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Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to compare and analyze the modern productivity estimation techniques, namely, Levinsohn and Petrin (LP, 2003), Ackerberg Caves and Frazer (ACF, 2006), Wooldridge (2009) and Mollisi and Rovigatti (MR, 2017) on unit-level data of 32 Indian industries for the period 2009-2015. Design/methodology/approach: The paper first analyzes different issues encountered in total factor productivity (TFP) measurement. It then categorizes the productivity estimation techniques into three logical generations, namely, traditional, new and advanced. Next, it selects four contemporary estimation techniques, computes the industrial TFP for Indian states by using them and investigates their empirical outcomes. The paper also performs the robustness check to ascertain, which estimation technique is more robust. Findings: The result indicates that the TFP growth of Indian industries have differed greatly over this seven-years of period, but the estimates are sensitive to the techniques used. Further results suggest that ACF and Wooldridge yield the consistent outcomes as compared to LP and MR. The robustness test confirms Wooldridge to be the most robust contemporary technique for productivity estimation followed by ACF and LP. Originality/value: To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study that compares the contemporary productivity estimation techniques. In this backdrop, this paper offers two novelties. First, it uses advanced production estimation techniques to compute TFP of 32 diverse industries of an emerging economy: India. Second, it addresses the fitment of estimation techniques by drawing a comparison and by conducting a robustness test, hence, contributing to the limited literature on comparing contemporary productivity estimation techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Arquitectura (1657-0308) is the property of Universidad Catolica de Columbia, Facultad de Arquitectura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper analyses possible interpretations of the unbuilt Leonardo's project for the tiburio of the Milan cathedral, depicted in two sheets of the Codex Atlanticus, using digital tools, mainly 3D modelling techniques. Starting from existing studies and hypothetical reconstructions of Leonardo's project, exploiting only analogue methods (i.e. 2D drawing techniques), new indepth analyses are presented. In detail the use of 3D modelling allows a systematic analysis of the possible solutions for the ability to easily reconstruct the plan of each solution investigated starting from the section represented by Leonardo in the Codex Atlanticus. Results lead to multiple interpretative solutions of this complex architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Node-link diagrams are widely used to facilitate network explorations. However, when using a graph drawing technique to visualize networks, users often need to tune different algorithm-specific parameters iteratively by comparing the corresponding drawing results in order to achieve a desired visual effect. This trial and error process is often tedious and time-consuming, especially for non-expert users. Inspired by the powerful data modelling and prediction capabilities of deep learning techniques, we explore the possibility of applying deep learning techniques to graph drawing. Specifically, we propose using a graph-LSTM-based approach to directly map network structures to graph drawings. Given a set of layout examples as the training dataset, we train the proposed graph-LSTM-based model to capture their layout characteristics. Then, the trained model is used to generate graph drawings in a similar style for new networks. We evaluated the proposed approach on two special types of layouts (i.e., grid layouts and star layouts) and two general types of layouts (i.e., ForceAtlas2 and PivotMDS) in both qualitative and quantitative ways. The results provide support for the effectiveness of our approach. We also conducted a time cost assessment on the drawings of small graphs with 20 to 50 nodes. We further report the lessons we learned and discuss the limitations and future work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Croatica et Slavica Iadertina is the property of University of Zadar, Department of Croatian & Slavic Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Wool Textile Journal is the property of National Wool Textile Science & Technology Information Center and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study proposes an algorithm by using bead sequences and drawing techniques for multi-pass V-groove welding. Several points were prepared to form the weld bead shape. Then, a spline method called piecewise cubic Hermite interpolation was applied to describe the smooth curve shape of the multi-pass weld beads in Cartesian coordinates. This study simply considers the physical behavior of weld pool, such as surface tension, to describe the bead shapes differently along the layer position bead sequence. These techniques are useful to improve the welding procedure specification and thus reduce the time consumed in drawing the bead shapes to 1 s for thick-plate welding process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social capital is widely regarded as a collective resource with positive effects on the economic performance of cooperatives. This conclusion is based on the implicit assumption that social interactions between cooperative members would inexorably lead to the development of networks, norms and trust. This paper challenges the validity of this assumption. Conceptualizing social capital as a resource of the individual, it is argued that the interactions between cooperative members may lead to the establishment of a variety of complex social ties, some of which can negatively affect the economic performance of the organization. To illustrate this argument, the paper presents an exploratory case study of a small, manufacturing worker cooperative. Drawing on ethnographic techniques, the study identifies four organizational dynamics which are presumably affected by social capital: (1) the rule of surplus distribution; (2) the style of leadership; (3) the mechanisms of control; and (4) the criteria for recruiting and evaluating new members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The measurement of frequency characteristics, like magnitude and phase, related to a specific transfer function of DC--DC converters, can be a difficult task -- especially when the measured signal approaches the boundary of a small-signal model validity (i:e. 1/3 of the switching frequency fS). It is hard to find a paper where authors mention the measurement techniques they use to draw frequency characteristics. Meanwhile the presence of noise in the output signal does not enable to directly measure the gain and the phase shift between the input and output signals. In such situations additional analysis is required in order to achieve a reliable result. This paper contains a description of a few methods that can be used to analyse measured signals in order to determine the gain and the phase shift of a specific transfer function. They enable to verify mathematical models in a wide range of frequencies (up to 1/3 fS). The methods use signals measured in the time domain and can be implemented in mathematical software such as Matlab or Scilab. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arts & Education / Mistectvo ta Osvita is the property of Viktoriia Ragozina, editor in chief for Mistectvo ta Osvita and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Arts & Education / Mistectvo ta Osvita is the property of Viktoriia Ragozina, editor in chief for Mistectvo ta Osvita and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Online Journal of Art & Design is the property of Online Journal of Art & Design and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As an important branch of decoration of blue and white painting, folk blue and white painting not only has a very long history, but also has a very distinctive folklore and artistry. During the Ming and qing dynasties is an important period, in the development of the folk blue and white painting, the folk craftsmen through long-term study and practice, constantly familiar with drawing technique to master the method, combining folk life form, and folk painting decorative expression aesthetic demand, thus make the painting MinSuXing and artistic expression continuously into the blue and white porcelain painting in the process of development, become an important and indispensable component of ceramic decoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spin models are widely studied in the natural sciences, from investigating magnetic materials in condensed matter physics to studying neural networks. Previous work has demonstrated that there exist simple classical spin models that are universal: they can replicate—in a precise and rigorous sense—the complete physics of any other classical spin model, to any desired accuracy. However, all previously known universal models break translational invariance. In this paper we show that there exist translationally invariant universal models. Our main result is an explicit construction of a translationally invariant, 2D, nearest-neighbour, universal classical Hamiltonian with a single free parameter. The proof draws on techniques from theoretical computer science, in particular recent complexity theoretic results on tiling problems. Our results imply that there exists a single Hamiltonian which encompasses all classical spin physics, just by tuning a single parameter and varying the size of the lattice. We also prove that our construction is optimal in terms of the number of parameters in the Hamiltonian; there cannot exist a translationally invariant universal Hamiltonian with only the lattice size as a parameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electron beam melting(EBM) is a useful technique to obtain high-purity metal ingots. It is also used for melting refractory metals such as tantalum, which require melting techniques employing a high-energy heat source. Drawing is a method which is used to convert the ingot into a wire shape. The required thickness of the wire is achieved by drawing the ingot from a drawing die with a hole of similar size. This process is used to achieve high purity tantalum springs, which are an essential component of lithography lamp in semiconductor manufacturing process. Moreover, high-purity tantalum is used in other applications such as sputtering targets for semiconductors. Studies related to recycling of tantalum from these components have not been carried out until now. The recycling of tantalum is vital for environmental and economic reasons. In order to obtain high-purity tantalum ingot, in this study impurities contained in the scrap were removed by electron beam melting after pre-treatment using aqua regia. The purity of the ingot was then analyzed to be more than 4N5 (99.995%). Subsequently, drawing was performed using the rod melted by electron beam melting. Owing to continuous drawing, the diameter of the tantalum wire decreased to 0.5 mm from 9 mm. The hardness and oxygen concentration of the tantalum ingot were 149 Hv and less than 300 ppm, respectively, whereas the hardness of the tantalum wire was 232.12 Hv. In conclusion, 4N5 grade tantalum wire was successfully fabricated from tantalum scrap by EBM and drawing techniques. Furthermore, procedure to successfully recycle Tantalum from scraps was established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Journal of Education Faculty is the property of Mehmet Akif Ersoy Universitesi Egitim Fakultesi Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: Greater tuberosity fractures are challenging lesions concerning decision-making. In order to improve our treatment algorithm, we developed a new method, which allows predicting a possible subacromial conflict on standard anteroposterior radiographs, considering not only the displacement of the fragment but also the width of the subacromial space.Methods: The measurement technique consisted of drawing three concentric circles on true anteroposterior radiographs. The inner circle (radius Rh) perfectly matched the humeral head surface. The medial circle (radius Rt) was tangent to the greater tuberosity, and the outer circle (radius Ra) touched the undersurface of the acromion. The ratio Rt/Rh, which describes how much the greater tuberosity projects above the articular surface, and the relationship (Rt-Rh)/(Ra-Rh), which quantifies the space occupied by the greater tuberosity under the acromion, were calculated and called Greater Tuberosity Index and Impingement Index, respectively. Five dry humeri were used to assess the influence of rotation and abduction on the Greater Tuberosity Index. The radiographs of 80 shoulders without any osseous pathology were analyzed to obtain reference values for both indices. Finally, greater tuberosity fractures with different displacements were created in five cadaver specimens, and subacromial impingement was correlated with these parameters.Results: On anteroposterior radiographs, the greater tuberosity was most prominent in neutral rotation, regardless of abduction. In shoulders without osseous pathology, the Greater Tuberosity Index and the Impingement Index averaged 1.15 (range 1.06-1.28) and 0.46 (range 0.21-0.67). In the biomechanical experiments, the Impingement Index was a better discriminator for subacromial impingement than the Greater Tuberosity Index. A fracture with a displacement corresponding to an Impingement Index of 0.71 or greater was associated with subacromial impingement.Conclusions: Reduction of a displaced greater tuberosity fragment should be considered if the Impingement Index is 0.7 or greater. The measurement method is simple and reliable and has the potential to be used for the assessment of subacromial impingement in other conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is widely believed that assays of platelet activation are susceptible to preanalytical variables related to blood draw technique. We assessed platelet activation by whole blood flow cytometry and investigated the effects of: (1) drawing blood into vacuum tubes or manually aspirated syringes, and (2) discarding the first drawn blood sample (discard tube). Platelet P-selectin expression and platelet-monocyte complexes were measured by flow cytometry under both basal conditions and following stimulation with 0.1, 1, or 10 µM ADP. Bland-Altman plots demonstrated agreement between results for vacuum tube and syringe-aspirated samples with an a priori-defined clinically relevant agreement limit of 5%. Agreement of results was also observed between discard tube and second draw samples for both vacuum-driven and manually aspirated blood. We conclude that a vacuum tube or a manually-aspirated syringe can be used when assessing platelet activation by flow cytometry and that there is no need for a discard tube. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Minireview highlights the application of crystallization as a very powerful in situ product removal (ISPR) technique in biocatalytic process design. Special emphasis is placed on its use for in situ product crystallization (ISPC) to overcome unfavorable thermodynamic reaction equilibria, inhibition, and undesired reactions. The combination of these unit operations requires an interdisciplinary perspective to find a holistic solution for the underlying bioprocess intensification approach. Representative examples of successful integrated process options are selected, presented, and assessed regarding their overall productivity and applicability. In addition, parallels to the use of adsorption as a very similar technique are drawn and similarities discussed. Crystallization and biocatalysis: In situ product crystallization is a powerful technique to overcome fundamental limitations in biocatalytic reactions, for example, unfavorable reaction equilibria or product inhibitions (see figure). This Minireview presents basic process considerations within (early) process development and illustrates the high potential of crystallization with selected examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document presents the results of research on the perception of the museum by younger children (aged 5 to 7 years). The research was carried out in a group of 250 children attending kindergartens in the Silesian Voivodship. The results of the research served to get to know how children perceive the museum as an institution, its tasks and functions. This knowledge should be preceded by all educational activities of museums. The qualitative strategy with the methodology associated with the interpretive paradigm was chosen for the implementation of the research. Assuming that children are not able to accurately answer questions related to defining concepts and phenomena, research should be based on such methods of expression that would reproduce the image of the analyzed phenomenon in the most readable manner possible. One of the most frequently used forms of observation of children's ideas about the world are children's drawings. Hence drawing as a research technique, in the case of children's questions about phenomena and definitions, it proved to be the most appropriate research tool, allowing to reproduce these fragments of knowledge, experiences, insights and opinions of children who can't be verbalized. This did not mean giving up verbal statements. From the research experience it is clear that these two methods of data acquisition, in the case of younger children, should occur together, eliminating any possible understatements resulting from the use of any of the methods separately. Their simultaneous use eliminated possible false ways of reading data. That is why, apart from the drawing (as projection techniques), the method of focused group interviews was used. Interviews were conducted with children in groups (8 groups in total), the number of which ranged from 5 to 8 people. As a result of the research, a rich research material was obtained, including 250 drawings and over a two-hour collection of verbal statements. Detailed analysis with conclusions is the content of this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freehand sketching is an important part of the design process that allows one to communicate in a quick and gestural way the first ideas about new concepts and is a medium for graphic thinking. It is important for architects and designers because it is a mechanism of representation, conceptualization, and abstraction for the communication between the creators and their audience. All academic courses related to industrial design include subjects aimed at acquiring skills in the use of manual tools of graphic representation, recognizing their importance in the integral training of the designer. However, sometimes the methodologies implemented in some subjects fail to develop adequately the skills of the students, who finish their studies with shortcomings in the field of graphic representation. This paper describes exercises that are part of a methodology designed to help students of industrial design acquire the skills to make an agile and effective use of freehand sketching. Through different uses of the elements of formal expression, the exercises address topics such as shape analysis, composition, light, color, and descriptive illustration. The methodology is applied experimentally in a subject of the bachelor's degree in industrial design and product development engineering at Universitat Jaume I, introducing the students to different instruments and techniques of sketching and proposing various enriching ways of direct observation of the objectual reality that surrounds them. The paper concludes by evaluating the positive impact of the implemented methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseño y Comunicación is the property of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseno y Comunicacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the field of Nuclear Forensics, there exists a plethora of different tools to aid investigators when performing analysis of unknown nuclear materials. Many of these tools offer visual representations of the uranium ore concentrate (UOC) materials that include complimentary and contrasting information. In this paper, we present a novel technique drawing from state-of-the-art machine learning methods that allows information from scanning electron microscopy images (SEM) to be combined to create digital encodings of the material that can be used to determine the material's processing route. Our technique can classify UOC processing routes with greater than 96% accuracy in a fraction of a second and can be adapted to unseen samples at similarly high accuracy. The technique's high accuracy and speed allow forensic investigators to quickly get preliminary results, while generalization allows the model to be adapted to new materials or processing routes quickly without the need for complete retraining of the model. • Classifying the processing routes of images of uranium ore concentrates with greater than 96% accuracy. • Creating encodings of uranium ore concentrate images using multiple views. • Generalize to unseen classes with high accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This correction notice pertains to an article titled "Finding Words for Feeling Bodies: Exploring Drawing Techniques in Dutch Care Practices" published in the journal Medical Anthropology. The correction involves the reordering and renaming of several drawings within the article. The corrected order and titles of the drawings are provided in the notice. [Extracted from the article]

A method of fabricating dual-core photonic crystal fiber(PCF) using secondary drawing technique is presented. The diameter of fiber core can be reduced to 4 μ m by placing the thin preform into glass sleeve for secondary drawing. Dual-core PCF, partial dual-core PCF and non-centrosymmetric dual-core PCF are successfully prepared by secondary drawing technology combined with air pressure regulation. A curvature sensing system is built. When the length of partial dual-core PCF is 105 mm, the measured curvature sensitivity is − 3.79944 nm/m−1. Through the water bath temperature experiment, the measured temperature sensitivity is 21 pm/ ∘ C, and the cross interference caused by temperature value on curvature value is very small. When the length of non-centrosymmetric dual-core PCF is 207 mm, the curvature sensitivity measured by forward bending and negative bending is 4.68429 nm/m−1 and − 4.68808 nm/m−1, respectively. The measured temperature sensitivity is − 13 pm/ ∘ C, and the cross interference of temperature on curvature can be ignored. • The secondary drawing technology is proposed to prepare PCF. • In the process of preparing PCF, the problem of pore collapse is solved. • Dual-core PCFs are prepared, and the core diameter is reduced to below 4 um. • The sensing system is established, and curvature and temperature are measured. • The cross-interference of temperature on curvature is very small. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a novel deep drawing forming technique, which involved cooling dangerous areas with high plastic deformation using liquid nitrogen, was introduced to enhance the formability of complex-shaped aluminum alloy components. Uniaxial tensile tests were conducted on Al-Cu series alloys at different temperatures, demonstrating that decreasing the temperature from room temperature (RT) to cryogenic temperature (CT) increased the uniform elongation by over 50%. A deep drawing numerical simulation model was established for a complex-shaped component used in aircraft body opening frame, and a set of forming molds that can control the cooling areas was designed based on the strain distribution. The results of the forming experiment showed that the new deep drawing technique successfully fabricated the component without cracks, whereas the conventional cold forming technique resulted in large-scale cracks at the bottom of the component. The mechanism behind the enhanced ductility of aluminum alloys was analyzed using dislocation slip, grain deformation, serrated flow, and fracture observations. • The formability of aluminum alloy sheet was significantly increased at cryogenic temperature. • The homogeneous of thickness and microstructures during forming process were studied. • The deformation mechanism of aluminum alloy at cryogenic temperature were systematically analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• FMR-analysis show that the biphase microwires with soft/soft asymmetric shell behaves similarly to fully covered biphase microwires. • MOKE give a deeper information of the surface magnetic azimuthal profile of an asymmetric shell. • Novel asymmetric bimagnetic microwires are suggested to be useful as sensitive elements for sensor devices. A new type of multilayered microwires with a partially covering shell and bimagnetic character is here introduced. A precursor Pyrex-coated Fe-based microwire was fabricated by quenching and drawing technique, and subsequently an outer magnetic shell was deposited by magnetron sputtering covering only partly the precursor microwire (contrary to previously reported fully covered wires). Particularly, an amorphous magnetically soft core (Fe 77.5 B 15 Si 7.5) was selected in this study and a polycrystalline shell (FeNi soft or Co hard) covered only half of microwire along the axis. After performing a geometry and surface roughness characterization, their surface azimuthal static magnetic profile was determined by magneto-optic Kerr-magnetometer, MOKE. In addition, the ferromagnetic resonance, FMR, response was experimentally studied by Network Analyzer up to 16 GHz frequency where the contributions of internal core and partly covering shell are analyzed and compared with fully covered microwires. The magnetoelastic behavior of such asymmetric bimagnetic microwires open up new perspectives to employ such materials for sensing and biomedical tweezer applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents data about wildlife crime in Croatia. The data were gathered from qualitative interviews and personal communications with individuals involved in wildlife crime-related research, and/or prevention and detection work or recreation. The results show that poaching is a recognized problem. There is a variety of commonly poached mammals, fish and bird species. We conclude that evidence about wildlife crime should be collated drawing on forensic techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tracing the development of conceptual tools and experimental practice in the domain of chemistry from 1700 to 1900, Manuel DeLanda's I Philosophical Chemistry: Genealogy of a Scientific Field i makes a significant contribution to the history and philosophy of chemistry most directly, while drawing important conclusions for the production of knowledge across disciplinary boundaries. DeLanda's specific methodology involves the analysis of chemistry textbooks, understood as representatives of scholarly consensus of a particular time. DeLanda then explains how by tracking the development of cognitive content in individual and generalized forms through the field of chemistry, and it becomes possible to understand how the field itself is produced, structured, and pluralized into subspecialities. [Extracted from the article]

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses articles in the issue on topics including drawing techniques, significance of hand drawing in school education and teaching of hand drawing in the architecture.

Despite its popularity, there is limited information available about the particularities of the anime production model and the tools used during its meticulous creation process, in which traditional drawing and painting techniques are effectively combined with digital tools. One of the possible causes of this ignorance about the process of elaboration of the anime, apart from the strict confidentiality rules of any animation studio, is the difficulty to find original material that shows in detail how an animation is created in Japan and what tools they use to give life to those characters with bulging eyes and pointed hair that have fascinated us for so many years —and still continue to do so. In this article, Antonio Horno —renowned promoter of anime culture in Spain and author of the book El lenguaje del anime. Del papel a la pantalla (Diábolo, 2017)— will show us the different stages that make up this creative process and some of the most used computer programs in Japanese studies, highlighting those particularities that, regardless of the artistic factor or style, come to establish the hallmark of the current anime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thickness of a graph G = (V,E) with n vertices is the minimum number of planar subgraphs of G whose union is G. A polyline drawing of G in ℝ² is a drawing Г of G, where each vertex is mapped to a point and each edge is mapped to a polygonal chain between the corresponding endpoints. Bend and layer complexities are two important aesthetics of such a drawing. The bend complexity of Г is the maximum number of bends per edge in Г, and the layer complexity of Г is the minimum integer r such that the set of polygonal chains in Г can be partitioned into r disjoint sets, where each set corresponds to a planar polyline drawing. Let G be a graph of thickness t. By Fáry's theorem, if t = 1, then G can be drawn on a single layer with bend complexity 0. A few extensions to higher thickness are known, e.g., if t = 2 (resp., t > 2), then G can be drawn on t planar layers with bend complexity 2 (resp., 3n+O(1)). In this paper we present an elegant extension of Fáry's theorem to draw graphs of thickness t > 2. We first prove that thickness-t graphs can be drawn on t planar layers with 2:25n + O(1) bends per edge. We then develop another technique to draw thickness-t graphs on t planar layers with bend complexity O(√2t·n1-(1/β), where β = 2[(t-2)/2]. If t is fixed, then this gives a sublinear bound on the bend complexity. Previously, the bend complexity was not known to be sublinear for any t > 2. Finally, we show that graphs with linear arboricity k can be drawn on k planar layers with bend complexity 3(k-1)n/(4k-2). Note that we do not compute the edge-partition of the given graph into t planar subgraphs or into k linear forests, but we assume that such a partition is given as an input to our algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging technologies allow digital production to be used within the initial stages of architectural design. The design process, in which drawing is the main tool, is affected with the rapid increase of digital production in the building sector and increasing awareness on digital drawing and production/fabrication is an undeniable fact of 21st century. In this context, the article investigates the status of hand (manual) and computer (digital) based drawings in architectural education; the students' perceptions and its effects on their performances. A case study -within the context of the Construction Systems II course given at the Architecture Department of Çankaya University-has been conducted to evaluate/quantify the students' perceptions in order to demonstrate the advantages and disadvantages of hand and computer based drawings. Positive correlations of the familiarity to the drawing tool with easy correction of mistakes and relation of familiarity to the drawing tool with time management is observed. Based on the research; there is not a significant difference between hand based or computer based tools regarding spent time for the work in student practices; however, the process regarding revision, correction, or composition of drawing decreases time spent in computer aided drawing. Consequentlyit has been noticed that as the capability in drawing tool increased, the class performance of students increased too. The outcomes of the case study based on observations, evaluation, questionnaires and analysis covering an academicterm, are discussed in detail within the scope of the article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Sketch simplification is a critical part of cartoon drawing work. Some existing approaches are already capable of simplifying simple sketches, but in some cases, they are still insufficient because of method diversity of sketch drawing and complexity of sketch content. In this paper, we present a novel approach of building the model for sketch simplification, which is based on the conditional random field (CRF) and Least Squares generative adversarial networks (LSGAN). Through the zero-sum game of the generator and the discriminator in the model and the restriction of the conditional random field, the model can generate the simplified images, which are more similar to standard line images. The dataset we build contains a large number of image pairs that are drawn in different painting ways and with different contents. Finally, experiments show that our approach can obtain better results than the state of the art approaches in sketch simplification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comparative analysis of the drawing techniques (i.e. tools, materials and procedures) used in eighteenth-century manuscript topographic maps of European countries. The application of analytical methods from the field of art history to analyse the graphical means of expression in a sample of 11 maps, which are both unique and characteristic of eighteenth-century cartography, provides a new perspective for examining the relationship between drawing techniques and aesthetic responses to topographic subjects. The study concludes that drawing techniques are an important aspect in the evolution of the professional and aesthetic visualization of European topography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is concerned with copying and imitation in ceramic art, i.e. it looks into how these activities applied in artistic practice make it (im)possible for an imitation to qualify as an original artwork. The question is raised whether original work is possible without creating any new aesthetic content. The analysis of copying focuses on such practices as imitation of Chinese ceramics, mimicking involved in the invention of European porcelain and in the learning technique of spontaneous drawing as well as repetition of shapes in pottery making. Copying of Chinese ceramics, a common practice in Europe, has survived to this day; for example, tiled stoves at the Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania have been restored in this manner. Research into the potential of porcelain imitation led me to create a collection of vases entitled Pinniped vs Louhan. I attempted triple replication and re-created the vases. While questioning the idea of newness in art, I find that copying, as a specific research method, ensures major opportunities for investigation. By appropriating or making use of someone else's artwork in order to give it a different, personal meaning, one can open up infinite possibilities for reconstructing works of art. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research develops, validates, and applies a scale for evaluating the Six-Member Collaborative Drawing Technique (S-CDT) for measuring individual collaborative tendencies in pictorial expression; the Collaborative Art Elements Scale (CAES) comprises eight criteria for rating the S-CDT. The S-CDT involves structured art therapy assessment, wherein a group of six people draw together a community on a single sheet of large paper; the drawings’ formal elements are used to assess collaborative tendency. In this study, there were 437 participants (205 men, 215 women; age: 18–35 years). In the development of the rating scale, 20 initial items were examined and reviewed by experts over three sessions, to establish content validity; following factor analyses, the CAES was validated and eight items were derived to evaluate the S-CDT. The intra-class coefficient (ICC), at .89, and the intra-rater reliability, at .87–.93, were satisfactory, demonstrating reliability. Eight items were established as scoring criteria for pictorial expressions in the group-unit drawing assessment. Based on the evaluation, this research found that Factor 1 (energy) and Factor 2 (harmony) affect completion of the group task in the S-CDT. Overall, as scored by the CAES, the S-CDT is an effective group-unit assessment of participants’ collaboration in group artwork. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following text is an extract from the book, published in 2017, „Entwurf und Entgrenzung. Kontradispositive der Zeichnung 1955-1975". With his book, which deals with the description of graphic processes and discourses during the period from 1955 to 1975, Toni Hildebrandt presents a far-sighted examination of drawing that takes an interdisciplinary approach in its enquiries, perspectives and proposals and also provides stimuli for art education, respectively drawing-didactic considerations. He emphasises that the ability to draw is not ‚given' to people/children, but is learnt, and examines the role played by the hand, respectively handedness, as ‚docta manus' (taught, trained hand) in the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]