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FERSI conference, Forum of European Road Safety Research Institute, COPENHAGUE, FRANCE, 12-/09/2001 - 14/09/2001; Despite the development of airbag, facial injuries can lead to long-term cosmetic sequels and the study of facial bone response during impact is still an important stake, particularly in view to improve frontal crash dummies or to develop numerical models. Since 1995, 69 impact tests have been performed on PMHS (Post Mortem Human Subjects) faces. The linear accelerations of the centre of gravity of the heads were measured and head autopsies were carried out. This study provided firstly reference data for the validation of mechanical and numerical models of the human face. Secondly, different risk curves were defined to assess with mechanical or numerical human surrogates the risk of injury for a road user involved in an accident.

This paper describes the modelling approach using MADYMO 2D at INRETS (The French National Institute for Transport and Safety Research). A mathematical dynamic model of the pedestrian leg in lateral impact was developed (M.MATYJEWSKI) to test car fronts in order to estimate the severity of the knee joint lesions and to predict the risk of leg injuries in car/pedestrian accidents. Results of this model were compared with those obtained with an instrumented mechanical leg used in the bumper impact test. A train passenger behaviour during a crash at low speed was developed (J.BLOCH and F.MINNE) to improve the function of the fusible area at each carriage extremities. Results of this model were compared with those obtained during a real scale crash test. The kinematic of a 3 -year old child in a childseat on a passenger car seat is analysed (R.BIARD and J.L.CHANIAC) during a frontal impact. Experimental results from sled tests serve as a basis for the validation of the model.

International audience; This paper presents the development of a new software in order to manage objects, robots and mannequins in using the possibilities given by the haptic feedback of the Phantom desktop devices. The haptic device provides 6 positional degrees of freedom sensing but three degrees force feedback. This software called eM-Virtual Desktop is integrated in the Tecnomatix's solution called eM-Workplace. The eM-Workplace provides powerful solutions for planning and designing of complex assembly facilities, lines and workplaces. In the digital mockup context, the haptic interfaces can be used to reduce the development cycle of products. Three different loops are used to manage the graphic, the collision detection and the haptic feedback according to theirs own frequencies. The developed software is currently tested in industrial context by a European automotive constructor.

The responses of head and thorax of cadaver and Hybrid III were compared using frontal sled tests. Four pairs of tests were conducted at 50km/h. Two types of force-limiting belt were used. Subject instrumentation included head and spinal accelerometers. Following the tests, autopsies were performed. This research provided complementary information concerning human behaviour during sled test. Local differences for the thorax and the head behaviours between the two restraint systems were identified. Considering new restraint systems, the comparison of behaviours of the cadaver and the dummy indicates that improvements in the thoracic and head dummy responses have to be made. The results of this study will also be used as validation data for the development of a new numerical model of a driver (HUMOS model - HUman MOdel for Safety).

This paper summarises the main design improvements and gives the results of the dummy evaluation program carried out on behalf of the working group

Ce mémoire constitue une synthèse des travaux de recherche que j'ai menés à l'Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur Sécurité (Inrets) puis à l'Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (Ifsttar) au sein du Laboratoire de Biomécanique et Mécanique des Chocs (LBMC) depuis janvier 1991. Ils portent essentiellement sur la biomécanique des chocs appliquée à la sécurité passive pour améliorer la protection des usagers des transports routiers. J'ai appliqué mes compétences pour l'évaluation des mannequins de choc. J'ai contribué à apporter des connaissances en biomécanique grâce à des expérimentations sur des corps entiers légués à la science (ex vivo) et sur des pièces anatomiques (côtes, cartilage costal...). Ces expérimentations m'ont permis l'acquisition de résultats en tolérance humaine au choc. J'ai complété ces expérimentations sur corps légués à la science par des observations sur des sujets volontaires in vivo à des niveaux de sollicitations infra lésionnelles, après approbation par les comités d'éthique et de protection des personnes. Ce document synthétise mes travaux qui visent à apporter de nouvelles connaissances en biomécanique des chocs. Ils sont nécessaires pour l'élaboration des normes françaises et internationales, des Directives Européennes, des règlements internationaux, et contribue in fine à l'amélioration de la sécurité routière. Ils contribueront aussi à faire le lien entre le comportement biomécanique ex vivo et in vivo des usagers des transports lors de chargements rapides.