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Tailored design and fabrication of microwave absorption materials is of great importance to the development of electromagnetic technology. In the present work, we report a facile solvothermal method to construct Fe3O4/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) composites with adjustable morphologies and components. The effect of rGO content on the Fe3O4 morphology is investigated and it is found that the morphology of Fe3O4 varies from self-assembled solid/flower-like structure to monodisperse nanoparticles with the increase of rGO content. Impressively, the corresponding microwave absorption performance of the Fe3O4/rGO composites is remarkably improved due to the synergistic electric and magnetic effect between rGO and Fe3O4. Specifically, when the amount of GO is 10 wt. %, the as-prepared Fe3O4/rGO composite shows a minimum reflection loss of −64.7 dB at 6.6 GHz with an absorber thickness of 4.5 mm and a broad effective absorption bandwidth of 13.6 GHz with the thickness of 1.5–5 mm. Our result shows that an appropriate amount of rGO can achieve matched impedance matching value resulting in the enhancement of electromagnetic absorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-dimensional flower-like tungsten oxide nanoplates sequentially doped with Co at different concentrations were fabricated using a single solvothermal process. The response of the nanostructure of the n-type tungsten oxide used for sensing ethanol gas, which is a reducing gas, changed sequentially according to the process temperature and doping concentration of Co. This response cannot be attributed to a single reason, but it can be regarded as a result of the combination of several complicated direct and indirect phenomena such as (1) point, line, and cross-section defects on the surface, (2) change in initial resistance corresponding to doping concentration, (3) catalytic effect of dopant, and (4) difference in energy level at heterojunctions. Therefore, unlike in the case of other gas sensing methods that depend on a main cause or mechanism, it might be meaningful in the case of ethanol gas sensing to analyse each cause and predict the results of different combinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The varying molar ratios of nickel-cobalt/sulphide nanoparticles coated on bio-carbon (Ni1.5Co0.5S/C, Ni1Co1S/C and Ni0.5Co1.5S/C), nickel-chalcogenide/bio-carbon (NiS/C) and cobalt-chalcogenide/bio-carbon (CoS/C) have been prepared though a facile single-step in situ solvothermal route using livestock poultry waste chicken feathers as sources for bio-carbon and bio-sulphur. The catalysts developed were characterized using different analytical techniques, viz., X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX) and cyclic voltammetry. The results obtained from the electrochemical characterization studies, it was inferred that the Ni1Co1S/C nanocatalyst possesses the higher methanol (0.5 M) oxidation current density in 0.5 M KOH with minimum onset potential when compared to that of other green composite catalysts, Ni1.5Co0.5S/C, Ni0.5Co1.5S/C and NiS/C developed in the present work. Further, the green nanocomposite Ni1Co1S/C synthesized was subjected to different studies in order to assess and ascertain its super capacitor characteristics. The results confirmed that the green nanocatalyst Ni1Co1S/C possesses the maximum value of specific capacitance of 785 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1 in 3.0 M KOH solution. The enhanced performance of Ni1Co1S/C catalyst developed in the present work makes it suitable for the power generation and storage application, in addition to have an advantage of value added product of bio-carbon and sulphur derived from sustainable and renewable resource of livestock poultry waste. The present work is also considered as the first attempt to develop green nanocomposite Ni-Co sulphide/C electrocatalysts through a facile and cost-effective method and can be used for the development of direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) and super capacitor device design applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Annually, antimicrobial-resistant infections-related mortality worldwide accelerates due to the increased use of antibiotics during the coronavirus pandemic and the antimicrobial resistance, which grows exponentially, and disproportionately to the current rate of development of new antibiotics. Nanoparticles can be an alternative to the current therapeutic approach against multi-drug resistance microorganisms caused infections. The motivation behind this work was to find a superior antibacterial nanomaterial, which can be efficient, biocompatible, and stable in time. This study evaluated the antibacterial activity of ZnO-based nanomaterials with different morphologies, synthesized through the solvothermal method and further modified with Au nanoparticles through wet chemical reduction. The structure, crystallinity, and morphology of ZnO and ZnO/Au nanomaterials have been investigated with XRD, SEM, TEM, DLS, and FTIR spectroscopy. The antibacterial effect of unmodified ZnO and ZnO/Au nanomaterials against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was investigated through disc diffusion and tetrazolium/formazan (TTC) assays. The results showed that the proposed nanomaterials exhibited significant antibacterial effects on the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Furthermore, ZnO nanorods with diameters smaller than 50 nm showed better antibacterial activity than ZnO nanorods with larger dimensions. The antibacterial efficiency against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus improved considerably by adding 0.2% (w/w) Au to ZnO nanorods. The results indicated the new materials’ potential for antibacterial applications.

In this study, a series of Ni10MoxAl composite metal oxide (Ni10MoxAl, NiO = 10 wt.%, x = 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20 wt.%) catalysts with different Mo content were prepared by a solvothermal method using a water—ethanol system. By employing various characterization technologies, it was confirmed that the suitable amount of the Mo element can not only promote the dispersion of the Ni species but also inhibit the formation of the inactive NiAl2O4 phase. Consequently, the hydrogenation activity of the Ni10MoxAl catalysts was affected by the particle size of the active components and the amount of the NiAl2O4 phase. As a result, the Ni10Mo10Al catalyst showed the best catalytic performance on methyl acrylate hydrogenation, and the yield of methyl propionate can be increased from 53.7% to 89.5% at 100 °C and 1 MP H2, compared with the Ni10Mo10/γ–Al2O3 catalyst prepared by a traditional impregnation method. The stability of the Ni10Mo10Al catalyst was also investigated, and the catalyst can run stably for 23 h. The novel strategy adopted in this article provides a new direction for the preparation of high activity Ni–Mo catalysts.

Biomass carbon dots (CDs) have the characteristics of being green, nontoxic, inexpensive, and simple to prepare, and they can be used in luminescence-related fields. In this study, red, green, and blue luminescent CDs were synthesised by a simple hydrothermal method under alkaline, neutral, and acidic conditions using TA as carbon source and o-phthalaldehyde as blend. The unique optical properties of these CDs are due to the differences in their degrees of conjugation, which can be controlled by the pH value of the reaction system. These three kinds of biomass CDs have good applications in light-emitting diodes (LEDs). By mixing biomass CDs with epoxy resin, warm, and cold white LEDs with Commission Internationale de l’Elcairage (CIE) coordinates (0.35, 0.36) were successfully constructed on extremely stable multicolour CDs. This study shows that these biomass CDs are a promising material for white LED lighting.

Cuprous oxide (Cu2O) is an attractive material for a number of device and industrial applications. In this study, solvothermal method has been employed to synthesize Cu2−xMnxO (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.07) nanoparticles, and the effect of Mn concentration on structural, electronic, and conducting properties has been discussed. X-ray diffraction (XRD) data confirmed that all samples crystallized in cubic structure without any impurity phases. X-rays photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) also confirmed the incorporation of Mn in Cu2O lattice as Mn+2 in doped samples. Moreover, the presence of Cu+2 in the XPS spectra suggests that CuO is present at the surface region in the form of an amorphous thin layer on the Cu2O since it was not observed in XRD spectra. Multiple electronic transitions including those related to the presence of Mn were observed in Photoluminescence (PL) data consistent with the literature. Linear trend in the I-V characteristics was observed in both pure and doped samples due to the ohmic nature of the contact with the Ag electrode. The observed increase in conductivity with Mn content may be related to electron hopping conduction and large surface area (particle sizes ~ 11–15 nm) of the doped samples. The obtained results suggest that Mn has great potential to improve the electronic and conducting properties of Cu2O making it promising material for photocatalytic, solar energy and optoelectronic applications.

Mg(OH)2 nanorods were successfully prepared by two-step method. The precursor was obtained by hydrolyzed the MgCl2 in NH3·H2O solution, and then, it transformed into Mg(OH)2 nanorods by a simple solvothermal method without any surfactant or catalyst. The influences of synthesis parameters on the morphological characteristics and sizes of Mg(OH)2 nanoparticles were investigated, such as the proportion of EtOH–H2O solvent, the reaction temperature, and the treatment time. XRD and FESEM were used to characterize the structure, morphology, and composition of the samples. This method is lower costing, simple and environmentally benign, thus, it should be easy to be scaled up for industrial production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strontium (Sr) can be introduced into hydroxyapatite (HA) crystals and stimulate new bone formation. In this study, the single-crystalline Sr-substituted HA microtubes with hexagonal cross-sections are synthesized under the regulation of Sr2+ via the oleic acid-assisted solvothermal method. The morphology of the as-prepared products changes from ultralong flexible nanofibers to hexagonal microtubes with the increasing Sr/(Sr + Ca) ratio. Microtubes can be formed when a small amount of Sr is doped into HA, with the optimal substitution ratio of Sr2+ being ~6%. The inner and outer diameters of the synthetic Sr-substituted HA microtubes are about 1.6 and 2.3 μm, respectively. Moreover, the effects of Sr2+ dopping on the formation process and mechanism of microtubes were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Recently, binder‐free nanostructured materials provide a great opportunity for advanced lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) owing to their improved electrical conductivity with good porous structure. NiCo2O4 (NCO) nanostructures were successfully deposited on copper foam (CF) substrate to form porous three‐dimensional (3D) NCO@CF hybrid structures via a simple solvothermal synthesis, followed by further heat treatment at 300°C (designated as NCO@CF‐300) and 400°C (NCO@CF‐400). The as‐prepared samples revealed distinctly mixed morphologies of 2D nanosphere and nanowire‐like structures, tuned by the further heat treatment. Both the electrodes could be explored as a binder‐free anode for next‐generation LIBs. It is demonstrated that the good integration of 2D morphology of NCO with 3D architectured CF has a significant effect on its electrochemical results. For the first cycle, binder‐free NCO@CF‐300 and NCO@CF‐400 electrodes delivered the discharge capacity values of 1946 and 2637 mA h g−1, respectively, at 500 mA g−1. Moreover, the NCO@CF‐300 electrode exhibited stable reversible capacity and good rate capability. From these results, the growth of NCO nanostructures on the CF can be suggested as a potential anode material for high‐performance Li‐ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CaTi2O5 was selectively prepared by a solvothermal process without template and surfactant. The phase of the as-prepared samples was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The microstructure was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results found that pH values had a crucial effect on the crystal phase and shape evolution of the samples. CaTi2O5 sample prepared at pH of 5.2 shows high efficient light harvesting, large surface area and crystallinity. Moreover, CaTi2O5 shuttle-like sample shows good photocatalytic activity against methyl orange due to its longer and thinner shuttle-like morphology and high crystallinity, enhanced light harvesting and large surface area. The photocatalytic rate of CaTi2O5 shuttle-like structure reaches 0.1988 min−1 for 25-min methyl orange degradation under the ultraviolet light irradiation and displays an excellent photostability with a degradation efficiency of 0.1952 min−1 after four cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, single-phase Hf 6 Ta 2 O 17 spherical powders with uniform particle sizes were successfully synthesized by a solvothermal method and heat treatment at a relatively low temperature (1000 °C). After pressure-less sintering at 1700 °C, bulk ceramics with a relative density of 96.30% could be obtained, and the micromorphology was combined by large rod-shaped particles. The thermophysical property of Hf 6 Ta 2 O 17 ceramics and the influencing factors were investigated. The thermal conductivity was 1.62 W/(m·K) at 1500 °C, which was lower than that of traditional 8YSZ, indicating that Hf 6 Ta 2 O 17 was more suitable for thermal barrier coatings. Doping other elements could be expected to improve the properties of Hf 6 Ta 2 O 17 ceramics. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • LiFePO 4 with various morphologies was tunable synthesized using phytic acid. • The material with hierarchical structure exhibited outstanding electrochemical performance. • The reaction mechanism was proposed through time-dependent experiments. • The mechanism will provide a new development for preparing electrode materials. LiFePO 4 has been widely considered as a promising cathode material for lithium ion batteries because of its nontoxicity, high specific capacity, good safety characteristics and low cost. However, the actual fabrication of LiFePO 4 typically uses LiH 2 PO 4 , NH 4 H 2 PO 4 or H 3 PO 4 as phosphorus sources, possibly leading to the corrosion of the experimental facilities and release of toxic gas during the synthesis process. Hence, we use phytic acid (PhyA) as a new eco-friendly and sustainable phosphorus source to synthesize LiFePO 4. Results show that the reaction time and temperature have significant effects on the morphology. LiFePO 4 prepared at 180 °C for 4 h (LFP-4) shows unique hierarchical structure and exhibits best electrochemical performance over a wide test temperature (25–55 °C). Through time-dependent experiments to explore the reaction mechanism of LiFePO 4 , it is found that an intermediate Fe 3 (PO 4) 2 is produced that acts as the substrate for the subsequent preparation of LiFePO 4. After carbon coating, LFP/C-4 (after carbon coating, LFP-4 labeled as LFP/C-4) shows an outstanding initial discharge capacity (156.9 mAh g−1, 1C at 25 °C) and high temperature behavior (147.1 and 126.8 mAh g−1 at 1C and 2C under 55 °C). This result is highly important for the controllable synthesis and improvement of electrochemical characteristics of LiFePO 4 cathode material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple procedure of solvothermal synthesis of Silver doped Nickel ferrite nanoparticle is described in this paper for the application of drug delivery. The microwave absorption and SERS phenomena of silver nanoparticles and water-absorbent property of the polymer material such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) to bypass fast identification by the antibodies are made use in the synthesis of Ag-doped nickel ferrite with PEG as a solvent. The ferrite sample was distinguished using XRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM, and VSM. The absorption wavelength and corresponding band gap energy were calculated by UV-Vis spectroscopy. The drug delivery efficiency of silver doped nickel ferrite sample was conducted with curcumin by changing pH, initial drug concentration and specified magnetic field. Results prove that the addition of silver and polyethylene glycol in nickel ferrites changes the properties of the nanoparticle and recognised as a good material for drug delivery applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate and efficient detection of ClO− was extremely important due to the harm of ROS in the environment and organism. In this paper, yellow fluorescent N,O-CDs were successfully prepared by the solvothermal method. The microscopic size of the N,O-CDs was approximately spherical with an average particle size of 4.8 ± 0.8 nm. The fluorescence quantum yield in ethanol solution was calculated as 10.5 % using fluorescein as the standard reference. The as-fabricated N,O-CDs had high sensitivity and low detection limit (7.5 µM) for quantitatively detecting ClO− with a linear range from 0.07 mM to 0.16 mM. The probe not only shows good selectivity and anti-interference to metal ions, anions and amino acids but also has excellent light stability and thermal stability. Also, a wide selection range for pH was demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A facile one-step solvothermal method to synthesize SnS/SnO2/C nanocluster particles has been reported. The nanocluster particles are derived from SnS2/C composite materials by adjusting pyrolysis temperature at 600 °C within 6 h under N2 atmosphere. When assessed as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), SnS/SnO2/C nanocluster particles can deliver a high initial discharge capacity of 1978 mA h g−1 and maintain high discharge capacity of 638 mA h g−1 after 50 cycles at a current density of 100 mA g−1, which is better than other pyrolysis products derived from SnS2/C materials. This work indicates that SnS/SnO2/C nanocluster particles may be a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries and provides a simple method to construct ternary composite materials for energy storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The peculiar magnetic properties of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SIONs) have spurred great interest in their potential application in enhancing medical images and drug delivery. Currently hindering the application of nanomagnetic particles in these fields is due to SIONs nonuniform size distribution, agglomeration, non-crystallinity, and low magnetic moment. In this paper, magnetic nanocrystals of different sizes and morphologies were prepared by the solvothermal method, which utilized an n-hexane-surfactant system with Fe(acac)3 and iron-powder precursors. The crystalline structure and particle size of grown SIONs are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). HRTEM showed that the SIONs were approximately 5.6–6.8 nm in size with no agglomeration and a uniform distribution. Within the reaction time, HRTEM also confirmed that the shape and nanocrystals of SIONs had changed from an irregular crystal shape to triangles and quadrilaterals, and finally to hexagonal nanoparticles. According to the test results of the magnetic properties test and the literature, the material that has been synthesized is a superparamagnetic material. And the maximum saturation magnetization was 62.65 emu/g, which is reported among the largest magnetic properties of SIONs at a size of 6.8 nm. Highlights: The SIONs are approximately 5.6–6.8 nm in size with no agglomeration and a uniform distribution. The maximum saturation magnetization was 62.65 emu/g, which is reported among the largest magnetic properties of SIONs at a size of 6.8 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• La-modified NiAl catalysts derived from hydrotalcite-like precursor were prepared. • Excellent low-temperature activity was obtained over the La-modified NiAl catalyst. • The stability of NiAl catalyst was greatly improved with the modification of La. • La improves the dispersion of active Ni, promotes the reducibility of NiO. • The introduction of La can inhibit the agglomeration of Ni particles. A series of La-modified NiAl catalysts based on the hydrotalcite-like precursor were prepared by the ethylene glycol solvothermal method and used for CO 2 methanation. As a dopant, La3+ was used for replacing Al3+. Under the condition of T = 225 °C, WHSV = 24000 mL/(g∙h), P = 1.0 atm, CO 2 conversion reaches 82.3 % as the substitution degree is 0.1. The characterization results show that the introduction of La promotes the dispersion of active Ni, improves the redox performance of the catalyst and also facilitates the adsorption and activation of CO 2 by increasing the basic sites, thus improving the catalytic activity. Moreover, the thermal stability of the catalyst was also significantly improved in the presence of La because the introduction of La inhibited the agglomeration of Ni particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Magnetite nanorods (MNRs) were synthesized using a one-pot solvothermal method. • The MNRs showed high SAR values in both magnetic hyperthermia and photothermia. • The MNRs have an excellent potential to be used as dual-responsive heating agents in thermal treatment. The development of the multi-functional nanostructures has recently been of particular interest in therapeutic research for various diseases including atherosclerosis, cancer, etc. Indeed, the use of multi-responsive nanostructures that can remotely be activated by different stimuli is a promising strategy to combine the advantages of standalone methods and overcome their intrinsic drawbacks. In this regard, thermal treatment using heat-generating magnetic nanostructures that can remotely respond to a wide range of electromagnetic stimuli is of especial importance, mainly applied through magnetic hyperthermia therapy (MHT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) modalities. In this work, magnetite ( F e 3 O 4) nanorods (MNRs) were synthesized using a one-pot solvothermal process. Adjusting the amount of hexadecylamine capping ligand and the filling percentage of the autoclave, uniformed-sized MNRs of 4 · 46 n m in diameter and 31 · 09 n m in length were prepared and investigated in terms of their heat-generating ability for application in the MHT and PTT. The experimental results show the good heat-generating ability of the MNRs in both modalities with the maximum absorption rate (SAR) values of 228.51 W / g (MHT) and 56.59 W / g (PTT). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, semiconductor-based nanocomposites have emerged as promising materials for solar-driven photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants. In this study, Ga x Cd 1−x S nanospheres were successfully synthesized through the interstitial doping of Ga ions into CdS nanospheres via a hydrothermal route. These nanospheres were further employed to create CdS NRs/Ga 0.04 Cd 0.96 S nanocomposites using solvothermal methods, aiming to enhance the efficiency of solar-driven rhodamine B (Rh-B) degradation. The photocatalytic activities of the prepared CdS nanostructures, Ga 0.04 Cd 0.96 S nanospheres, and CdSNRs/Ga 0.04 Cd 0.96 S nanocomposites were evaluated for dye removal and photocatalytic degradation. Notably, Ga 0.04 Cd 0.96 S (1:30) nanospheres exhibited high efficiency in degrading Rh-B compared to pure CdS nanostructures under identical reaction conditions. Single CdS NRs/Ga 0.04 Cd 0.96 S (1:1) demonstrated stable cyclic photocatalytic performance over multiple rounds of use. The study further elucidated the enhanced separation and lower recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes in CdS NRs/Ga 0.04 Cd 0.96 S compared to Ga 0.04 Cd 0.96 S, as confirmed by PL spectrum and photocurrent response studies. The scavenger method was employed to identify reactive species, providing insights into the mechanism of Rh-B degradation. Additionally, the proposed mechanism of photocatalytic degradation of Rh-B over the CdS NRs/Ga 0.04 Cd 0.96 S nanocomposites was discussed. This research contributes valuable insights into the development of efficient semiconductor-based nanocomposites for solar-driven photocatalysis, addressing environmental concerns related to organic pollutant degradation. [Display omitted] • CdS/Ga 0.04 Cd 0.96 S nanocomposites synthesized by hydrothermal and solvothermal methods. • The morphologies of the developed materials were successfully controlled using different ratios of solvent volume. • Higher separation/lower recombination of photogenerated electrons/holes of CdSNRs/Ga 0.04 Cd 0.96 S compared to Ga 0.04 Cd 0.96 S. • The nanocomposites endows enhanced efficiency of solar-driven rhodamine B degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We successfully prepare LiFePO 4 nanosheets with a primary particle linearity of only 50–80 nm with the {010} facet as the main exposed surface by using the mixed-solvent method, and control their agglomeration morphology by using ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, and triethylene glycol (EG, DEG, and TEG) as the inducing agents, which solves the problem of the irregular agglomeration of the nanoparticles to a large extent. The obtained secondary particles have regular morphology, consistent particle size, staggered stacking between nanosheets, and the resulting stacked pores greatly increase the active sites of the material. In addition, due to the different molecular structures of the inducer of LiFePO 4 chelating degree of deviation, as a way to achieve the purpose of controlling the thickness of the carbon layer on the surface of LiFePO 4. The discharge specific capacity of the spiny spherical secondary particles prepared with EG can reach 168.5 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C, which is close to its theoretical capacity. Due to the nano effect of primary particles, the material is in full contact with the electrolyte and exhibits successively 149.8, 125.9 and 114.5 mAh g−1 even at high multiplicities (2 C, 5 C, 10 C). • The linearity of the primary particles of the prepared material is only 50-80 nm. • Primary particles prepared with the (010) surface as the main exposed surface. • Control of nanoparticle agglomeration morphology by inducers. • The LFP@EG exhibited high specific capacitance and good cycling stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sponge-like zinc metal-organic framework film, [Zn 2 (TpA) 2 (dpNDI)] n (Zn-dpNDI-MOF, where, TpA = terephthalic acid; dpNDI = N,N′-dipyridylnaphthalenediimide), was prepared on a tin-doped glass optical waveguide (OWG) substrate using a solvothermal method. The effect of the solvothermal growth time on the morphology, optical characteristics, and gas adsorption properties of the Zn-dpNDI-MOF film was investigated. The gas adsorption sensitivity was assessed by comparing the growth of Zn-dpNDI-MOF film OWGs under in situ and UV-light illumination conditions. The results revealed that the Zn-dpNDI-MOF films were optically transparent and exhibited a sponge-like structure after 20 h of continuous growth. Additionally, they demonstrated a higher adsorption response to xylene and ethylenediamine (EDA) gases because of the intrinsic electron deficiencies of the framework and the higher molar refractive indices and dipoles of xylene and EDA compared to other gases. Within the xylene concentration range of 10 ppb–1000 ppm, the OWG film exhibited a fast, improved response. In the static gas adsorption process performed at 283–313 K, the xylene adsorption behaviour of the Zn-dpNDI-MOF film followed a pseudo-second-order (PSO) kinetic model. Within 0–60 min of adsorption time, the amount of xylene gas adsorbed on the unit surface was shows as high as 6.21 μg cm−2. Compared to the in situ grown film, the Zn-dpNDI-MOF film OWGs showed higher sensitivity to xylene gas owing to their higher refractive indices. • The Zn-dpNDI-MOF film OWG exhibit improved response to the xylene and EDA gases. • When the xylene adsorbed by the film, the intramolecular hydrogen bonds were reduced. • The obtained Zn-dpNDI-MOF film OWG is more sensitive than in situ grown film. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, metal fluorides are increasingly being investigated as promising oxidants in aluminum-based (Al-based) composite energetic materials to improve the ignition and combustion performance, mainly because of their reaction with the otherwise inert alumina shell. However, the hygroscopicity and relatively high cost of many metal fluorides limit their wide applications. In this work, an effective and mild solvothermal method employing inexpensive raw materials is used to synthesize the otherwise costly anhydrous FeF 2. A novel Al/FeF 2 energetic composite is then prepared using ultrasound-assisted physical mixing and compared with other more common formulations (Al/PTFE, Al/FeF 3 , Al/Fe 2 O 3 , and Al/FeO) in terms of energetic characteristics. Electric ignition and constant-volume combustion tests show that Al/FeF 2 has a shorter ignition delay time than that of Al/PTFE, as well as a much faster reaction rate and a much greater pressure output capacity than each of Al/FeF 3 , Al/Fe 2 O 3 , and Al/FeO. High-speed photography demonstrates the large flame area and short flame duration of Al/FeF 2. Moreover, thermal analysis reveals the superior exothermic enthalpy of Al/FeF 2.Overall, anhydrous FeF 2 prepared in this study shows excellent application potential in Al-based composite energetic materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Co 3 O 4 -ZIF- x (x = 0,1,2,3) composites have been prepared by in-situ growth of ZIF membrane on MOFs-derived hierarchical porous Co 3 O 4 by the solvothermal method with adjusting the ratio of dimethylimidazole. The effects of ZIF membrane on Co 3 O 4 structure and acetone-sensing properties are investigated by the techniques of XRD, Raman, SEM, TEM, BET, XPS and performance testing, and the possible gas-sensing enhancement mechanism is analyzed. The results show that the typical Co 3 O 4 -ZIF-1 sensor has the maximum response of 77.8–50 ppm acetone at 180 °C, the short response/recovery time of 7/35 s, and the low detection limit of 0.1 ppm (3.28). It also has the reliable acetone selectivity against to other interfering gases, as well as good repeatability and high stability. Its enhanced acetone-sensing property may be attributed to the synergistic effect of the improved surface state, high specific surface area, adjustable pore size and rich reaction activation sites, which caused by the hierarchical porous structure of MOFs-derived Co 3 O 4 and the gas adsorption and enrichment effect of ZIF membrane, promoting the further reaction and diffusion of acetone. The "internal construction and external modification" role of MOFs playing in Co 3 O 4 provides a new idea for designing high performance sensing materials. [Display omitted] • Co 3 O 4 -ZIF- x was solvothermally prepared by coating ZIF on MOFs-derived Co 3 O 4. • The Co 3 O 4 -ZIF- x has hierarchical porous structure with high specific surface area. • Typical Co 3 O 4 -ZIF-1 has high response to acetone and short response/recovery time. • Enhanced sensing may due to the synergies of porous structure and ZIF membrane. • The work is on the strategy of internal construction and external modification of MOFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Ultra-thin 2D VNi-MOF nanosheet arrays were in-situ grown on Ni form (NF). • NF served as both the current collector and the nickel source. • A high specific capacity of 516.5 C· g −1 at the density of 1 A·g−1. • The HSC delivered a high energy density of 43 Wh kg−1 at the power density of 800 W kg−1. Bimetallic organic frameworks possess distinctive structural and component benefits that make them essential materials for energy storage devices with outstanding capabilities. Here, ultra-thin 2D VNi-MOF nanosheet arrays (NSAs) have been in-situ grown on nickel foam (NF) which served as both the current collector and the Ni source by pretreatment and one-step solvothermal method and used as an efficient electrode material for high performance supercapacitors. Benefiting from its ultra-thin 2D NSAs structure and the synergy of bimetallic ions, the VNi-MOF NSAs/NF exhibits a high specific capacity performance (516.5 C g −1 at 1 A g −1) and outstanding cycling stability (85.6 % capacity retention over 12, 000 cycles at 20 A g −1). Battery-type VNi-MOF NSAs/NF and capacitive-type AC are integrated to assemble a HSC. The prototype HSC achieves a remarkably high energy density of 43 Wh kg−1 (at 800 W kg−1), which demonstrates the great potential of VNi-MOF (bimetallic organic framework) as a HSC electrode. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bi 2 Te 3 -based thermoelectric materials are good candidates for near low and room temperatures. Here, Se and Mg co-doped Bi 2 Te 3 nanostructures were prepared by the solvothermal method. They have rhombohedral crystal structures with space group R-3m as examined by XRD. The nanoplate-like morphology was observed by FESEM. The porosity of the samples was confirmed by FESEM and density measurement. XPS was used to study the valence states and binding energy of the samples. The vibrational modes A 1u 1, E g 2 and A 1g 2 are shifted to lower wavenumber with doping, as obtained by Raman spectroscopy. The Hall effect was employed to obtain the carrier concentration and mobility. The band gap energy was obtained in the range of 0.27–0.31 eV by Tauc plotting. In Bi 1.94 Mg 0.06 Te 2.9 Se 0.1 , the power factor increases to 8.8 × 10−4 Wm−1K−2 at 330 K due to increase in carrier concentration. An ultralow lattice thermal conductivity of ∼0.12 W/m/K was obtained in Bi 1.94 Mg 0.06 Te 2.9 Se 0.1 sample, due to the strong phonon scattering at grain boundary and interfaces. The maximum ZT of ∼0.63 was obtained at 300 K for Bi 1.97 Mg 0.03 Te 2.9 Se 0.1. The ZT value is about 85 % greater than ZT of pure Bi 2 Te 3 (∼0.34 at 300 K). Increase in Thermoelectric 'figure of merit' by Mg and Se co-doping of Bi 2 Te 3. [Display omitted] • Mg and Se co-doped Bi 2 Te 3 nanostructures prepared by Solvothermal method. • The highest power factor (PF) was found to be 8.8 × 10 − 4 Wm−1K−2 due to increase in carrier concentration. • Ultralow lattice thermal conductivity of ∼0.12 W/m-K was obtained. • Maximum ZT of ∼0.63 was obtained at 300 K for Bi 1.97 Mg 0.03 Te 2.9 Se 0.1 , which is 85% higher than that of pure Bi 2 Te 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct regeneration of cathode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries is efficient but suffers from the difficulty of accurately replenishing lithium, leading to poor performance of the regenerated materials. In this research, a solvothermal strategy for direct regeneration of spent cathode material into high electrochemical performances cathode material is reported. Spent LiNi 0.5 Co 0.2 Mn 0.3 O 2 is directly regenerated by combining CH 3 CH 2 OH-LiNO 3 solvothermal relithiation and thermal annealing step. The results indicate that lithium can be precisely replenished to the missing sites, and the regenerated materials return to a stable layered structure, corresponding to excellent cyclability (90.23 % capacity retention after 560 cycles at 1 C). Owing to solvent circulation and the low relithiation temperature, the regeneration process displays low energy consumption, low CO 2 emissions and high profit; thus, presenting a promising route for direct regeneration of high-performance cathode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries. [Display omitted] • A solvothermal strategy for direct regeneration of spent cathode material has been proposed. • Solvothermal strategy achieves restoration of composition and structure in spent cathode materials. • Regenerated cathode material exhibits excellent electrochemical performance. • The regeneration process displays low energy consumption, low CO 2 emissions and high profit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NaNbO3 particles were prepared by solvothermal synthesis at 230°C in a reaction medium of either water or methanol. Morphological control of the particles was achieved by varying the synthesis conditions, such as the starting material and the reaction medium. The starting material was prepared by a process involving heat treatment of an Nb precursor at 400°C and 800°C. The crystal structure of the starting material depended on the heat treatment temperature, with the preferred orthorhombic Nb2O5 obtained at 800°C. Large particles were obtained when water was used as the reaction medium, whereas fine particles were obtained using methanol. Under appropriate conditions, NaNbO3 nanocubes can be synthesized using orthorhombic Nb2O5 as the starting material and methanol as the reaction medium.

The monodisperse Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 nanospheres have been synthesized via a simple solvothermal method. The effects of reactant concentration on structural and magnetic properties have been studied. X-ray diffraction analysis results indicate that the lattice constant and crystallite size can be tuned by controlling reactant concentration. The nanosphere size monotonically decreases from 238 to 35 nm with increasing reactant concentration. The magnetic studies show that blocking temperature is enhanced, and these single-domain particles are superparamagnetism at room temperature. The hollow nanospheres exhibit a high saturation magnetization value of 52.6 emu/g. The nanospheres with various diameters exhibit different magnetic saturation values which may be caused by the domain structure, surface effects and the distribution of metal ions on A and B sites. These superparamagnetic Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 nanospheres are expected to have potential application in biomedicine and magnetic fluid technology.

A nanocube is a single nanoscale crystal with a cubic shape. Raw materials are an important factor in determining the synthesis of nanocubes. In this study, we investigated various niobium compounds that serve as raw materials, each inducing different effects during nanocube synthesis. Perovskite sodium niobate (NaNbO3) nanocubes were synthesized using a two-step process. The first step in this process, synthesis of the raw materials, was followed by solvothermal synthesis of NaNbO3 nanocubes. The raw material for the first step was obtained by applying heat treatment to a precursor following Nb hydrolysis. The heat treatment was performed at temperatures of 300–1000°C. Nb2O5 was obtained after heat treatment of its precursor, during which its crystalline system morphed into hexagonal, orthorhombic, and monoclinic systems with respective increases in temperature. For the second step, we obtained various NaNbO3 morphologies via the solvothermal method using water, methanol, or ethanol as a reaction medium. NaNbO3 nanocubes were formed by applying the solvothermal method to the synthesized precursor during heat treatment at 800°C. Solvothermal synthesis was performed with methanol as the reaction medium at 200°C, which resulted in the formation of NaNbO3 nanocubes.

The self-assembled BiOCl core-shell microspheres composed of nanoplates have been successfully prepared using solvothermal method using ethylene glycol and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as solvents. XRD, SEM, EDX, XPS and DRS characterizations have been performed to study the crystal structure, morphology, composition and optical property of the as-prepared BiOCl materials. The XRD results indicate that the obtained BiOCl materials are high-purity and single-phase. The SEM results show that the as-prepared BiOCl powders are core-shell microspheres with diameters about 1 µm, and the core and shell of these microspheres are composed of many longitudinal grown nanoplates. The EDX and XPS results reveal that the atomic ratio of Bi/O/Cl in the sample is approximately equal to 1:1:1. Moreover, the DRS spectra reveal that the band gap of the resulting sample is estimated to be about 2.92 eV. The results of photocatalytic activity show that the as-prepared BiOCl core-shell microspheres exhibit more excellent activity than P25 (Degussa, commercial TiO2 powder manufactured by flame hydrolysis) under visible light irradiation.

The past decades have witnessed surging demand for wearable electronics, for which thermoelectrics (TEs) are considered a promising self-charging technology, as they are capable of converting skin heat into electricity directly. Bi2Te3 is the most-used TE material at room temperature, due to a high zT of ~1. However, it is different to integrate Bi2Te3 for wearable TEs owing to its intrinsic rigidity. Bi2Te3 could be flexible when made thin enough, but this implies a small electrical and thermal load, thus severely restricting the power output. Herein, we developed a Bi2Te3/nickel foam (NiFoam) composite film through solvothermal deposition of Bi2Te3 nanoplates into porous NiFoam. Due to the mesh structure and ductility of Ni Foam, the film, with a thickness of 160 μm, exhibited a high figure of merit for flexibility, 0.016, connoting higher output. Moreover, the film also revealed a high tensile strength of 12.7 ± 0.04 MPa and a maximum elongation rate of 28.8%. In addition, due to the film’s high electrical conductivity and enhanced Seebeck coefficient, an outstanding power factor of 850 μW m−1 K−2 was achieved, which is among the highest ever reported. A module fabricated with five such n-type legs integrated electrically in series and thermally in parallel showed an output power of 22.8 nW at a temperature gap of 30 K. This work offered a cost-effective avenue for making highly flexible TE films for power supply of wearable electronics by intercalating TE nanoplates into porous and meshed-structure materials.

One-dimensional carbon-based nanomaterials possess unique advantages in the field of microwave absorption due to their special structure. Structure design and synthesis method development of new one-dimensional carbon-based microwave absorbers are of great significance. In this paper, a rapid preparation method for N-doped porous carbon nanoribbon composites is reported, and a series of high-efficiency lightweight microwave absorbers have been obtained. They can meet the requirements of different microwave absorption scenarios. Firstly, an organic-inorganic hybrid nanomaterial with ribbon-shaped structure (HNR) is synthesized by solvothermal system. Then, N-doped porous carbon nanoribbon composites with different components are obtained by using HNR as precursor and being calcined at different temperature. The microwave absorbing properties show frequency selectivity. ZnS/ZnO@N-doped porous carbon nanoribbons (ZnS/ZnO@NPCNRs) exhibit best absorption performance in Ku band and achieve full band absorption with a minimum reflection loss of −56.1 dB. ZnS@N-doped porous carbon nanoribbons (ZnS@NPCNRs) have the strongest absorption in X band. The minimum reflection loss is −55.3 dB. N-doped porous carbon nanoribbons (NPCNRs) show obvious advantages in C band and S band under an ultra-low filler content of 4%. This work proposes a rapid synthesis method for ribbon-shaped carbon-based nanomaterials and provides new candidates for different microwave absorption scenarios. Image 1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cu‐MOF/graphene composite were obtained by solvothermal and electrochemical methods. The interaction and formation of Cu‐MOF/graphene (GE) composite was systematically studied with the support of various characterizations including X‐ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM) and cyclic voltammogram (CV). The Cu‐MOF/graphene composite coated glassy carbon (GC) electrode exhibited good catalytic performance towards the electro‐oxidation of caffeine in neutral condition. The modified electrode displayed good linear range (5 μM to 450 μM), sensitivity (0.710 μA μM−1 cm−2), detection limit (1.38 μM), selectivity, high stability and reproducibility. Finally, the fabricated electrode extended into successful detection of caffeine in tea and coffee samples with good recoveries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to explore the synthesis process of magnetic Fe3O4, nanoparticles, the solvothermal method is used to prepare Fe3O4 nanoparticles and their reaction conditions are adjusted. The surface morphology, composition structure and crystal structure are characterized by scanning electron microscope, infra red spectrometer and X-ray diffractometer, respectively. Its magnetic property is tested by vibrating sample magnetometer. The regulation mechanism of reaction time, reaction temperature and polyethylene glycol (PEG ) dosage is investigated. The results show that the optimal synthesis conditions are reaction time of 12 h, reaction temperature of 200 °C and PEG content of 1 mmol. The prepared product has uniform size, stable morpho logy an d good dispersibility The particles are about 400 nm in diameter and has good magnetic property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Poor electrochemical kinetics caused by the unstable structure for the dramatically volumetric expansion (>300%) hinders the application of silicon in rechargeable lithium ion batteries. Si@C-Ni-MOF composites with petal-like Ni-MOFs as the skeleton and Si@C nanoparticles as the active center were synthesized via facile solvothermal process. The resulting Ni-MOF-Si@C material maintains admirable stability on cycling, and its capacity remains 1545.3 mAh g−1 with a high capacity retention rate of 99.79% after 300 cycles at the current density of 200 mA g−1. The enhancement on the kinetics is obtained, attributing to the porous structure created by the petal-like Ni-MOFs and the strong interface bonding between Si@C and Ni-MOFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ZrO 2 /TiO 2 composites with an ink-bottle mesoporous structure were synthesized by a mild solvothermal method without high-temperature calcination. Many caves in this ink-bottle structure can adsorb organic groups, making them suitable for catalytic materials. The effects of ZrO 2 additions and particle size on the morphology and catalytic performance of composite powders were investigated. Comparative experiments on changing the particle size and the content of ZrO 2 show that the TiO 2 -10 wt% ZrO 2 composite has outstanding photocatalytic performance under simulated sunlight, especially when the particle size of as-prepared ZrO 2 is on the submicron scale. By mixing two different n-type semiconductors of ZrO 2 and TiO 2 , a new heterostructure is formed to hinder the autonomous recombination of excited electron-hole pairs, improving photocatalytic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mixed-ligand [Co(BDC)(Phen)(H2O)](1) and [Co(BDC)(DABCO)](2) MOFs were synthesized at 150 °C by solvothermal method. These MOFs analyzed by powder FT-IR, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), SEM and EDX and TGA-DTA analysis. The molecular structure confirmed by single-crystal XRD studies of 1 suggests a square planar structure with intermolecular π...π interaction between lateral 1,10-phenanthroline ring shows at a distance of 3.581 Å and 3.560 Å. Hirshfeld surfaces analysis of 1 mapped over dnorm displays extensive O–H/Co–O interactions and intermolecular H-bonding interactions. Antimicrobial activity of 1 is good comparatively with 2, attributed to the release of cation metal ions easily and more extended period. Antioxidant studies against DPPH scavenging ability are shown a maximum of 48.62% inhibition by 1. DNA cleavage activity of MOF 1 increases with the concentration increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we report the synthesis of two CdS@TiO2 nanocomposites (CT1 and CT2) by two-step low temperature solvothermal decomposition method using two different stoichiometric combinations between CdS and TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs). CdCl2(3-chlorobenzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone)2 was used as a molecular precursor to obtain CdS NPs, whereas titanium isopropoxide was used to obtain TiO2 NPs. The as-prepared CT nanocomposites were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to evaluate their structures and properties. Further, these nanocomposites were used for the photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B under solar light irradiation. It is found that CdS@TiO2 (CT1) nanocomposite shows highest degradation efficiency of 98.74% within 60 min as compared to bare TiO2 NPs which shows only 66.40% degradation efficiency. The enhanced photocatalytic efficiency due to charge transfer properties of bare NPs and CT nanocomposites was further investigated by electrochemical analysis and photoluminescence studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ZnS/C composites with different carbon coating contents were successfully prepared using the solvothermal method followed by the calcination process. The obtained ZnS/C composites were characterized by XRD, SEM, and TEM. The results indicate that the morphology of 50 wt% carbon-coated ZnS/C composites possesses uniform spheres with a size of 80 nm, and the thickness of the carbon layer is 8 nm. When the prepared composites were used as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), the electrode made by 50 wt% carbon-coated ZnS/C composites shows an excellent initial discharge capacity of 1189.8 mAh/g, high discharge capacity of 948.9 mAh/g at a current rate of 0.1 C after 50 cycles, good cycling stability, and excellent rate capability of 744.8 mAh/g at 2.0 C. The excellent electrochemical performances make the nanosized ZnS/C composites a promising candidate for the LIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper sulfide was prepared by a hydrothermal method at 130°C. The copper to sulfur molar ratio (6-10) and ageing time (24-72 h) were their synthesis parameters. The obtained materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), UV-DR spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In order to obtain monocopper sulfide, CuS, named as covellite, the molar recipe ratio of sulfur to copper should be less than 8 in any hydrothermal ageing time. The morphology showed spherical-like structure with energy band gap of 1.88-2.04 eV. CuS was tested for its photocatalytic degradation of paraquat under visible light irradiation. It exhibited excellent activities in the presence of H2O2. The kinetic of paraquat degradation was also investigated using Langmuir-Hinshelwood-Hougen-Watson (LHHW) model. The reaction rate constant was three times higher than TiO2 under the same studied conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work we will report on the preparation and study of good quality phase-pure Sb2S3 nanobars fabricated through a solvothermal method from solution containing SbCl3 and Na2S2O3. The influence of hydrothermal temperatures (Ht = 200,210,220 and 230 °C) on the structural, morphological and compositional properties of the nanobars were investigated using XRD, XPS, Raman, TEM, FESEM and UV spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction and Raman results demonstrated an improvement in crystallinity, a Sb2S3 nanobars that was high purity and belonging to the orthorhombic phase. At an Ht = 230 °C, EDX spectrometry analysis peaks showed perfect stoichiometry for an atomic ratio of 2:3 for Sb: S. TEM results indicated that the appearance of the fabricated Sb2S3 was nanobar-like and grew along the [001] direction. Sb2S3 thin film base nanobars showed compact and smooth surfaces without pinholes or cracks with a grain size 1–3 µm. The optical absorption coefficient was more than 104 cm−1 leading to an optical energy gap (Eg) of 1.55 eV. A solar cell, glass/FTO/ Sb2S3/ CdS/ZnO/Ag, prepared with a Sb2S3 nanobars base thin film had a Voc = 451 mV, Jsc = 12.5 mA/cm2, FF = 62.8 and a solar energy conversion efficiency of 3.54%.

Bi2MoO6/TiO2 heterostructures (HSs) were synthesized in the present study by growing Bi2MoO6 nanosheets on vertically aligned TiO2 nanorod arrays using a two-step solvothermal method. Their morphology and structure were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. Excellent visible-light absorption was observed by UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy, which was attributed to the presence of the Bi2MoO6 nanosheets with a narrow-band-gap. The specific surface area and pore volume of the photocatalysts were significantly increased due to the hierarchical structure composed of Bi2MoO6 nanosheets and TiO2 nanorods. The photoluminescence and photoelectrochemical characterizations showed improved separation and collection efficiency of the Bi2MoO6/TiO2 HSs towards the interface charge carrier. The photocatalytic analysis of the Bi2MoO6/TiO2 HSs demonstrated a significantly better methylene blue (MB) degradation efficiency of 95% within 3 h than pristine TiO2 nanorod arrays under visible-light irradiation. After three photocatalytic cycles, the degradation rate remained at ~90%. The improved performance of the Bi2MoO6/TiO2 HSs was attributed to the synergy among the extended absorption of visible light; the large, specific surface area of the hierarchical structure; and the enhanced separation efficiency of the photogenerated electron-hole pairs. Finally, we also established the Bi2MoO6/TiO2 HSs band structure and described the photocatalytic dye degradation mechanism. The related electrochemical analysis and free-radical trapping experiments indicated that h+, ·O2− and ·OH have significant effects on the degradation process.