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The terahertz spectra of salicylic acid and sodium salicylate are measured by broadband terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS). Two absorption features of salicylic acid and three characteristic features of sodium salicylate are reported for the first time. Our investigation shows that salicylic acid and sodium salicylate can be easily distinguished based on their distinctive THz spectra, which could be attributed to their intra- and intermolecular structure differences. Furthermore, solid-state density functional theory calculations reveal that the absorption features of salicylic acid mainly originate from intermolecular interactions, except for the absorption feature at 2.28 THz, while gaseous-state theory calculations show that the absorption features of sodium salicylate mainly come from intramolecular vibrations except for the absorption feature at 0.40 THz. Our investigation indicates that THz vibrational modes are highly sensitive to molecular structures and intermolecular interactions, promoting the application of THz spectroscopy in distinguishing chemicals and pharmaceuticals with similar molecular structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report experiments on two series of wormlike micellar solutions that comprise octyl trimethylammonium bromide/sodium oleate (OTAB/NaOA) and cetylpyridinium chloride/sodium salicylate (CPCl/NaSal) using a capillary breakup extensional rheometer (CaBER) and a dripping onto substrate (DoS) technique. These wormlike micellar systems show a peak in zero shear viscosity or in the shear relaxation time beyond a critical surfactant or salt concentration. Prior cryogenic transmission electron microscopy imaging has indicated that the system based on OTAB/NaOA experiences a transition from linear to shorter linear micelles (L-L) beyond the viscosity peak. However, the linear wormlike micelles based on CPCl/NaSal form branched networks beyond the viscosity peak (L-B). In this work, we investigate whether the extensional rheology is sensitive to these two different microstructural transitions. In particular, we attempt to develop a criterion based on the extensional flow parameters in order to distinguish these two systems from each other. In addition, we probe the possibility of flow-induced micellar breakage imposed by capillary breakup extensional experiments. Our results indicate that at a given zero shear viscosity, the branched wormlike micelles based on CPCl/NaSal exhibit a longer filament lifetime tfil than the linear wormlike micelles. However, beyond the critical concentration, the linear wormlike micelles based on OTAB/NaOA exhibit significantly shorter filament lifetimes than their linear counterparts at concentrations below the viscosity peak. More importantly, we show that the filament lifetime scales differently with zero shear viscosity η0 in these two systems. For L-B transition, t fil ∝ η 0 1.1 below the viscosity peak and t fil ∝ η 0 0.76 above the viscosity peak. However, for L-L transition, this scaling remains the same for concentrations below and above the viscosity peak and reads as t fil ∝ η 0 0.5 . These findings provide a novel criterion to distinguish these two types of microstructural transitions in wormlike micelles. On the other hand, we demonstrate that the Trouton ratio, filament lifetime, and the extensional relaxation time measured by CaBER technique are all lower than the ones obtained by DoS method. The latter result provides the first evidence for strong nonlinear effects (e.g., flow-induced micellar breakage) in capillary breakup extensional flows of wormlike micelles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Three types of ionically crosslinked (with citric acid) chitosan discs were loaded with the highly water- soluble drug, sodium salicylate (SS) and the poorly water-soluble drug, indomethacin (Ind). In separate experiments the hydrated discs were immersed in a de-crosslinking solution comprising of different concentrations of calcium chloride, which induced a controlled erosion of the discs, a process which was optimized to synchronize the release rates of the two drugs over a predetermined period of time. The optimization was accomplished by manipulating six factors: chitosan MW, its amount in the formulation, the concentration of the crosslinker agent, the concentration of the de-crosslinking agent in the dissolution medium, its pH and its temperature. A computerized multifactorial definitive screening design analysis assisted in minimizing the number of experiments. The quotient of the SS to Ind release rates, the difference factor f1, the similarity factor f2 and the combination of f1 and f2 were determined as the experimental responses. The computerized prediction profilers that were used to simulate the contribution of the experimental factors and their effect on the experimental responses led to a successful erodible formulation with a concomitant release of the two drugs over 150 min. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We developed injectable hydrogels for the slow release of analgesic drugs in birds as an in vivo model of pharmacokinetics in wild avian species. Hydrogels loaded with sodium salicylate (NaSA) were injected subcutaneously in Ross broiler chickens. The hydrogels were made by dissolving sodium alginate and NaSA in water at 2 different concentrations (low, LALG,high, HALG) and then adding calcium chloride. In vitro drug release studies were performed by swelling the hydrogels in water and analyzing serial samples by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. Dried hydrogel films of the same formulations of the two alginate concentrations then were dissolved in sterile water for the in vivo pharmacokinetic study conducted in 18 chickens divided into 3 groups of 6 birds. Each of the 2 resultant NaSA hydrogel solutions were filtered with 0.2-lm syringe filters before injecting at a NaSA dose of 150 mg/kg SC in the respective LALG or HALG groups. The control group was injected SC with the same dose of NaSA dissolved in water. Pharmacokinetics parameters calculated by the compartmental and noncompartmental approaches were compared among the 3 groups by the Kruskal-Wallis test. Results of in vitro studies showed that both hydrogels released 80% of the drug during the first 3.5 hours. Results of the pharmacokinetic study indicated that NaSA concentrations remained above the minimum effective concentration (MEC) for analgesia in humans for 24 6 8.9 (LALG) to 26 6 4 (HALG) hours for the hydrogel formulations compared to 10 6 5.6 hours for the aqueous formulation. These hydrogel formulations may have potential in providing long-term analgesia in avian species, but need further evaluation with pharmacodynamic or pharmacokinetic/ pharmacodynamic modeling studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In this work, the potentiostatic electropolymerization of polypyrrole (PPy) on iron in aqueous solution of sodium salicylate and pyrrole is studied in situ by odd random phase electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (ORP-EIS). The influence of the pyrrole concentration on the electrosynthesis process is investigated. The ORP-EIS technique ensures a reliable analysis of the PPy electrosynthesis on iron by means of an advanced data analysis of the non-linear and non-stationary behaviour and the signal-to-noise ratio of the system. Additionally, the structure and the chemical nature of the PPy film on iron are studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GDOES). The results of the characterization confirm the presence of the passivation layer at the PPy/iron interface formed prior to the polymer deposition. The modelling of the impedance evolution over time provides the quantitative analysis of the electropolymerization of PPy on iron. The results show that the electrosynthesis of pyrrole on oxidizable iron in the presence of sodium salicylate is a complex process, which includes not only the pyrrole oxidation reactions but also reactions such as the oxidation/reduction of the iron surface and/or reactions between the iron, formed interlayer and polypyrrole. Highlights • The electropolymerization of PPy on iron is studied in-situ by odd random phase EIS. • The influence of the pyrrole concentration on the synthesis process is investigated. • The PPy/Fe is additionally analysed with SEM, EDX and GDOES. • The modelling of the EIS provides the quantitative analysis of the synthesis of PPy. • Electropolymerization of PPy on oxidizable metal includes at least two processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sodium salicylate (2‐hydroxybenzoate) has been fully characterised by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction (SCXRD), thermogravimetric analysis in combination with in operando FTIR spectroscopy and GC‐MS, as well as by UV/Vis absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopy backed up by DFT calculations. SCXRD revealed a layered crystal structure composed of ionic sheets formed by Na+–O contacts sandwiched between π‐stacked aromatic rings of the salicylate anion oriented perpendicular to the layer plane. Only weak van der Waals interactions hold the individual sheets together. No solid/solid or solid/liquid phase transitions were observed upon heating, but a three‐step decomposition was observed, with the first onset at 245 °C corresponding to concomitant release of CO2 and phenol. The UV/Vis absorption spectra show temperature‐dependent absorption bands at around 305 and/or 345 nm, which according to DFT calculations correspond to the absorption of the carboxylate or phenolate proton transfer species, respectively. In solution, indications of the phenolate species are found only in a very apolar solvent (cyclohexane). Because of excited‐state relaxation, emission always occurs from the phenolate structure, which explains the large Stokes shift. Piling on the layers: Sodium salicylate has been for the first time fully characterised by single‐crystal XRD, TGA in combination with in operando FTIR spectroscopy and GC‐MS, as well as by UV/Vis and photoluminescence spectroscopy backed up by DFT calculations. Its layered crystal structure is made up of ionic Na–O sheets sandwiched between π‐stacked aromatic rings oriented perpendicular to the layer plane (see figure). Proton transfer within the ionic layers is identified as the reason for the particular luminescence behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In this study, the self-assembly of cationic surfactant cetyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (CTAC) and nonionic polymer polyacrylamide (PAM) in aqueous solution with added sodium salicylate (NaSal) as counter-ion salt is studied using a coarse-grained molecular dynamic simulation (CGMD). The microstructure evolution shows that in the mixed solutions, surfactant micelles are readily to associate with polymer and can form a new complex of CTAC and PAM with interconnected network structures, which can be attributed to the hydrophobic interactions, the attraction between acylamino and the head of CTAC, and the attraction between Sal− and acylamino. The calculation of radial distribution function for different sites also proved the aggregate of the surfactant and polymer. Then a reverse non-equilibrium molecular dynamics (RNEMD) simulation is used to investigate the rheological property of the mixed solutions, the CTAC/NaSal solution and the PAM solution. The molecular dynamics simulation demonstrates that the viscosity of the CTAC/PAM/NaSal solution is significantly higher than that of the CTAC/NaSal solution, mainly because the surfactant micelles interacted with the polymer and formed rod-like micelles. Highlights • MARTINI force field CGMD simulation is used to study the self-assembly of PAM and CTAC. • The effect of NaSal on the association of PAM with CTAC is investigated. • Surfactant-polymer complex interconnected network structures formed in simulation. • Network structures and viscosity of CTAC/PAM/NaSal is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the nature of Cerenkov radiation and instrumental limitations, detection efficiencies of 210 Bi by Cerenkov counting are generally quite low (~15%). Sodium salicylate, acting as a wavelength shifter, has been used to improve the detection efficiency of Cerenkov photons. In this study, we found that the addition of sodium salicylate could significantly increase the counting efficiencies of 210 Pb/ 210 Bi in aqueous samples. Meanwhile, a sharp increase of the counting efficiency for the alphas from 210 Po was also observed with the addition of high concentration of sodium salicylate, implying that scintillation light rather than Cerenkov photons from the alphas has been produced. Detailed studies about the effects of sodium salicylate on the counting of 210 Pb, 210 Bi and 210 Po were conducted. At low concentration (< 0.5 mg g -1 ) of sodium salicylate, only a small increase in Cerenkov counting efficiency for 210 Bi by the wavelength-shifting effect could be observed. Meanwhile, the counting efficiency for 210 Bi at high concentration (> 1 mg g -1 ) of sodium salicylate would significantly increase due to the scintillation effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus (DCN) is a region which has been traditionally linked to the genesis of tinnitus, the constant perception of a phantom sound. Sodium salicylate, a COX-2 inhibitor, can induce tinnitus in high doses. Hyperactivity of DCN neurons is observed in several animal models of tinnitus, including salicylate-induced tinnitus. The DCN presents several forms of endocannabinoid (EC)-dependent synaptic plasticity and COX-2 can also participate in the oxidative degradation of ECs. We recently demonstrated that short-term perfusion of sodium salicylate and other inhibitors of both oxidative and hydrolytic EC degradation did not affect depolarization-induced suppression of excitation (DSE), a form of EC-dependent short-term synaptic plasticity. Here, we show that prolonged incubation with high doses of sodium salicylate (1.4 mM) enhances DSE of synapses onto glycinergic DCN interneurons but not those innervating glutamatergic DCN fusiform neurons. This effect was not reproduced with lower doses of salicylate (140 µM) or with ibuprofen, another inhibitor of COX-2. This effect was not observed in the presence of AM251, an antagonist/inverse agonist of cannabinoid CB1 receptors, showing that it was dependent on EC release. Finally we demonstrated that incubation with salicylate potentiated the increase in intracellular calcium during the depolarization. Our results point to an increased inhibition of DCN inhibitory CW neuron during depolarizations, probably by an enhanced EC release during the depolarizations, which is potentially significant for DCN hyperactivity and tinnitus generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: There are several reports on the therapeutic effects of Curcuma longa in traditional medicine such as anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, hepatoprotective, and antioxidant effects. The present research investigated the analgesic effect of this plant compared to sodium salicylate. Materials and Methods: The methanol extract of Curcuma longa was prepared using the percolation method. Various doses of root extract (100, 200, and 300 mg/kg) and sodium salicylate (300 mg/kg) were injected intraperitoneally. The analgesic activity of these two materials was assessed using tail flick test for the acute pain and formalin test for chronic pain. Results: All doses of extract and sodium salicylate showed a significant analgesic effect compared to the control group in tail flick test and the second of phase the formalin test (P<0.05). Conclusion: It appears that Curcuma Longa induces its inhibitory effect on acute and chronic pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypothesis It is known that additives like glycerol and sucrose lead to the swelling of aqueous bilayer L α phases. The swelling of the L α phases can be explained by the increase of the refractive index of the mixed solvent, which lowers the van der Waals attraction between the bilayers. Afterwards, the undulation forces between the bilayers can push them apart. This hypothesis was previously extended to wormlike micelles (WLM) of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and sodium salicylate (NaSal). These types of self-assembly structures have viscoelastic properties, and the zero shear viscosity of these solutions is dependent on the molar ratio NaSal/CTAB, R . At R  = 0.6, R  = 1.0 and R  ≈ 2.6 the viscosity goes, respectively, through a maximum, a minimum and another maximum. These viscosities can be explained by differences in relaxation mechanisms predominant in each region. Similarly to what is observed to bilayer L α phases, the additives would change the interaction between the WLM, affecting the relaxation processes of each region, altering the profile from two maxima and one minimum to a single maximum in viscosity. In the present manuscript, it is investigated whether it is only the refractive index, other solvent properties, or a combination of several factors that induce these changes in WLM. For this, several additives, forming binary mixtures with water, were studied, through rheology of CTAB/NaSal and calorimetry of tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TTAB)/NaSal. Experiments Herein, we present the zero-shear viscosity diagrams of NaSal and CTAB with glycerol, sucrose, dimethyl sulfoxide, 1,3-butanediol and urea combined with water. Additionally, isothermal titration calorimetry was used to obtain the variations of enthalpy for formation of WLM of TTAB and NaSal in mixtures of water and such additives. Findings Based on our data, only the refractive index match is not enough to explain the rheological and calorimetric behaviors of the WLM. For instance, sucrose has little effect on the micelles, even at the same refractive index match conditions. Additional characteristics, such as dielectric constant, the cohesivity of the solvent (here symbolized by the Gordon parameter), and the interactions of the additive with the micelles, have to be considered to better describe the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, a blend of 15% w/V sodium salicylate, 5% w/V niacinamide, 5% w/V sodium acetate and 5% w/V sodium citrate was prepared to carry out titrimetric estimation of frusemide tablets. The solubility of frusemide in distilled water at room temperature was found to be 0.64 mg/mL. The solubility of frusemide was significant in this mixed hydrotropic blend (21.39 mg/mL) with more than 33 fold enhancement in solubility. The crushed powder of tablets of frusemide was extracted using this blend. The analysis of the drug was done by titrimetric analysis with 0.1M sodium hydroxide solution. Various organic solvents like methanol, chloroform, dimethyl formamide and ethanol have been employed for solubilisation of poorly water soluble drugs to conduct their titrimetric analysis. This proposed method for analysis is recommended because it eliminates the use of toxic solvents and it is a novel, rapid, accurate and reproducible method that is economic as well. Statistical data proved accuracy, precision and reproducibility of the proposed analytical method. The proposed method uses the concept of mixed hydrotropy and provides an alternative method of analysis where the toxicity of solvents can be eliminated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research consisted of investigation of non-freezable bound water (NFW) contents of raw hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) Klucel® Pharm HF, MF, and LF by differential scanning calorimetry. Polymers (HF, MF and LF) used in the research differed significantly in their molecular mass and viscosity. Mixtures of HPC and low soluble salicylic acid or highly soluble sodium salicylate were used to examine the effect of counter-ions presence and drug solubility on NFW contents. The dependencies of determined enthalpies of melting (ΔH) and respective contents of water Wc (water fraction in the dry mass of HPC or HPC mixture) ΔH = f(Wc) were linear. The sought values of non-freezing water were calculated (by extrapolation) as the concentration at which ΔH = 0. It was found that the viscosity and molecular mass of the raw HPCs did not affect the contents of non-freezing water, which ranged between 0.54 and 0.51 g g−1 for all types LF, MF, HF. Poorly soluble salicylic acid (SA) reduced the non-freezing water content to 0.19-0.17 g g−1. On the other hand, matrices composed of highly soluble sodium salicylate (NaSA) showed variable decrease of NFW content—0.44 g g−1 for HF and 0.54-0.51 g g−1 for LF and MF. It was also found that the maximum temperature Tmax of melting was strongly influenced by the solubility of the drug. Highly soluble NaSA shifted Tmax toward the lower negative values, while SA toward the higher positive values. Assessing NFW contents in hydrated HPC matrices may contribute to a better understanding of the drug release and dissolution mechanisms of tablet formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A fluorinated azobenzene transforms spherical micelles into cylindrical micelles with a disk-like cross-section. • Thread-like structures formed by the concatenation of disk-like micelles. • Discoidal micelles concatenate forming thread-like structures similar to worm-like micelle structures. The free energy in solutions of amphiphilic molecules leads to the formation of supramolecular structures, often making spherical aggregates, worm-like micelles, vesicles, and lamellae. In this work, we add a fluorinated azobenzene, 4-(4-trifluoromethoxy phenyl azo) phenol (Azo-3F) to a solution mainly made of spherical and rodlike micelles of CetylTrimethylAmmonium Bromide (CTAB) and sodium salicylate (NaSal). These structures transform to disk-like micelles, which concatenate through hydrogen bridges to form long thread-like structures highly similar to worm-like micelle structures. This conclusion was reached after observing that NMR results suggest the formation of aggregates in solution with Azo-3F molecules inside them. Viscosity increases by three orders of magnitude at low shear rates when Azo-3F is added, and it shear-thins as the shear rate increases. The viscoelastic spectra show that the fluid changes from viscous to viscoelastic. Cole-Cole plots follow semicircles, typical of Maxwellian behavior below ∼ 35 °C. Cryo-TEM micrographs of the solution with Azo-3F show giant thread-like structures, and cross-sectional analysis of SAXS and WAXS profiles predict oblate ellipsoidal structures. In addition, MD simulations show that the disk-like micelles interact mainly through hydrogen bonds and electrostatics, forming micellar strings. These strings behave similarly to worm-like micelles, explaining why the solution behaves as a Maxwellian fluid at relatively low temperatures. Consequently, when some specific molecules are introduced in supramolecular structures, such as a spherical micelle, they can be transformed into disk-like micelles that assemble into thread-like micelles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schistosomiasis is a major public health concern worldwide. Although praziquantel is currently available as the only treatment option for schistosomiasis, the absence of reliable diagnostic and prognostic tools highlights the need for the identification and characterization of new drug targets. Recently, we identified the B. glabrata homolog (accession number XP_013075832.1) of human CAXIV, showing 37% amino acid sequence identity, from a BLAST search in NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information). Carbonic Anhydrases (CAs) are metalloenzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration/dehydration of CO 2 /HCO 3. These enzymes are associated with many physiological processes, and their role in tumorigenesis has been widely implicated. CAs create an acidic extracellular environment that facilitates the survival, metastasis, and growth of cancer cells. In this study, we investigated the role of CA inhibition in B. glabrata snails exposed to S. mansoni miracidia. We analyzed the expression of the B. glabrata CA encoding transcript in juvenile susceptible and resistant snails, with and without exposure to S. mansoni. Our results showed that the expression of the CA mRNA encoding transcript was upregulated during early and prolonged infection in susceptible snails (BBO2), but not in the resistant BS-90 stock. Notably, sodium salicylate, a form of aspirin, inhibited the expression of CA, post-exposure, to the parasite. Increasing research between parasites and cancer has shown that schistosomes and cancer cells share similarities in their capacity to proliferate, survive, and evade host immune mechanisms. Here, we show that this model system is a potential new avenue for understanding the role of CA in the metastasis and proliferation of cancer cells. Further studies are needed to explore the potential of CA as a biomarker for infection in other schistosomiasis-causing parasites, including S. japonicum and S. haematobium. [Display omitted] • Carbonic Anhydrase (CA), a pH-regulating enzyme, is upregulated in S. mansoni -exposed susceptible B. glabrata snails. • Sodium salicylate, a form of aspirin, downregulates the expression of CA post-exposure to the parasite. • Daily drug treatment with sodium salicylate is a potential new avenue for inhibiting schistosomiasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Cloudy behavior of the TX-100 + ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (CFH) mixture has been conducted. • CP of TX-100 + CFH mixture follow the order: C P (a q. 4 - A B A) < C P a q. C A F ≈ C P a q. P E G < C P a q. N a B e n z < C P a q. N a S a l. • Clouding of TX-100 + CFH mixture was a nonspontaneous process. • Enthalpy (Δ H c 0) and entropy (Δ S c 0) of clouding were obtained positive in HDTs media. • Compensation temperature (T c)/intrinsic enthalpy gain (Δ H c 0 , ∗) were calculated and discussed. In the present study, the cloudy development of nonionic triton X-100 (TX-100) and an antibiotic drug ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (CFH) mixture has been conducted by applying the cloud point (CP) measurements method. The CP of TX-100 + CFH mixture was examined in aqueous solutions of hydrotropes (HDTs) (sodium benzoate (NaBenz), sodium salicylate (NaSal), 4-amino benzoic (4-ABA), polyethylene glycol (PGE) and Caffeine (CAF)). The TX-100 and CFH concentration were conserved constant at 50 and 1 mmol kg−1 correspondingly throughout the investigation. The CP values of TX-100 + CFH solution were augmented in the existence of NaBenz, NaSal, CAF along with PEG but diminished in aq. 4-ABA solution; the effects were obtained to be augmented with the enhancing hydrotropes contents. The CP values for TX-100 + CFH mixture in aq. hydrotropes media follow the pattern: C P (a q. 4 - A B A) < C P a q. C A F ≈ C P a q. P E G < C P a q. N a B e n z < C P a q. N a S a l . Therefore, the solubility of TX-100 + CFH mixture is achieved to be decreased in aq. solutions of 4-ABA while the solubility experienced an enhancement in aq. NaSal, NaBenz, PEG and CAF solutions. Among hydrotropes used in the present study, NaSal is the most effective solubility enhancer. The free energy (Δ G c 0) were achieved to be positive in all the solvent media used in the study which exposes that the cloudy development process isnot spontaneous. The enthalpy (Δ H c 0) and the entropy (Δ S c 0) of clouding were obtained to be positive in hydrotropes media. The Δ H c 0 and Δ S c 0 values imply that the main forces of the cloudy formation in TX-100 and CFH system are hydrophobic interaction, hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic interactions. The compensation temperature (T c) along with the intrinsic enthalpy gain (Δ H c 0 , ∗) were also calculated and discussed. It is probable that the knowledge gained from these types of studies will be quite helpful in both pharmaceutics formulations and drug delivery system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research has shown that cows who receive treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs after calving may have increased milk yield beginning near peak lactation, resulting in greater 305-d milk production. It has not been demonstrated whether this response is associated with greater feed intake following the first 3 wk of lactation. Dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield were measured daily for 56 cows over the first 120 d in milk. Cows in their second parity and greater were blocked by parity and alternately enrolled 12 to 36 h after calving into 1 of 2 treatments: either 3 daily drenches of water or 3 daily drenches of a similar volume of water containing 125 g of sodium salicylate (SAL) beginning 12 to 36 h after calving. Cows were housed in individual stalls to monitor DMI. Blood samples were collected before calving and on the last day of treatment, as well as at 7, 11, 14, 18, 21, 35, 49, 63, 77, 91, 105, and 120 d in milk. The SAL treatment did not affect estimated 305-d milk, fat, or protein yields (from monthly test days), daily milk yield or components, energy-corrected milk, fat-corrected milk, or DMI; however, an interaction between parity and treatment was observed for DMI, where second-parity SAL cows had decreased intake with no differences observed in older cows. This resulted in a parity by treatment interaction for the ratio of energy-corrected milk to DMI. Similarly, no main effects of treatment were observed for plasma glucose, β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), or fatty acid concentrations, but we noted interactions between treatment and parity for glucose, BHB, and insulin. Older cows had greater plasma glucose and insulin concentrations and decreased plasma BHB following SAL but no differences were observed in second parity animals. Alterations in glucose and insulin resulted in a tendency for a treatment by time interaction for the revised quantitative insulin sensitivity check index. Feeding behavior was also altered following SAL administration, resulting in fewer but longer meals, as well as a tendency for greater meal weight. A tendency for a treatment by week interaction for inter-meal interval was observed, as well as a parity by treatment interaction for meal weight. Despite the lack of a milk yield response, SAL had a prolonged programming effect on feeding behavior and blood variables over the first 120 DIM, with responses largely dependent on parity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solubility enhancement of poorly soluble drug, paracetamol using hydrotropic agents like sodium salicylate and nicotinamide has been studied. In the present investigation, 1, 2, 3 and 4M of both sodium salicylate and nicotinamide are employed to enhance the solubility of poorly soluble paracetamol to study its different physico-chemical properties at 298.15, 303.15, 308.15 and 313.15 K. The values of density (d) and sound velocity (U) have been measured in aqueous paracetamol and paracetamol + aqueous solutions of sodium salicylate and nicotinamide separately in five different concentrations. Densities of these solutions were measured at the above said four temperatures but the ultrasonic velocities (U) have been measured at 298.15 K only. Experimental density data have been used to estimate various important parameters, such as apparent molar volume (V ɸ ), limiting apparent molar volume ( V ɸ 0 ), apparent molar expansibility (E ɸ ) and limiting apparent molar expansibility ( E ɸ 0 ). Further, from the ultrasonic data, different thermo-acoustical parameters, such as isentropic compressibility (K s ), apparent molar isentropic compressibility (K s, ɸ ), acoustic impedance (Z), molar compressibility (W), free volume (V f ), internal pressure (π i ), molar sound velocity (R) and relative association (R A ) have been evaluated and discussed in the light of solute-solute and solute-solvent interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salicylates, one of the oldest medicinal compounds known to humans, have been reported to show anti-inflammatory effects via cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition. However, the pathophysiological role of COX-2 in the heart is conflicting, and the role of sodium salicylate in the regulation of cardiac inflammation has not yet been elucidated. We aimed to investigate the effect of salicylate on COX-2 expression and its associated prostaglandin production using cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. The cells were incubated in the presence or absence of sodium salicylate (8 mM). Treatment with sodium salicylate significantly increased COX-2 expression at both mRNA and protein levels, induced prostaglandin D2 release, and increased TNF-α mRNA expression in cardiomyocytes. In addition, salicylate treatment induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Taken together, we demonstrated that salicylate induced COX-2 expression, which in turn resulted in the regulation of expression of several inflammatory mediators in cardiomyocytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drug interactions in presence of co-solute in aqueous solution have always created an interest in the mind of chemists. The physical properties give an idea of types of interactions taking place in aqueous solution. Volumetric and compressibility are the important physical properties. Keeping this in mind we have measured the densities ( ρ ) and speeds of sound ( u ) of sodium salicylate (NaSl) drug (0.01–0.1) mol·kg −1 in 0.06 mol·kg −1 aqueous sodium chloride solution and 0.06 mol·kg −1 myo-inositol as a function of temperature at T = (288.15, 298.15 and 308.15) K and atmospheric pressure. These values have been used to estimate the apparent molar volume of solute ( V ϕ ) , apparent molar isentropic compressibility ( κ s ) of solution and apparent molar isentropic compressibility ( κ ϕ ) of solute. The limiting apparent molar expansivity ( E ϕ 0 ) of solute and coefficient of thermal expansion ( α ∗ ) of sodium salicylate in aqueous binary and ternary solutions have also been obtained. Limiting values of apparent molar volume of solute ( V ϕ 0 ) and apparent molar compressibility of solute ( κ ϕ 0 ) were obtained from the plots V ϕ and κ ϕ as a function of molality and have been utilized in obtaining transfer volumes ( Δ tr V ϕ 0 ) and transfer compressibilities ( Δ tr κ ϕ 0 ) of sodium salicylate from water to 0.06 mol·kg −1 aqueous solutions of sodium chloride and myo-inositol at different temperatures. The co-sphere overlap model is used to interpret the values of ( Δ tr V ϕ 0 ) and ( Δ tr κ ϕ 0 ) . The Helper’s constant has been obtained. It indicates structure making ability of sodium salicylate in aqueous as well as in 0.06 mol·kg −1 aqueous sodium chloride and 0.06 mol·kg −1 aqueous myo-inositol solutions. The results obtained have been interpreted in terms of various interactions taking place among solute and solvent molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a novel nanoparticle-enhanced wormlike micellar system (NEWMS) was proposed based on the typical wormlike micelles composed of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and sodium salicylate (NaSal). In order to strengthen the structure of wormlike micelles, silica nanoparticles are used to design the novel nanoparticle-enhanced wormlike micelle. The stability and morphologies of silica nanoparticles were studied by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) at first. After the formation of NEWMS, the rheological properties were discussed in detail. The zero-shear viscosity of NEWMS increases with the addition of silica nanoparticles. Dynamic oscillatory measurements show the viscoelastic properties of NEWMS. Through comparison with the original wormlike micelles, the entanglement length and mesh size of NEWMS are nearly unchanged, while the contour length increases with the increase of silica concentration. These phenomena confirm the enhanced influence of silica nanoparticles on wormlike micelles. The formation mechanism of NEWMS, especially the interactions between wormlike micelles and nanoparticles, is proposed. This work can deepen the understanding of the novel NEWMS and widen their applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the influence of the electropolymerization temperature on corrosion, morphological and electrical properties of polypyrrole (PPy) film is studied. Polypyrrole is electrochemically synthesized on iron in the presence of sodium salicylate. The X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy are performed in order to study the structure and morphology of electrodeposited PPy. The electroactive surface area, corrosion performance and resistance of the PPy film on iron are also investigated as a function of electropolymerization temperature. The results show that the synthesis temperature significantly affects the properties of the PPy film on iron. It is observed that at 25 °C amorphous PPy is formed, whereas lowering the temperature leads to the formation of a film containing crystallites of salicylic acid. The latter reveals lower corrosion protection and a much higher level of resistance compared to the amorphous one. These characteristics were associated with the presence of insulating salicylic acid crystals in the layer structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mechanistic studies on the peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence are often conducted with imidazole as base and nucleophilic catalyst. However, it is also known that this compound, at high concentrations, leads to a drastic reduction in the chemiluminescence quantum yields, apparently due to the destruction of the high-energy intermediate. Consequently, the search for new catalysts for this transformation is of importance for mechanistic studies as well as analytical application. Therefore, we report here a study on the mechanism of the peroxyoxalate reaction with sodium salicylate as base catalyst, which has already been utilized in this reaction; however, no detailed mechanistic investigation is known. In this work, a kinetic study on the sodium salicylate-catalyzed reaction of bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl) oxalate with hydrogen peroxide using 9,10-diphenylanthracene as activator is reported, where observed rate constants, singlet quantum yields and activation parameters are determined in different reaction conditions, leading to the formulation of a general mechanistic reaction scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Subjective tinnitus is a hearing disorder in which a person perceives sound when no external sound is present. It can be acute or chronic. Because our current understanding of its pathology is incomplete, no effective cures have yet been established. Mouse models are useful for studying the pathophysiology of tinnitus as well as for developing therapeutic treatments. New method We have developed a new method for determining acute and chronic tinnitus in mice, called sound-based avoidance detection (SBAD). The SBAD method utilizes one paradigm to detect tinnitus and another paradigm to monitor possible confounding factors, such as motor impairment, loss of motivation, and deficits in learning and memory. Results The SBAD method has succeeded in monitoring both acute and chronic tinnitus in mice. Its detection ability is further validated by functional studies demonstrating an abnormal increase in neuronal activity in the inferior colliculus of mice that had previously been identified as having tinnitus by the SBAD method. Comparison with existing methods The SBAD method provides a new means by which investigators can detect tinnitus in a single mouse accurately and with more control over potential confounding factors than existing methods. Conclusion This work establishes a new behavioral method for detecting tinnitus in mice. The detection outcome is consistent with functional validation. One key advantage of mouse models is they provide researchers the opportunity to utilize an extensive array of genetic tools. This new method could lead to a deeper understanding of the molecular pathways underlying tinnitus pathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A radiochemical technique for estimation of Sr concentration by direct extraction of Y with bis (2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (HDEHP) in toluene was developed and standardized. About 90% Sr retained in the aqueous phase at the optimized pH 4-4.5. Cerenkov counting with 0.04 g mL sodium salicylate as a wavelength shifter resulted in 7.5 fold increase its Cerenkov counting efficiency. The method was validated by estimating Sr in certified reference materials like, IAEA TEL 2016-03 drinking water, Spruce needle and IAEA-156 Clover. The interference of naturally occurring Ra and its β progeny especially Pb was eliminated by means of Cerenkov counting. Conventional radiochemical separation was used to compare Sr activity in effluent samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/aim: Activity of the prestin gene may have a role in the pathogenesis of salicylate-induced ototoxicity. We investigated DNA methylation for prestin gene exon 1 in salicylate-injected guinea pigs. Materials and methods: Fifteen guinea pigs (30 ears) underwent audiological evaluation including 1000 Hz probe-tone tympanometry and a distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) test. The animals were randomly divided into three groups. Groups 2 (8 ears) and 3 (14 ears) were injected with intramuscular saline and sodium salicylate (200 mg/kg), respectively twice daily for 2 weeks. Group 1 (8 ears) received no injection. DPOAE measurements were performed at baseline; after 1, 2, 4, and 8 h (acute effect); and after 1 and 2 weeks (chronic effect). After audiological measurements, the animals were sacrificed for DNA isolation. Results: While a significant decrease (P < 0.01) was found for the acute effect in all frequencies in Group 3 according to baseline measurements, there was no difference in terms of chronic effect. DNA methylation increased during the acute phase of salicylate administration, whereas it returned to initial levels during the chronic phase. Conclusion: Salicylate-induced changes in DPOAE responses may be related to prestin-gene methylation. These results may have important implications for salicylate ototoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-assembly of Gemini surfactants (maleic alkylene group diethylbis [octyl dimethyl bromide], abbreviated as G16-2-16) were used to form reversed micelles by introducing sodium salicylate (NaSal) into chloroform solution of PSF (polysulfone). The rheological measurements indicated that micelles had been formed. The internal surface of micelles were full of orderly arranged quaternary ammonium (QA) groups as cationic active sites. Then we characterized the composite membranes which were introduced micelles, it turned out that, the OH- conductivity in presence of NaSal was higher than the absence one, indicating that the formation of reversed micelles arranged the cationic active sites more orderly, resulted in improving the anionic conductivity by 40-80%, especially under low values of water uptake and ion exchange capacity condition, which provided a kind of approach of enhancing OH- migration efficiency without sacrificing its dimensional stability and mechanical properties. The composite membranes also showed an outstanding thermal stability. And 240 h high temperature alkaline-stable test (10 M NaOH) revealed that the largest decline of OH- conductivity was only round about 4%, which showed excellent alkaline resistance stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solubility of drugs in aqueous media is a real issue for scientists and a lot of work is going on to resolve the issue. The same is the case for ibuprofen, which is a derivative of propionic acid and belongs to the NSAIDs family having low solubility in pure water. Therefore, its solubility has been investigated in the presence of hydrotropic agents like urea, sodium salicylate and nicotinamide at four different temperatures ranging from 298.15 K to 313.15 K at 5 K interval. The values of density ( d ) and sound velocity ( U ) have been measured in aqueous ibuprofen and ibuprofen + aqueous solution of urea, sodium salicylate and nicotinamide separately in five different concentrations. Densities of these solutions were measured at the above said four temperatures. The ultrasonic velocities ( U ) have been measured at 298.15 K only. Experimental density data have been used to estimate various important parameters, such as apparent molar volume( V ɸ ), limiting apparent molar volume V ɸ 0 , apparent molar expansibility ( E ɸ ) and limiting apparent molar expansibility ( E ɸ 0 ) . Further, from the ultrasonic data, different thermo-acoustical parameters, such as isentropic compressibility ( K S ), apparent molar isentropic compressibility ( K s , ɸ ) and acoustic impedance ( Z ), have been evaluated, and discussed in the light of solute-solute and solute-solvent interactions. Solubility parameters were found to be useful for selecting a suitable hydrotropic agent in drug dissolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By measuring stress relaxation following a step strain, we find that strain hardening is prevalent over a temperature range of 15-25°C for a solution of cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) with the added hydrotrope sodium salicylate (NaSal) at hydrotrope-to-surfactant concentration ratios (CS/CD) between 0.5 and 3.0. The extent of strain hardening upon nonlinear deformation varies nonmonotonically as a function of salt-to-surfactant ratio for different temperatures. As the strain amplitude is progressively increased, a transition from strain hardening to softening or linear response is observed at strains that are dependent on temperature and concentration. Strain hardening was also found in CTAB when using sodium 3-Hydroxy-2-naphthoate as a hydrotrope with CTAB, but solutions of anionic sodium lauryl sulfate surfactants in salt with no hydrotrope showed no strain hardening, indicating that the hydrotrope is critical to obtaining strain hardening in step strains. The results indicate a stress relaxation mechanism that is more complex than that of simple disentanglement and micelle breakage and rejoining, possibly involving strain-induced associations between micelles facilitated by hydrotropes that may act as linkers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]