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This paper analyzes data on female and male entrepreneurship that were collected by the World Bank Group's Entrepreneurship Database. Recognizing the importance of a differentiated approach to entrepreneurship in terms of legal entities, the data on female and male business owners are collected at the level of limited liability companies and sole proprietorships. Forty-four of the 143 economies that participated in the Entrepreneurship project provided some sex-disaggregated data for 2016. The paper finds that the gender gap in business ownership remains high in many economies around the world. In the majority of the analyzed economies, less than one-third of new limited liability company owners are women. Although sole proprietorships are more frequently used by female entrepreneurs, only three economies have similar or equal number of women business owners relative to men. The gap in female entrepreneurship is especially apparent in low-income economies, where women are much less likely than men to start a new business. The paper also provides new insights into the relationship between female entrepreneurship and various institutional factors, including women's financial inclusion, the gender gap in education, and legal rights disparities. The analysis suggests a need to expand the collection of sex-disaggregated data, to trace the economies' progress in narrowing the existing gender gap in entrepreneurship.

+ING+FRM:LCS:YSC; International audience; This communication describes a yet unreported mode of alloy segregation upon exposure to CO. In situ IR studies indicated that the alloy Pt-Sn nanoparticles were not stable under (i) H2-free CO at any temperature or (ii) CO/H2 mixtures at temperatures below 175°C. This was rationalized by the known, albeit slow, ability of Pt to dissociate CO. The oxygen atoms formed readily reacted with metallic Sn to form a SnOx species, leading to Pt-Sn segregation, alongside carbon deposition. In situ XPS and XANES analyses confirmed Sn reoxidation. An activation energy of 36 kJ/mol was estimated for the oxidation step of Sn surface atoms by adsorbed CO. These data highlight an important phenomenon affecting metal and alloy stability under CO, which is of major importance in heterogeneous catalysis and electrochemistry.

SDS-PAGE of reduced G. tridactyla venom. Figure S2. Genomic organization of the glycerotoxin gene analyzed in G. tridactyla. Figure S3. Immunolocalization of GLTx in a cross section through a putative venom gland embedded in paraffin. Figure S4. Anti-serotonin (5-HT) staining and phalloidinâ rhodamine counterstaining on everted G. tridactyla pharynges cut into two halves. Figure S5. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) expression levels (shown as Fold Change, RQ) between biological groups (putative venom glands [A], pharyngeal lobes [B], and posterior body wall [C]) per analyzed specimen (nâ =â 10, biological samples). Figure S6. Tissues analyzed in comparative GLTx expression studies (qPCR experiments and transcriptome analyses) on G. tridactyla. (PDF 2931 kb)

Protocol S1â S3. Protocol S1. Protocol: In situ hybridization on pharynx tissue of G. tridactyla (Glyceridae, Annelida). Protocol S2. Protocol: Anti-GLTx staining on pharynx tissue of G. tridactyla (Glyceridae, Annelida). Protocol S3. Protocol: Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) coupled with antibody staining against GLTx on pharynx tissue of G. tridactyla. (PDF 590 kb)

This note lays out the rationale for including land administration quality index in the standard ‘registering property’ indicator by doing business and discusses initial evidence from the global sample, showing that many countries, including some that have performed well on Doing Business’s traditional ranking, have a long way to go to establish a system of land administration that is reliable and transparent, achieves sufficient coverage, and minimizes disputes. The cases in this brochure document that by smartly deploying new technology, countries can make progress in this direction irrespective of their initial income level. Continued monitoring and learning from experience at all levels had an important role in facilitating such progress. Doing Business will contribute to this agenda by elevating the profile of land governance, tracking countries’ performance with respect to land administration quality index, and fostering global exchange and learning from good performers.

International audience

International audience; Catalysts currently employed for the polymerization of ethylene have previously been found to deactivate in the presence of oxygen. It is, therefore, important that oxygen is removed from the ethylene feedstock prior to the polymerization. The Ag/gamma-Al2O3 catalyst exhibits excellent activity and selectivity toward oxygen reduction with hydrogen in the presence of ethylene. TAP vacuum pulse experiments have been utilised to understand the catalytic behaviour of the Ag/gamma-Al2O3 catalyst. TAP multi-pulse experiments have determined the types of active sites that are found on the Ag/gamma-Al2O3 catalyst, and the intrinsic activity of these sites. The lifetime of the reactive adsorbed oxygen intermediate has also been determined through TAP consecutive pulse experiments. Multi-pulse and consecutive pulse data have been combined with ethylene adsorption/desorption rate constants to provide an overview of the Ag/gamma-Al2O3 catalyst system.

International audience

International audience

International audience; This tutorial review discusses some of the current designs of reaction cells used for operando spectroscopy (X-ray absorption, UV-vis, Raman, transmission FTIR and DRIFTS) and the relation to the apparent reaction kinetics. Beam effects, the control of the catalyst bed temperature and bed by-pass are some of the potential problems that may lead to flawed activity measurements. Finally, four examples are given in which a good agreement was obtained between the activity of a powdered catalyst measured in a conventional reactor and in a spectroscopic cell. It is proposed that such comparison between reactors should become a standard procedure, to ensure the correctness of the data collected over typically non-ideal spectroscopic reaction cells.

International audience; Diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (DRIFTS) has been employed along with chemical and isotope transients to study the catalytic CO hydrogenation over Co/MgO catalysts in a single fixed-bed reactor at T = 523 K and ambient pressure conditions (H-2/CO = 3). According to the operando DRIFTS measurements, the catalyst surface contains hydroxyl groups, adsorbed CO, formate, and methylene groups in the steady-state of the reaction. Transient experiments following fast changes in the feed (chemical transient kinetics, CTK) or isotope composition (steady-state isotopic transient kinetic analysis, SSITKA) have been carried out during DRIFTS and demonstrate that the formate/methylene “seen by DRIFTS” plays no role as imminent intermediates of the ambient pressure Fischer-Tropsch (1717) reaction. The SSITKA experiments (replacing (CO)-C-12 by (CO)-C-13) show that the exchange rate of formate/methylene is significantly lower than that of ethane, which is one of the main reaction products of CO hydrogenation (followed by mass spectrometry). Formate is most probably bound as bidentate mu(2)-species to MgO or at the Co/MgO interface, while methylene stands for skeleton CH2 in either hydrocarbon or carboxylate.