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Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T01:32:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-01-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2021-07-15T15:07:17Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S1517-70762020000200348.pdf: 621191 bytes, checksum: 449e60139e75bcd86fe23a5f16da9a88 (MD5) Contamination of water by heavy metals is still a major risk of pollution. Considering this scenario, adsorp-tive processes and various adsorbent materials have been used for decontamination. Among the synthetic materials and bioadsorbents used, the synthetics are efficient in the removal of metals in aqueous solution, however they add a high cost compared to bioadsorbents. The bioadsorbents are generally derived from agroindustrial biomass and have been noted for being abundant, renewable and cost-effective for the remedi-ation of effluents with heavy metals in the ionized form. Among the bioadsorbents, the banana peel contains functional groups capable of adsorbing heavy metal ions in aqueous medium. Thus, this work describes the method of preparation and characterization of the banana peel flour through the techniques of Scanning Elec-tron Microscopy (SEM), Dispersive Energy of x-ray (EDX) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), as well as studies of the adsorptive capacity of this bioadsorbent for the Cu (II) ion in aqueous solu-tions. The adsorption studies were carried out by evaluating experimental adsorption isotherms as a function of contact time, pH, temperature and Cu (II) ion concentration in the solution by batch technique. The experimental isotherms were submitted to the mathematical models of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The maximum adsorption capacity achieved by the FCB was 15.1 mg of Cu (II) per gram of FCB, adjusted pH at 5 and very fast saturation time, around 10 minutes. The Langmuir isotherm was the model that best fitted the copper (II) adsorptive process by FCB and the filling of the active sites was around 98.7%. Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Civil e Ambiental - Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP National Centre For Sensor Research School of Chemical Sciences Dublin City University Departamento de Química Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP Faculdade de Ciências Departamento de Física Universidade Estadual Paulista – UNESP Faculdade de Ciências Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Civil e Ambiental - Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP Departamento de Química Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP Faculdade de Ciências Departamento de Física Universidade Estadual Paulista – UNESP Faculdade de Ciências

A contaminacao de agua por metais pesados ainda e um grande risco de poluicao. Diante deste cenario, processos adsortivos e diversos materiais adsorventes tem sido empregados para descontaminacao. Dentre os materiais sinteticos e bioadsorventes empregados, os sinteticos sao eficientes na remocao de metais em solucao aquosa, contudo agregam alto custo comparados aos bioadsorventes. Os bioadsorventes sao em geral provenientes de biomassa agroindustrial e vem se destacando por serem abundantes, renovaveis e com custo acessivel para remediacao de efluentes com metais pesados na forma ionizada. Dentre os bioadsorventes, a casca da banana reune grupos funcionais capazes de adsorver ions de metais pesados em meio aquoso. Dessa forma, este trabalho descreve o metodo de preparacao e caraterizacao da farinha da casca de banana (FCB) atraves das tecnicas de Microscopia Eletronica de Varredura (MEV), Espectroscopia Dispersiva em Energia de Raios X e Espectroscopia na Regiao do Infravermelho bem como estudos da capacidade adsortiva desse bioadsorvente para o ion Cu (II) em solucoes aquosas. Os estudos de adsorcao foram realizados atraves da avaliacao das isotermas experimentais de adsorcao em funcao do tempo de contato, variacoes do pH, temperatura e concentracao de ion Cu (II) na solucao pela tecnica de batelada. As isotermas experimentais foram submetidas aos modelos matematicos de isotermas de Langmuir e Freundlich. A capacidade maxima de adsorcao alcancada pela FCB foi 15,1 mg de Cu (II) por grama de FCB, pH ajustado em 5 e tempo de saturacao bastante rapido, em torno de 10 minutos. A isoterma de Langmuir foi o modelo que melhor se ajustou ao processo adsortivo de cobre (II) pela FCB e o preenchimento dos sitios ativos foi na faixa de 98,7%. Palavras-chave: Bioadsorvente. Musa spp. Metal pesado. Biorremediacao

Resumo A banana é uma das frutas mais consumidas no mundo por causa de suas características sensoriais agradáveis e composição nutricional. Depois do consumo da polpa, geram-se grandes quantidades de cascas que, após desidratação e transformação em farinha, podem ser inseridas em formulações de bolos. Nesse sentido, objetivou-se avaliar a influência das concentrações de farinha de cascas de banana D’Angola e de açúcar nas características físicas e químicas de bolos. Estes foram processados mediante planejamento fatorial experimental 22 com três repetições no ponto central, resultando em sete experimentos. Preparou-se uma mistura composta de farinha de trigo, fermento químico, manteiga, leite integral e ovos, com posterior acréscimo de diferentes níveis de farinha de cascas de banana e de açúcar cristal. Após cocção de 28 min a 200 °C e resfriamento, os bolos foram submetidos a análises químicas e físicas. Observou-se que os modelos matemáticos ajustados aos dados experimentais de sólidos solúveis totais (SST), acidez total titulável (ATT), pH e relação SST/ATT foram significativos e preditivos, com coeficientes de correlação superiores a 0,98 e relação Fcalculado/Ftabelado superior a 4,0. Os SST sofreram influência significativa apenas do açúcar, que também foi a variável independente que mais afetou a relação SST/ATT. Em contrapartida, a de farinha de cascas de banana apresentou maior influência sobre os resultados de ATT e de pH. Abstract Banana is one of the most consumed fruits in the world due to its pleasant sensory characteristics and nutritional composition. After consumption of the pulp, large amounts of peels are generated which, after dehydration and flour transformation, can be inserted into cake formulations. In this sense, the objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of D'Angola banana peel flour and sugar concentrations on the physical and chemical characteristics of cakes. These were processed by experimental factorial design 22 with 3 repetitions at the central point, resulting in 7 experiments. A mixture composed of wheat flour, yeast, butter, whole milk and eggs was prepared, with subsequent addition of different levels of banana peel flour and crystal sugar. After cooking for 28 min at 200 °C and cooling, the cakes were subjected to chemical and physical analysis. The mathematical models adjusted to the experimental data of SST, ATT, pH and SST/ATT ratio were observed to be significant and predictive, with correlation coefficients greater than 0.98 and Fcalculated/Ftabulated ratio greater than 4.0. TSS was significantly influenced only by sugar, which was also the independent variable that most affected the TSS/TTA ratio. On the other hand, the banana peel flour factor had a major influence on the ATT and pH results.

In the state of Minas Gerais, the northern region is one of the main banana production cores. Weed interference can reduce crop growth and, consequently, lead to reduced yield and fruit quality. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the interference of weeds in the production of the first and second cycles of ‘Prata-Anã’ bananas. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with ten treatments and three replicates, evaluated in two crop cycles. The treatments were ten periods of weed control, from planting: without control; control throughout the whole experimental period; control only in the first month after planting; control until the second; third; fourth; fifth; sixth; eighth and tenth months after planting. The agronomic and productive characteristics of the ‘Prata-Anã’ bananas were evaluated aton harvest. The maintenance of ‘Prata-Anã’ bananas without weed coexistence for up to 30 days after planting was enough to obtain fruits with satisfactory quality and productivity, both in the first and in the second production cycle, without altering the vegetative and reproductive cycles. RESUMO: No Estado de Minas Gerais, a região Norte constitui um dos principais núcleos de produção de banana. A interferência de plantas daninhas pode reduzir o crescimento da cultura e, consequentemente, levar à redução na produção e qualidade dos frutos. Portanto, objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar a interferência de plantas daninhas na produção do primeiro e segundo ciclos da bananeira ‘Prata-Anã’. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com dez tratamentos e três repetições, avaliadas em dois ciclos de cultivo. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de dez períodos de controle das plantas daninhas a partir do plantio: sem controle; controle em todo o período experimental; controle apenas no primeiro mês após o plantio; controle até o segundo; terceiro; quarto; quinto; sexto; oitavo; e décimo mês após o plantio. Avaliaram-se na colheita características agronômicas e produtivas da bananeira ‘Prata-Anã’. A manutenção da bananeira ‘Prata-Anã’ sem a convivência com plantas daninhas por até 30 dias após o plantio foi suficiente para obtenção de frutos com qualidade e produtividade satisfatória tanto no primeiro quanto no segundo ciclo de produção, sem alterar os ciclos vegetativos e reprodutivos.

Fusarium wilt of banana (also known as Panama disease) has been a problem in Australia since 1874. Race 1 of the pathogen (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense) is responsible for damage to ‘Lady Finger’ (AAB, Pome subgroup) and other less widely grown cultivars such as ‘Ducasse’ (Pisang Awak, ABB). Subtropical Race 4 (STR4) also affects these cultivars as well as Cavendish cultivars (AAA) in southern Queensland and northern New South Wales where cold temperature predisposition is involved. Tropical Race 4 (TR4) has led to the demise of the Cavendish industry in the Northern Territory, and its presence was confirmed in a North Queensland plantation in 2015, which warranted destruction of all banana plants on the property; as of this writing (April 2019), TR4 has spread to two adjacent properties. This review, which was commissioned by Biosecurity Queensland in response to the 2015 TR4 outbreak, considers the key epidemiological factors associated with the onset of a Fusarium wilt epidemic. Resistance to TR4, which is mediated by events following entry by the pathogen into the xylem, is not present in any commercially acceptable banana cultivar. Also, there is no effective chemical agent that can be used to manage the disease. Besides prevention, very early recognition and rapid containment of a disease outbreak are necessary to prevent epidemic development. A good understanding of the key factors responsible for disease development is required when devising practical protocols for the destruction of infected plants, treatment of surrounding infested soil, and reduction of inoculum in plant residues and soil.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:18:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-06-01 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) The unripe banana has been studied as a potential source of starch for use in various applications. Considering the importance of phosphorus in the biosynthesis of the starch and also the interference of this mineral in starch properties, in this study it was evaluated the effect of rates of phosphate fertilizer applied in the cultivation of ‘Maçã’ banana on the characteristics of the starch. Starches extracted from fruits from different treatments were analyzed for morphological characteristics, X-ray diffraction pattern, relative crystallinity, granule size, amylose, resistant starch and phosphorus levels, as well as, for pasting and thermal properties. Results showed that the phosphate fertilization has interference on the characteristics of the banana starch led to increase of phosphorus content and size of the granules, reduction of crystallinity and resistant starch content, decrease of viscosity peak, breakdown, final viscosity, setback, transitions temperatures and enthalpy. These changes caused by phosphate fertilizer conditions can be increase the applications of the ‘Maçã’ banana starch. Center for Tropical Roots and Starches (CERAT) São Paulo State University (UNESP) Department of Horticulture College of Agricultural Sciences (FCA) UNESP Department of Food Engineering and Technology Institute of Biosciences Language and Physical Sciences (IBILCE) UNESP Center for Tropical Roots and Starches (CERAT) São Paulo State University (UNESP) Department of Horticulture College of Agricultural Sciences (FCA) UNESP Department of Food Engineering and Technology Institute of Biosciences Language and Physical Sciences (IBILCE) UNESP CNPq: 303373/2014-8 CNPq: 304571/2013-0

Este estudo objetivou caracterizar a dinâmica, além das mudanças estruturais e florísticas em uma comunidade arbAvaliou-se a ocorrência e aconcentração de carotenoides na polpa e na casca dos frutos de 14 cultivares de bananeira e um de plátano em dois estádios de maturação. Luteína, α-caroteno, β-caroteno, β-criptoxantina e licopeno foram quantificados por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE), carotenoides totais por espectrofotometria. Na polpa verde, a banana ‘Ouro’ destacou-se com concentração de luteína 13 vezes maior que a da ‘Marmelo’. Para α-caroteno e β-caroteno, o plátano ‘Terrinha’ se destacou com concentração média de 1.195,30 e 1.126,11 μg (100 g MF -1 ), respectivamente. Os carotenoides totais oscilaram de 159,66 a 2.553,51 μg (100 g MF -1 ), para ‘Caipira’ e ‘Terrinha’, respectivamente. Na polpa madura, houve acréscimo de 36% no teor médio de luteína em relação à polpa verde e redução de 7,3 e 8,5% nos teores médios de α-caroteno e de β-caroteno, respectivamente. A concentração média de carotenoides totais na polpa madura foi 17% superior à da polpa verde. Na casca verde houve predominância da luteína, embora a ‘Terrinha’ tenha se destacado com concentrações de α-caroteno e β-caroteno superior às dos demais cultivares. A concentração de luteína praticamente não se alterou com o amadurecimento dos frutos, no entanto houve discreta redução nas concentrações de α-caroteno e β-caroteno. The current study aims to evaluate the occurrence and concentration of carotenoids in the pulp and peel of 14 banana and one plantain cultivars in two ripening stages. We analyzed the occurrence and content of lutein, α- carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, and lycopene – by high performance liquid chromatography with UV-visible detection, the content of total carotenoids by spectrophotometry. In the unripe pulp, the ‘Ouro’ cultivar stood out with lutein concentration 13 times higher than that of the ‘Marmelo’. As for á-carotene and β-carotene, ‘Terrinha’ plantain stood out with mean concentration of 1195.30 and 1126.11 μg (100 g MF -1 ), respectively. Total carotenoids ranged from 159.66 to 2553.51 μg (100 g MF -1 ) in ‘Caipira’ and ‘Terrinha’, respectively. In the ripe pulp there was 36% increase in the lutein content in comparison to the unripe pulp and there was 7.3 and 8.5% reduction in α-carotene and β-carotene levels, respectively. The total carotenoid concentration in the ripe pulp was 17% higher than that found in the unripe pulp. The unripe peel showed lutein predominance, although ‘Terrinha’ stood out with higher α-carotene and μ- carotene concentrations than those found in the other cultivars. Lutein concentration hardly changed due to fruit ripening; however, there was slight reduction in α-carotene and β-carotene concentrations.

This study aimed to evaluate Pome type bananas grown under different irrigation systems. Seventy-two treatments were used in a factorial 3×2×12 scheme, where factors consisted of three irrigation systems (under-tree sprinkling, micro-sprinkling, and dripping), two cultivars (‘Prata-Anã‘ and ‘BRS Platina’), and twelve evaluation periods (months). The treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design with five repetitions. During the third production cycle, plant phytotechnical and physiological traits were evaluated in different months at five different times of the day. The results showed no significant interactions between cultivars and irrigation systems. All the assessed traits varied for each irrigation system, except for plant yield. The banana plants presented higher vigor and a larger number of hands when grown under conventional sprinkling and micro-aspersion systems, regardless of the cultivar. The cultivar ‘Prata-Anã‘ has larger leaf areas and number of hands, regardless of the irrigation system. Moreover, plants irrigated by dripping exhibited higher leaf temperatures, higher transpiration rates, and lower instant water-use efficiency. When irrigated by micro-sprinklers, the plants displayed greater water-use efficiency. As leaf temperature rose, perspiration increased linearly, while the instant water-use efficiency decreased linearly.

Endophytic fungi are part of microbial community found in various types of plant tissues including the leave, and display a range of symbiotic interactions with the plant host. In this study, endophytic fungi isolated from banana leaves were identified using ITS (Internal Transcribed Spacer region) sequences of which 10 genera comprising 17 species were molecularly identified. Endophytic fungal species identified were Nigrospora oryzae, Nigrospora sphaerica, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Colletotrichum siamense, Fusarium equiseti, Fusarium chlamydosporum, Phoma sorghina, Pestalotiopsis oxyanthi, Pestalotiopsis theae, Pestalotiopsis eugeniae, Penicillium steckii, Penicillium purpurogenum, Bipolaris papendorfii, Bipolaris sp., Lasidiodiplodia theobromae, Cochliobolus intermedius dan Aspergillus niger. The present study showed that several endophytic fungal genera/species are common plant pathogen and there is a possibility that these endophytes can become pathogenic. Some of the fungal endophyte might be mutualist or saprophyte.

Agriculture and modern biotechnology are increasingly becoming interdependent, and many new techniques have brought new opportunities for enhancing production and marketing. Germplasm storage is an alternative for the conservation of plant genetic diversity, contributing to the improvement and maintenance of propagation programs for species of interest. In this work, banana corms were collected as plant material from relatively young commercial plantations of three different cultivars: ‘Williams’, Valery (AAA genome; Cavendish subgroup), and ‘Barraganete’ (AAB genome; Plantain subgroup). Their shoot tips were introduced into in vitro conditions, and subcultured monthly to obtain the required number of shoots. The shoots were subsequently rooted and stimulated to invigoration in order to extract apical meristems (0.8–1.0 mm), which were prepared for cryopreservion in liquid nitrogen (−196 °C) following pre-conditioning in PVS2 vitrification solution. Thereafter, the explants were rapidly thawed and then recovered and regenerated using two different methods – by Panis (2009) and Korneva et al. (2009) – consisting of two different sets of recovery and subsequent regeneration media. Statistical analysis of the results showed that the banana cultivar ‘Williams’ demonstrated higher survival and regeneration rates after cry-opreservation using the Korneva method, whereas in cultivars ‘Valery’ and ‘Barraganete’, there were no significant differences between the tested methods. The ‘Barraganete’ cultivar had the lowest survival and regeneration rates, regardless of the applied method.

Banana is a fruit of great importance for Brazilian agribusiness, in terms of consumption by the Brazilian population, second only to orange. Correct handling after harvesting is decisive to favor the longevity of the fruits during marketing, reducing losses caused by mechanical damage and poor packaging. The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of seven post-harvest coatings on apple banana fruits. The experiment was carried out in a phytotechnic laboratory, using a completely randomized design with five replications. Each parcel consisted of a bouquet with three units of fruit. The treatments evaluated were: T1 = 28% sucupira extract solution; T2 = 57% sucupira extract solution; T3: 14% moringa extract solution; T4 = 9% grape oil solution, T5 = 14% coconut oil solution, T6 = 14% soy oil solution, T7 = 14% wax solution and T8 = Control (no coating applied). Beeswax provided the smallest losses in length, fruit diameter, and loss of fresh fruit mass during the storage period. The sucupira and moringa extracts provided the highest levels of soluble solids at the end of storage, and all coatings used in the post-harvest treatment of bananas reduced the ripening of the fruit. El banano es una fruta de gran importancia para la agroindustria brasileña, en términos de consumo por parte de la población brasileña, solo superada por la naranja. Un correcto manejo después de la cosecha es decisivo para favorecer la longevidad de los frutos durante la comercialización, reduciendo las pérdidas ocasionadas por daños mecánicos y mal empaquetado. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la influencia de siete recubrimientos poscosecha en frutos de banano manzana. El experimento se llevó a cabo en un laboratorio fitotécnico, utilizando un diseño completamente al azar con cinco repeticiones. Cada paquete constaba de un ramo con 3 unidades de fruta. Los tratamientos evaluados fueron: T1 = 28% de solución de extracto de sucupira; T2 = solución de extracto de sucupira al 57%; T3: solución de extracto de moringa al 14%; T4 = solución de aceite de uva al 9%, T5 = solución de aceite de coco al 14%, T6 = solución de aceite de soja al 14%, T7 = solución de cera al 14% y T8 = control (sin recubrimiento aplicado). La cera de abejas proporcionó las pérdidas más pequeñas en longitud, diámetro de la fruta y pérdida de masa de fruta fresca durante el período de almacenamiento. los extractos de sucupira y moringa proporcionaron los niveles más altos de sólidos solubles al final del almacenamiento y todos los recubrimientos utilizados en el tratamiento poscosecha de los bananos redujeron la maduración de la fruta. A banana é uma fruta de grande importância para o agronegócio brasileiro, em termos de consumo pela população brasileira, só perde para a laranja. O correto manejo após a colheita é decisivo para favorecer longevidade dos frutos durante a comercialização reduzindo as perdas geradas por danos mecânicos e mal acondicionamento. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a influência de sete revestimentos pós colheita em frutos de banana maçã. O experimento foi conduzido em laboratório de fitotecnia, utilizando-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco repetições. Cada parcela foi composta por um buquê com 3 unidades de frutas. Os tratamentos avaliados foram: T1 = solução de extrato de sucupira 28%; T2 = solução de extrato de sucupira 57%; T3: solução de extrato de moringa 14%; T4 = solução de óleo de uva 9%, T5 = solução de óleo de coco 14%, T6 = solução de óleo de soja 14%, T7 = solução de cera 14% e T8 = Testemunha (sem aplicação de revestimento). A cera de abelha propiciou as menores perdas de comprimento, diâmetro dos frutos e perda de massa fresca dos frutos durante o período de armazenamento. os extratos de sucupira e moringa propiciaram os maiores teores de sólidos solúveis no final do armazenamento e todos os revestimentos utilizados no tratamento pós colheita da banana diminuíram o amadurecimento do fruto.

Abaca (Musa textilis Née), an indigenous crop to the Philippines, is known to be the source of the strongest natural fiber. Despite its huge economic contributions, research on crop improvement is limited due to the lack of genomic data. In this study, the whole genome of the abaca var. Abuab was sequenced using Illumina Novaseq 6000 and Pacific Biosciences Single-Molecule Real-Time Sequel. The genome size of Abuab was estimated to be 616 Mbp based on total k-mer number and volume peak. Its genome was assembled at 65× depth, mapping 95.28% of the estimated genome size. BUSCO analysis recovered 78.2% complete BUSCO genes. A total of 33,277 gene structures were predicted which is comparable to the number of predicted genes from recently assembled Musa spp. genomes. A total of 330 Mbp repetitive elements were also mined, accounting to 53.6% of the genome length. Here we report the sequencing and genome assembly of the abaca var. Abuab that will facilitate gene discovery for crop improvement and an indispensable source for genetic diversity studies in Musa.

Banana é uma das frutas mais consumidas no mundo, sendo grande parte de sua produção realizada em países tropicais. Este produto possui uma grande variedade de vitaminas e minerais, sendo um importante componente da alimentação no mundo. Entretanto, a vida de prateleira da banana é curta, requerendo, portanto, procedimentos de modo a prevenir a perda de qualidade e aumentar sua vida de prateleira. Um desses procedimentos é a secagem. Este trabalho objetivou estudar o processo de secagem de fatias de banana (Cv. Prata) por infravermelho e determinar os coeficientes de transferência de calor e massa desse processo. Em adição, foram obtidos o coeficiente de difusão efetivo e a relação entre os estádios de maturação de bananas e a secagem. Fatias de banana em quatro diferentes estádios de maturação foram secadas usando um secador com fonte de calor por infravermelho em quatro temperaturas distintas (65, 75, 85 e 95 ºC). O modelo de Midilli foi o que melhor representou a secagem por infravermelho das fatias de banana. Os coeficientes de transferência de calor e massa variaram, respectivamente, entre 46,84 e 70,54 W m-2 K-1 e 0,040 a 0,0632 m s-1 para a faixa de temperatura, em diferentes estádios de maturação. O coeficiente de difusão efetivo variou entre 1,96 a 3,59×10-15 m² s-1. As energias de ativação encontradas foram de 16,392; 29,531; 23,194 e 25,206 kJ mol-1 para o 2º, 3º, 5º e 7º estádio de maturação, respectivamente. Os estágios de maturação não afetaram a secagem por infravermelho de bananas. Banana is one of the most consumed fruits in the world, having a large part of its production performed in tropical countries. This product possesses a wide range of vitamins and minerals, being an important component of the alimentation worldwide. However, the shelf life of bananas is short, thus requiring procedures to prevent the quality loss and increase the shelf life. One of these procedures widely used is drying. This work aimed to study the infrared drying process of banana slices (cv. Prata) and determine the heat and mass transfer coefficients of this process. In addition, effective diffusion coefficient and relationship between ripening stages of banana and drying were obtained. Banana slices at four different ripening stages were dried using a dryer with infrared heating source with four different temperatures (65, 75, 85, and 95 ºC). Midilli model was the one that best represented infrared drying of banana slices. Heat and mass transfer coefficients varied, respectively, between 46.84 and 70.54 W m-2 K-1 and 0.040 to 0.0632 m s-1 for temperature range, at the different ripening stages. Effective diffusion coefficient ranged from 1.96 to 3.59 × 10-15 m² s-1. Activation energy encountered were 16.392, 29.531, 23.194, and 25.206 kJ mol-1 for 2nd, 3rd, 5th, and 7th ripening stages, respectively. Ripening stages did not affect the infrared drying of bananas.

Sewage may serve as a source of water and nutrients for plants. In this study, the effects of fertigation with treated sanitary wastewater from Janaúba Sewage Treatment Plant were evaluated on the postharvest and microbiological quality of ‘Prata-Anã’ banana. A randomized block experimental design was used. Four concentrations of wastewater were tested (70, 130, 170, and 200% of 150 kg ha-1 sodium). A wastewater-free control treatment was used for comparison. Two crop cycles were assessed for postharvest and microbiological quality. The parameters measured included total soluble solids, titratable acidity, total soluble solids/titratable acidity ratio, pH, total coliforms, and fecal coliforms on both the peel and the pulp. In the first crop cycle, both soluble solids and fruit pulp pH decreased as wastewater level increased up to a maximum of 141.5%. These correlations were not observed in the second cycle. Wastewater management did not affect the titratable acidity of the soluble solids. The agricultural application of treated sanitary wastewater provided banana fruits with a microbiological profile similar to that obtained with the control (pure water) and with mineral fertilizers. A microbial balance is necessary to maintain the nutritional status of the banana crop.

The objective of this work was to morphologically characterize 15 banana cultivars and assess the physical and chemical characteristics of their fruits at two maturation stages, unripe (pre-climacteric) and ripening. The plants were evaluated regarding their pseudostem height and diameter, petiole length, leaf blade length, width and length-to-width ratio. The cultivar Ouro had fruits with lower diameter, total length, market weight and fresh weight at both stages, and also firmer pulp when they were unripe. The cultivar Caru-Roxa had higher fresh fruit and pulp weights, and the cultivar Terrinha had the highest percentage of pulp dry weight percentage in unripe and ripe fruits. The cultivars Maçã and Ouro had higher pulp-to-peel ratio in unripe fruits. The ripe peels had lower fresh weight and thickness and higher dry weight percentage compared to unripe peels. The fruit peel of the cultivar Marmelo had the highest fresh weight at both stages. The cultivars Marmelo and Maçã had higher percentage of peel dry weight percentage at both stages. The unripe pulp had lower soluble solids. The titratable acidity in the pulp increased with ripening. The average plant height ranged from 2.25 to 6.15 m. The cultivars that had the largest pseudostem diameters had also the highest heights, except the Prata-Anã and Prata-Graúda. The cultivar and maturity stage influenced all the characteristics evaluated in fruits, except the total and market lengths, which did not vary with the ripening of fruits. Objetivou-se caracterizar morfologicamente 15 cultivares de bananeiras em dois estádios de maturação. Determinaram-se as características físicas e químicas dos frutos na fase pré-climatérica e após o amadurecimento. Também avaliou-se as plantas quanto a altura e diâmetro do pseudocaule, comprimento do pecíolo e do limbo, largura do limbo e relação comprimento/largura do limbo. A cultivar Ouro apresentou os frutos com menor diâmetro, comprimento total, comercial e massa fresca nos dois estádios, além da polpa mais firme quando verde. A cultivar Caru-Roxa apresentou maior massa fresca dos frutos e da polpa e a ‘Terrinha’, a maior porcentagem de matéria seca nas polpas verde e madura. As cultivares Maçã e a Ouro proporcionaram maior relação polpa/casca na polpa verde. Houve redução da massa fresca e da espessura da casca e acréscimo da matéria seca da casca madura em relação à casca verde. A casca da ‘Marmelo’ apresentou a maior massa fresca nos dois estádios. As cultivares Marmelo e a Maçã apresentaram maior porcentagem de matéria seca em ambos os estádios de maturação da casca. A polpa verde apresentou baixo teor de sólidos solúveis. Houve acréscimo na acidez titulável na polpa com o amadurecimento. A altura média das plantas variou de 2,25 a 6,15 m. As cultivares com maior diâmetro do pseudocaule foram também os mais altos, com exceção da ‘Prata-Anã’ e da ‘Prata-Graúda’. A cultivar e o estádio de maturação influenciaram todas as características avaliadas nos frutos, com exceção dos comprimentos total e comercial, que não variaram com o amadurecimento dos frutos.

Incidence of leaf blast on nursery plants and pitting disease on maturing banana bunches has been recorded in banana plantations during rainy season in Eastern India during 2014 to 2015. Taxonomical identification as well as DNA sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region of fungus isolated from affected tissue culture derived plantlets and fruits confirmed the pathogen to be Pyricularia angulata Hashioka “in both the cases”. Koch’s postulates were proved on young plantlets as well as on maturing fruits of cv. Grand Naine under simulated conditions. Evolutionary history was inferred and presented for our P. angulata strain PG9001 with GenBank accession no. {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KU984740","term_id":"1022946540","term_text":"KU984740"}}KU984740. The analysis indicated that the P. angulata is phylogenitically distinct from other related species related to both Pyricularia and Magnaporthe. Detailed symptoms of blast lesions on young leaves, transition leaves, mid rib, petioles, peduncle, maturing bunches, bunch stalks and cushions were documented. Notably, the distinct small pitting spots on maturing bunches reduced the visual appeal of mature fruits. Appearance of pitting symptoms on fruits in relation with age of fruits and their distribution pattern on bunch and fingers was also documented in detail. Further, the roles of transitory leaves, weed hosts, seasonality on disease occurrence have also been documented.

The characterization of litterfall in forest and agroforest systems is important to better understand the cycling of nutrients, however, few studies on litterfall of fruit trees, such as banana, are found. Therefore, the objective of this work was assess the production and decomposition and chemically characterize the litterfall of banana genotypes cropped in a dystrophic typical Red-Yellow Latossol, with weak A horizon, medium texture in a hypo-xerophytic Caatinga in the Southwest of Bahia, Brazil. A completely randomized experimental design was used, with twelve treatments (genotypes) and five replications. The genotypes Preciosa, Pacovan-Ken and Maravilha presented the greatest dry weight. The genotype Fhia18 showed the longest half-life of litterfall decomposition. The banana genotypes Preciosa, Maravilha and Pacovan-Ken produce the greatest contents of litterfall, and their chemical characterization shows the descending order Ca>N>Mg>K>S>P for macronutrients and Fe>Mn>B>Zn>Cu for micronutrients. The banana genotypes PV-79-34, Garantida, Pacovan, JV-42-135, Prata-Anã, Pacovan-Ken, Preciosa and Maravilha present the lowest number of days for decomposition of the litterfall accumulated. A caracterização da serapilheira em sistemas florestais e agroflorestais mostra-se importante no entendimento da ciclagem de nutrientes, no entanto, estudos em frutíferas, como a bananeira, ainda são escassos. Objetivou-se determinar a produção, decomposição e caracterização química da serapilheira em genótipos de bananeira no Sudoeste Baiano em Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo distrófico típico, com horizonte A fraco, textura média, fase caatinga hipoxerófila. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, constituído de doze tratamentos (genótipos) e cinco repetições. Os genótipos Preciosa, Pacovan-Ken e Maravilha, apresentaram as maiores produções de massa seca. Para decomposição de 50 % da massa seca da serapilheira, observou-se que o genótipo Fhia18 apresentou o maior tempo de decomposição. Os genótipos Preciosa, Maravilha e Pacovan-Ken apresentam maiores produções de serapilheira com caracterização química em ordem crescente para os macronutrientes Ca>N>Mg>K>S>P e micronutrientes Fe>Mn>B>Zn>Cu. Os genótipos PV-79-34, Garantida, Pacovan, JV-42-135, Prata-Anã, Pacovan-Ken, Preciosa, Maravilha apresenta menores números de dias para decomposição da serapilheira acumulada.

High temperatures and low rainfall characterize the Brazilian semiarid regions. This regional climate demands the adoption of practices that increase the efficiency and sustainability of local farming. This study aimed to assess the ability of two perennial herbaceous leguminous species, calopo and tropical kudzu, to provide permanent soil cover in banana plantations in Jequitinhonha Valley, northeast Minas Gerais state, Brazil. To this end, we evaluated the differences of calopo and tropical kudzu in soil cover capacity and the amount of senescent phytomass deposited on the soil surface, nutrient content in senescent phytomass, as well as their effects on temperature and soil moisture, compared with bare soil in two experimental sites. The results showed that, compared with tropical kudzu, calopo had a higher soil cover capacity and was more effective at increasing organic material and nutrients in the soil owing to the relatively higher amount of senescent phytomass deposited on the soil surface. However, both calopo and tropical kudzu reduced soil temperature and increase soil moisture compared with bare soil. Overall, we concluded that these species can deposit high levels of senescence in the soil, providing several benefits to the cultivation system of banana plants in the semiarid regions. RESUMO Altas temperaturas e baixa precipitação caracteriza a região do semiárido Brasileiro. Este clima regional exige a adoção de práticas que aumentem a eficiência e sustentabilidade da agricultura local. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o comportamento de espécies leguminosas herbáceas perenes como cobertura permanente do solo sob pomar de bananeira, no Vale do Jequitinhonha, nordeste do estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Para esse fim, foi avaliado as diferenças entre as leguminosas, calopogônio e cudzu tropical na capacidade de cobertura do solo, quantidade de fitomassa senescentes depositada na superfície do solo, conteúdo de nutrientes na fitomassa senescentes, bem como seus efeitos sobre a temperatura e umidade do solo em comparação com solo sem cobertura. Os resultados demonstraram que, em comparação com o cudzu tropical o calopogônio obteve maior capacidade de cobertura do solo e, devido a maior quantidade de fitomassa senescente, foi mais eficaz no incremento de nutrientes. Além disso, ambas leguminosas reduziram a temperatura e mantiveram maior umidade do solo em comparação com o solo sem cobertura. Essas espécies podem depositar níveis elevados de material senescente sobre a superfície do solo, proporcionando várias vantagens para o sistema de cultivo de bananeiras em região semiárida.

Research suggests that the development of micropropagated banana plants can be improved by altering nutrient concentrations in the culture medium. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro development of banana plants exposed to varying concentrations of calcium and magnesium sulfate. The shoot tips of banana cv. Prata-Anã were inoculated in flasks (volume, 250 cm3) containing 50 mL of MS culture medium. The culture medium contained varying concentrations of CaCl2 (0, 220, 440, 880 mg L-1) and MgSO4 (0, 185, 370, 740 mg L-1. A completely randomized experimental design was employed, based on a 4 × 4 factorial scheme (four levels of CaCl2 concentration, and four of MgSO4). The MS culture medium containing 880 mg L-1 of CaCl2 but no MgSO4 showed the highest increment in the number of leaves (6.0). The highest number of roots was observed in the absence of CaCl2 and MgSO4 in the medium. Additionally, the shoot length was longer (5.05 cm) when the MS medium was supplemented with 185 mg L-1 of MgSO4. The optimum in vitro development of banana cv. Prata-Anã was obtained when the MS medium was supplemented with 880 mg L-1 of CaCl2 and 370 mg L-1 of MgSO4. Pesquisas sugerem que o desenvolvimento de plantas de bananeira podem ser melhoradas pela alteração das concentrações no meio de cultura. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desenvolvimento in vitro de bananeira submetida a diferentes concentrações de cloreto de cálcio e sulfato de magnésio. Ápices caulinares de bananeira cv. Prata-Anã foram inoculados em frascos (volume, 250 cm3) contendo 50 mL de meio de cultura MS. O meio de cultura contendo diferentes concentrações de CaCl2 (0, 220, 440 e 880 mg L-1) e MgSO4 (0, 185, 370, 740 mg L-1). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4 × 4 (quatro concentrações de CaCl2 e quatro de MgSO4). O meio MS contendo 880 mg L-1 de CaCl2 na ausência de MgSO4 proporcionou maior incremento no número de folhas (6,0). Maior número de raiz foi observado na ausência de CaCl2 e MgSO4 no meio. Além disso, maior comprimento de parte aérea (5,05 cm) foi obtido em meio MS suplementado com 185 mg L-1 de MgSO4. O melhor desenvolvimento in vitro de bananeira cv. Prata-Anã foi obtido em meio MS suplementado com 880 mg L-1 de CaCl2 e 370 mg L-1 de MgSO4.&nbsp