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Copyright of Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica is the property of Acta Materiea Compositae Sinica Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This work addresses the global sustainable development concerns by investigating the enhancement of piezo-photocatalytic efficiency in bismuth ferrite-based thin films synthesized using reactive high-power impulse magnetron sputtering. The influence of substrate type and Cr addition on structural, optical and ferroelectric properties of bismuth ferrite (BFO) based thin films was investigated. X-ray diffraction measurements showed the formation of different phases depending on the substrate used for sample growth. Compared to the BFO film deposited on FTO (F-SnO2), the Cr-doped BFO (BFCO) sample on SrTiO3 (STO) exhibits higher photodegradation efficiency (52.3% vs. 27.8%). The enhanced photocatalytic activity of BFCO is associated with a lower energy band gap (1.62 eV vs. 1.77 eV). The application of ultrasonic-wave vibrations simultaneously with visible light improved 2.85 times and 1.86 times the photocatalytic degradation efficiencies of BFO/FTO and BFCO/STO catalysts, respectively. The piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) measurements showed that both catalysts exhibit ferroelectric behavior, but a higher piezoelectric potential was evidenced in the case of the BFO/FTO thin film. The enhancement of piezo-photodegradation efficiency was mainly attributed to the piezoelectric-driven separation and transport of photo-generated carriers toward the surface of the photocatalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Niobium doped lead‐tin‐zirconate‐titanate ceramics near the PZT 95/5 orthorhombic AFE – rhombohedral FE morphotropic phase boundary Pb1‐0.5y(Zr0.865‐xTixSn0.135)1‐yNbyO3 were prepared according to a 22+1 factorial design with x = 0.05, 0.07 and y = 0.0155, 0.0195. The ceramics were prepared by a traditional solid‐state synthesis route and sintered to near full density at 1250°C for 6 h. All compositions were ∼98% dense with no detectable secondary phases by X‐ray diffraction. The ceramics exhibited equiaxed grains with intergranular porosity, and grain size was ∼5 µm, decreasing with niobium substitution. Compositions exhibited remnant polarization values of ∼32 µC/cm2, increasing with Ti substitution. Depolarization by the hydrostatic pressure induced FE‐AFE phase transition was drastically affected by variation of the Ti and Nb substitution, increasing at a rate of 113 MPa /1% Ti and 21 MPa/1% Nb. Total depolarization output was insensitive to the change in Ti and Nb substitution, ∼32.8 µC/cm2 for the PSZT ceramics. The R3c‐R3m and R3m‐Pm3m phase transition temperatures on heating ranged from 90 to 105°C and 183 to 191°C, respectively. Ti substitution stabilized the R3c and R3m phases to higher temperatures, while Nb substitution stabilized the Pm3m phase to lower temperatures. Thermal hysteresis of the phase transitions was also observed in the ceramics, with transition temperature on cooling being as much as 10°C lower.

Porous ferroelectric lead zirconate titanate (PZT) films are a promising material for various electronic applications. This study focuses on understanding how the structure-directing agent, polyvinylpyrrolidone, can alter the structure and electrical properties of porous PZT films prepared through chemical solution deposition. Films with various porosities of up to ~40 vol.% and pore connectivities from 3-0 to 3-3 were prepared and studied by capacitance–voltage, dielectric hysteresis, transient current, photocurrent, and local current techniques. We have found that a linear decrease in material volume in a porous film is not the only factor that determines film properties. The creation of new internal grain boundaries plays a key role in changing electrical properties. This research expands the understanding of physical phenomena in porous ferroelectric films and may facilitate the development of new materials and devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent advancements in magnetoelectric (ME) materials have enabled the development of functional magnetoelectric composites for sensor applications in the medical and engineering sectors, as well as in energy harvesting and material exploration. Magnetoelectric composites rely on the interaction between piezoelectric and magnetoelastic materials by coupling the magnetization-induced strain to the strain-generated potential of the piezoelectric phase. This creates an increased interest around the development of novel piezoelectric materials that not only possess favorable piezoelectric properties but also fulfill specific material criteria such as biocompatibility, bioactivity, ease of fabrication and low cost. ZnO, and its nanostructures, is one such material that has been employed in the magnetoelectric research due to its remarkable piezoelectric, semiconducting and optical properties. Thus, this article provides a comprehensive review of the available literature on magnetoelectric composites based on ZnO micro- and nanostructures, aiming to present a concise reference on the methods, applications and future prospects of ZnO-based ME composites. Specifically, a brief introduction is provided, presenting the current research interests around magnetoelectric composites, followed by a concise mention of the magnetoelectric effect and its key aspects. This is followed by separate sections describing the relevant research on ZnO magnetoelectric composites based on ZnO thin-films, either pure or doped, and nano- and microrods composites, as well as nano composites comprised of ZnO nanoparticles mixed with ferromagnetic nanoparticles. Finally, the future prospects and the extension of ME ZnO research into nanowire and nanorod composites are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study on the grain morphology of KNNLiLaTa0.1 piezoceramics obtained from the NaNbO3 precursor. It is mentioned that alternatives to lead zirconate titanate (PZT) compound are being sought due to high lead contents. The study focuses on the NaNbO3 precursor and establishes the correlation between its microstructural properties and the properties of KNNLiLaTa0.1. X-ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscopy were performed to study the morphology of the NaNbO3 and KNNLiLaTa0.1 systems. It was found that the KNNLiLaTa0.1 system presents a bimodal distribution of grain sizes due to the presence of dopants such as La. [Extracted from the article]

The objective of this work is to present superior mciromachined Varactors with better performance than their CMOS counterparts. This paper presents design and simulation of novel piezoelectrically actuated Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) Varactors for microwave range of frequencies with lower actuation voltages, higher tuning range and excellent quality factor. Various models have been designed and simulated with using Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT), Aluminium Nitrate(AlN) and Zinc Oxide (ZnO) as the piezoelectric material. The Varactors have been simulated using Coventorware™ while the Radio Frequency (RF) characteristics are extracted using ANSOFT High Frequency Simulation Structures (HFSS). The simulations show that the actuation voltages required for these Varactors was lower than 3.5 Volts. The Tuning Ratios (TRs) for these Varactor structures ranges from 7:1 to 20:1 across the four designs. The quality factor obtained for these Varactors is also commendable with values as high as 500. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we examined the electromechanical behavior of Sn-substituted Lead Bismuth Zirconate Titanate thin films (PBZST thin films). Using the pulsed laser deposition technique (PLD), the thin film growth parameters of bismuth-doped PZST close to MPB were adjusted by varying the ∼(Zr, Sn)/Ti ratios. Thin films (∼250 nm) with the stoichiometric formula Pb0.985Bi0.01(Zr0.7Sn0.3)xTi1 –xO3, (x = 0.935, 0.940, 0.945, and 0.950) were grown on a Pt/TiO2/SiO2/Si substrate using PLD technique at optimized conditions. P-E loop confirms that MPB is near x = 0.945, and further PFM measurements also confirmed the same. Analyzing the PFM phase and amplitude hysteresis loops, local piezo-electric coefficient and remnant strain values were computed as d33 = 330 pm/V and 0.33 at the MPB composition (x = 0.945). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) based piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers for acoustic imaging of the surroundings are known as piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducers (PMUTs). This research proposes a structural design of the PMUT with four fixedguided beams. The beam is subjected to lateral loads, with vectors that are perpendicular to the longitudinal axis. This project simulated Piezoelectric Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducer (PMUT) with three different material properties i.e. Aluminium Nitride (AlN), Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) and Zinc Oxide (ZnO). Based on the study, it was found that reducing the beam dimensions and increasing the plate size will result in the first mode frequency reduction from 1.33×107 Hz to 3.74×106 Hz. Other than that, it was found that AlN PMUT experienced the maximum deflection of 6.3413 to 6.3478 µm when the loads applied in the range of 50 to 200 µN/m². When the piezoelectric material changed to PZT, we obtained the maximum deflections of 0.3771 to 0.3786 µm when the same loads range applied to the PMUT. As for the ZnO PMUT, the maximum deflections obtained were in between 0.1702 µm to 0.1772 µm with the loads are maintained as in the loads applied to the AlN and PZT. This study proved the significant impact of altering the structural dimensions and material properties of PMUTs on their operational characteristics, specifically the first mode frequency and deflection behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer dielectrics with synergistic large dielectric constant (ε′) and high breakdown field strength (Eb) have important applications in electronics device and electrical industry. In this work, to enhance the integrated dielectric characteristics of lead zirconate titanate (PZT)/poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), an insulating magnesia (MgO) shell was constructed on the surface of PZT via a facile chemical precipitation, and the prepared core@shell structured PZT@MgO particles were composited with PVDF to anticipate both high ε′ and Eb but low loss. We explored how the filler loading and MgO shell thickness, frequency affect the dielectric performances of PZT/PVDF composites. The results confirm that the PZT@MgO/PVDF composites show simultaneously improved ε′ and Eb along with low loss over the pristine PZT/PVDF because the MgO interlayer induces multiple-scale polarizations in PZT@MgO/PVDF and clearly boosts the Eb due to markedly prohibited charge injection and migration and electrical branch growth. The optimized ε′ and Eb in composites can be realized by controlling the MgO shell thickness. The theoretic fitting of experimental results by the Havriliak-Negami equation further uncovers the MgO shell' impact on the polarization mechanism and expounds the inhibiting effect on carrier migration across the composites. The resulting PZT@MgO/PVDF composite dielectrics having both high ε′ and Eb but extremely low loss, display appealing uses in the electrical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Embedded systems have more and more designs and applications in wearable health monitoring and the Internet of Things (IoT) recently. In this work, a battery-free human breathing monitoring system based on soft polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) piezoelectric thin film for pressure sensing and solid lead zirconate titanate (PZT) pads for powering energy harvest is designed and fabricated. Proper material and structure are chosen by mechanical analysis to fabricate the systems. Then the device is used to measure the real breathing signal while studying (the memory test is used to represent the study procedure). The breathing frequency and intensity data are extracted and used in correction analysis with the testing score. And the results show that peaceful, slow, and deep breathing will have a positive influence on the testing score. This study opens the mind to combine engineering designed devices with educational research, showing the broad application of mechanical and electronic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As smart structures are becoming increasingly ubiquitous in our daily life, the need for efficient modeling electromechanical coupling devices is also rapidly advancing. Smart structures are often made of piezoelectric materials such as lead zirconate titanate (PZT), which exhibits strong nonlinear behavior known as hysteresis effect under a large applied electric field. There have been numerous modeling techniques that are able to capture such an effect; some techniques are suitable for obtaining physical insights into the micro-structure of the material, while other techniques are better-suited to practical structural analyses. In this paper, we aim to achieve the latter. We propose a simplified phenomenological macroscopic model of a nonlinear ferroelectric actuator. The assumption is based on the direct relation between the irreversible strain and irreversible electric field, and the consequently irreversible polarization. The proposed model is then implemented in a finite element framework, in which the main features such as local return mapping and the tangent moduli are derived. The outcomes of the model are compared and validated with experimental data. Therefore, the development presented in this paper can be a useful tool for the modeling of nonlinear ferroelectric actuators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Piezoelectric composites based on 0 – 3 cement have been extensively employed in structural health monitoring. Significantly, curing conditions considerably affect the forming strength of matrix materials. In order to obtain the best molding conditions of 0 – 3 cement-based piezoelectric composites, this paper studied the evolution of various parameters with time during the early molding process of 0 – 3 cement-based piezoelectric composites under different temperature and humidity conditions. The analysis indicated that the higher the temperature, which increases the forming speed of the sample, the lower the curing humidity, which decreases the current generated during the polarisation process of the sample, and longer the time required to attain the polarisation voltage. The test concluded that the curing condition of high temperature and high humidity was conducive to obtaining higher piezoelectric and dielectric properties of the sample and the piezoelectric strain constant and dielectric constant reached the maximum value at 80°C/100RH, which were 45.5 pC/N and 44.36 respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica is the property of Acta Materiea Compositae Sinica Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Complete understanding of the adhesive curing effect of a bonded piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate (PZT) sensor on the electromechanical admittance (EMA, inverse of impedance) facilitates the accurate diagnosis of structural damages when employing the impedance technique for structural health monitoring. This article analytically and experimentally investigated the curing effect of adhesive layer on the EMA-based concrete structural damage detection. Curing effect was theoretically incorporated into shearing mechanism of adhesive layer to formulate a new one-dimensional PZT-structural impedance model. Analytical analysis of the curing effect on the EMA signature as well as the EMA-based damage diagnosis was calculably interpreted through the model. Proof-of-concept experiment was performed on testing a four-point bending reinforced concrete (RC) beam bonded with multiple PZT patches under adhesive curing. Experimental results demonstrated that singular shift in the EMA spectra under adhesive curing could be turned into three typical shifts when structural damage occurred, which cogently validated the analytical results. Quantifiable signal index further provided useful information for the identification of crack occurrence, progression, and reinforcement yielding of the RC beam. Results of this study potentially promoted the real-life engineering applications of impedance technique inclusive of deficient adhesive condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium tantalate crystal is widely used in optical devices, infrared detectors and surface acoustic wave devices because of its excellent piezoelectric, acousto-optic and nonlinear optical properties. The Li content of near stoichiometric lithium tantalate (NSLT) crystal is higher than that of congruent lithium tantalate (CLT) crystal. Therefore, the performance of NSLT crystal is better than that of CLT crystal in some aspects. This article reviews the physical properties, preparation methods and current research status in acoustics and optics of NSLT crystals. It also looks forward to the improvement of NSLT crystal preparation methods and their applications in surface acoustic wave (SAW) filters and optics. With the increase of Li content, the acoustic performance of NSLT crystals is expected to be comprehensively improved, achieving the application of SAW filters in 5G communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, the effect of the binder content in lead zirconate titanate (PZT) slurry has been systematically studied to improve the piezoelectric properties of PZT ceramics prepared via material extrusion 3D printing. For smooth printing, a slurry with a binder concentration ranging from 6 to 12 wt% was proposed. The porosity of the green body first decreased and then increased with an increase in the binder concentration, and the minimum porosity was obtained when the binder concentration reached 10 wt%. Samples with increased density were obtained after debinding and lead-rich atmosphere sintering. PZT piezoceramics fabricated using a binder content of 10 wt% exhibit the maximum relative density (96.9%), largest piezoelectric constant (342.6 pC/N) and dielectric constant (1621). Based on the above process, the wood pile structure and helical twentytetrahedral structural components were successfully fabricated using the material extrusion process. This research lays the foundation for the engineering application of 3D printing to fabricate high-performance piezoceramics with complex shapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bismuth sodium titanate (BNT)-based, lead-free piezoelectric materials have been extensively studied due to their excellent strain characteristics and environmental friendliness. In BNTs, the large strain (S) usually requires a relatively large electric field (E) excitation, resulting in a low inverse piezoelectric coefficient d33* (S/E). Moreover, the hysteresis and fatigue of strain in these materials have also been bottlenecks impeding the applications. The current common regulation method is chemical modification, which mainly focuses on forming a solid solution near the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) by adjusting the phase transition temperature of the materials, such as BNT-BaTiO3, BNT-Bi0.5K0.5TiO3, etc., to obtain a large strain. Additionally, the strain regulation based on the defects introduced by the acceptor, donor, or equivalent dopant or the nonstoichiometry has proven effective, but its underlying mechanism is still ambiguous. In this paper, we review the generation of strain and then discuss it from the domain, volume, and boundary effect perspectives to understand the defect dipole behavior. The asymmetric effect caused by the coupling between defect dipole polarization and ferroelectric spontaneous polarization is expounded. Moreover, the defect effect on the conductive and fatigue properties of BNT-based solid solutions is described, which will affect the strain characteristics. The optimization approach is appropriately evaluated while there are still challenges in the full understanding of the defect dipoles and their strain output, in which further efforts are needed to achieve new breakthroughs in atomic-level insight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) films with high Nb concentrations (6–13 mol%) were grown by chemical solution deposition. In concentrations up to 8 mol% Nb, the films self-compensate the stoichiometry; single phase films were grown from precursor solutions with 10 mol% PbO excess. Higher Nb concentrations induced multi-phase films unless the amount of excess PbO in the precursor solution was reduced. Phase pure perovskite films were grown with 13 mol% excess Nb with the addition of 6 mol% PbO. Charge compensation was achieved by creating lead vacancies when decreasing excess PbO level; using Kroger-Vink notation, N b T i • are ionically compensated by V P b ″ to maintain charge neutrality in heavily Nb-doped PZT films. With Nb doping, films showed suppressed {100} orientation, the Curie temperature decreased, and the maximum in the relative permittivity at the phase transition broadened. The dielectric and piezoelectric properties were dramatically degraded due to increased quantity of the non-polar pyrochlore phase in multi-phase films; ε r reduced from 1360 ± 8 to 940 ± 6, and the remanent d33,f value decreased from 112 to 42 pm/V when increasing the Nb concentration from 6 to 13 mol%. Property deterioration was corrected by decreasing the PbO level to 6 mol%; phase pure perovskite films were attained. εr and the remanent d33,f increased to 1330 ± 9 and 106 ± 4 pm/V, respectively. There was no discernable difference in the level of self-imprint in phase pure PZT films with Nb doping. However, the magnitude of the internal field after thermal poling at 150 °C increased significantly; the level of imprint was 30 kV/cm and 11.5 kV/cm in phase pure 6 mol% and 13 mol% Nb-doped films, respectively. The absence of mobile V O • • , coupled with the immobile V P b ″ in 13 mol% Nb-doped PZT films, leads to lower internal field formation upon thermal poling. For 6 mol% Nb-doped PZT films, the internal field formation was primarily governed by (1) the alignment of (V P b ″ − V O • •  ) x and (2) the injection and subsequent electron trapping by Ti4+. For 13 mol% Nb-doped PZT films, hole migration between V P b ″ controlled internal field formation upon thermal poling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many compositions in the complex perovskite system, Pb(Zr1-x-ySnxTiy)O3, exhibit successive transitions to antiferroelectric (AFE) and ferroelectric (FE) phases on cooling from the high-temperature paraelectric (PE) phase. In such systems an intermediate incommensurate (ICM) phase has been reported to act as a bridge between AFE and FE phases. In this study we report a detailed investigation of the emergence of ferroelectric order in the ICM phase brought about by B-site acceptor dopants in a typical composition Pb(Zr0.60Sn0.30Ti0.10)O3 (PZST). As the ICM phase passes through the temperature-driven ferroelectric rhombohedral-ICM phase, we closely examine it by temperature-dependent electron diffraction, X-ray diffraction, polarization-electric field (P-E) hysteresis behaviour and dielectric studies. We also investigate the nature of the local defect structure around the acceptor-doped sites by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis and propose a model to explain the stabilization of the FE phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, piezoelectric PVDF‐TrFE electrospun fibers (EFs) were fabricated using a high‐throughput nozzle‐free electrospinning process. Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were robustly anchored to the PVDF‐TrFE EFs, assisted by a self‐polymerized polydopamine (PDA) layer, and subsequently grown into ZnO nanowires (NWs) using a low‐temperature hydrothermal growth method. The EF mats were investigated for active impact force transduction and the piezoelectric voltage outputs of different combinations of PVDF‐TrFE and ZnO nanomaterials were compared using two different impact force testing setups. The horizontal impact force test saw an increase in force sensitivity by a factor of 2.5 for the nanowires compared to the unmodified PVDF‐TrFE EFs. Similarly, vertical drop impact testing demonstrated a 5.8‐fold increase in sensitivity with a linear response (R2 = 0.986) for a large range of impact forces up to 970 N. The EFs were also tested as a wearable impact force sensor to quantify soccer ball heading force, which was measured as 291.3 ± 51.0 N for a vertical ball speed of 7.8 ± 1.5 ms−11 with an 8.2% average error compared to theoretical force values. It is believed the enhanced piezoelectric performance of these materials could provide a useful platform for wearable sensing and energy harvesting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy harvesters are autonomous systems capable of capturing, processing, storing, and utilizing small amounts of free energy from the surrounding environment. Such energy harvesters typically involve three fundamental stages: a micro-generator or energy transducer, a voltage booster or power converter, and an energy storage component. In the case of harvesting mechanical vibrations from the environment, piezoelectric materials have been used as a transducer. For instance, PZT (lead zirconate titanate) is a widely used piezoelectric ceramic due to its high electromechanical coupling factor. However, the integration of PZT into silicon poses certain limitations, not only in the harvesting stage but also in embedding a power management electronics circuit. On the other hand, in thermoelectric (TE) energy harvesting, a recent approach involves using abundant, eco-friendly, and low-cost materials that are compatible with CMOS technology, such as silicon-based compound nanostructures for TE thin film devices. Thus, this review aims to present the current advancements in the fabrication and integration of Si-based thin-film devices for TE energy harvesting applications. Moreover, this paper also highlights some recent developments in electronic architectures that aim to enhance the overall efficiency of the complete energy harvesting system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 0–3 piezoelectric ceramic-Portland cement (PC) composite with different compositions was fabricated and investigated with the following components: BZT (40, 50, and 60 vol% represented as BZT40, BZT60, and BZT60, respectively) and epoxy resin (0, 3, 5, and 7 vol% represented as ER0, ER3, ER5, and ER7, respectively). Experimental results show that increasing ER content (0–7 vol%) led to an increase in density (ρ c), for 50% BZT increased from 3.42 to 3.55 g/cm3 and a decrease in porosity, from 12.71 to 11.67% (for 50%BZT) and acoustic impedance (Z c) value increased from 9.67 to 8.84 × 106 kg/m·s2. Both ε r and tanδ decreased with increasing ER content. ER as the third phase resulted in a lower leakage current and the BZT60ER7 composite is found to have the lowest leakage current (20 μA). Increasing ER content led to a decrease in the piezoelectric charge coefficient (d 33). However, a notable increase in piezoelectric voltage coefficient (g 33) with increasing ER content up to 3 vol% was found. The optimization of both Z c and g 33 in this study can be observed in BZT50ER3 composite (Z c = 9.16 × 106 kg/m2·s and g 33 = 13.9 × 10−3 V m/N). In addition, the highest planar electromechanical coupling factor (k p = 17.97%) and thickness electromechanical coupling factor (k t = 17.75%) can be observed in BZT60ER7 composite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) is a representative piezoelectric polymer with a high piezoelectric constant, which has been applied and studied in various fields because of its flexibility. PVDF has various crystallization phases, and the crystallization phase of the fabricated fibers is significantly influenced by the solution characteristics and additives during the electrospinning process. Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) is a conductive polymer that can improve piezoelectric performance by acting as an electron path when combined with a piezoelectric polymer; however, the electrospinning behavior depends on the solution properties. The characteristics of composite solutions with PEDOT:PSS added to PVDF were investigated, and the changes in electrospinning behavior and morphology were analyzed accordingly. We also evaluated the crystallinity of the PVDF in the deposited fibers using Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. As the PEDOT:PSS content increased, the radius of the jet decreased, the deposition area decreased, the fiber diameter tended to increase, and the crystallinity of the β phase decreased. Changes in the piezoelectric performance of the PVDF/PEDOT composite webs with various PEDOT:PSS contents were investigated and analyzed. Based on the results of this study, ceramic‐based materials can be replaced with improved polymer‐based piezoelectric elements, thus accelerating the adoption of wearable piezoelectric devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging technology and modernization have become a worldwide threat to human life in all aspects. Worldwide, all countries are in the race to develop the most advanced electronic devices and gadgets as they reflect the country's superiority and economic development. Specialists have forecasted that during and after the pandemic, the addiction toward modern gadgets have increased by 40% among the people irrespective of age. A few researchers have reported that the world economy is dependent on and dominated by countries manufacturing semiconductors, mobiles, electronic chips, and so on. People started sensing that modern devices are like a boon, as their lives seem to be more connected and comfortable with all their needs and wants being fulfilled at their doorsteps. But this boon is slowly whirling as a severe threat to human lives. Due to this rapid usage of electronic devices, electromagnetic interference (EMI) is drastically growing, which is considered a global warning issue for commercial and biological systems. So advanced countries have decided to make EMI shielding a compulsory entity to be implemented in all advanced electronic devices. Though traditional materials like metals and carbon allotropes have excellent shielding properties, they cannot cope with today's mass production of modern devices. Thus, researchers had to find a suitable substitute material that should possess properties such as sustainability and biocompatibility to overcome problems faced by the conventional materials. Thus, polymers have come into the world of EMI shielding applications. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), a non‐conductive polymer from the family of Fluorocarbons, is creating history in the field of EMI shielding applications. PVDF astonished researchers with its versatile features, such as light weight, flexibility, and easy processibility with excellent dielectric and piezoelectric properties. Though they are poor in electrically conductive properties, incorporating metals, carbon allotropes, and metal oxides as fillers make them superior to the existing conventional materials. Thus, the main objective of this review article is to highlight the uniqueness of PVDF as an advanced polymer for EMI shielding applications. It has been noted that PVDF is more suitable for EMI shielding in X, K, and Ku band frequencies. But overall, we noticed that the performance of PVDF has a great impact by incorporating a combination of metal and carbon allotrope enhances the shielding effectiveness up to 65 dB in the Ku‐band (Kurz‐under) frequency band range of (12–18 GHz). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Binder jetting is an emerging indirect additive manufacturing technique for ceramic materials, which could be employed to produce application-oriented designed components impossible to achieve with traditional processes and featuring enhanced performances. In our study, niobium-doped lead zirconate titanate (PZT-N) powder, usually processed through the standard press-and-sinter route, was employed as the raw material. First, the powder was characterized in terms of granulometry and flowability to assess its suitability for the printing process. Then, shaping by binder jetting was studied, and the effect of three levels of binder saturation (75–90–105%) on the green bodies was assessed. Finally, the microstructure of the sintered samples was studied using SEM, to investigate the effect of thermal treatments on the grain size distribution and residual porosity (~40%). The piezoelectric properties were measured and compared to those of conventionally processed material. The piezoelectric charge and voltage constants (d33 and g33) were evaluated to determine the possible use of printed parts as porous piezoelectric components to be exploited in hydrophones in the direct mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pb–Zr–Ti–O (PZT) perovskites span a large solid-solution range and have found widespread use due to their piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties that also span a large range. Crystal structure analysis via Rietveld refinement facilitates materials analysis via the extraction of the structural parameters. These parameters, often obtained as a function of an additional dimension (e.g., pressure), can help to diagnose materials response within a use environment. Often referred to as " in-situ " studies, these experiments provide an abundance of data. Viewing structural changes due to applied pressure conditions can give much-needed insight into materials performance. However, challenges exist for viewing/presenting results when the details are inherently three-dimensional (3D) in nature. For PZT perovskites, the use of polyhedra (e.g., Zr/Ti–O6 octahedra) to view bonding/connectivity is beneficial; however, the visualization of the octahedra behavior with pressure dependence is less easily demonstrated due to the complexity of the added pressure dimension. We present a more intuitive visualization by projecting structural data into virtual reality (VR). We employ previously published structural data for Pb0.99(Zr0.95Ti0.05)0.98Nb0.02O3 as an exemplar for VR visualization of the PZT R3c crystal structure between ambient and 0.62 GPa pressure. This is accomplished via our in-house CAD2VR™ software platform and the new CrystalVR plugin. The use of the VR environment enables a more intuitive viewing experience, while enabling on-the-fly evaluation of crystal data, to form a detailed and comprehensive understanding of in-situ datasets. Discussion of methodology and tools for viewing are given, along with how recording results in video form can enable the viewing experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, analytical solutions of piezoelectric bimorph and unimorph actuator in cantilever configurations are developed using the second-order constitutive equation. Tip deflection ratio (TDR), a dimensionless parameter, is defined to analyze the effect of second-order coefficients of piezoelectric materials on the response of bimorph and unimorph actuators. Four piezoelectric unimorphs of varying geometries are fabricated and tested to verify the nonlinear response under applied electric field. Furthermore, second-order coefficients of lead zirconate titanate (PZT; APC 850) are derived by fitting the experimental data with nonlinear analytical solution. The nonlinear response of all the piezoelectric unimorphs compares well with the experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate the effectiveness of vibrational spectroscopy in the characterization of polymer piezoelectric materials, poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) samples are carefully studied. The characterizations are performed by using different Fourier transform infrared sampling techniques, i.e. transmission (FTIR), attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) and photoacoustic spectroscopy (FTIR-PAS). The attenuated total reflectance (ATR) and photoacoustic (PAS) sampling methods allow us to study the IR spectra for thick piezoelectric samples. To the best of our knowledge, it has been determined for the first time the relative fractions of the β phase, F(β), in PVDF by FTIR-PAS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The various forms of cellulose-based materials possess high mechanical and thermal stabilities, as well as three-dimensional open network structures with high aspect ratios capable of incorporating other materials to produce composites for a wide range of applications. Being the most prevalent natural biopolymer on the Earth, cellulose has been used as a renewable replacement for many plastic and metal substrates, in order to diminish pollutant residues in the environment. As a result, the design and development of green technological applications of cellulose and its derivatives has become a key principle of ecological sustainability. Recently, cellulose-based mesoporous structures, flexible thin films, fibers, and three-dimensional networks have been developed for use as substrates in which conductive materials can be loaded for a wide range of energy conversion and energy conservation applications. The present article provides an overview of the recent advancements in the preparation of cellulose-based composites synthesized by combining metal/semiconductor nanoparticles, organic polymers, and metal-organic frameworks with cellulose. To begin, a brief review of cellulosic materials is given, with emphasis on their properties and processing methods. Further sections focus on the integration of cellulose-based flexible substrates or three-dimensional structures into energy conversion devices, such as photovoltaic solar cells, triboelectric generators, piezoelectric generators, thermoelectric generators, as well as sensors. The review also highlights the uses of cellulose-based composites in the separators, electrolytes, binders, and electrodes of energy conservation devices such as lithium-ion batteries. Moreover, the use of cellulose-based electrodes in water splitting for hydrogen generation is discussed. In the final section, we propose the underlying challenges and outlook for the field of cellulose-based composite materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the structural phase and dielectric properties of poly(vinylidenefluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) (P[VDF–TrFE]) thin films grown via atmospheric pressure (AP) plasma deposition using a mixed polymer solution comprising P[VDF–TrFE] polymer nano powder and dimethylformamide (DMF) liquid solvent. The length of the glass guide tube of the AP plasma deposition system is an important parameter in producing intense cloud-like plasma from the vaporization of DMF liquid solvent containing polymer nano powder. This intense cloud-like plasma for polymer deposition is observed in a glass guide tube of length 80 mm greater than the conventional case, thus uniformly depositing the P[VDF–TrFE] thin film with a thickness of 3 μm. The P[VDF–TrFE] thin films with excellent β-phase structural properties were coated under the optimum conditions at room temperature for 1 h. However, the P[VDF–TrFE] thin film had a very high DMF solvent component. The post-heating treatment was then performed on a hotplate in air for 3 h at post-heating temperatures of 140 °C, 160 °C, and 180 °C to remove DMF solvent and obtain pure piezoelectric P[VDF–TrFE] thin films. The optimal conditions for removing the DMF solvent while maintaining the β phases were also examined. The post-heated P[VDF–TrFE] thin films at 160 °C had a smooth surface with nanoparticles and crystalline peaks of β phases, as confirmed by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and XRD analysis. The dielectric constant of the post-heated P[VDF–TrFE] thin film was measured to be 30 using an impedance analyzer at 10 kHz and is expected to be applied to electronic devices such as low-frequency piezoelectric nanogenerators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a fabrication method of a novel type of micro piezoelectric thick-film longitudinal-bending coupled (LBC) vibrator with a length of 8 mm and thickness of 0.34 mm using electrohydrodynamic jet (E-jet) printing. The LBC micro-vibrator was designed, and a frequency sensitivity analysis of the structural parameters was implemented. When the thickness of the lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thick-film element of the vibrator reached 76 μm, tuning of the composite-mode frequency consistency could be achieved. The micro-vibrator was then fabricated by depositing the PZT thick film directly on the surface of the elastic body using E-jet printing, and the film thickness was flexibly adjusted by tuning the number of prints, thus avoiding the problems of insufficient PZT thin film thickness (≤1 μm) and excessive bulk PZT ceramic volume. Micro-morphological observations showed that the printed thick film was dense and smooth, with a thickness of approximately 76 μm. Furthermore, the vibration mode frequency of the vibrator differed from the test resonant frequencies by only 0.92%, and the vibrator could achieve driving motion with a volume and an excitation voltage approximately one-tenth of that of a bulk piezoelectric motor. Moreover, the unit power density was 0.36 W kg−1 V−1, which is 1.6 times higher than that of a large bulk piezoelectric motor, indicating that the vibrator has good potential for small-space and low-voltage applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integration of piezoelectric materials onto carbon fiber (CF) can add energy harvesting and self‐power sensing capabilities enabling great potential for "Internet of Things" (IoT) applications in motion tracking, environmental sensing, and personal portable electronics. Herein, a CF‐based smart composite is developed by integrating piezoelectric poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)/CuSCN‐coated ZnO nanorods onto the CF surfaces with no detrimental effect on the mechanical properties of the composite, forming composites using two different polymer matrices: highly flexible polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and more rigid epoxy. The PDMS‐coated piezoelectric smart composite can serve as an energy harvester and a self‐powered sensor for detecting variations in impact acceleration with increasing output voltage from 1.4 to 7.6 V under impact acceleration from 0.1 to 0.4 m s−2. Using epoxy as the matrix for a CF‐reinforced plastic (CFRP) device with sensing and detection functions produces a voltage varying from 0.27 to 3.53 V when impacted at acceleration from 0.1 to 0.4 m s−2, with a lower output compared to the PDMS‐coated device attributed to the greater stiffness of the matrix. Finally, spatially sensitive detection is demonstrated by positioning two piezoelectric structures at different locations, which can identify the location as well as the level of the impacting force from the fabricated device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferroelectric memory is one of the most attractive emerging nonvolatile memory. Conventional methods to increase storage density in ferroelectrics include reducing the storage bit size or fabricating 3D stacks. However, the former will face a physical limit finally, and the integration of single‐crystalline ferroelectric oxide following the latter still remains a great challenge. Here, a new method is introduced to construct a scroll‐like 3D memory structure by self‐rolling‐up single‐crystalline ferroelectric oxides. PbZr0.3Ti0.7O3 single‐crystalline thin film is chosen as a prototype and epitaxially grown on another oxide stressor layer with a few lattice‐mismatch. Releasing such "Pb(Zr, Ti)O3/stressor" bilayered structure from the substrate induces self‐rolling‐up due to the internal stress from the lattice‐mismatch. High‐density information can be written in the form of switched ferroelectric domains on those flat "Pb(Zr, Ti)O3/stressor" membranes via piezoelectric force microscopy. In self‐rolling‐up membranes, information density can be experimentally enhanced up to 45 times. Theoretically, the freestanding "Pb(Zr, Ti)O3/stressor" membranes have a strongly driven force to self‐rolling‐up, and the area ratio can enhance 100–450 times, corresponding to an ultra‐high density information storage of 102 Tbit In−2. This study provides a new and general method to develop compact, high‐density, and 3D memories from oxide materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nonlinear magnetoelectric (ME) effect of voltage harmonic generation in a ring heterostructure, comprising a magnetostrictive layer of an amorphous ferromagnet and a piezoelectric layer of lead zirconate titanate is investigated. The structure was circumferentially magnetized with a permanent field H = 0–40 Oe and excited by a circular alternating magnetic field h = 0–3.6 Oe. At the radial acoustic resonance frequency of the structure of ∼54.2 kHz, the first voltage harmonic generation efficiency was 2.9 V/(Oe cm), the second was 0.95 V/(Oe2 cm), and the third was 0.21 V/(Oe3 cm). The absence of demagnetization effects in the ring structure, in comparison with a planar one, leads to a decrease in the optimal biasing magnetic field as well as to a change in the dependence of the second and third ME voltage harmonics on the magnetic field. The discovered nonlinear effect can be used to create frequency doublers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrical poling is a very important process for ferroelectrics before exploiting their piezoelectric properties. However, difficulties are encountered in poling ferroelectrics with a high coercive electric field. Here, we report a method to pole ferroelectric ceramics by firstly applying uniaxial stress (US) parallel to the direct current poling electric field (DC), then applying the DC after the US unloading, and lastly applying biaxial transverse compressive stresses (BTCS) with the DC hold. Both of the calculation and experiment results demonstrate that the proposed method allows a significant decrease in the electric field necessary for poling. The obtained d 33 of the specimens poled by the proposed method at electric field of 1.25 E c is close to the same material poled at high temperature. The proposed method is thought to be possible to offer solution to ferroelectrics that are hard to be poled, e.g., high-temperature ferroelectric ceramics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inspired by the double crank planar hinged five bar mechanism, a longitudinal–bending hybrid linear ultrasonic motor with compact miniature is proposed and tested. In order to realize miniaturization, it adopts a bonded-type structure. Four lead zirconate titanate (PZT) piezoelectric ceramics are distributed equally into two groups and bonded to the two ends of the metal frame, and then, two voltages with a phase difference of 90° are applied to each of the two groups of PZT ceramics. Subsequently, the first-order longitudinal vibration and second-order bending vibration generated by the motor combine with each other at the tip of the driving foot to form an elliptical motion trajectory. According to the theoretical kinematic analysis of the free beam, the initial structural dimensions of the motor were designed. Then, the initial dimensions of the motor were optimized, and the zero-order optimization algorithm was used to achieve the purpose of longitudinal and bending resonance of the motor, and finally, the optimal dimensions of the motor were obtained. A prototype of the designed motor was made, followed by experimental tests on the performance of the prototype, including mechanical output. The maximum motor speed without load at 69.4 kHz is 134.57 mm s−1. Under 200 Vpp voltage and 6 N preload, the output thrust of the motor is about 0.4 N at the maximum. The actual mass of the motor is about 1.6 g; therefore, the thrust-to-weight ratio was calculated as 25. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lead zirconate titanate-Portland cement composites with different volume fractions (30%, 40%, 50%, 60%) were prepared by pressing method with lead zirconate titanate as the functional phase and ordinary Portland cement P.O 42.5 as the matrix material, and the dielectric, piezoelectric and electromechanical coupling properties of the composites were studied. The results show that the doping of lead zirconate titanate with volume content below 50% can increase the probability of contact between lead zirconate titanate and enhance the connectivity, thus promoting the mutual conduction of current between lead zirconate titanate. With the increasing volume of lead zirconate titanate, the dielectric constant of the composite gradually increases, the dielectric loss gradually decreases, the piezoelectric voltage constant and piezoelectric strain constant gradually increase, and the electromechanical coupling coefficient Kt and the mechanical quality factor Qm first increase and then decrease. When the volume fraction of lead zirconate titanate is 50%, the maximum Kt is 0.15% and the maximum Qm is 33.09. When the volume fraction of lead zirconate titanate increases to 60%, the distribution uniformity becomes worse and the electromechanical coupling properties of the composites weaken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy harvesting technologies and material science has made it possible to tap into the abundant amount of surrounding vibrational energy to efficiently convert it into useable energy providing power to portable electronics and IoT devices. Recent investigations show that the piezoelectric effect is created in cellular polymers called ferroelectrets. These cellular-compliant polymers with polarized pores have a piezoelectric response to generate electrical energy when subjected to mechanical strain or surrounding vibration. It is found that there is a significant difference between ferroelectret polarized cellular polypropylene foam and traditional piezoelectric polymers such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). The former has approximately ten times higher piezoelectric coefficient than the latter. This means that with an acceleration of 9.81 m / s 2 force on this material, ferroelectrets generate up to 39 (µW/g/ m m 3 ) power output. Designing a polypropylene-based piezoelectric energy harvester based on the d33 mode of vibration can be challenging due to several factors, as it requires balancing multiple factors such as mechanical stability, piezoelectric response, circuit topology, electrode size, spacing, placement relative to the piezoelectric material, and so on. This paper proposes the preliminary experimental investigation of ferroelectret cellular polypropylene foam in harvesting performance. Suggestions of different approaches for the structural design of energy harvesters are provided. The vibration-dependent response and generated output are examined concerning pulse or sinusoidal input excitation. The voltage generated for both excitations is compared and suggestions are provided regarding the suitable kind of excitation for the chosen ferroelectret material. Finally, conclusions and prospects for ferroelectret materials used in energy-harvesting applications are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Piezoelectric Laterally Vibrating Resonators (LVRs) have attracted significant attention as a potential technology for next-generation wafer-level multi-band filters. Piezoelectric bilayer structures such as Thin-film Piezoelectric-on-Silicon (TPoS) LVRs which aim to increase the quality factor (Q) or aluminum nitride and silicon dioxide (AlN/SiO2) composite membrane for thermal compensation have been proposed. However, limited studies have investigated the detailed behaviors of the electromechanical coupling factor (K2) of these piezoelectric bilayer LVRs. Herein, AlN/Si bilayer LVRs are selected as an example, we observed notable degenerative valleys in K2 at specific normalized thicknesses using two-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA), which has not been reported in the previous studies of bilayer LVRs. Moreover, the bilayer LVRs should be designed away from the valleys to minimize the reduction in K2. Modal-transition-induced mismatch between electric and strain fields of AlN/Si bilayer LVRs are investigated to interpret the valleys from energy considerations. Furthermore, the impact of various factors, including electrode configurations, AlN/Si thickness ratios, the Number of Interdigitated Electrode (IDT) Fingers (NFs), and IDT Duty Factors (DFs), on the observed valleys and K2 are analyzed. These results can provide guidance for the designs of piezoelectric LVRs with bilayer structure, especially for LVRs with a moderate K2 and low thickness ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the fabrication and characterization of a biaxial MEMS (MicroElectroMechanical System) scanner based on PZT (Lead Zirconate Titanate) which incorporates a low-absorption dielectric multilayer coating, i.e., a Bragg reflector. These 2 mm square MEMS mirrors, developed on 8-inch silicon wafers using VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) technology are intended for long-range (>100 m) LIDAR (LIght Detection And Ranging) applications using a 2 W (average power) pulsed laser at 1550 nm. For this laser power, the use of a standard metal reflector leads to damaging overheating. To solve this problem, we have developed and optimised a physical sputtering (PVD) Bragg reflector deposition process compatible with our sol-gel piezoelectric motor. Experimental absorption measurements, performed at 1550 nm and show up to 24 times lower incident power absorption than the best metallic reflective coating (Au). Furthermore, we validated that the characteristics of the PZT, as well as the performance of the Bragg mirrors in terms of optical scanning angles, were identical to those of the Au reflector. These results open up the possibility of increasing the laser power beyond 2W for LIDAR applications or other applications requiring high optical power. Finally, a packaged 2D scanner was integrated into a LIDAR system and three-dimensional point cloud images were obtained, demonstrating the scanning stability and operability of these 2D MEMS mirrors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mechanically induced changes in electrical properties have gained increasing interest over the last decade. The research field piezotronics, which describes the change in potential barrier height (e.g., at Schottky contacts) by piezoelectric charges, could lead to promising applications such as sensors or strain trigged transistors. In this contribution, the changes of potential barriers by mechanical stress at several grain boundaries of polycrystalline ZnO have been quantified. Rationalization is provided by concurrent measurement of crystal orientations of both neighboring grains. The highest changes in barrier height could be observed at ZnO–ZnO grain boundaries exhibiting varistor properties. In this case, the barrier height can be almost completely reduced by positive piezoelectric charges. Furthermore, an increase in barrier height is observed with negative piezoelectric charges. The developed physical model suggests an equivalent impact of externally applied voltage and induced positive piezoelectric charge on the barrier properties. In turn, not only the barrier height is modified by piezoelectric charges but also the breakdown voltage. This has, nevertheless, been only indirectly verified in experiments. These allow rationalizing the proposed model. Furthermore, a statistical study reveals a change in the distribution of breakdown voltages with changing stress conditions in the varistor ceramic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate protocols for optimal molecular detection with electromechanical nanoscale sensors under ambient conditions. Our models are representative of suspended graphene nanoribbons, which due to their piezoelectric and electronic properties provide responsive and versatile sensors. In particular, we analytically account for the corrections in the electronic transmission function and signal-to-noise ratio originating in environmental perturbations, such as thermal fluctuations and solvation effects. We also investigate the role of the sampling time in the current statistics. As a result, we formulate a protocol for optimal sensing based on the modulation of the Fermi level at a fixed bias and provide approximate forms for the current, linear susceptibility, and current fluctuations. We show how the algebraic tails in the thermally broadened transmission function affect the behavior of the signal-to-noise ratio and optimal sensing. These results provide further insights into the operation of graphene deflectometers and other techniques for electromechanical sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Creep and hysteresis were directly measured for shear displacements of three widely used piezoelectric materials: 41 ° X-cut lithium niobate (LiNbO 3), single crystal lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate (PMN-PT), and ceramic lead zirconium titanate (PZT-5A). Measurements were made at temperatures between 0.1 K and 310 K and at voltages up to 150 V. No creep or hysteresis was seen for the single domain lithium niobate transducer. PMN-PT exhibited large creep and hysteresis with a strong temperature dependence even at temperatures as low as 10 K. The temperature dependence was complicated and included an unusual region of negative creep around 250 K. The ceramic PZT-5A had significant creep near room temperature, which disappeared below about 35 K. The widths of the measured hysteresis loops mirrored the magnitudes of the creep that produces the hysteresis. We discuss the behavior of the three materials in terms of intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms of piezoelectricity. Our results provide guidance in selecting materials for piezoelectric actuators for precise positioning applications like scanning tunneling microscopy. Although it is seldom used in actuator stacks, lithium niobate is the best choice for many cryogenic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present here a comprehensive analysis of the effect of thermal stresses on the functional properties of ferroelectric oxides on metal substrates. We use a Landau-Devonshire formalism to quantitatively assess the role of in-plane thermal strains that arise from the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch between lead zirconate titanate [PbZrxTi1–xO3, PZT x/(1 – x)] films and Al, Cu, Fe, Ni, and Ti-based substrates. Specifically, we compute Curie transition temperatures, spontaneous polarizations, dielectric permittivities, piezoelectric coefficients, and pyroelectric responses of tetragonal PZT compositions as a function of the growth/processing temperature. To provide a rapid evaluation, we also develop Ashby diagrams of property coefficients as a function of PZT composition, processing temperature, and CTE of the substrate. Our results show that thermal strains in PZT may significantly alter the ferroelectric transition temperature, dielectric, piezoelectric, and pyroelectric properties. For example, for PZT 50/50 films on Ni-based superalloys processed/annealed at 700 °C, we predict monodomain intrinsic dielectric, piezoelectric, and pyroelectric responses to be 234, 152 pC/N, and 0.021 μC cm−2 °C−1, respectively, compared to bulk PZT 50/50 values of 381, 326 pC/N, and 0.045 μC cm−2 °C−1. These are substantial variations which show that thermal strains must be considered in the design and development of built-in functionality obtained through ferroelectric films in structural, aerospace components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]