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Standing dead trees (snags) play important roles in forest ecology by storing carbon as well as providing habitats for many species. Moreover, snags preserved for hundreds of years can provide usef ...

Background: Accidental hypothermia with cardiac arrest represents a challenge for pre-hospital rescuers as well as in-hospital staff. For pre-hospital personnel, the main focus is to get the patient to the correct destination without unnecessary delay. For in-hospital personnel early information is vital to assess the possibility for resuscitation with extracorporeal re-warming. The challenge is augmented when rescuers must cross national borders to reach and/or deliver the patients. We present a case where three adolescent boys suffered severe hypothermia after a canoeing accident in Sweden. Case presentation: Three 14-year-old boys were canoeing a mountain lake close to the Norwegian border when their boat capsized and they all fell into the cold water. The rescue operation was hampered by rough weather conditions, and immersion times spanned from 63 to 125 min. Flight times from the scene of accident to the nearest ECMO center in Norway (Trondheim) and Sweden (Umeå) were about 30 and 90 min respectively. Two of the victims showed no vital signs after retrieval from the water and had extremely low body temperatures. They were brought to Trondheim University Hospital where they were resuscitated successfully with extracorporeal re-warming. Unable to be weaned from ECMO in the initial phase, both patients were retrieved by mobile ECMO teams to Karolinska University Hospital, from where they were discharged to their homes with good outcomes, although with some sequelae. A third victim with moderate to severe hypothermia without cardiac arrest was treated at a local hospital, from where he after a short stay was discharged without physical sequelae. Conclusion: These cases are a reminder of the traditional mantra that «no one is dead until warm and dead». Good communication between pre- and in-hospital staff can be vital for optimizing patient treatment when handling victims of severe hypothermia, and especially when there is multiple victims. Communication between neighboring countries, but even neighboring regions within the same country, can be challenging. We encourage regions similar to ours to review protocols regarding hypothermia management, making them more robust before incidents like this take place © The Author(s). 2017. Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

The story-takers. Public pedagogy, transitional justice, and Italy's non-violent protest against the Mafia

Producción Científica, Saturn’s convective storms usually fall in two categories. One consists of mid-sized storms ∼2,000 km wide, appearing as irregular bright cloud systems that evolve rapidly, on scales of a few days. The other includes the Great White Spots, planetary-scale giant storms ten times larger than the mid-sized ones, which disturb a full latitude band, enduring several months, and have been observed only seven times since 1876. Here we report a new intermediate type, observed in 2018 in the north polar region. Four large storms with east–west lengths ∼4,000–8,000 km (the first one lasting longer than 200 days) formed sequentially in close latitudes, experiencing mutual encounters and leading to zonal disturbances affecting a full latitude band ∼8,000 km wide, during at least eight months. Dynamical simulations indicate that each storm required energies around ten times larger than mid-sized storms but ∼100 times smaller than those necessary for a Great White Spot. This event occurred at about the same latitude and season as the Great White Spot in 1960, in close correspondence with the cycle of approximately 60 years hypothesized for equatorial Great White Spots., Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad - Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (project AYA2015-65041-P), Gobierno Vasco (project IT-366-19)

The paper addresses, based on a case study comprising six process- and manufacturing industry companies, requirements for change and desired effects from Zero Defect Manufacturing in an Industry 4.0 context. The results outline seven problems and five needs perceived by the companies. Further, the results also outline four desired effects. The results are aligned with existing literature and studies but also bring up new aspects of Zero Defect Manufacturing in terms of problems, needs and desired effects. Noteworthy new desired effects are increased trust for the production process and improved gender equality.

Code review is a commonly used practice in software development. It refers to the process of reviewing new code changes before they are merged with the code base. However, to perform the review, developers are mostly assigned manually to code changes. This may lead to problems such as: a time-consuming selection process, limited pool of known candidates and risk of over-allocation of a few reviewers. To address the above problems, we developed Carrot, a machine learning-based tool to recommend code reviewers. We conducted an improvement case study at Ericsson. We evaluated Carrot using a mixed approach. we evaluated the prediction accuracy using historical data and the metrical Mean Reciprocal Rank (MRR). Furthermore, we deployed the tool in one Ericsson project and evaluated how adequate the recommendations were from the point of view of the tool users and the recommended reviewers.We also asked the opinion of senior developers about the usefulness of the tool. The results show that Carrot can help identify relevant non-obvious reviewers and be of great assistance to new developers. However, there were mixed opinions on Carrot's ability to assist with workload balancing and the decrease code review lead time. © 2020 IEEE Computer Society. All rights reserved. open access

We test the application of parametric, non-parametric, and semi-parametric calibration models for reconstructing summer (June–August) temperature from a set of tree-ring width and density data on the same dendro samples from 40 sites across Europe. By comparing the performance of the three calibration models on pairs” of tree-ring width (TRW) and maximum density (MXD) or maximum blue intensity (MXBI), we test whether a non-linear temperature response is more prevalent in TRW or MXD (MXBI) data, and whether it is associated with the temperature sensitivity and/or autocorrelation structure of the dendro parameters. We note that MXD (MXBI) data have a significantly stronger temperature response than TRW data as well as a lower autocorrelation that is more similar to that of the instrumental temperature data, whereas TRW exhibits a redder” variability continuum. This study shows that the use of non-parametric calibration models is more suitable for TRW data, while parametric calibration is sufficient for both MXD and MXBI data – that is, we show that TRW is by far the more non-linear proxy. publishedVersion

"Alle skal med!" kan se ut til å være et gjennomgående argument for å utvikle lærende organisasjoner (Senge, 1991; Wadel, 1997; Fullan, 2014; Ødegård, Nordahl og Røys, 2017; Roland og Ertesvåg, 2018; Gotvassli, 2019). Med dette menes at for å utvikle en lærende organisasjon må alle ansatte som arbeider sammen involveres. Det vil foregå individuelle læringsprosesser, men det må legges til rette for og stimulere til kollektive prosesser slik at organisasjoner kan utvikles som helhet. Ledelse av læringsprosessene er en forutsetning, men det finnes ingen fasit på hvilke prosesser som skal forløse slikt økt kompetanse og som tar høyde for alle variasjoner og utfordringer man kan støte på underveis i prosessen. Virkeligheten er ofte sammensatt og det er mange faktorer som spiller inn, så det er ingen lineær øvelse å operasjonalisere utvikling av en lærende organisasjon. Denne oppgaven vil omhandle utviklingsarbeid i barnehagen som lærende organisasjon. Jeg avgrenser studien til å ta utgangspunkt i styrere som har har gjennomført utviklingsarbeid med målsetting om å være en ledende organisasjon. Jeg vil se nærmere på føringer fra myndighetene, nyere forskning og relevante teorier, for å belyse ulike sider ved ledelse av utviklingsarbeid. Jeg vil begynne med å se på hvilke føringer myndighetene har gitt for kompetanseheving i barnehagesektoren og så gi et bilde av nyere relevant forskning på feltet. Dette leder frem til problemstilling og forskningsspørsmål som jeg vil søke å finne svar på. MLMOP5900

Fokuset på å bruke fornybare energikilder til oppvarming av bygg har bare blitt større og større. Samtidig har det blitt innført forbud mot bruk av olje- og parafinfyring i Norge som et ledd i å bremse klimautviklingene. I denne oppgaven brukes Vangberg Gartneri som et referansebygg. Vangberg Gartneri er en av landets største agurkprodusenter og produserer 1 200 tonn agurk årlig. Den norske gartnerinæringen regnes for å være en energikrevende næring. Tall fra Norsk Gartnerforbund viser at 37 % av energiforbruket til norske gartneri stammer fra fossile energikilder. I samarbeid med Vangberg Gartneri har det derfor blitt gjennomført lønnsomhetsberegninger for å undersøke om det er lønnsomt å bruke varmepumper til oppvarming av et gartneri. Det har blitt utført lønnsomhetsberegninger ved bruk av nåverdimetoden og tilbakebetalingsmetoden. Det har blitt sett på tre væske til vann varmepumper med bruk av energibrønn som energikilde og tre luft til vann varmepumper. Resultatene viser at de totale kostnadene for en væske til vann varmepumpe er langt høyere sammenlignet med en luft til vann varmepumpe. Dette skyldes i hovedsak at det er store kostnader knyttet til etablering av en brønnpark. Vi har i tillegg sett at det er store forskjeller i pris per kW varmeeffekt ut ifra hvilket kuldemedium varmepumpen bruker. Simuleringene av varmepumpene viser at det er forskjell i SCOP-faktoren for de ulike varmepumpetypen. Selv om enkelte luft til vann varmepumper er helt på høyde med SCOP-faktoren til væske til vann varmepumpene. Dette skyldes i hovedsak at Frosta har et mildt klima. Nåverdimetoden viste at det var kun én av de tre væske til vann varmepumpene som klarte å oppnå en positiv nåverdi. Alle luft til vann varmepumpene klarte å oppnå en positiv nåverdi. Beregning av tilbakebetalingstiden viste derimot at alle varmepumpene i denne oppgaven var en lønnsom investering, men luft til vann varmepumpene hadde en klart kortere tilbakebetalingstid. Vi kan på bakgrunn av denne oppgaven konkludere med at det er lønnsomt å investere i varmepumper for oppvarming av et gartneri, og en luft til vann varmepumpe vil være den beste investeringen for Vangberg Gartneri. The focus on using renewable energy sources for building heating has only increased. At the same time, a ban on the use of oil and paraffin fuels has been introduced in Norway as part of slowing climate changes. In this thesis, Vangberg Gartneri is used as a reference building. Vangberg Gartneri is one of the country's largest cucumber producers and produces 1,200 tonnes of cucumber annually. The Norwegian greenhouse industry is considered to be an energy-intensive industry. Figures from «Norges Gartnerforbud» show that 37% of energy consumption for Norwegian greenhouses comes from fossil energy sources. Therefore, in collaboration with Vangberg Gartneri, profitability calculations have been carried out to investigate whether it is profitable to use heat pumps for heating a greenhouse. Profitability calculations have been made using the present value method and the repayment method. Three liquids for water heat pumps have been viewed using energy well as energy source and three air to water heat pumps. The results show that the total cost of a liquid to water heat pump is far higher compared to an air to water heat pump. This is mainly due to the large costs associated with establishing a well park. In addition, we have seen that there are large differences in the price per kW of heat output depending on which refrigerant the heat pump uses. The simulations of the heat pumps show that there is a difference in the SCOP factor for the different heat pump types. Some air to water heat pumps are although even with the SCOP factor of liquid to water heat pumps. This is mainly because Frosta has a mild climate. The present value method showed that only one of the three liquids for the water heat pumps was able to achieve a positive present value. All air to water heat pumps were able to achieve a positive present value. Calculation of the payback time, on the other hand, showed that all the heat pumps in this task were a profitable investment, but the air to water heat pumps had a significantly shorter payback time. On the basis of this task, we can conclude that it is profitable to invest in heat pumps for heating a greenhouse plant, and an air to water heat pump will be the best investment for Vangberg Gartneri.

Title: Emotional intelligence and self-leadership in connection to leadership effectiveness: A study made on more and less profitable organisations within the retail industry. Authors: Annie Gunnarson and Emilia Törn Level: Master Thesis, 30 credits Keywords: Leadership effectiveness, Emotional intelligence, Self-leadership Background: The rate of change in society has never been higher than now, which has created a demand for effective leaders. Leadership effectiveness has been studied in different areas and two of them are emotional intelligence and self-leadership. However, these two concepts have only been studied separately within the area of leadership effectiveness and the employees view in combination with the leaders’ view is something that has been overlooked within the area. Research question: How do leaders and employees work with emotional intelligence and self-leadership within the area of leadership effectiveness? Purpose: The purpose with this thesis is to, within the area of leadership effectiveness, explain and describe how leaders and employees are working with emotional intelligence and self-leadership. This, with examples from more or less profitable organisations within the retail industry. Method: A qualitative approach has been used within this thesis, where seven interviews were conducted. These interviews were conducted with both leaders and employees from more or less profitable organisations within the retail industry. Theoretical framework: The framework consists of three main concepts: Leadership effectiveness, emotional intelligence and self-leadership. Within these areas there are some subcategories that are presented in order to get an understanding of the concepts. The chapter ends with a model that explains the connections between the concepts. Findings: All companies work with emotional intelligence and self-leadership in the area of leadership effectiveness, although they work with different aspects in various degrees. Additionally, there are similarities to be found between leaders and employees from different companies. Finally, the authors conclude that there are no findings in this thesis that suggest that there is a connection between emotional intelligence, self-leadership and profit margins.

Glacial extent and mass balance are sensitive climate proxies providing solid information on past climatic conditions. However, series of annual mass-balance measurements of more than 60 years are scarce. To our knowledge, this is the first time the latewood density data (MXD) of the Swiss stone pine (Pinus cembra L.) have been used to reconstruct the summer mass balance (B s ) of an Alpine glacier. The MXD-based B s well correlates with a B s reconstruction based on the May to September temperature. Winter precipitation has been used as an independent proxy to infer the winter mass balance and to obtain an annual mass-balance (B n ) estimate dating back to the gla- ciological year 1811/12. The reconstructed MXD/precipitation-based B n well correlates with the data both of the Careser and of other Alpine glaciers measured by the glaciological method. A number of critical issues should be considered in both proxies, including non-linear response of glacial mass balance to temperature, bedrock topography, ice thinning and fragmentation, MXD acquisition and standardization methods, and finally the 'divergence problem' responsible for the recently reduced sensitivity of the dendrochronological data. Nevertheless, our results highlight the possibility of performing MXD-based dendroglaciological reconstructions using this stable and reliable proxy.

We examine Saturn's atmosphere with observations from ground-based telescopes and Hubble Space Telescope (HST). We present a detailed analysis of observations acquired during 2018. A system of polar storms that appeared in the planet in March 2018 and remained active with a complex phenomenology at least until Sept. is analyzed elsewhere (Sanchez-Lavega et al., in press , 2019). Many of the cloud features in 2018 are long-lived and can be identified in images in 2017, and in some cases, for up to a decade using also Cassini ISS images. Without considering the polar storms, the most interesting long-lived cloud systems are: i) A bright spot in the EZ that can be tracked continuously since 2014 with a zonal velocity of 444 m/s in 2014 and 452 m/s in 2018. This velocity is different from the zonal winds at the cloud level at its latitude during the Cassini mission, and is closer to zonal winds obtained at the time of the Voyager flybys and zonal winds from Cassini VIMS infrared images of the lower atmosphere. ii) A large Anticyclone Vortex, here AV, that formed after the GWS of 2010-2011. This vortex has changed significantly in visual contrast, drift rate and latitude with minor changes in size over the last years. iii) A system of subpolar vortices present at least since 2011. These vortices follow drift rates consistent with zonal winds obtained by Cassini. We also present the positions of the vertices of the North polar hexagon from 2015 to 2018 compared with previous analyses during Cassini (2007-2014), observations with HST, and Voyager data in 1980-1981 to explore the long-term hexagon's drift rate. Variations in the drift rate cannot be fit by seasonal changes. Instead, the different drift rates reinforce the role of the North Polar Spot that was present in the Voyager epoch to cause a faster drift rate of the hexagon at that time compared with the current one., 53 pages, 24 figures, manuscript accepted in Icarus

The potential of dendrochemistry as a tool for tracing anthropogenic contamination at a glassworks site in southeastern Sweden was investigated through a multidisciplinary approach combining continuous high-resolution time series of tree rings and sediment profiles. Tree cores from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), Norway spruce (Picea abies) and European aspen (Populus tremula) were analysed for their elemental composition using an energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) technique. Sediment cores were sampled along a transect extending from the pollution point source to unpolluted areas and analysed using core-scanning-XRF (CS-XRF). High contaminant concentrations in the soil were found for As (≈2000 ppm), Pb (>5000 ppm), Ba (≈1000 ppm) and Cd (≈150 ppm). The concentrations decreased with depth and distance from the pollution source. The dendrochemical analyses revealed alterations in the Barium, Chlorine and Manganese profiles, allowing the identification of seven potential asynchronous releases from the glassworks. Our results suggest that differences in the response of tree species to elemental uptake together with soil chemical properties dictate the success of dendrochemistry as an environmental monitoring tool.

Fish must maneuver laterally to maintain their position in schools or near solid boundaries. Unsteady hydrodynamic models, such as the Theodorsen and Garrick models, predict forces on tethered oscillating hydrofoils aligned with the incoming flow. How well these models predict forces when bio-inspired hydrofoils are free to move laterally or when angled relative to the incoming flow is unclear. We tested the ability of five linear models to predict a small lateral adjustment made by a hydrofoil undergoing biased pitch oscillations. We compared the models to water channel tests in which air bushings gave a rigid pitching hydrofoil lateral freedom. What we found is that even with no fitted coefficients, linear models predict some features of the lateral response, particularly high frequency features like the amplitude and phase of passive heave oscillations. To predict low frequency features of the response, such as overshoot and settling time, we needed a semiempirical model based on tethered force measurements. Our results suggest that fish and fish-inspired vehicles could use linear models for some aspects of lateral station-keeping, but would need nonlinear or semiempirical wake models for more advanced maneuvers.

The Simultaneous Embedment and Disembedment of Biomedicine : Intercorporeality and Patient Interaction at Hemodialysis Units in Riga and Stockholm

Sweden represents an unlikely case for the development of mafia-like organisations: the state is strong with a relatively well-functioning legal system; the political institutions are stable, trust ...

At the local scale, artificial impounded reservoirs in dry regions exert influence on the surrounding local climate. Impounded reservoirs have been found to alter precipitation patterns and increase temperature, specific humidity and surface evaporation. The consequences of impoundment or its related climatic changes on the surrounding vegetation are still not well understood. We here examined the potential effect on surrounding tree growth from the impoundment of the Ertan Reservoir, China, in 1998. We measured Yunnan pine tree rings at three sites on a slope close to the reservoir and two control sites far away from the reservoir. We compared the annual radial growth of tree rings at all sites with air temperature, precipitation and air humidity in the region. We also used cumulative distribution functions to quantify the probability of attributing radial growth changes to background climate variability. We find an enhancement of tree growth from 2000 to 2002, right after the reservoir's impounding in experimental and control sites. The tree growth can initially be explained by favourable conditions benefiting tree growth. However, we cannot entirely attribute such enhancement to the background climate variability when studying the relationship between tree growth and climatic variables over the 36 years and their probability of occurrence. Hence, we infer that the tree growth in the three years following impoundment can only be attributed to the simultaneous effect of favourable regional climate conditions and the reservoir's impoundment in itself. These conditions decrease vegetation stress by decreasing air temperature and increasing air relative humidity. Although the findings of this study shed more light on the environmental and climatic changes induced by the impoundment of reservoirs, they also call for the need of monitoring climatic variables in the vicinity of the reservoirs.

The Scottish pine network expansion has been an ongoing task since 2006 and funding must be acknowledged to the following projects: EU project ‘Millennium’ (017008-2), Leverhulme Trust project ‘RELiC: Reconstructing 8000 years of Environmental and Landscape change in the Cairngorms (F/00268/BG)’, the Native Oak and Pine project or ‘NOAP’ (Historic Scotland) and the NERC project ‘SCOT2K:Reconstructing 2000 years of Scottish climate from tree rings (NE/K003097/1)’. Further PhD funding for Milos Rydval is acknowledged from The Carnegie Trust. Dendroarchaeology almost exclusively uses ring-width (RW) data for dating historical structures and artefacts. Such data can be used to date tree-ring sequences when regional climate dominates RW variability. However, the signal in RW data can be obscured due to site specific ecological influences (natural and anthropogenic) that impact crossdating success. In this paper, using data from Scotland, we introduce a novel tree-ring parameter (Blue Intensity – BI) and explore its utility for facilitating dendro historical dating of conifer samples. BI is similar to latewood density as they both reflect the combined hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin content in the latewood cell walls of conifer species and the amount of these compounds is strongly controlled, at least for trees growing in temperature limited locations, by late summer temperatures. BI not only expresses a strong climate signal, but is also less impacted by site specific ecological influences. It can be concurrently produced with RW data from images of finely sanded conifer samples but at a significantly reduced cost compared to traditional latewood density. Our study shows that the probability of successfully crossdating historical samples is greatly increased using BI compared to RW. Furthermore, due to the large spatial extent of the summer temperature signal expressed by such data, a sparse multi-species conifer network of long BI chronologies across Europe could be used to date and loosely provenance imported material. Postprint