Search

Komunikacijski protokoli su jasno definirane odredbe po kojima se vrši razmjena podataka i komunikacija između čvorova na zajedničkoj sabirnici. Promatrani protokoli redom su SPI, I2C, UART, ETHERNET, CAN i USB. SPI je serijski sinkroni komunikacijski protokol između više čvorova na sabirnici od kojih je samo jedan nadređeni, a ostali su mu podređeni uređaji. I2C je serijski sinkroni protokol koji posjeduje više nadređenih uređaja, manje sabirnica između uređaja i lakoću dodavanja novih čvorova na mrežu. UART je univerzalni asinkroni prijemnik/predajnik koji u svom fizičkom sklopu omogućava preoblikovanje primljenih paralelnih bajtova u serijski slijed bitova prema drugome uređaju. Ethernet je najzastupljeniji protokol za lokalnu mrežu (eng. Local Area Networ) ili LAN tehnologiju. CAN omogućava komunikaciju između električkih upravljačkih jedinica u automobilu bez potrebe za dodatnim glavnim računalom. USB komunikacija je najčešća i najbrža za razmjenu podataka između glavnog uređaja sa perifernim jedinicama. Pored osnovnih osobina svakog pojedinog komunikacijskog protokola navedena je usporedba i primjena. Ovaj završni rad daje detaljniji pogled u razumijevanju na koji način uređaji mogu uspostaviti vezu i vršiti razmjenu podataka. Communication protocols are clearly defined regulations for exchanging data and communication between nodes at common bus. The observed protocols are SPI, I2C, UART, ETHERNET, CAN and USB. The SPI is a serial synchronous communications protocol between multiple nodes at the bus, of which only one is master and the rest are slave devices. I2C is a serial synchronous protocol which consist of multiple master devices, less bus bars between devices, and the ease of adding new nodes to the network. UART is a universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter that in its physical circuit enables the transformation of received parallel bytes sequence into a serial bits sequence towards the other device (most commonly UART to the receiver). Ethernet is the most widely used for LAN (Local Area Network) protocol or LAN technology. CAN allows communication between electric control units in the car without the need for additional CPU. USB communication is the most common and fastest data transmission between the main device with peripheral units. In addition to the basic features of each individual communication protocol, there are listed comparison and application of each one. This thesis gives a more detailed view of how devices can establish a connection and exchange data.

En el present document es tracta el disseny i la implementació d’un servidor web en una FPGA usant el microprocessador encastat Microblaze de Xilinx. Aquest servidor web, conté una pàgina web la qual mostra les dades que proporciona una IMU, fent una representació gràfica d’elles. Per tal de dur a terme aquest objectiu, s’utilitza una FPGA Spartan -6 que es configura fent ús d’IPCORES i el software SDK del fabricant. El sensor utilitzat és el MPU6050 que està compost per un acceleròmetre i un giroscopi i es comunica mitjançant el bus I2C. El sistema en conjunt proveeix un servei de transport de dades basat en el protocol TCP/IP de baix pes LwIP, transport HTTP i WebSockets. Tot el sistema es monitoritza usant una interfície d’usuari web programada en HTML, CSS i JS. El sistema en conjunt s’ha desenvolupat i provat amb resultats satisfactoris pel que fa a la transmissió de dades i els resultats obtinguts del sensor.

Bachelor thesis deals primarily with connectivity and communication options between two devices: Raspberry Pi 3 and Arduino Pro Mini. There were elaborated eleven tasks for university students. Understanding and practical cognition of differences between Raspberry Pi and Arduino modules is elemental for its succesful use in praxis.

[Resumen] En este artículo se presenta el desarrollo e integración de elementos hardware para construir un sistema de adquisición de datos que permite modernizar el equipo didáctico Feedback MS-150 con el fin de ampliar su tiempo de vida y aumentar el alcance de los conceptos de control que se pueden explicar con él. El sistema de adquisición no supera los 100 €.

Mestrado em Engenharia Eletrónica e Telecomunicações O presente trabalho propõe divulgar o estudo e a realização efetuada, de forma a obter um sistema composto por uma bicicleta, capaz de efetuar um passeio autónomo, em equilíbrio. Esta tese é constituída por uma apresentação dos componentes incluídos ao sistema inicial, onde figuram conceitos teóricos importantes à composição dos mesmos. É feita a descrição do modelo final relativamente ao sistema físico construído, onde este terá como objetivo a realização de uma viagem sem qualquer contacto físico com o utilizador, consistindo o sistema de equilíbrio na atuação exclusiva do guiador. A bicicleta é adaptada de forma a mover-se através da energia elétrica, implementando assim dois sistemas de controlo, equilíbrio e velocidade. O foco incide na criação de um sistema capaz de realizar o objetivo, para uma determinada velocidade. Os parâmetros reais da bicicleta foram medidos e utilizados para criar um ambiente de simulação da bicicleta em Simulink, onde vários controladores foram simulados antes da implementação no projeto de controlo da bicicleta física. This current paper intends to reveal the study and the achievement made, in order to obtain a system composed of a bike, able to make, in balance, a separate walk. This thesis consist of a presentation of the components included in the initial system, which also comprise important theoretical concepts to their composition. The final model is described in relation to the physical system, where the final objective is to carry out a trip without any contact with an user, consisting in the exclusive operation of the handlebar to maintain the equilibrium. The bicycle is adapted to move through electric energy, thus implementing two systems of control, balance and speed. The focus is on creating a system capable of achieving the goal for a given speed. The actual bike parameters were measured and used to create a Simulink bike simulation environment where several controllers were simulated prior to implementation in the physical bike control project.

U ovom radu je opisan proces razvoja sustava za nadzor punjenja LiPo akumulatora te razvoj programske podrške i uhodavanje uređaja. U prvom dijelu rada detaljno je opisan koncept sustava te fizički izgled tiskane pločice. Korištene komponente i njihov princip rada su također opisane u nastavku te su priložene sheme sa njihovim uobičajenim primjenama. Programska podrška se većinom temelji na radu iz predmeta Projekt [6] koji je bilo potrebno prilagoditi kako bi radila na 16x4 LCD zaslonu. I2C protokol je implementiran preko multipleksora kako bi se riješio problem istih adresa na zajedničkoj sabirnici. Tijek uspostave, vršenja i kraja komunikacije je detaljno opisan koristeći blok dijagrame te popis korištenih naredbi i uputa o korištenim bitovima. Na samom kraju rada priložena je sastavnica s korištenim komponentama te njihova cijena u vrijeme nabave. U prilogu se nalaze svi nacrti potrebni za izradu tiskane pločice kao što su nacrt tiskanih veza gornjeg i donjeg sloja, položajni nacrti komponenata te plan bušenja. This thesis describes in detail hardware and software development for LiPo battery management system. First part of the thesis concerns with system as a whole and with physical appearance of printed circuit board. IC components used for this device are described in the following part and there are pictures with their typical application in most devices. Software part of this system is based on the thesis in course Project [6] which was adapted to work on 16x4 LCD screen. I2C communication functions were adapted to work with I2C multiplexer that allows devices with the same address to communicate through the same bus. Communication establishment, data flow and interruption are described with flow charts and tables which show used binary commands. Circuit schemes for top and bottom layer, drill drawing and component placement are shown in the attachment at the end of the thesis. There is also a table with bought components and their prices in the time of the acquisition.

Increasing evidence has suggested that natural killer (NK) cells contribute to the pathogenesis of human immunological liver injury. Previous studies have demonstrated that Sophocarpine exerts activity in immune modulation. It also has a therapeutic effect on liver protection in that it can alleviate liver fibrosis by suppressing both the activation of hepatic stellate cells and the proliferation of the activated hepatic stellate cells. However, whether Sophocarpine protects the liver by regulating NK cell activity remains unclear. In this study, the modulating effect of Sophocarpine on NK cells in the liver was investigated. The results showed that Sophocarpine dramatically decreased the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and attenuated the liver injury induced by PolyI: C/D-GalN in C57BL/6- mice. More importantly, Sophocarpine pre-treatment significantly suppressed NK cell activation and downregulated the expression of NKG2D, a receptor responsible for NK cell activation. Moreover, the protein levels of DAP12, ZAP76 and Syk decreased, as did their corresponding mRNA levels. Overall, our study demonstrates that Sophocarpine inhibits NK cell activity, thus making it a promising therapy for immunological liver injury.

Glycolytic metabolism plays a critical role in ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. The Yes associated protein (YAP) is a core effector of the Hippo pathway that regulates cell proliferation and apoptosis. We observed that poly (I:C) enhanced glycolysis and Yap activation in neonatal cardiomyocytes. This study investigated whether poly (I:C) will attenuate myocardial I/R injury via a glycolytic dependent mechanism. Mice (n=6/group) were treated with poly (I:C) (10 μg/25g body weight) one h before the hearts were subjected to ischemia (45 min) followed by reperfusion (24 h). Sham surgery served as sham control. Poly (I:C) treatment significantly reduced infarct size by 35% and enhanced EF% by 20.5% and FS% by 24.9% compared with I/R group. The expression of miR-143 was markedly reduced and Yap levels were significantly increased in poly (I:C) treated hearts. In vitro data show that poly (I:C) treatment enhanced extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) and lactate production in HL-1 cardiomyocytes. In vivo inhibition of hexokinase 2 abolished poly (I:C)-induced cardioprotection. To determine the role of miR-143 in regulation of glycolysis, we transfected HL-1 cardiomyocytes with anti-miR-143 mimics before the cells were subjected to hypoxia/reoxygenation. We observed that anti-miR-143 significantly enhanced cell viability, reduced LDH release, and increased hexokinase 2 levels and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR). To determine whether suppression of miR-143 will induce protection against myocardial I/R injury, we loaded anti-miR-143 on exosomes (Exo-antimiR-143) by transection of bone marrow stromal cells with anti-miR-143 mimics. MiR-control mimics served as control (Exo-miR-control). Exo-miR-143 was delivered into the myocardium through the right carotid artery immediately before the hearts (n=6/group) were subjected to I/R. We observed that delivery of Exo-antimiR-143 significantly enhanced EF% by 20.5% and FS% by 26.4% and decreased infarct size by 42.2%, when compared with untreated I/R group. Delivery of Exo-miR-control did not alter I/R-induced cardiac dysfunction and infarct size. We conclude that poly (I:C) attenuates myocardial I/R injury via glycolytic dependent YAP mechanism and suppression of miR-143 expression.

Tudi v novejših laboratorijih se še vedno uporabljajo številni instrumenti, ki ne ponujajo avtomatskega zajema merilnih rezultatov. Rezultate odčitava laboratorijsko osebje, kar lahko privede do napak. Tak instrument je krioskop Advanced Cryoscope 4D3 za merjenje točke zmrzišča mleka (angl.: Freezing Point Depression FPD). Zanj v podjetju Labtim d.o.o. nudimo podporo in vzdrževanje. Krioskop rezultate izpiše na vgrajenem prikazovalniku, izdaja pa jih tudi preko izhoda RS-232. V želji po avtomatiziranem zajemu rezultatov krioskopa, smo razvili sistem, ki le-te bere iz omenjene povezave RS-232 in jih posreduje naprej preko spletne povezave. Poleg zajema krioskopskih meritev je v sistem integriran še senzor temperature in vlažnosti zraka v prostoru. In some laboratories we can still find many instruments in use, which do not offer automatic reading of their results. In such cases the laboratory personnel is responsible for reading results which could lead to errors. One such instrument is the Advanced Cryoscope 4D3, which measures freezing point of milk, usually referred to as freezing point depression or FPD. At the company Labtim d.o.o. we are providing support and maintenance for this instrument. Cryoscope results are shown on its integrated display and sent through its RS-232 port. We developed a system, which automates the reading of cryoscope results over RS-232 connection and transfers them via web connection. The system also incorporates sensor for measuring ambient temperature and relative humidity.

Diplomska naloga zajema opis izdelave naprave za testiranje enot in povezav, ki za komunikacijo uporabljajo protokole, določene v standardih DMX512 in MIDI. Prvi se uporablja v zvezi z digitalnimi komunikacijskimi omrežji, ki se uporabljajo za kontrolo scenske razsvetljave, drugi pa za kontrolo glasbenih inštrumentov in enot, povezanih z zvokom. V prvem delu diplomske naloge sta opisana komunikacijska standarda, v nadaljevanju pa sledi opis testerja. Tu so opisani sklopi, ki so vključeni v vezje in poleg osnovne komunikacije omogočajo tudi vnos in prikaz podatkov, shranjevanje ter povezavo z osebnim računalnikom. Cilj naloge je bil izdelati napravo, s katero bi se olajšalo iskanje napak na napravah in instalacijah scenske tehnike pri postavitvah prireditvenih odrov. Z njo si lahko pomagamo tudi pri servisiranju in preverjanju delovanja najrazličnejših naprav. Če napravo uporabljamo skupaj z osebnim računalnikom, lahko z njo upravljamo manjšo odrsko postavitev. This diploma thesis includes a description of the construction of a device for testing units and connections that use the protocols laid down by the DMX512 and MIDI standards for communication. The DMX512 standard is used in relation to digital communication networks that are used to control stage lighting, while the MIDI standard is used with regard to the control of musical instruments and units related to sound. In the first part of the thesis, the two communication standards are described, while in the second part the tester is presented in detail. Described here are the sets of components that form the circuit in addition to basic communication, they also enable the input and display of data as well as data storage and connection to the personal computer (PC). The aim of the diploma thesis was to construct a device that facilitates the debugging of stage technology devices and installations in stage set-ups. The device can also be used in servicing of various devices as well as in performing operational checks. In combination with a personal computer it can also be used to manage a small stage set-up.

Diplomska naloga obravnava razvoj merilnika temperature z možnostjo shranjevanja podatkov na SD kartico. Na SD kartico se shranjujejo podatki o temperaturi ter čas opravljene meritve. V diplomski nalogi sem opisal lastnosti posameznih strojnih delov zapisovalnika podatkov, ter postopek razvoja programske kode za delovanje posameznih elementov, ki sestavljajo zapisovalnik podatkov. Uvodni del vsebuje opise elementov (PIC18F8627, RTC, LCD, AD595, SD kartica) ter načrtovanje in izvedbo tiskanih vezij. Glavni del tvorita dve poglavji. V prvem poglavju je opisano zbiranje ter prikaz podatkov, v drugem pa shranjevanje podatkov na SD kartico. V zaključnem delu so opisane še meritve, ki sem jih opravil med praktičnim preizkusom merilnika temperature z možnostjo shranjevanja podatkov na SD kartico. Med praktičnim preizkusom so bili doseženi vsi cilji, ki so bili zastavljeni v uvodu. Vsa programska koda je bila napisana v programskem jeziku C, v razvojnem okolju MPLAB IDE. The diploma thesis presents the development of temperature gauge with the option of storing data on the SD card. These data are the temperature and the time in which the temperature was measured. In diploma thesis characteristics of individual machine parts of data logger and the development process of software code for operation of the individual elements that make the data logger as a whole are described. The introduction contains descriptions of the elements (PIC18F8627, RTC, LCD, AD595, SD card) and the planning and execution of circuit boards. The main part is formed by two sections. The first section describes the collection and presentation of data and the second one describes data storage on the SD card. The final section describes the measurements made during the practical test of temperature gauge with the option of storing data on the SD card. During the practical test is also found relevance of the completed conditions set out in the introduction. All software code was written in C programming language in the development environment MPLAB IDE

Maternal immune activation (MIA) model is increasingly well appreciated as a rodent model for the environmental risk factor of various psychiatric disorders. Numerous studies have demonstrated that MIA model is able to show face, construct, and predictive validity that are relevant to autism and schizophrenia. To model MIA, investigators often use viral mimic polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) to activate the immune system in pregnant rodents. Generally, the offspring from immune activated dam exhibit behavioral abnormalities and physiological alterations that are associated with autism and schizophrenia. However, poly(I:C) injection with different dosages and at different time points could lead to different outcomes by perturbing brain development at different stages. Here we provide a detailed method of inducing MIA by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 20 mg/kg poly(I:C) at mid-gestational embryonic 12.5 days (E12.5). This method has been shown to induce acute inflammatory response in the maternal-placental-fetal axis, which ultimately results in the brain perturbations and behavioral phenotypes that are associated with autism and schizophrenia.

Background The length of time for cigarette smoke (CS) exposure to cause emphysema in mice is drastically reduced when CS exposure is combined with viral infection. However, the extent of inflammatory responses and lung pathologies of mice exposed to CS and infected with influenza A virus (IAV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), or treated with the viral derivative dsRNA (polyinosine-polycytidylic acid [poly (I:C)] have not been compared. Methods Mice were exposed to CS or filtered air for 4 weeks and received a single dose of vehicle, AV, or RSV infection and extent of inflammation and emphysema was evaluated 14 d later. In another set of experiments, mice were instilled with poly (I:C) twice a week during the third and fourth weeks of CS exposure and immediately analyzed for extent of inflammation and lung pathologies. Results In CS-exposed mice, inflammation was characterized mainly by macrophages, lymphocytes, and neutrophils after IAV infection, mainly by lymphocytes, and neutrophils after RSV infection, and mainly by lymphocytes and neutrophils after poly (I:C) instillations. Despite increased inflammation, extent of emphysema by poly (I:C) was very mild; but was robust and similar for both IAV and RSV infections with enhanced MMP-12 mRNA expression and TUNEL positivity. Both IAV and RSV infections increased the levels of IL-17, IL-1β, IL-12b, IL-18, IL-23a, Ccl-2, Ccl-7 mRNAs in the lungs of CS-exposed mice with IAV causing more increases than RSV. Conclusion CS-induced inflammatory responses and extent of emphysematous changes differ depending on the type of viral infection. These animal models may be useful to study the mechanisms by which different viruses exacerbate CS-induced inflammation and emphysema.

Neuroinflammation induced during immune responses to viral infections in the brain affect behavior. Unexpected evidence that oral gavage of an algal virus in its host algal cells could alter cognition was further examined by directly injecting purified algal virus ATCV-1 intracranially into C57BL/6 mice. After 4weeks, the ATCV-1 infection impaired delayed location recognition memory, and also reduced and anxiety. Corresponding to these effects, heightened ATCV-1, IL-6, iNOS, IFN-γ, and CD11b expression in brains was observed 3-days and/or 8-weeks post infection compared with control mice. These results imply that ATCV-1 infection damages the hippocampus via induction of inflammatory factors.

Nervous necrosis virus (NNV), the causative agent of viral nervous necrosis (VNN), is an indigenous virus in Korean coastal areas and a threat to the farming industry. In the present study, we investigated the curative and preventive effects against VNN in sevenband grouper ( Epinephelus septemfasciatus ) using polyinosinic polycytidylic acid [Poly(I:C)]. Fish challenged with brain-filtrates from VNN-affected fish at 0, 2, and 4 d after Poly(I:C) injection showed

It remains unclear whether immune response to viral infection is inhibited by severe exercise. We determined whether exhaustive exercise inhibits interferon (IFN)-β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α production after injection of synthetic double-stranded (ds) RNAs, a polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid (poly I:C), as viral infection model. Male C3H/HeN mice, which were divided into exhaustive-exercised and non-exercised groups, were injected with poly I:C (5 mg/kg). Although TNF-α in response to poly I:C was significantly inhibited by exhaustive exercise, IFN-β was no different in both groups. In in-vitro experiments, catecholamines inhibited poly I:C-induced TNF-α, but not IFN-β, production in macrophages. These results suggest that anti-virus cytokine IFN-β in response to poly I:C might be maintained despite severe stressful exercise.

It was recently reported that Poly(I:C) immunization of fish confers protection against viral infection. In this process, fish are immunized with a live pathogenic virus followed by administration of Poly(I:C), which induces a transient, non-specific antiviral state. As a result, fish survive the initial immunization with live virus, which would otherwise be lethal. In the present study, we tried to determine the exact dosage of red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV), the causative agent of viral nervous necrosis, required for Poly(I:C) immunization of sevenband grouper Epinephelus septemfasciatus . In Poly(I:C) immunization with more than 90% relative percentage survival (RPS) against RGNNV challenge with 10 4.3 TCID 50 /fish, approximately 10 4.0 TCID 50 /fish or greater of RGNNV was administered by intramuscular (IM) injection, whereas 10 5.3 TCID 50 /fish or greater of RGNNV was required for immersion methods. It was concluded that the degree of RGNNV infection must be similar to a fatal dose in order for the fish to become immune to RGNNV. Interestingly, antibody against RGNNV was not detected in the sera of fish immunized by immersion. Thus, Poly(I:C) immunization by immersion may have some interesting effects on the epidermal immune response in fish.

Maternal immune activation (MIA) is a principal environmental risk factor contributing to autism spectrum disorder (ASD), which compromises fetal brain development at critical periods of pregnancy and might be causally linked to ASD symptoms. We report that endogenous activation of the purinergic ion channel P2X7 (P2rx7) is necessary and sufficient to transduce MIA to autistic phenotype in male offspring. MIA induced by poly(I:C) injections to P2rx7 WT mouse dams elicited an autism-like phenotype in their offspring, and these alterations were not observed in P2rx7-deficient mice, or following maternal treatment with a specific P2rx7 antagonist, JNJ47965567. Genetic deletion and pharmacological inhibition of maternal P2rx7s also counteracted the induction of IL-6 in the maternal plasma and fetal brain, and disrupted brain development, whereas postnatal P2rx7 inhibition alleviated behavioral and morphological alterations in the offspring. Administration of ATP to P2rx7 WT dams also evoked autistic phenotype, but not in KO dams, implying that P2rx7 activation by ATP is sufficient to induce autism-like features in offspring. Our results point to maternal and offspring P2rx7s as potential therapeutic targets for the early prevention and treatment of ASD. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorder caused by genetic and environmental factors. Recent studies highlighted the importance of perinatal risks, in particular, maternal immune activation (MIA), showing strong association with the later emergence of ASD in the affected children. MIA could be mimicked in animal models via injection of a nonpathogenic agent poly(I:C) during pregnancy. This is the first report showing the key role of a ligand gated ion channel, the purinergic P2X7 receptor in MIA-induced autism-like behavioral and biochemical features. We show that genetic or pharmacological inhibition of both maternal and offspring P2X7 receptors could reverse the compromised brain development and autistic phenotype pointing to new possibilities for prevention and treatment of ASD.

The cellular response to dsRNA or its synthetic analog polyinosinic–polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) results in IRF-3-, IRF-7- and NF-kB-mediated activation of type 1 IFNs and pro-inflammatory cytokines critical for innate antiviral immune responses. To investigate whether cigarette smoke compromises type 1 IFN signaling in humans, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from non-smoking individuals were treated with smoke-conditioned media (SCM) and stimulated with poly I:C. We observed a marked attenuation of IRF-3 and NF-kB activation in PBMCs exposed to SCM compared to control PBMCs. Similarly, PBMCs from smokers or splenocytes from smoke-exposed mice also displayed marked reduction of poly I:C-induced antiviral responses compared with either non-smokers or sham-exposed mice. Cigarette smoke was found to block the production of type I IFNs following poly I:C treatment and inhibit subsequent STAT1 activation. Finally, we confirmed that inhibition of IFN-β, but not IFN-α, predominantly contributes to the cigarette smoke-mediated suppression of innate antiviral responses. These findings provide novel mechanistic insights to the susceptibility of cigarette smokers to viral infections.

The significant up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 mRNA, which is not modulated by tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1, is an additional source of increased proteolytic activity in virus-infected upper airways that might contribute to the exacerbation of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.Chronic rhinosinusitis is often exacerbated by viral infection. We hypothesized that a disruption of the mechanisms that regulate the activity of MMPs during viral infection is one possible mechanism responsible for the exacerbation. In the present study we attempted to achieve a better understanding of MMP expression in nasal epithelial cells after viral infection.Human nasal epithelial cells were isolated from nasal polyp specimens obtained during endoscopic endonasal surgery in chronic rhinosinusitis patients. We investigated the expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, and TIMP-1 mRNA in primary human nasal polyp epithelial cells after dsRNA stimulation.Among the genes whose expression was evaluated, only expression of MMP-9 mRNA increased significantly after dsRNA stimulation.

Maternal immune activation (MIA) resulting from prenatal exposure to infectious pathogens or inflammatory stimuli is increasingly recognized to play an important etiological role in neuropsychiatric disorders with neurodevelopmental features. MIA in pregnant rodents induced by injection of the synthetic double-stranded RNA, Poly I:C, a mimic of viral infection, leads to a wide spectrum of behavioral abnormalities as well as structural and functional defects in the brain. Previous MIA studies using poly I:C prenatal treatment suggested that neurophysiological alterations occur in the hippocampus. However, these investigations used only juvenile or adult animals. We postulated that MIA-induced alterations could occur earlier at neonatal/early postnatal stages. Here we examined the neurophysiological properties of cultured pyramidal-like hippocampal neurons prepared from neonatal (P0-P2) offspring of pregnant rats injected with poly I:C. Offspring neurons from poly I:C-treated mothers exhibited significantly lower intrinsic excitability and stronger spike frequency adaptation, compared to saline. A similar lower intrinsic excitability was observed in CA1 pyramidal neurons from hippocampal slices of two weeks-old poly I:C offspring. Cultured hippocampal neurons also displayed lower frequency of spontaneous firing, higher charge transfer of IPSCs and larger amplitude of miniature IPSCs. Thus, maternal immune activation leads to strikingly early neurophysiological abnormalities in hippocampal neurons.

This paper describes a technique for calibrating the internal ambient light sensor (ALS) in smart phones. The calibration process depends on Near-Field Communication (NFC). The system consists of an NFC core implemented in an Field-Programmable Gate-Array (FPGA) development platform featuring the NFC analog front end circuit. In the proposed system, the smart phone interacts directly with a reference ALS through the NFC device The direct communication is possible with the help of a custom NFC command that controls an Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C) master core in the FPGA. After the calibration process of the ALS in a smart phone is completed, the accuracy of the measurement is greatly improved. This is helpful to obtain precise information on the light intensity in indoor surroundings.

Arduino Verkstad AB, the Swedish branch of Arduino, has developed a prototype that demonstrates a smart transducer network with a self-configurable communication protocol. The protocol is called I2C+, since it is based upon I2C. One of the possible areas of application is the EU funded PELARS project, where Arduino Verkstad is responsible for creating educational tools. Within the PELARS project, a maximum number of transducer modules is expected to be 20 modules, connected at the same time.The aim of this thesis was to create a testing tool and a test suite for the prototype system, which later could be used and also further developed by engineers at Arduino Verkstad, during the development of the final product. Though the testing tool was primarily needed for this particular system, it was considered desirable if it could be reused for similar projects as well.It was relevant to create the testing tool and the test suite in order to analyse the validity of the I2C+ protocol, which might become Arduino's future standard in connectivity between smart transducers. The performance of the I2C+ protocol also affects the implementation of the smart transducer system within the PELARS project.This work has been guided by a specification of requirements and also by a systematic top-down approach of solving several subproblems. A testing tool and a test suite was created, which serves as a proof-of-concept. The testing tool has a modular design, which makes the solution reusable for other purposes. The testing tool and the test suite was validated by using Arduino's prototype as a test object. Although only 10 transducer modules was used during these tests, the results showed that the prototype does not perform well for a growing number of modules. Therefore, improvement of the system and further testing is advised.

Since the first successful CubeSat missions in the early 2000s, payloads for this form factor have emerged and have increased in technical performance level. This trend is likely to continue in the near future. However, despite the subsequent increase in data load and the increasing modularity of components, there are no clear trends for a new electro-mechanical interface standard. The only widely adopted data bus in CubeSats, I2C, is limited in terms of data rate and reliability. Custom solutions overcoming these limitations are generally not well documented, and especially implementation results in CubeSats are lacking. Therefore, there exists a need to increase the performance and reliability of the CubeSat bus platform. This paper proposes an innovative CubeSat data bus architecture, including performance and reliability tests. The first need is to increase the feasible data rates to be compatible with future large-data payloads. Secondly, the system’s reliability must be increased compared to the current I2C standard, as many launched CubeSats using this data bus experience severe problems such as bus lockups and even a few catastrophic failures. The concept proposed in this paper is to separate the main bus used for telemetry and command from the data bus used for payload data, which provides room for optimising the performance of both buses. The selected bus technology standards used to drive the hardware were found through a survey and subsequent trade-off of available serial bus standards. For the main bus, this trade-off results in either a CAN bus or RS485 bus to both increase the robustness of the internal network and potential data throughput. For the payload bus, a USB-based bus is selected to provide a high data rate with increased reliability compared to often-used standards. The combination of both options optimises performance while keeping electrical power consumption at a minimum. Making use of the common modular designs of CubeSats and recent developments in the respective data bus technologies, a flexible, robust and high performance data bus architecture is devised. A practical setup simulating a CubeSat with multiple realistic subsystems generating pseudo data is used to validate the operations of such a data bus. To find the maximum capacity of the network, multiple subsystems are connected with varying high and low data rates, thereby simulating current typical CubeSat subsystems and potential future payloads requiring high capacity data networks. Furthermore, methodologies are developed for implementation and qualification of the proposed bus in future CubeSat missions.

The revolution of Internet of Things (IoT), Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) and Industry 4.0 is approaching with new market opportunities for all kinds of smart devices. This thesis was about building such a device, an open source hardware and software alternative to industrial Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). The idea was to prove the concepts by building a prototype with a solid foundation that includes the best suiting communication protocol available (OPC-UA) and a modular functionality for ease of repair and customisation. The challenges were appropriate choices of open source hardware and software along with making sure that interactions between different parts of hardware were possible. That includes the communication protocols between modules and extensive programming needed in various programming languages. Several tests were then needed to validate the required communication speed and reliability requirements. The prototype was developed with Open Platform Communications - Unified Architecture (OPCUA) server module and four input/output (I/O) modules which include digital in, digital out, analog in and analog out. Raspberry Pi 2 was chosen as the System on Chip (SoC) hardware capable of running on Linux and hosting the OPC-UA server while Arduino Leonardo microcontrollers were chosen for the I/O modules. The OPC-UA server on the SoC hardware was programmed in Node.js on Linux while all I/O microcontrollers were programmed in a subset of C/C++. OPC-UA client in LabVIEW was developed for the majority of experiments while Matlab was used for data analysis. The concept of building an open source PLC prototype was proven and its capabilities tested. The prototype proved to be stable in long time runs with no software/hardware crash on record. The communication speed from sensor to client (read) and client to actuator (write) was measured in LabVIEW with an average of under 10 ms. Only open source hardware and software was used, except for Raspberry Pi SoC OPC-UA server module which is not defined as an open source hardware by strictest definition. Modular I/O functionality was successfully implemented on a I2C communication bus.

Since the first successful CubeSat missions in the early 2000s, payloads for this form factor have emerged and have increased in technical performance level. This trend is likely to continue in the near future. However, despite the subsequent increase in data load and the increasing modularity of components, there are no clear trends for a new electro-mechanical interface standard. The only widely adopted data bus in CubeSats, I2C, is limited in terms of data rate and reliability. Custom solutions overcoming these limitations are generally not well documented, and especially implementation results in CubeSats are lacking. Therefore, there exists a need to increase the performance and reliability of the CubeSat bus platform. This paper proposes an innovative CubeSat data bus architecture, including performance and reliability tests. The first need is to increase the feasible data rates to be compatible with future large-data payloads. Secondly, the system’s reliability must be increased compared to the current I2C standard, as many launched CubeSats using this data bus experience severe problems such as bus lockups and even a few catastrophic failures. The concept proposed in this paper is to separate the main bus used for telemetry and command from the data bus used for payload data, which provides room for optimising the performance of both buses. The selected bus technology standards used to drive the hardware were found through a survey and subsequent trade-off of available serial bus standards. For the main bus, this trade-off results in either a CAN bus or RS485 bus to both increase the robustness of the internal network and potential data throughput. For the payload bus, a USB-based bus is selected to provide a high data rate with increased reliability compared to often-used standards. The combination of both options optimises performance while keeping electrical power consumption at a minimum. Making use of the common modular designs of CubeSats and recent developments in the respective data bus technologies, a flexible, robust and high performance data bus architecture is devised. A practical setup simulating a CubeSat with multiple realistic subsystems generating pseudo data is used to validate the operations of such a data bus. To find the maximum capacity of the network, multiple subsystems are connected with varying high and low data rates, thereby simulating current typical CubeSat subsystems and potential future payloads requiring high capacity data networks. Furthermore, methodologies are developed for implementation and qualification of the proposed bus in future CubeSat missions.

This article describes a development of device used for capturing data from different serial buses such as SPI, UART and I2C. Device is design as shield to support Arduino boards. The Shield includes four fully isolated inputs and five non isolated imputs for capturing data, Ethernet interface, SD card and two display interfaces witch supports up to ten displays.

Rad analizira mogućnosti nadogradnje dodatnih modula na mobilnu platformu Moway. Opisan je I2C komunikacijski protokol na kojem se zasniva komunikacija između mikrokontrolera sa senzorima i modulom za proširenje. Na temelju rezultata analize projektiran je komunikacijski modul, zasnovan na Xbee bežičnom serijskom protokolu te je opisana izrada tiskane pločice putem Altium Designera. Nadalje, opisana je izrada programa za mikrokontroler odabran za upravljanje projektiranom tiskanom pločicom. U konačnici, programira se Xbee kako bi se omogućila razmjena podataka između mobilne platforme i osobnog računala, te između mobilnih platformi prilikom gibanja u grupi, što je također opisano u radu. This paper analyses possibilities of extension of the mobile platform Moway with additional modules. I2C communication protocol, which provides microcontroller sensor/expansion module communication, has been described. Based on the results of analysis, communication module based on wireless serial protocol has been projected and making of printed circuit board via Altium Designer has been described. Furthermore, programming of microcontroller selected to control projected printed circuit board has been described. Ultimately, Xbee has been programmed to enable mobile platform personal computer data transfer and several mobile platforms data transfer during group movement, which has also been described in this paper.

This paper describes I²C Slave implementation using I²C master obtained from the OpenCores website. This website provides free Verilog and VHDL Codes to users. The design implementation for the I²C slave is in Verilog Language and uses EDA tools for ASIC design known as ModelSim from Mentor Graphic. This tool is used for simulation and verification purposes. Common application for this I²C Master-Slave integration is also included. This paper also addresses the advantages and limitations of the said design., {"references":["Liang, \"I2C Master Core Specification,\" http://www.opencores.org,\nRev:1.0 2004-7-28 , 2004","Vishay Semiconductor datasheet, \"Fully Integrated Proximity and\nAmbient Light Sensor with Infrared Sensor and I2C Interface\",\nhttp://vishay.com, 2011, page 12.","Yifan L, and Fei M, \" Principle of I2C bus and its Application in IC\nDesign\"2007","B. Matthew, \"Overview of I2C\",\nhttp://components.about.com/od/Theory/a/Overview-Of-I2c.htm, date\nvisited: 25 April 2015.","C. S. Sansar, \"Design & Implementation of I2C Master Controller\nInterfaced With RAM Using VHDL\", Journal of Engineering Research\nand Applications, Vol 4, Issue 7, July 2014, page 67-70"]}

Razvojem digitalnih integriranih sklopova entuzijastima je omogućeno lagana gradnja uređaja odnosno implementacija funkcija koje su prije bile rezervirane za profesionalne uređaje. U ovom radu prikazana je izrada digitalne skretnice pomoću digitalnog procesora TAS3103. Uz digitalni procesor TAS3103, koji ima ulogu obrade signala za digitalnu skretnicu, implementiran je i mikrokontroler Atmega328P koji ima ulogu upraljanja radom TAS3103 digitalnog procesora i ostvarivanju korisničkog sučelja prema korisniku putem osobnog računala radi lakše kontrole nad radom TAS3103 digitalnog procesora. U sustav ulazi signal putem optičkog ulaza gdje se nakon pretvorbe u električni šalje u digitalni procesor TAS3103. Unutar digitalnog procesora TAS3103 uzima se jedan od kanala (lijevi ili desni, ovisno unutar kojeg je zvučnika ugrađen sustav) te se zatim unutar TAS3103 digitalnog procesora filtrira na niskofrekventni te visokofrekventi. Uz filtraciju signala moguće je podesiti razinu signala odnosno glasnoću zvuka te njegovo vremensko kašnjenje u odnosu jedan na drugi signal. Naposlijetku se signal u izlaznom mješalu šalje kao stereo signal no umjesto lijevog i desnog kanala imamo niskotonski i visokotonski signal. Za potrebe kontrole nad radom digitalnog procesora TAS3103 razvijeno je korisničko sučelje, implementirano na samom mikrokontroleru Atmega328P radi lakšeg pristupa s bilo kojeg osobnog računala odnosno operativnog sustava. With the development of digital integrated circuits enthusiasts have been given the option of building devices which have functions previously reserved for professional devices. This thesis shows one way of building of digital crossover with the help of TAS3103 digital processor. Besides of TAS3103 digital processor there is an microcontroller Atmega328P which has a purpose of controlling the ATTACKS and to provide user interface for the user via personal computer. Entering the system via optical link, the signal is then turned into electrical signal and enters into TAS3103 digital processor. In TAS3103 one of the two channels(left or right, depending in what speaker is the digital crossover used) is then filtered it such a way that we get low and high frequency signal. Besides of filtering it is possible to set the volume of signal and the delay of signal in relationship whit one another. In the end signal is mixed in output mixer so that is similar to stereo signal but instead of left and right channel we have low and high frequency signal.

U završnom radu stvoren je sustav upravljačke ploče automobila zasnovan na FRISC procesoru izvedenom u VHDL opisu za Spartan 6 FPGA čip. Za potrebe sustava upravljačke ploče integriran je temperaturni senzor i RTC sklop u sustav procesora FRISC što je ostvareno izvedbom I2C sabirničkog protokola u VHDL opisu. Za temperaturni senzor izabran je BMP180 zbog preciznosti mjerenje, a za RTC sklop DS1307 zbog uporabe I2C sučelja i preciznosti. Pored sklopova izvedena je programska podrška za mjerenje brzine pomoću releja, otvaranja vrata i pokazivače smjera kao DIP prekidača, simulaciju GPS modula te SSD1289 kontroler. This thesis studies development of a car's basic control panel based on processor FRISC implemented in VHDL description for Spartan 6 FPGA chips. For the purposes of car's control panel implementation it was necessary to integrate temperature sensor and the RTC circuit into control panel. This was accomplished by implementing I2C bus protocol into FRISC's system. For the temperature sensor BMP180 was selected for its precise measurement and DS1307 for RTC circuit. In addition to added hardware, software was developed with functions of measuring speed using the relay, detecting door and turn signals state, to simulate a GPS module and to interface a SSD1289 controller.

LPC11xx je porodica 32-bitnih mikrokontrolera temeljenih na Cortex-M0 arhitekturi. Za razvoj aplikacija temeljenih na LPC11xx mikrokontrolerima koristi se razvojno okruženje LPCXpresso. FreeRTOS je operacijski sustav u stvarnom vremenu namijenjen radu s ugradbenim sustavima. FreeRTOS podržava upravljanje zadaćama, kao i komunikaciju pomoću redova poruka. Demonstracijski primjer obuhvaća tri zadaće. Prva zadaća čita podatke s analogno-digitalnog pretvornika. Druga zadaća upravlja generiranjem PWM signala. Treća zadaća upravlja I2C komunikacijom. Putem I2C sabirnice primaju se naredbe za upravljanje s prve dvije zadaće, a očitanje s analogno-digitalnog pretvornika se putem I2C sabirnice šalje vanjskom sklopovlju. LPC11xx is a family of 32-bit micro controllers based on the Cortex-M0 architecture. Applications are developed using the LPCXpresso development environment. FreeRTOS is a real-time operating system intended for use with embedded systems. FreeRTOS supports task scheduling, as well as communication using message queues. The example consists of three tasks. First task is used for reading from the analog-to-digital converter. Second task manages PWM signal generation. Third task manages I2C communication. Commands for the first two tasks are received using the I2C bus, and the reading from the analog-to-digital converter is sent to the external devices using the I2C bus.

Sa sve prihvatljivijim cijenama naprednih audio komponenata, otvara se niz mogućnosti za samogradnju. Ovaj rad prikazuje izradu digitalnog audio procesora i kontrole za isti. Korišten je digitalni audio procesor TAS3103, te mikrokontroler STM32F407, uz prateće komponente za prijem i pretvorbu ulaznog signala. Naglasak pri projektiranju je bio na jednostavnosti i praktičnosti korištenja sustava. U sustav ulazi optički signal, pretvara u električni i modificira prolaskom kroz audio procesor. Na izlazu se dobiva signal pripremljen za I2S sabirnicu, koja se dalje prosljeđuje na pojačalo. Mikrokontroler ima ulogu sučelja između krajnjeg korisnika i audio procesora. Služi za primanje koeficijenata sa računala, te prosljeđivanje istih na hardverski ostvarene filtre unutar TAS3103. Koeficijenti se u procesor šalju korištenjem I2C sabirnice, a sa računala se dobivaju korištenjem UART sučelja. Koeficijenti se šalju s računala korištenjem aplikacije koja komunicira s mikrokontrolerom. Pritom je osigurana mogućnost definiranja koeficijenata u zasebnoj tekstualnoj datoteci te učitavanje iste, kao i upis koeficijenata jedan po jedan. As the prices of advanced audio components decrease, a wide range of possibilities for DIY audio opens. This thesis shows one way to build a digital audio processor and a suitable control unit. A TAS3103 digital audio processor and an STM32F407 microcontroller were used, along with corresponding components for reception and conversion of the signal. The focus while designing the system was to make the use as simple as possible for the end user. Entering the system we have an optical signal, which gets converted and modified by passing through an audio processor. The system outputs a signal that is suitable for the I2S bus, which is in turn being passed to an amplifier. The microcontroller servese as an interface between the end user and the processor. It receives the coefficients and passes them to the hardware filters inside the processor. The coefficients are passed from a computer using an UART interface, and then passed to the processor using an I2C bus. On the computer there is an application which communicates with the microcontroller and enables the end user to input the coefficients. The coefficients can be input one by one, or all at once using a text file.