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This paper investigates the oil resource abundance and environmental quality nexus in Algeria, with emphasis on the role of oil export receipts and domestic oil consumption, and whether financial development is a policy option for reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the economy. Using time series data from 1971 to 2016, the Bayer–Hanck test for cointegration confirms the presence of a long‐run equilibrium relationship among the variables. Further analyses based on the auto‐regressive distributed lag (ARDL) model, fully modified least square (FMOLS), dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS), canonical cointegration regression (CCR) and Granger causality based on the vector error correction model (VECM) confirm the oil resource abundance curse in Algeria via the impact of domestic oil consumption on environmental quality. The estimates also show that financial development reduces CO2 emissions and has both short‐run and long‐run causal impact on economic growth. Thus, deepening financial sector development can be instrumental for achieving a low‐carbon and sustainable economy in Algeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigating the energy intensity convergence in Iran, as a country with very high energy intensity in the world, is important in order to assess whether the government's energy policies were effective to reduce energy intensity and its externality effects. This research investigated the convergence of total energy intensity and energy carriers' consumption intensity in Iran and whether the energy intensity in the provinces with high energy intensity has been converged to the provinces with low energy intensity. To that end, the Markov chain method was used to investigate the convergence of total energy intensity and energy carriers' consumption intensity in Iranian provinces from 2002 to 2016. The results indicated that there was club convergence in total energy, natural gas, electricity, and oil consumption intensity. Therefore, provinces with similar levels of energy intensity (e.g., high energy intensity and low energy intensity) converged to a unique steady state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the changing world, oil continues to be important in energy production. Using monthly data from 1965 to 2022, the permanency of oil consumption fluctuations was investigated. Fourier-based Granger causality tests were used to examine cause-and-effect relationships between variables. Long-term relationships were estimated using Fourier-based Engle Granger cointegration tests. Unlike previous research, this study considers the long and short-term effects of countries that consume the most and least oil, as well as on a global scale, from different perspectives, examining oil price fluctuations together, and estimating these analyzes using the Fourier approach. Oil consumption fluctuations appear temporary in New Zealand and Luxembourg but permanent in all other countries. Oil consumption and prices share a causal relationship in the US, Japan, New Zealand, and Luxembourg, but no relationship elsewhere. A long-term relationship exists between oil consumption and prices in the US, India, Saudi Arabia, Russia, Japan, South Korea, Canada, Mexico, and Estonia. In other countries, no long-term relationship is found between these two variables. Error correction model estimation shows only the equation for Japan can be interpreted based on statistical significance. A one-unit deviation between oil consumption and prices can reach equilibrium in 20 months. • A causal relationship exists between oil consumption and oil prices in the USA, Japan, New Zealand, and Luxembourg. • The fluctuations in oil consumption series appear to be temporary in New Zealand and Luxembourg, while they are permanent in all other countries. • A long-term relationship exists between oil consumption and oil prices in the USA, India, Saudi Arabia, Russia, Japan, South Korea, Canada, Mexico and Estonia. • A one-unit deviation between oil consumption and oil price can reach equilibrium in 20 months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The strive to lower reliance on fossil fuels and transition to clean energy sources necessitates innovations in energy storage. This study empirically investigates the effectiveness of energy storage innovations towards a greener environment on a global scale. To this end, we use quarterly frequency time series data on a global scale over the period 2000 to 2020 and the estimation techniques based on the nonparametric multivariate quantile on quantile regression (MQQR), multivariate quantile regression (MQR), and Kernel-based regularized least squares (KRLS). The empirical results reveal that energy storage innovation and nuclear energy are strongly related to a decline in carbon dioxide emissions (CO 2 e) but natural resources and oil consumption intensify the level of CO 2 e across quantiles. However, the effects of energy storage innovation, nuclear energy, natural resources, and oil consumption are heterogeneous leading to an asymmetric pattern across quantile distribution. The policy implication of this study is that, on a global scale, energy storage innovation and nuclear energy provide opportunities for attaining a greener environment and more environmentally sustainable future but natural resources and oil consumption impede policies toward a sustainable environment. Therefore, our study recommends, among other things, an aggressive boost of energy storage system and nuclear energy while decreasing reliance on fossil fuels. [Display omitted] • Energy storage innovations (ESI)–CO 2 emissions (CO 2 e) nexus on a global scale. • Apply a Multivariate Quantile on Quantile Regression. • ESI and nuclear energy (NE) reduce CO 2 e across quantiles. • Natural resources (NR) and oil consumption (OIL) intensify CO 2 e across quantiles. • Effects of ESI, NE, NR, and OIL on CO 2 e are asymmetric across quantiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Committed to achieving carbon neutrality by mid-century, South America faces unique challenges in carbon mitigation due to its distinct socio-economic, technological, and institutional backgrounds compared to developed and other developing economies. Previous research on South America's carbon emissions has limited country and sector coverage and typically adopts a top-down approach that focuses on the overall emissions of an economy, neglecting individual energy sources and emission sectors. Therefore, this paper compiles a comprehensive inventory of CO 2 emissions for South American countries based on a meticulous bottom-up approach and multi-source data integration, followed by a thorough analysis of their temporal evolution patterns and the driving forces behind them. Between 2010 and 2020, South America's overall emissions peaked in 2014 at 1092.3 Mt., led by emissions from oil consumption and from the transport and electricity sectors, and dropped to 865.6 Mt. in 2020, due to the economic fluctuations and COVID-19. Specifically, Brazil was the largest emitter, Chile experienced the most significant increase in emissions, and Paraguay recorded the highest emission growth rate. Generally, expanding population was constant driver of emission growth. High energy intensity led to significant emission increases in Brazil and Ecuador, while elevated carbon intensity was the main driver in Argentina. Energy structure changes played a positive role in most countries to different extents (e.g., much more significant in Brazil than in Chile) but aggrevated emissions in Paraguay and Guyana. Therefore, carbon mitigation strategies should be tailored to each country's unique national circumstances. • During 2010–2020, South America's CO 2 emissions from fossil fuels peaked in 2014. • Transport and electricity sectors comprised over 60% of total emissions. • Brazil was the top emitter, while Chile saw the largest increase in emissions. • Emission patterns and driving factors varied significantly across countries. • Carbon reduction strategies should be tailored to local circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The per capita primary energy consumption-economic growth nexus is examined in a panel of oil-producing countries over a long period (1970-2015), controlling for the exports of goods and services, the ratio of oil production to oil consumption, the oil rents, and international crude oil prices. It is confirmed that these countries share common spatial patterns, unobserved common factors, or both. A dynamic Driscoll-Kraay estimator, with fixed effects, is used to cope with the heteroskedasticity, contemporaneous correlation, first-order autocorrelation, and cross-sectional dependence. Results prove that energy consumption drives economic growth, but only on the short-run. The ratio of oil production to oil consumption has exerted a positive impact on growth in both the short- and long-run. Oil prices only exert a positive effect on growth in the short-run. Oil rents depress growth, suggesting that oil is more a curse than a blessing for the economies.

Cooking oils are among the most important dietary components. Some of the influential factors in the combustion pattern of cooking oils include the mode of cooking, knowledge of the diseases caused by cooking oils, and price of cooking oils. This cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical study was conducted in the winter of 2018. The research units were selected via simple random sampling. The sample size was calculated to be 460 cases using the formula for the estimation of the sample size in cross-sectional studies at the confidence level of 95%, error rate of 5%, and prevalence of 50%, considering the samples loss of 15%. The variables were measured via interviews and recorded in questionnaires. Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 20. In total, 400 households were surveyed. Mean age of the mothers was 34.01±5.85 years (age range: 19-58 years). Among the households, 19.5% used solid oils, 16.25% consumed liquid oils, 52% used both solid and liquid oils, 10.5% consumed vegetable oils (e.g., olive oil and sesame oil), and 1.75% used animal oils. The mean oil consumption per household was 149.2925 g/day, and the mean daily consumption per person was 39.6927 g. Moreover, 77.75% of the households discarded the used cooking oil and did not store/reuse the oil. On the other hand, 34.5% of the households consumed fast food twice per week. Market solid and liquid oils accounted for the highest consumption rate in the investigated households, while plant and animal oils constituted the lowest consumption rate.

The prediction of oil demand is an important issue related to national energy security and economic development. With the COVID-19 outbreak, the international oil price fluctuates sharply, and oil consumption growth slows down. Therefore, accurate prediction of oil demand plays an important practical and theoretical role. In this paper, in accordance with the Chinese state policy stimulation of domestic demand for energy resources, we have selected 15 major factors and analyzed their influence on the domestic oil demand from the perspective of comprehensive tourism analysis. Based on the data analysis of oil consumption from 2000 to 2018, four neutral network methods are used to predict the influence of selected factors on oil consumption demand of China. The experimental results show that the best correlation is obtained between domestic tourism revenue and total tourism expenditure factors and oil demand, and the Layer Recurrent Neutral Network method has high prediction accuracy, stronger stability, and the best performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an unobserved component model for real GDP, real household consumption, and real investment of an oil-exporting economy. The model decomposes domestic variables' dynamics into permanent and transitory components, accounting for dependence on oil prices in the short and long-run, as well as for the common long-run economic growth and the common cyclical behaviour. Estimated on the Russian macroeconomic variables, the model exhibits a strong dependence on oil prices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of 3C Empresa is the property of Area de Innovacion y Desarrollo, SL and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: In spite of the drive toward environmental sustainability and the attainment of sustainable development goals (SDGs), coal, oil and natural gas energy utilization has remained the Turkey's largest energy mix. In view of this concern, this study examined the role of coal and oil energy utilization in environmental sustainability drive of Turkey from the framework of sustainable development vis-à-vis income expansion over an extended period of 1965–2017. Design/methodology/approach: In this regard, the authors employ carbon emission as an environmental and dependent variable while the Gross Domestic Product per capita (GDPC), coal and oil energy consumption are the explanatory variables employed in the study. Findings: The study found that both energy mixes (coal and oil) have a detrimental impact on the environment in both the short and long run, but oil consumption exerts a less severe impact as compared to coal energy. In addition, sustainable development via income growth is not feasible because the income–environmental degradation relationship follows a U-shaped pattern (invalidating the Environmental Kuznets curve, EKC hypothesis) especially when coal and oil remained the major source of lubrication to the economy. At least the EKC hypothesis is unattainable in Turkey as long as the country's major energy mix or primary energy (coal and oil) is in use, thus the application of other socioeconomic, macroeconomic policies might be essential. Research limitations/implications: Considering the lingering energy challenge associated with Turkey, this novel insight further presented useful policy perspectives to the government and stakeholders in the country's energy sector. Originality/value: This evidence (the U-shaped relationship) is further ascertained when the aggregate primary energy is employed. Thus, this study provides a novel insight that attaining a sustainable economic growth in Turkey remained a herculean task as long as a more aggressive energy transition approach is not encouraged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In ensuring economic growth, searching of the effect of energy and electricity energy comsumption on a country have importance for policy makers. In this respect; explaining of oil consumption, which expresses energy usage, and electricity energy consumption affects in what direction and at what rate of Turkey's economic growth was aimed in this essay. Therefore in the studying, which involving Turkey's 1960 and 2014, Autoregressive Distributed Lagged (ARDL) Model was used for the realization of the purpose. As a result of the analysis, while long term energy usage affected in growth positively by 4.51 percent, electricity usage reduced economic growth by 0.62 percent. It is thought that; in order to electricity consumption have a positive effect on economic growth, increasing electricity production within the country rather than on importer one must be provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is substantial literature devoted to the study of the dependence between energy production and economic development. At the same time, the long-standing discussion of the relationship between the gross domestic product and consumption of primary energy resources, numbering thousands of publications, eventually degenerated into a dispute about econometric methods but did not give final results, which caused the need to resort to other approaches. This paper is an attempt to find a solution to this problem by the methods of theoretical mechanics and regression analysis of the relationship between GDP and energy production in macroeconomic development. Our case studies include the economies of Germany, France, Italy, Japan, Russia, Turkey, and Ukraine. In each case, we characterize the gross domestic product, recalculated at purchasing power parity in 2017 prices, and the consumption of primary energy resources (coal, oil, natural gas, hydro and nuclear energy, energy from renewable sources). Within the framework of the study, it was assumed that the development of any national economy over time is its path in the economic space, and the consumption of primary energy resources is due to dynamic characteristics inherent in macroeconomics, in particular, "mass", which serves as a measure of the inertia of the country's economic complex, the presence of an informal sector, etc. The path, traversed by macroeconomics in the economic space, is the gross domestic product accumulated over time. The observation period is from 1990 to 2019, that is - 30 years. The use of the theory of classical mechanics, in particular - kinematics and dynamics, is justified by the fact that macroeconomics in its development requires the expenditure of energy resources, and this likens it to a machine that moves in a certain space that models a given economyсs. The article introduces methodological approaches to defining the conventional mass of macroeconomics, accelerating its movement, expenditure of energy resources for the functioning of the formal sector of the national economy, the efficiency of energy use in the formal sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pakistan is experiencing increasing CO2 emissions in contrast with other regions of the world. The country is also facing the problems of low economic growth, energy poverty, and environmental pollution. The objective of the study is to analyze economic growth of Pakistan and obtain some alternate sources of production for sustainable environment. Time series data of Pakistan from 1985 to 2018 is used. In order to estimate direct and substitution effect among energy and non-energy factors on economic growth, translog functional form is used. The presence of multicollinearity among explanatory variables approves to employ ridge regression. Capital per worker has the highest elasticity (0.1531) among all variables followed by consumption of oil (0.0571), natural gas (0.0333), technology (0.0329), and hydroelectricity (0.02). Average output elasticity for oil, natural gas, hydroelectricity, capital per worker, and technology are 0.4474, 0.3127, 0.433, 1.0037, and 0.2309, respectively. Technical progress of variables is ranked as capital per worker, oil consumption, natural gas consumption, hydroelectricity, and technology. Relatively lower but efficient substitution between oil and natural gas provides opportunity to save huge foreign exchange on import of oil. Investment on capital per worker in transport, power, fertilizer, and industrial sectors can reduce the demand of oil and natural gas which would eventually lower carbon dioxide emissions in the country. Increasing 10% investment on capital/worker would mitigate 208.283 million tons of carbon dioxide. Energy inputs are substitutes; therefore, mega hydropower projects and small renewable projects may be launched to cope with energy poverty and environmentally sustainable challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the throes of unfolding climate disaster, we are at a planetary crossroads of profound industrial transformation. This paper argues that tackling the problem of unsustainable growth is crucial in order to mitigate the worst effects of the ecological crisis, and that proposals for decarbonisation, degrowth, and just transitions should be connected. Decarbonisation has become an urgent priority in the global climate race to reach zero emissions by 2050. However, despite increasing net zero pledges from governments, cities, and corporations, the imperative for perpetual economic growth still remains integral to global capitalism. The degrowth movement challenges the dominant paradigm of economic growth and promotes non-marketized ways of living and working, but it remains outside of mainstream economic policies and has little resonance for deindustrialized and marginalized communities. Decarbonisation faces considerable barriers due to embedded interests in fossil fuel-dependent growth. This paper examines one of the key growth obstacles to transitioning away from fossil fuels: the multiscalar problem of petrochemical lock-in, related to growing global demand for carbon-intensive plastics consumption, the use of petrochemicals in green technologies, and regional and local economic dependencies. It focuses on the emblematic case of the petrochemical town of Grangemouth in Scotland, where there is government pressure to pursue growth-led decarbonisation, and local residents and workers have started to question their dependence on fossil fuels, amidst tremendous gaps between local social and economic deprivation and petrochemical industry profits. Rather than considering the need for just transitions only after the loss of industrial jobs, visions for just petrochemical transformations need to be more proactive, speaking to wider degrowth themes of well-being, community participation, and prosperity without extractive growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accelerating the development and utilization of natural gas and optimizing the energy structure are important tasks for China to promote energy production and consumption revolution and to build a clean, low-carbon, safe and efficient energy system. However, the energy structure transition will lead to energy assets stranding, supply security and system risks. To solve these issues, this study proposed a system dynamic model for energy substitution system in light of the putty-clay of energy equipment capital, getting a deep insight into the mechanism of natural gas substitution effects of energy supply security shock and assets stranding risk of traditional fossil fuels. Moreover, energy transition security was evaluated comprehensively from three dimensions of energy structure optimization, supply security and asset stranding, and several schemes for improving energy structure driven by natural gas substitution on transitional fossil fuels were put forward for future policymakers. The results showed that: (1) The huge coal and oil equipment capacity capital stock has led to the path dependence on the traditional fossil energy consumption, which is the capital resistance of natural gas substitution and clean energy transition. This means that there will be a long-term and gradual process for natural gas to substitute traditional fossil energies to realize energy structure transition. (2) If the existing carbon price (50 yuanton) and natural gas premium (-11 472 yuan/toe) remain unchanged, China's natural gas consumption will account for about 12% by 2050, and the energy structure dominated by coal and oil consumption will not have been fundamentally changed. (3) Increasing carbon price and reducing natural gas premium can increase the substitution of natural gas for coal and oil, and strengthen the market orientation of clean energy consumption, such as electricity. However, this is at the cost of energy supply security and assets stranding of traditional fossil fuels. (4) It is necessary for policymakers of natural gas substitution to follow the cost constraint of capacity capital putty-clay on energy structure optimization. Three optimal schemes should be adopted by 2050: reducing natural gas premium by 60%; decreasing the premium gradually from 20% to 60%; increasing carbon price gradually from 100 to 600 yuan/ton while decreasing the premium gradually form 20% to 60%. These three schemes can increase the proportion of natural gas consumption to about 20%, and reduce the proportion of coal and oil consumption to below 60%. (5) To ensure energy transition security, it is necessary to intensify the reform and construction of carbon market and natural gas market, and give full play to the market guiding effect of price mechanism on energy consumption and investment in equipment capital. At the same time, it is also necessary to strengthen the macro-control role of government investment in energy market to gradually reduce investment in coal and oil production capacity, to increase investment in equipment capacity capital of clean energies such as natural gas and electricity, to reduce asset stranding in the process of energy transition and to prevent systematic risks of energy supply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of the impact of lubrication on the efficiency and the lifecycle cost and emissions, the lubricating-oil consumption (LOC) is one of the key indicators in the research and development of internal combustion engines. State-of-the-art methods for LOC measurement are based on the use of a certain tracer to track the oil consumption. However, all of the currently available tracers have their downsides (e.g., the use of a radioactive tracer, corrosive emissions, etc.). Therefore, in the course of this research project, a new tracer substance that is based on a stable nonradioactive isotope of hydrogen—deuterium—was developed and tested thoroughly. The LOC is monitored by a hydrogen/deuterium isotopic ration in the exhaust gas by using an isotopic water analyzer. Tribologically important properties, such as the viscosity, stability, and compatibility of the tracer were investigated by laboratory experiments by using several tools, such as infrared spectroscopy, gas chromatography, thermogravimetry, etc. The properties relevant to the applicability of the method, such as the accuracy and the reproducibility, were investigated by engine test-bench experiments. Finally, long-term stability tests of the tracer were conducted with a field test.

Increasing the reliability of combustion engines while further reducing emissions and life cycle costs are the main drivers for optimizing lubricating oil consumption (LOC). However, in order to reduce the lube oil consumption of an engine, it is crucial to measure it accurately. Therefore, a LOC measurement device based on the use of the stable isotope deuterium has been developed. Previous publications have focused on the use of passenger car engines. This publication describes the first application of this newly developed method on a large gas engine. This is of particular interest as large-bore engines might show different oil consumption behavior, much higher LOC in gram per hour and the bigger oil reservoir need larger amounts of tracer. Additionally, a different type of fuel has an effect on oil consumption measurement as well, as presented in this paper. The results showed this method can be applied to large gas engines as well after conducting minor changes to the measurement setup. However, other than liquid fuels, the origin and isotopic composition of the natural gas has to be monitored. Ideally, gas from large storage is used for carrying out these measurements.

In this paper, we develop a function of population, GDP, import, and export by applying a hybrid bat algorithm (BAT) and artificial neural network (ANN). We apply these methods to forecast oil consumption in Iran. For this purpose, an improved artificial neural network (ANN) structure, which is optimized by the BAT is proposed. The variables between 1980 and 2017 were used, partly for installing and testing the method. This method would be helpful in forecasting oil consumption and would provide a level playing field for checking the energy policy authority impacts on the structure of the energy sector in an economy such as Iran with high economic interventionism by the government. The result of the model shows that the findings are in close agreement with the observed data, and the performance of the method was excellent. We demonstrate that its efficiency could be a helpful and reliable tool for monitoring oil consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The normal supply of energy is related to the stable development of the economy and society. Forecasting energy consumption helps prepare for the normal supply of energy. In the study of energy consumption forecasting, different scholars have used different forecasting models. This paper uses five-year energy consumption data in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and uses the grey fractional FGM(1, 1) model to analyze the next six years. Then, the energy consumption of three places is predicted. The advantage of the grey score FGM(1, 1) model is that it can get more accurate prediction results based on a small amount of information. In this study, relatively outdated information affects the accuracy of prediction results. However, other prediction models have great limitations on data. Choosing the grey number fractional model for prediction research can get a more reasonable prediction result. We use the FGM(1, 1) model to make predictions and get the prediction results. In Beijing, the growth rate of natural gas consumption has slowed down and will be basically stable by 2023. The average annual deceleration of coal consumption is 32%. The average annual deceleration of coke consumption is 10%. Crude oil consumption decreased by 6.3% annually. Gasoline consumption is slowly increasing. The consumption of kerosene increased about 8% annually. Diesel consumption is slowly decreasing. Fuel oil consumption is reduced by 17% annually. The average annual growth rate of power consumption exceeds 6%. In Tianjin, the annual growth rate of natural gas consumption is about 5%. Coal consumption is reduced by about 8% every year. The average annual deceleration of coke consumption is 7%. Crude oil consumption decreased by 2.4% annually. Gasoline consumption is slowly decreasing. The consumption of kerosene has increased by about 20% annually. Diesel consumption is slowly decreasing. Fuel oil consumption is reduced by 20% annually. Electricity consumption is slowly increasing. In Hebei Province, the annual growth rate of natural gas consumption is about 15%. Annual coal consumption is reduced by about 3%. Coke consumption remained stable. Crude oil consumption is reduced by 3% annually. Gasoline consumption is slowly increasing, and kerosene consumption has increased by about 31% annually. Diesel consumption is reduced by about 3% annually. Fuel oil consumption remained stable. Electricity consumption is slowly increasing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the factors that determine the particulate matter concentrations with diameter less than 10μm (PM10) are investigated for the provincial city of Ioannina, NW Greece. The analysis reveals that even in a generally medium-sized city as Ioannina (120,000 habitants), PM10 levels exceed the European Union's standards (mean daily PM10<50 μg/m3) quite often during the cold period of the year. The diurnal and intra-annual patterns of PM10 indicate that road traffic and residential heating are the main contributors of PM10 in the city, while residential heating is the main contributor during the cold period of the year, leading to very high concentrations (80 μg/m3) around 10 p.m. The inter-annual variation over the study period 2010–2012 and 2014–2017, constrained by the availability of quality surface PM10 measurements, shows that apart from meteorological parameters (e.g., wind speed, rain, and daily minimum temperature), which are significantly correlated with PM10, social-economic factors also determine the levels of atmospheric particulate matter. Indeed, during the years of deep austerity, in the middle of the study period, the number of days with poor and very poor conditions, defined according to the European Air Quality Index, has increased. This resulted from a decrease of consumption of conventional fuels for residential heating (e.g., oil) and the strengthened use of alternative and cheaper solutions such as wood or pellet burning, which emit more particulate matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the stationarity properties of primary energy consumption for "Fragile Five" countries and assesses whether shocks on coal, natural gas, and oil consumption are permanent or temporary. The findings suggest that shocks on coal consumption are temporary for Brazil, South Africa, and Turkey, while are permanent for India and Indonesia. Moreover, the effect of shocks on natural gas consumption is temporary for five fragile countries except for South Africa. Finally, it is found that shocks on oil consumption are temporary for only India and Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent technological developments and past technology transitions suggest that the world could be on the verge of a profound shift in transportation technology. The return of the electric car and its adoption, like that of the motor vehicle in place of horses in early 20th century, could cut oil consumption substantially in the coming decades. Our analysis suggests that oil as the main fuel for transportation could have a much shorter life span left than commonly assumed. In the fast adoption scenario, oil prices could converge to the level of coal prices, about $15 per barrel in 2015 prices by the early 2040s. In this possible future, oil could become the new coal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Research Journal of Politics, Economics & Management / Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Research Journal of Politics, Economics & Management and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to reduce the inner ring temperature and the oil consumption, temperature impact of star gear bearing inner ring based on under-race lubrication passage is analyzed, the flow and temperature fields of the inner ring are simulated using the realizable k-ε turbulence model based on the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method, and experimental verification is performed. The results indicate that adding annular grooves to the star gear cylindrical roller bearing has a significant impact in reducing the temperature of the inner ring, and annular grooves with different cross-sectional sizes have different impacts in reducing the temperature of the inner ring. When the cross-sectional area of the annular grooves is 5 × 1.5 mm, the temperatures of the inner raceway of the left and right bearing decrease from 123.95 and 111.98 °C to 104.3 and 101.4 °C, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of the Cukurova University Institute of Social Sciences is the property of Cukurova University Institute of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article is dedicated to the systematization of forecast trends in the development of liquid hydrocarbons across the world, as well as the formation of a consensus forecast for this area of energy use. There analyzed foresight studies carried out for individual organizations as well as the demand for liquid hydrocarbons, its consensus forecast being formed. The regional and sectoral structures of the world consumption of liquid hydrocarbons are determined, and their consensus forecasts are formed. The current trends in the consumption of liquid hydrocarbons and the extraction of crude oil are considered. The forecast trends in the expansion of the raw-material basket for the production of liquid hydrocarbons are analyzed. It is shown that the world oil production will remain the dominant source of supply of liquid hydrocarbons. The forecast of oil production in the world is formed. There carried out a comparative analysis of the data of different energy foresight studies on the world oil production. Using the consolidated forecast, its regional structure and consensus forecast are formed. Since forecasting oil prices is an integral part of making prognosis both of the market of liquid hydrocarbons and the entire energy landscape of the future, the forecasts of oil prices in the studies carried out for individual organizations are considered, and their consensus forecast is formed. Based on the study, the main trend in the sphere of liquid hydrocarbons and key trends in the long-term development of this sphere of energy use are highlighted. It is proved that the world oil market in the long term becomes even more concentrated, while the market for liquid hydrocarbons is undergoing significant diversification associated with the expansion of production and consumption of non-oil fuels. The low oil prices in the global market are revealed to be an obstacle to substitution of oil raw materials, as well as for the development of non-conventional oil resources.

The proposed stand is designed to test sealing and bearing units of various types, because these units, regardless of their type, require almost the same auxiliary stand systems, as well as practically the same measurement system. The stand allows carrying out in-situ tests of contact, non-contact and combined sealing, supporting and thrust hydrodynamic and hydrostatic bearings. Problem. The analysis of materials associated with the bench tests of sealing and bearing units revealed that practically no work is being conducted in this direction. Therefore, the need has arisen to create a universal stand that allows carrying out full-scale tests of sealing and bearing units of various types. This will also allow solving the problems of studying these objects when designing the prototypes. Goal. The goal is creation of new technological equipment that makes possible to carry out research and development of sealing and bearing units of compressor machines at the stage of working design for the purpose of verifying structural solutions, and also the analysis of their operability in the so-called parametric tests (after planned mainte-nance). Methodology. During operation irreversible changes occur in the design of compressors and tur-bo-compressors associated with the deterioration of the technical state of their structures, which cause permanent or sudden failures. Therefore, timely adjustment of the functional parameters of these units will make possible to obtain a significant fuel economy and ensure the operation of the units at the level of the calculated parameters. Results. A stand for full-scale inspection of sealing and bearing units of compressor machines was developed, a model stand was created, and a complex of studies of the dynamic sealing performance was carried out. The stand equipment and the monitoring equipment were chosen. Practical value. The proposed stand will allow investigating and bringing sealing and bearing units both at the stage of working design for the purpose of testing structural solutions and at the post-repair maintenance stage (checking the operability of the assemblies to be repaired and, if necessary, adjusting them).

According to analysed oil reserves and oil production worldwide during 1995, 2005 and 2015, a global increase in oil re- serves is observed. In 1995, there were 179.1 × 10^9 m3, in 2005 there were 218.5 × 10^9 m3 and in 2015 there were 269.9 × 10^9 m3 oil reserves. According to British Petroleum data, oil production is also increasing, but by a smaller ratio. Oil production in the world in 1995 was 10.8 × 10^9 m3, in 2005 it was 13.0 × 10^9 m3, and in 2015 14.6 × 10^9 m3. Oil price trends between 1980 and 2015 were analysed. Many different causes affect the constant oil price fluctuations, but the most influential are the geopolitical crises of the Middle Eastern countries, as well as a great increase in demand for oil and the expansion of the consumption of wealthy countries such as China, India and Brazil, which was not accompanied by a corresponding increase in supply. Modern political relations are full of conflicts, which greatly affect oil prices, and the best example is the short-term rise in oil prices in 2011, when armed conflicts started in Libya, or disablement of production in countries such as Syria and Yemen, which in 2015 can barely capture any production. By comparing reserves, earnings and oil price fluctuations, it is apparent that almost every increase in oil production, after the discovery of oil deposits, was later accompanied by a fall in prices.