental increase in the safety of environmental systems can be achieved by reducing the negative impact of the technosphere on them through the widespread use of the best available technologies. It is proposed to expand the range of technical characteristics of a multi-sensor system for environmental monitoring of water and soil environments by additional determination of ions: K+, Ca2+, Ag+, F–, Cl–, Br–, I–, Li+, Na+. It is claimed that the neural network methodology is designed to increase the reliability of information in security systems based on multi-sensor systems for environmental monitoring of water and soil environments., Экологические системы и приборы, Выпуск 5 2021

Entsiegelungsmaßnahmen können zum Bodenschutz und zur Bereitstellung von Ökosystemleistungen, zur Klimaanpassung sowie zu Land Degradation Neutrality (SDG 15.3) beitragen. Dem hohen Nutzen von Entsiegelungsmaßnahmen stehen allerdings die geringe Verfügbarkeit von Entsiegelungspotenzialen sowie diverse Umsetzungshemmnisse für Entsiegelungsmaßnahmen gegenüber. Aus rechtlicher Sicht gibt es verschiedene Instrumente, um Entsiegelungspotenziale zu aktivieren. Entsprechende Vorschriften sind in den Bereichen des Bau- und Bodenschutzrechts, aber auch des Wasser-, Naturschutz- und Planungsrechts zu finden. Die gesetzlichen Regelungen müssen aber besser umgesetzt und optimiert werden, um tatsächlich zu mehr Entsiegelungen in der Praxis beizutragen. Aus förderpolitischer Sicht sind vor allem Förderprogramme auf kommunaler und Landesebene, ergänzend auch auf Bundes- und EU-Ebene, relevant. Neben den Programmkulissen Städtebauförderung, Klimaanpassung, Brachenabriss und Quartiersaufwertung kann auf ein breites Spektrum informeller Anreizinstrumente, bspw. Beratungsangebote, zurückgegriffen werden.

Die vorliegende Studie erfasst und beschreibt die gesellschaftliche Wertigkeit des Tempelhofer Feldes in seiner gegenwärtigen Nutzung. Sie legt einen Ansatz dar, wie unterschiedliche Werte fokussiert werden können, um ein Gesamtbild der gesellschaftlichen Werte entstehen zu lassen. Hierfür wird ein konzeptioneller Rahmen mit fünf Betrachtungsebenen vorgestellt und angewandt.

Early intervention for children vulnerable to exclusion is currently focused on the child?s effective inclusion in mainstream early childhood education. There is thus a search for developing a shared understanding of what constitutes quality inclusive preschool provision. This was the aim of a qualitative 3-year (2015?17) study of inclusive settings for children from 3 years to compulsory education across European countries, conducted by the European Agency for Special Needs and Inclusive Education. Data consisted of practitioner descriptions of 32 example inclusive preschools from 28 European countries, and more detailed data collected during short visits to eight of the example settings. Qualitative, thematic analysis identified 25 subthemes representing the perceived constituents of inclusive early childhood education provision. These were organised within a framework that intertwined the structure-process-outcome model with the ecological systems model. The resulting adapted ecosystem model for inclusive early childhood education comprises five dimensions: (1) the inclusive education outcomes, (2) processes, and (3) structural factors within the micro environment of the preschool; and the wider (4) inclusive structural factors at community, and (5) at national levels. The framework can be useful for practitioners as well as researchers and policy makers seeking to improve inclusive early childhood education provision.

Throughout the history of humankind, people have settled along seashores. The gradual accumulation of population and industrial activity in coastal areas has created preconditions for coastalisation — the movement of people and socio-economic activity to marine coasts. To date, coastal areas have a higher rate of economic development, fostering migration and an influx of capital across the globe. Scholars and policymakers voice concerns about the asymmetry of regional development and the increasing anthropogenic impact on the coastal ecosystem. It reinforces the importance of coastal zone management. In this study, we use an example of the Baltic region to identify the coastalisation patterns in the Baltic region and answer the question, whether there can be a single definition of the coastal zone of the Baltic region. According to a broad definition, the Baltic macro-region is nearly all coastal and, consequently, all settlements are influenced by the coastalisation effect. We have studied the urban population dynamics in 128 cities of 45 coastal regions through the lens of various characteristics of a coastal city — the distance from the sea (10, 50, 100, and 150 km), location in a coastal region (NUTS 2), availability of a port and its primary maritime activity (tankers, cargo, fishing, passenger, recreational vessels and others). The research results suggest that despite the strong coherence of the Baltic region countries, there should not be a single delimitation approach to defining the coastal zone. Overall, the most active marine economic processes occur in the zone up to 10 km from the seacoast and 30 km from ports and port infrastructure. However, in the case of Sweden, Poland, and Latvia, the coastal zone can be extended to 50 km, and in Germany — up to 150 km inland.

Das Statistische Bundesamt arbeitet derzeit an dem Aufbau eines Ecosystem Accountings im Rahmen der Umweltökonomischen Gesamtrechnungen (UGR). Im Ecosystem Accounting werden das Ausmaß, der Zustand und die Leistungen der Ökosysteme bundesweit und regelmäßig erfasst und in eigenen Konten dargestellt. Das Konto zum Ausmaß der Ökosysteme (Ecosystem Extent Account) stellt dabei eine Grundlage für alle weiteren Konten dar. Die Methoden zur Erstellung dieses Kontos sowie erste Ergebnisse werden auf dem Flächennutzungssymposium präsentiert. Die Veröffentlichung der Ergebnisse ist für die zweite Jahreshälfte 2021 geplant und umfasst sowohl eine digitale Ökosystemkarte als auch Tabellenkonten. Ziel des Extent Accounts ist es, die gesamte Fläche Deutschlands überschneidungsfrei in verschiedene Ökosysteme zu unterteilen. Hierfür wird eine neue hierarchische Klassifikation der Ökosysteme erstellt, die sich einerseits an dem spezifischen Kontext Deutsch-lands orientiert, anderseits jedoch eine Überführung in andere Landbedeckungs- und Ökosystemklassifikationen auf internationaler Ebene ermöglicht. Die 74 nationalen Ökosystemklassen werden anhand ihrer strukturellen und ökologischen Eigenschaften unterschieden. Anhand dieser Klassifikation werden einzelne Flächenpolygone auf Basis einer breiten Datengrundlage jeweils eindeutig einer Ökosystemklasse zugewiesen. Neben dem Landbedeckungsmodell für Deutschland (LBM-DE) wird eine Vielzahl weiterer Geodaten, wie etwa Datendes Copernicus-Programms oder der Kartierungen der Länder, für die Bestimmung der Ökosystemklassen herangezogen. Mit dem Ecosystem Extent Account stellt das Statistische Bundesamt somit eine neuartige Datengrundlage zur Analyse des flächenmäßigen Bestands an Ökosystemen in Deutschland sowie dessen Veränderung bereit.

The concept of sustainability is based on three pillars: environmental, social and economic, all equally important, interdependent, with the goal of meeting human needs without degrading the environment, ensuring its preservation for future generations. However, it is necessary to understand how these pillars interact with each other. The objective was to review this concept and present a new structural model of sustainability, in which ‘ecological system’ is understood as nature without the human being. It is a theoretical article, based on the general theory of systems, referenced in critical analyses on sustainability and the relationship between nature, society and economy. It has been shown that the ecological system is the most important in representing sustainability, as it is self-regulating and does not depend on others. It is concluded that there is a hierarchy between the systems and that the environmental system is the sum of the ecological, socio-cultural and economic systems. O conceito de sustentabilidade é baseado em três pilares: ambiental, social e econômico, todos com igualdade de importância, interdependentes, tendo como meta atender às necessidades humanas sem degradar o ambiente, garantindo sua preservação para as futuras gerações. Porém, é necessário compreender como esses pilares interagem entre si. Objetivou-se revisar esse conceito e apresentar um novo modelo estrutural de sustentabilidade, em que se compreende ‘sistema ecológico’ como a natureza sem o ser humano. Trata-se de um artigo teórico, fundamentado na teoria geral dos sistemas, referenciado em análises críticas sobre sustentabilidade e relação entre natureza, sociedade e economia. Demonstrou-se que o sistema ecológico é o mais importante na representação da sustentabilidade, pois se autorregula e não depende dos demais. Conclui-se que há uma hierarquia entre os sistemas e que o sistema ambiental é a soma dos sistemas ecológico, sociocultural e econômico.

The work shows that the Gause’s principle of competitive population displacement can be violated, thus confirming the existence of competition with balancing. Competition with balancing can be analogous to the principle of sustainable development announced in the ideas of Jay Wright Forrester, Dennis L. Meadows and Jorgen Randers on global environmental systems. It is likely that competition with balancing cannot exist for a long time without external management., Дж. Форрестер прогнозувал загальний системний колапс популяції на прикладі глобальної моделі існування людства. В альтернативу, глобальні ідеї Дениса Медоуза та Йогена Рандеса щодо сталого розвитку та стабільного майбутнього можуть бути перенесені на більш прості системи, наприклад, моделі співіснування двох видів. Таким чином, за аналогією, можна показати можливість існування конкуруючих популяцій у метастабільних умовах на простих прикладах, на кшталт моделі Лотки та Вольтерри.Дія принципу Гаузе відбувається і за умови вельми незначної, можливо у частки відсотків, різниці у умовах їснування популяцій (коефіцієнтах впливу). Таким чином, будь-які вельми незначні переваги у конкурентній боротьбі двох популяцій з часом неминуче призводять до вимирання однієї з них.Проте, показано, що принцип Гаузе можливо порушити. Наприклад, вирівнювання кількості особи однієї популяції до рівня іншої можливо вже тільки за умови зміни співвідношення факторів народжуваності і смертності.Збалансована конкуренція призводить до поступового вимирання обох популяцій. Отже, якщо цей процес рівномірний, то він буде відбуватися дуже довго, сповільнюючись у часі, допоки ресурсна база не буде відповідати чисельності обох популяцій.Проте, таких сталих умов конкурування у природі не буває і будь-яка флуктуація умов співіснування популяцій миттєво запускає у дію закон Гаузе.Підтверджено, що можлива ситуація конкуренції з балансуванням, хоч вона ситуативно і обмежена у часі. Режим балансування може бути подовжено у часі за умови моніторингу та керування умовами співіснування популяцій. Таким чином, балансування є аналогом стабільності у висновках Дениса Медоуза щодо глобальних систем.

В статье дан анализ фундаментальным основам зеленой экономики, которая поддерживает гармоничное взаимодействие человека и природы и пытается удовлетворить потребности обоих одновременно. Автор указывает, что зеленые экономические теории охватывают широкий спектр идей, все они касаются взаимосвязанных отношений между людьми и окружающей средой. Основа всех экономических решений должна быть связана с экосистемой, природным капиталом и экосистемными услугами. Практическая значимость состоит в возможности использования проведенного исследования в процессе преподавания соответствующих специальных курсов в высших учебных заведениях, а также в возможности использования данной работы в дальнейших научных исследованиях, в необходимости исследования отдельных аспектов зеленой эклономики с учетом особенностей, характерных для отечественных экономических и экологических систем., he article analyzes the fundamental principles of the green economy, which supports the harmonious interaction of man and nature and tries to meet the needs of both at the same time. The author points out that green economic theories cover a wide range of ideas, all of them concern the interrelated relations between people and the environment. The basis of all economic decisions should be related to the ecosystem, natural capital, and ecosystem services. Practical significance consists in the possibility of using the research in the process of teaching relevant special courses in higher education institutions, as well as in the possibility of using this work in further research, in the need to study certain aspects of green eclonomics, taking into account the features characteristic of domestic economic and environmental systems., №2 (2020)

Land-use transitions can enhance the livelihoods of smallholder farmers but potential economic-ecological trade-offs remain poorly understood. Here, we present an interdisciplinary study of the environmental, social and economic consequences of land-use transitions in a tropical smallholder landscape on Sumatra, Indonesia. We find widespread biodiversity-profit trade-offs resulting from land-use transitions from forest and agroforestry systems to rubber and oil palm monocultures, for 26,894 aboveground and belowground species and whole-ecosystem multidiversity. Despite variation between ecosystem functions, profit gains come at the expense of ecosystem multifunctionality, indicating far-reaching ecosystem deterioration. We identify landscape compositions that can mitigate trade-offs under optimal land-use allocation but also show that intensive monocultures always lead to higher profits. These findings suggest that, to reduce losses in biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, changes in economic incentive structures through well-designed policies are urgently needed., Identifying economic and ecological trade-offs of land-use transitions is important to ensure sustainability. Here, Grass et al. find biodiversity-profit trade-offs in tropical land-use transitions in Sumatra, and show that targeted landscape planning is needed to increase land-use efficiency while ensuring socio-ecological sustainability.

The article presents the effects of climate change of the cave environment (underground ecosystem) since the formation of caves (Neogene Period), through the glaciation period in Poland to the present day. They were developed on the example of the analysis of the Biśnik Cave sediments (located in the central part of the Cracow-Wieluń Upland), which consist of several layers made of various materials (geological, paleozoological, paleobotanical and archaeological) and provide knowledge about climate change. Thanks to the distinguished components (developed by interdisciplinary researchers) and using the results of dating of sediment layers using physicochemical methods, reconstruction of individual environmental elements in the cave (karstifited rock, morphology, microclimate, cave waters, fauna, vegetation and man) was made during the geological period between which occurred specific relationships / dependencies. The distinguished elements formed various ecological systems (models) at three stages of cave development (abiotic, biotic and anthropic), which developed as a result of climate change.

Recently, the balance of social, infrastructure, economic, technology and other factors is a core focus area in the regional economic development. Similar priorities appear in the planning and organization of economic activities in various productive sectors including natural resource management and subsoil management as a part of it. However, the diversity of approaches to understanding the term “balance†and its assessment does not allow to achieve a sufficiently high level of state strategic management. This study attempts to develop a consistent approach to the state regulation of natural resource management in order to balance economic activity when developing the natural-resource potential of a region. The results of the research are the following. Firstly, we have defined the concepts of “balanced natural resource management†and “balanced subsoil management†. Secondly, we have identified the key principles of balanced natural resource and subsoil management. And last, we have developed the guidelines for assessing a balance level of natural resource management (subsoil management) in a region. The proposed method is used for the estimation of a balance level of subsoil management in the Sverdlovsk region. We have concluded that subsoil management in the Sverdlovsk region meets conditions only to 52 %. The resource component is at the level of 63 %; the economic component — 50 %; the environmental component — 51 % and the social component — 44 %. This indicates an extremely unfavourable situation in the mining industry of Sverdlovsk region in terms of balance. We have undertook a rapid assessment of subsoil management in the Sverdlovsk region. The depth of the study is largely determined by the method used. The lack of statistical data for regions by economic activity became the research limitation. Further research can focus on other components of natural resource management, expanding factors’ list affecting subsoil management for assessing the balance level in the Sverdlovsk region and Ural Federal District with further mapping of the received results.

International audience; The Allee threshold of an ecological system distinguishes the sign of population growth either towards extinction or to carrying capacity. In practice human interventions can tune the Allee threshold for instance thanks to the sterile male technique and the mating disruption. In this paper we address various control objectives for a system described by a diffusion-reaction equation regulating the Allee threshold, viewed as a real parameter determining the unstable equilibrium of the bistable nonlinear reaction term. We prove that this system is the mean field limit of an interacting system of particles in which individual behaviours are driven by stochastic laws. Numerical simulations of the stochastic process show that population propagations are governed by wave-like solutions corresponding to traveling solutions of the macroscopic reaction-diffusion system. An optimal control problem for the macroscopic model is then introduced with the objective of steering the system to a target traveling wave. The relevance of this problem is motivated by the fact that traveling wave solutions model the fact that bounded space domains reach asymptotically an equilibrium configuration. Using well known analytical results and stability properties of traveling waves, we show that well-chosen piecewise constant controls allow to reach the target approximately in sufficiently long time. We then develop a direct computational method and show its efficiency for computing such controls in various numerical simulations. Finally we show the efficiency of the obtained macroscopic optimal controls in the microscopic system of interacting particles and we discuss their advantage when addressing situations that are out of reach for the analytical methods. We conclude the article with some open problems and directions for future research.

Fifteen varieties of autumn wheat, most of them recently approved, were tested in an ecological system in the experimental field at ARDS Simnic. For two years (2016 and 2017) determinations have been made regarding height, number of spice/mp, yield, test weight, weight of 1000 grains, number of grains/ear, weight grains/ear and protein content, both in ecological and conventional systems, last as a reference base. The differences were presented percentually to see to what extent the ecological system influenced the determined characters. The control used were the average of all tested varieties and the Alex variety - that showed the highest average yield in the ecological system. In ascending order, the studied characters were affected by ecological system in relation to the conventional system, on average, as follows: yield (52.6%); weight grain/ear (69%); number grains/ear (69.1%); height (83.9%); number spice /mp (84.2%); protein content (89.6%); the weight of 1000 grains (96.9%); test weight (102%) - the only uninfluenced character. In relation to Alex variety, only Litera variety showed significantly higher reductions in terms of test weight, number of graines/ear and weight grains/ear. Compared to the average of the varieties, significant differences were noted only at the test weight in Miranda (+ 4.2%) and Ursita (-7.1%). The results suggest that the ecological system influenced the characters studied, indifferent of the varieties tested.

An assortment consisting of 10 wheat, 8 triticale and 7 barley varieties were cultivated for three years (2010, 2016 and 2017) in two systems of culture: ecological and conventional on the Simnic luvosoil. The quality of yield seen from the perspective of the protein content, test weight and the weight of 1000 grains were studied from the interactions: species x culture system and variety x culture system. The aim is to promote the species and varieties that are distinguished from the point of view of the quality of the production obtained under the conditions of cultivation in an ecological system, a system that ensures the quality of life by the fact that the yield does not use pesticides and chemical fertilizers. All the varieties experienced in all three species recorded diminished yields, statistically assured under ecological conditions in relation to those sown under conventional crop conditions. In terms of quality, only triticale varieties Titan and Oda obtained at all three quality indices (protein content, test weight and the weight of 1000 grains) simultaneously, values is in the ecological system at the level obtained in the conventional system. From the point of view of the quality of the obtained yield, it was shown that the wheat and triticale did not differentiate between ecological and conventional while the barley showed significant decreases in protein content and weight of 1000 grains under the same reported conditions.