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Resumen: Introducción: La sobrepoblación y el crecimiento industrial causan un aumento en la contaminación del aire, principalmente de partículas suspendidas y en la formación de ozono. La exposición repetida a bajas dosis de ozono, como la de un día con alta contaminación del aire, genera un estado de estrés oxidativo crónico, el cual causa pérdida de espinas dendríticas, alteraciones en la plasticidad cerebral y en los mecanismos de aprendizaje y memoria, así como muerte neuronal y pérdida de la capacidad de reparación cerebral. Esto tiene un impacto directo en la salud humana, aumentando la incidencia de enfermedades crónico-degenerativas. Desarrollo: Se realizó una búsqueda de artículos originales y revisiones en PubMed, Scopus y Google Scholar (2000-2018) sobre las principales consecuencias de la exposición a ozono, sobre la plasticidad sináptica, sobre el procesamiento de la información en los procesos cognitivos y sobre las alteraciones que pueden llevar al desarrollo de enfermedades neurodegenerativas. Conclusiones: Esta revisión describe uno de los mecanismos fisiopatológicos del efecto de la exposición repetida a bajas dosis de ozono, a través de producir un estado de estrés oxidativo crónico, lo cual causa pérdida de la plasticidad sináptica; esta función cerebral es clave tanto en el procesamiento de información como en la generación de cambios estructurales en las poblaciones neuronales. También se aborda el efecto de la exposición crónica a ozono sobre el tejido cerebral, y la estrecha relación entre la contaminación por ozono y la aparición y evolución de las enfermedades neurodegenerativas. Abstract: Introduction: Overpopulation and industrial growth result in an increase in air pollution, mainly due to suspended particulate matter and the formation of ozone. Repeated exposure to low doses of ozone, such as on a day with high air pollution levels, results in a state of chronic oxidative stress, causing the loss of dendritic spines, alterations in cerebral plasticity and in learning and memory mechanisms, and neuronal death and a loss of brain repair capacity. This has a direct impact on human health, increasing the incidence of chronic and degenerative diseases. Development: We performed a search of the PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases for original articles and reviews published between 2000 and 2018 and addressing the main consequences of ozone exposure on synaptic plasticity, information processing in cognitive processes, and the alterations that may lead to the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Conclusions: This review describes one of the pathophysiological mechanisms of the effect of repeated exposure to low doses of ozone, which causes loss of synaptic plasticity by producing a state of chronic oxidative stress. This brain function is key to both information processing and the generation of structural changes in neuronal populations. We also address the effect of chronic ozone exposure on brain tissue and the close relationship between ozone pollution and the appearance and progression of neurodegenerative diseases.

Introduction: Overpopulation and industrial growth result in an increase in air pollution, mainly due to suspended particulate matter and the formation of ozone. Repeated exposure to low doses of ozone, such as on a day with high air pollution levels, results in a state of chronic oxidative stress, causing the loss of dendritic spines, alterations in cerebral plasticity and in learning and memory mechanisms, and neuronal death and a loss of brain repair capacity. This has a direct impact on human health, increasing the incidence of chronic and degenerative diseases. Development: We performed a search of the PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases for original articles and reviews published between 2000 and 2018 and addressing the main consequences of ozone exposure on synaptic plasticity, information processing in cognitive processes, and the alterations that may lead to the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Conclusions: This review describes one of the pathophysiological mechanisms of the effect of repeated exposure to low doses of ozone, which causes loss of synaptic plasticity by producing a state of chronic oxidative stress. This brain function is key to both information processing and the generation of structural changes in neuronal populations. We also address the effect of chronic ozone exposure on brain tissue and the close relationship between ozone pollution and the appearance and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Resumen: Introducción: La sobrepoblación y el crecimiento industrial causan un aumento en la contaminación del aire, principalmente de partículas suspendidas y en la formación de ozono. La exposición repetida a bajas dosis de ozono, como la de un día con alta contaminación del aire, genera un estado de estrés oxidativo crónico, el cual causa pérdida de espinas dendríticas, alteraciones en la plasticidad cerebral y en los mecanismos de aprendizaje y memoria, así como muerte neuronal y pérdida de la capacidad de reparación cerebral. Esto tiene un impacto directo en la salud humana, aumentando la incidencia de enfermedades crónico-degenerativas. Desarrollo: Se realizó una búsqueda de artículos originales y revisiones en Pubmed, Scopus y Google Scholar (2000-2018) sobre las principales consecuencias de la exposición a ozono, sobre la plasticidad sináptica, sobre el procesamiento de la información en los procesos cognitivos y sobre las alteraciones que pueden llevar al desarrollo de enfermedades neurodegenerativas. Conclusiones: Esta revisión describe uno de los mecanismos fisiopatológicos del efecto de la exposición repetida a bajas dosis de ozono, a través de producir un estado de estrés oxidativo crónico, lo cual causa pérdida de la plasticidad sináptica; esta función cerebral que es clave en tanto el procesamiento de información como en la generación de cambios estructurales en las poblaciones neuronales. También se aborda el efecto de la exposición crónica a ozono sobre el tejido cerebral, y la estrecha relación entre la contaminación por ozono y la aparición y evolución de las enfermedades neurodegenerativas.

Abstract Digital counting methods were developed to decrease the high intra- and inter-observer variability of immunohistochemical markers such as Ki67, with most presenting a good correlation coefficient (CC). Since Ki67 is one of the major contributors to Oncotype DX, it is conceivable that Ki67 expression and the recurrence score (RS) obtained by the multigene panel are positively correlated. We decided first to test to what extent conventional and digital Ki67 quantification methods correlate in daily practice and, second, to determine which of these methods correlates better with the prognostic capacity of the Oncotype DX test. Both Ki67 evaluations were performed in 89 core biopsies with a diagnosis of estrogen receptor (ER) positive HER2-negative breast cancer (BC). Cases were, thus, classified twice for surrogate subtype: first by conventional analysis and then by digital evaluation. The Oncotype RS was obtained in 55 cases that were subsequently correlated to Ki67 evaluation by both methods. Conventional and digital Ki67 evaluation showed good concordance and correlation (CC = 0.81 (95% CI 0.73–0.89)). The correlation of Oncotype DX risk groups and surrogate derived subtypes was slightly higher for the digital technique (rs = 0.46, p

Practical approaches have become a standard in many scientific disciplines, including population genetics. By analysing properly selected datasets, students can calculate parameters and draw conclusions about genetic diversity, differentiation and evolution of populations with higher efficiency than if based exclusively on theoretical lessons. However, preparing the appropriate datasets is a hard task and a wrong selection can spoil a well-intended activity. Here we present SimHyb 2, a software tool specifically intended to support a full understanding of evolutionary forces by students and to help the teacher to prepare adequate datasets and examples for practice. It simulates the course of a mixed population under user-defined reproductive and evolutionary conditions, providing fully traceable pedigrees of individuals. SimHyb2 is specifically intended for the analysis of long-term hybridisation and introgression, covering a gap in the software available to date. Outputs can be easily adapted for downstream analysis with other popular tools as GenAlEx or Structure. Thus, SimHyb 2 is very suitable for project-based-learning approaches: students can produce their own datasets in different scenarios of genetic drift, migration, selective advantage, and reproductive success. Satisfactory results from its ongoing utilisation in higher education and research are reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-low has emerged as a potential new entity in breast cancer (BC). Data on this subset are limited, and prognostic results are controversial, evidencing the need of further data in a BC real-world cohort. Methods: Patients with HER2-negative stage I–III BC diagnosed between 2006 and 2016 were retrospectively reviewed in a single cohort from the Catalan Institute of Oncology Badalona. Demographics and clinicopathological characteristics were examined via medical charts/electronic health records. We aim to describe and compare HER2-0/HER2-low populations through Chi-square or Fisher test, and explore its prognostic impact using Kaplan–Meier curves and Cox regression models. Results: From a cohort of 1755 BC patients, 1401 invasive HER2-negative, stage I–III cases were evaluated. 87% were hormone receptor (HR)-positive versus 13% triple negative (TNBC). Overall, 43% were HER2-0 and 57% HER2-low (61% immunohistochemistry (IHC) 1+ and 39% IHC 2+). Comparing HER2-low versus HER2-0, HER2-low showed higher proportion of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive (91.6% vs 79.9%, p ⩽ 0.001) and progesterone receptor (PR)-positive (79.8% vs 68.9%, p ⩽ 0.001) cases. HER2-0 exhibited higher proportion of TNBC (20.1% vs 8.4%, p = 0.001), grade III tumors (28.8% vs 23.5%, p = 0.039), and higher Ki67 median value (26.47% vs 23.88%, p = 0.041). HER2-low was associated with longer time to distant recurrence (TTDR) compared to HER2-0 (67.8 vs 54.1 months; p = 0.015) and better BC-related survival (19.2 vs 16.3 years; p = 0.033). In the multivariable analysis, HER2-low was not an independent prognostic factor for TTDR and BC-related survival. ER expression showed a strong association with longer TTDR (Hazard Ratio: 0.425, p ⩽ 0.001) and improved BC-related survival (Hazard Ratio: 0.380, p ⩽ 0.001). PR expression was also associated with longer TTDR (Hazard Ratio: 0.496, p ⩽ 0.001), and improved BC-related survival (Hazard Ratio: 0.488, p ⩽ 0.001). Histological grade III was significantly associated with shorter TTDR (Hazard Ratio: 1.737, p = 0.002). Positive nodal status was the strongest factor correlated with worse BC-related survival (Hazard Ratio: 2.747, p ⩽ 0.001). Conclusion: HER2-low was significantly associated with HR-positive disease, whereas HER2-0 group had higher incidence of TNBC, histological grade III and higher Ki67%. Although HER2-low group was associated with longer TTDR and improved BC-related survival, these findings could be explained by the greater proportion of favorable prognostic features in this subgroup compared to HER2-0. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The prevalence of foreleg distal asymmetry and its relationship with the size of the feed bunk were studied in two farms (G60 and G100) in northern Mexico. The prevalence was 27.6% (G60: 31.4%, G100: 22.4%); principal component analysis revealed that the weight variables associated with leg diseases were the farm (G60) and three out of twelve pens in G100. Furthermore, the analysis indicated that the weight variables for leg diseases were the farm (G60) and three out of twelve pens in G100. The prevalence was related to the width of the feed bunks and the width of the manure crust on them. The proper cleaning of feed bunks and their adequate design and construction are strategies that can reduce lameness and premature culling of cows. Leg torsion and distal asymmetry (LTDA) among cows reared on intensive farms in the Comarca Lagunera region of northern Mexico may be indicative of underlying health concerns. To ascertain whether the incidence of LTDA is associated with trough measurements and with productive, reproductive, and disease variables, the prevalence of LTDA was determined in lactating dairy cows. The data were derived from two intensive dairy farms in northern Mexico (G60: 2043 cows in 13 pens with 142.0 m of linear feed bunk space and 65.0 m of pen depth; G100: 2227 cows in 12 pens with 215.0 m of linear feed bunk space and 49.0 m of pen depth). The cows were observed over the course of a week to identify any macroscopic lesions indicative of LTDA. Cows exhibiting lesions were assigned a value of "1", while those without lesions were assigned a value of "0". Furthermore, data regarding other limb diseases (LDs) were collected and subjected to analysis. A comparison was conducted to ascertain the impact of reproductive, productive, and feed bunk size variables on the prevalence of LTDA and other LDs. To ascertain the prevalence of LTDA and LDs, a chi-squared test was employed. The prevalence of LTDA was found to be 27.6% (G60: 31.4%, G100: 22.4%). No association was identified between LTDA and the variables included in the study. However, a correlation was identified between LDs and the following variables: total width, distance from the edge, width from the feed bunk to the tramp, and the presence of a manure crust on the walls. Principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted to examine the correlation between LDs and various factors at the farm and pen levels. The findings indicated that the distance from the feed bunk to the trough, the presence of manure crusts on the walls, and the breeding time were associated with LDs in G100, as well as in three of the twelve pens (302, 306, and 308) within G100. The findings suggest that the prevalence of LDs is associated with an increase in the width of the feed bunk and the width of the manure crust on the walls, particularly in pregnant cows. The results permit the conclusion that LTDA and LDs are associated with the measurements of the feed bunks, the absence of manure cleaning of the feed bunks, and gestation. This association gives rise to significant health issues for Holstein cows on these farms, with more than one in four cows affected. To reduce the prevalence of LTDA in lactating dairy cows, it is recommended that the standard measurements for feed bunk design be adhered to. This will reduce the prevalence of LTDA and LDs, promote the cleaning protocols to avoid the accumulation of manure crusts, and facilitate close monitoring of pregnant cows, thereby alleviating the impacts of these foot pathologies on animal welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Communication & Society is the property of Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Navarra, S.A. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of REICE. Ibero-American Journal on Quality, Effectiveness & Change in Education / REICE. Revista Iberoamericana Sobre Calidad, Eficacia y Cambio en Educación is the property of Red Iberoamericana de Investigacion sobre Cambio y Eficacia en Educacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of REICE. Ibero-American Journal on Quality, Effectiveness & Change in Education / REICE. Revista Iberoamericana Sobre Calidad, Eficacia y Cambio en Educación is the property of Red Iberoamericana de Investigacion sobre Cambio y Eficacia en Educacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper presents the results of a questionnaire-based study of adolescents in secondary schools in Almería and Madrid (n = 1135), Spain. Based on scales developed and tested by Ozer and Bertelsen (2018), we investigate whether social media use correlates with self-reported extremist and pro-violence attitudes. We analyze the results of a moderation analysis on the rates of extremism and pro-violence, as well as illegal acts, in relation to social media use. We find that boys use social media more than girls, and that greater social media use does not correlate with adolescents being more extremist, but rather more pro-violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractObjectiveMethodsResultsConclusionsThe aim of the present study was to determine the cost-utility of single inhaler combination inhaled corticosteroid and a long-acting β2-agonist (ICS/LABAs) as both maintenance and reliever (SMART) compared with a step-up maintenance treatment with a fixed medium to high dose of ICS combined with LABA and a short-acting β2-agonist (SABA) as reliever (ICS-LABA maintenance plus SABA) among patients aged 12 years or more with poorly controlled asthma in Colombia.A Markov-type model was developed to estimate the costs and health outcomes of a simulated cohort of patients aged 12 years or more with uncontrolled asthma treated for 12 months. The main effectiveness data were obtained from a recent meta-analysis. The main outcome was the variable ‘‘quality-adjusted life-years’’ (QALYs).The base-case analysis showed that the budesonide/formoterol (BUD/FORM) SMART strategy was associated with lower overall treatment costs (US $3,062.37 vs. $4,462.02 average cost per patient over 12 months) and the greatest gain in QALYs (0.8511 vs. 0.8258 QALYs on average per patient over 12 months) compared with ICS-LABA maintenance plus SABA at step 4, thus leading to dominance.In patients aged 12 years or more with uncontrolled asthma at GINA step 3 or 4, the BUD/FORM SMART strategy at either step 3 or 4 is cost-effective compared with the ICS-LABA maintenance plus SABA at step 4 strategy, because it shows a greater gain in QALYs at lower total treatment costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thermal conductivity (κ) governs how heat propagates in a material, and thus is a key parameter that constrains the lifetime of optoelectronic devices and the performance of thermoelectrics (TEs). In organic electronics, understanding what determines κ has been elusive and experimentally challenging. Here, by measuring κ in 17 π‐conjugated materials over different spatial directions, it is statistically shown how microstructure unlocks two markedly different thermal transport regimes. κ in long‐range ordered polymers follows standard thermal transport theories: improved ordering implies higher κ and increased anisotropy. κ increases with stiffer backbones, higher molecular weights and heavier repeat units. Therein, charge and thermal transport go hand‐in‐hand and can be decoupled solely via the film texture, as supported by molecular dynamics simulations. In largely amorphous polymers, however, κ correlates negatively with the persistence length and the mass of the repeat unit, and thus an anomalous, albeit useful, behavior is found. Importantly, it is shown that for quasi‐amorphous co‐polymers (e.g., IDT‐BT) κ decreases with increasing charge mobility, yielding a 10‐fold enhancement of the TE figure‐of‐merit ZT compared to semi‐crystalline counterparts (under comparable electrical conductivities). Finally, specific material design rules for high and low κ in organic semiconductors are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water is a vital resource for sustaining life and for numerous processes within the transformation industry. It is a finite resource, albeit one that can be renewed, and thus sustainable management is imperative. To achieve this objective, it is necessary to have the appropriate tools to assist with the planning policies for its management. This paper presents a time series analysis approach to measure and predict the pattern of water consumption by humans throughout subsectors (domestic, commercial, public sector, education, industry, and raw water) and total water consumption in Meoqui, Chihuahua, Mexico with data from 2011 to 2023, applying calibration model techniques to measure uncertainty in the forecasting. The municipality of Meoqui encompasses an area of 342 km2. The climate is semi-arid, with an average annual rainfall of 272 mm and average temperatures of 26.4 °C in summer and 9.7 °C in winter. The municipal seat, which has a population of 23,140, is supplied with water from ten wells, with an average consumption of 20 ± 579 m3 per user. The consumption of the general population indicates the existence of a seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) (0,1,2)(0,0,2)12 model. (Sen's Slope = 682.7, p < 0.001). The domestic sector exhibited the highest overall consumption, with a total volume of 17,169,009 m3 (13 ± 93). A SARIMA (2,1,0)(2,0,0)12 model was estimated, with a Sen's slope of 221.65 and a p-value of less than 0.001. The second-largest consumer of total water was the "raw water" sector, which consumed 5,124,795 (30,146 ± 35,841) m3 and exhibited an SARIMA (0,1,1)(2,0,0)12 model with no statistically significant trend. The resulting models will facilitate the company's ability to define water resource management strategies in a sustainable manner, in alignment with projected consumption trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Cognitive deficits are neuropsychiatric syndromes associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. In our context, there are no data on the frequency of cognitive deficit as a manifestation of neuropsychiatric SLE or the associated conditions. Objective: To define determinants of cognitive deficit in a cohort of Colombian patients with SLE attending a third-level hospital. Methods and Patients: This descriptive cross-sectional study included patients with SLE, explored the presence of cognitive impairment through screening testing using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA test), and diagnostic confirmation with a specific neuropsychological test battery recommended by the American College of Rheumatology. Quality of life was assessed using the LupusCol questionnaire and depression using the Beck Depression Inventory. Results: Most patients were women, with a median age of 37 years (IQR, 28.0 - 46.7). Most patients had a level of higher education or technical education. Fifty-nine (62.9%) patients presented with a normal MoCA test result ≥26 points, and 35 (37.1%) patients with a score <26 points that were considered abnormal. The comprehensive neuropsychological test battery was applied to 31 patients (33.0%) with an abnormal MoCA test. Forty-one patients (48.8%) had some degree of depression. The median loss of quality of life was 21.03% (IQR 10.2 - 40.3). 19 patients (20%) presented some degree of cognitive deficit, 15 (15.95% of the total sample) had cognitive impairment, and 4 (4.25%) had cognitive decline. In a logistic regression analysis using data from patients undergoing specific tests, variables related to cognitive deterioration were found to be associated with a lower quality of life, showing an adjusted odds ratio of 1.05 (CI 1.01-0.09). No association was demonstrated with SLEDAI, prednisolone use, cyclophosphamide use, and the presence of depression. Conclusion: In this study, it was found in 16% of patients evaluated with the complete neuropsychological test battery and in 37% with the MoCA screening test. Our results suggest that it is crucial to implement strategies to assess cognitive deficit, depression, and quality of life in the consultation of patients with SLE and to raise awareness among health providers who care for patients with lupus about their presence and impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the post-COVID era, explanatory journalism is undergoing a resurgence that can be attributed to the proliferation of false content disseminated via social networks and the maturation of fact checking initiatives. Fact checkers are beginning to delve into those topics that are recurrent targets of disinformation to make complex issues accessible to the public. This study investigates the characteristics and methodologies of contemporary explanatory journalism by analysing four European verification platforms (Newtral in Spain, Les Décodeurs in France, FACTA.news in Italy and The Journal FactCheck unit in Ireland). We employed content analysis of a corpus of explainers and semi-structured interviews with the managers of these outlets. Our findings reveal that explainers encompass a wide range of topics, typically revolving around current affairs. These pieces are usually authored by fact checkers and published, with bylines, within dedicated sections that encourage audience participation. Explainers do not adhere to a fixed periodicity or length and adopt a format similar to feature articles, displaying a degree of flexibility. They leverage data provided by experts and official sources and employ visual elements to convey information clearly. The interviewed managers concur that explanatory journalism represents an invaluable tool in combatting disinformation and has a promising future ahead.

Passive testing of auditory function is an important objective in individuals with ASD due to known difficulties in understanding and/or following task instructions. In present study the habituation to standard tones following deviants and the auditory discriminative processes were examined in two conditions: electronic and human sounds, in a sample of 16 ASD children. ASD children presented a reduced habituation in the P1 component and a decrease in the amplitude of the mismatch negativity indicating a lower auditory discrimination with respect to controls. MMN amplitude was related to sensory sensitivity. Results suggest an increased activation to repeatedly auditory stimulus and a poor auditory discrimination, for both: electronic and human sounds with consequences on the impaired sensory behavior of ASD subjects.

The potential benefits from the introduction of programming environments such as "Scratch" for learning mathematics has reactivated research in this area. Nonetheless, there are few studies which attempt to analyse their influence at the stage of Primary Education. We present the results of a quasi-experimental piece of research with sixth-grade students which studies the influence of "Scratch" both on the acquisition of mathematical concepts, and on the development of computational thinking. The experiment consisted of two different phases, a programming phase linked to the instruction in "Scratch" and focused on the acquisition of basic concepts of computational thinking (sequences, iterations, conditionals, and events-handling), and a mathematical phase completely oriented towards the resolution of mathematical tasks. In particular, the mathematical phase focused on word problems whose resolution involves the use of the least common multiple and the greatest common divisor. In order to evaluate the aims of the study, results from tests before and after instruction, both in computational thinking and in the mathematical standards, were compared. The results seem to indicate that "Scratch" can be used to develop both students' mathematical ideas and computational thinking.

La telepsicología es una alternativa para la asistencia psicológica en línea, esta propuesta sugiere el uso de la tecnología de la información y la comunicación para garantizar desde la intervención psicosocial y con un carácter humanístico dar respuesta a las necesidades psicoemocionales y psicosociales que experimenta la población santiaguera que demanda orientación profesional en situación de crisis epidemiológica a consecuencia de la Covid -19. Santiago se Levanta es un grupo de ayuda psicológica donde participan 52 profesionales de la psicología y hasta el momento de la investigación contaba con un alcance de un total de 19 564 usuarios y el objetivo de esta investigación es sistematizar las orientaciones psicológicas en 84 temáticas, las cuales sesionan desde enero del 2021 hasta la actualidad, con el objetivo de orientar la readaptación psicosocial de la población santiaguera en esta etapa de pandemia. La investigación es cualitativa y el método utilizado es la sistematización. Teniendo en cuenta el grado de satisfacción, la valoración de los usuarios ha sido favorable partiendo de la profundidad, sistematicidad y cientificidad de cada temática abordada y el alcance terapéutico, docente e investigativo de cada sesión de trabajo.

Abstract The pandemic has forced nursing teams to incorporate new programmes that modify the organization of care and the use of material resources. Aims The purpose of this study was to describe the perspectives of the nursing team about the strengths/opportunities and weaknesses/threats of a novel peer collaboration care programme during the first outbreak of the pandemic. Design A qualitative case study with focus groups was conducted in June 2020. Methods We included 23 participants (seven nurses, seven assistant nursing care technicians and nine charge nurses). Thematic and strengths/opportunities and weaknesses/threats analysis were performed. Results The strengths of the peer collaboration care programme are the optimization of care and protective equipment. Its weaknesses are that veteran nurses carry the entire burden, and the lack of personal protective equipment makes it difficult to implement the peer collaboration care programme. Finally, misinformation, lack of facilities and time to teach the peer collaboration care programme are considered threats. Conclusion This strengths/opportunities and weaknesses/threats analysis has led to a comprehensive new project to improve the nursing care. Impact The incorporation of the peer collaboration care programme contributed to the development of new organizational and management programmes for the COVID‐19 pandemic. This study has gave empirical evidence to nurses and care managers to optimize and organize care, work, human and material resources during the pandemic.

Una imagen biestable admite dos interpretaciones, de modo que el observador reconoce cada percepto, pero nunca los dos al mismo tiempo. Cada alternancia entre uno y otro percepto se conoce con el nombre de “reversibilidad perceptual”. Este tipo de percepción, denominada también “biestable”, puede implicar dos tipos de modulación, una mediada por las características físicas del estímulo visual y por las áreas de fijación ocular, y otra por información contextual o por conocimiento almacenado en memoria. En ese sentido, las alternancias perceptuales que se manifiestan durante la observación de una imagen biestable pueden estar condicionadas por la manera en que el observador recorre con su mirada el estímulo biestable, de manera tal que es manifiesta una asociación entre específicas áreas de la imagen y el percepto que se reconoce. En efecto, para la imagen biestable de Boring Mi novia o mi suegra, se han establecido áreas de fijación ocular que favorecen los dos posibles perceptos (una mujer joven y una mujer de edad). Algunas de estas zonas elicitan más la interpretación de uno de los perceptos, otras de los dos indistintamente, como se reconoce en estudios precedentes. Por otra parte, se ha encontrado evidencia de que cuando la posición corporal del observador es distinta a la posición erguida (el tronco y la cabeza alineados con la vertical), puede dificultarse la capacidad para hacer las alternancias perceptuales.

The purpose of this article was to examine the relations that exist between bistable perception and divergent thinking, taking as a reference that flexibility emerges in both mechanisms, perceptually or cognitively. To achieve the objective, a literary review was carried out using six databases. The keywords used were: bistable perception, perceptual reversals, insight, creative cognition, creative flexibility, perceptual flexibility. 19 articles on the relationship between bistable perception, flexibility and creativity were found. 44 studies regarding both bistable perception and the mechanisms that are involved while cognitive flexibility emerges were considered. 2 reviews on bistable perception were also included. 6 articles related to creativity as a cognitive phenomenon were collated, plus another 3 on perceptual processes. After having made the analysis, it is concluded that the modulating mechanisms of bistable perception have a possibility of being incorporated to develop creativity from perceptual reconfiguration processes that involve flexibility mechanisms.

Introducción: Han surgido dudas sobre la seguridad de los fármacos inhibidores del sistema renina-angiotensina (SRA) en pacientes con enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). Aunque estudios recientes han demostrado la seguridad de este grupo de fármacos, la evidencia sobre la comparativa de los diferentes fármacos inhibidores del SRA es escasa, sobre todo en pacientes hipertensos. Nuestro objetivo fue analizar el pronóstico de los pacientes hipertensos tratados con inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina (IECA) o antagonistas del receptor de angiotensina II (ARA II) que presentaron COVID-19. Materiales y métodos: Se analizaron 582 pacientes hipertensos con COVID-19. Se registró la incidencia del evento combinado de muerte o necesidad de ventilación mecánica invasiva (VMI) durante la hospitalización. De forma secundaria, se analizó la incidencia de eventos de manera independiente y se realizó un análisis de supervivencia para analizar el tiempo hasta los eventos. Resultados: 155 pacientes recibían tratamiento previo con IECA y 237 con ARA II. Durante la hospitalización por COVID-19, se observó una incidencia del evento combinado del 31.6%. No se detectaron diferencias entre los pacientes que recibían tratamiento con IECA y los tratados con ARA II (33.5 vs. 30.9%; p = 0.51). En el análisis de supervivencia, no se hallaron diferencias en el tiempo hasta el evento combinado (p = 0.91). La mortalidad intrahospitalaria fue similar en ambos grupos (32.3 vs. 29.1%; p = 0.51), así como la necesidad de VMI (3.2 vs. 5.9%; p = 0.23). Conclusiones: El tipo de inhibidor del SRA no se asoció a diferencias pronósticas significativas entre los pacientes hipertensos ingresados con COVID-19.

El fenómeno de incubación empresarial se ha difundido aceleradamente desde 1950, definido como un instrumento que apoya y acompaña el desarrollo de proyectos empresariales de nueva creación. Las incubadoras de empresas vinculadas a universidades forman parte de un ecosistema dinámico y complejo, donde su papel fundamental es ayudar a hacer comercializables las invenciones creadas por los investigadores y estudiantes universitarios, e impulsar la cultura emprendedora en la universidad. Uno de sus procesos fundamentales es la selección de los proyectos, pues se encarga de identificar e incorporar los más idóneos teniendo en cuenta sus competencias, los objetivos y los recursos de la incubadora. A pesar de ser un fenómeno aceptado a nivel internacional y que ha tenido un auge significativo, en Cuba existe una experiencia prácticamente nula sobre el tema. Existen en el país un parque científico y una incubadora de proyectos. El artículo presenta un breve análisis teórico sobre incubadoras enfocado en el proceso de selección de proyectos, se hace una comparación de casos prácticos de incubadoras universitarias para conocer el saber hacer de estas sobre sus procesos de selección, y se ofrece una propuesta de procedimiento para la selección de proyectos en una incubadora universitaria cubana.

El objetivo de este trabajo es revisar la utilidad del uso del contraste ecográfico en la caracterización de las lesiones hepáticas. Se hace una descripción del contraste ecográfico, sus efectos adversos y sus contraindicaciones, así como las técnicas específicas que permiten la detección de la señal producida por las microburbujas, así como el uso de este en las lesiones hepáticas que usualmente son hallazgos incidentales durante la realización del ultrasonido abdominal. Las guías en países europeos y en EE.UU. recomiendan el uso del contraste ecográfico para la adecuada caracterización de una lesión y en muchos casos así poder evitar la realización de otras técnicas diagnósticas más caras y menos accesibles.