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• Definition and pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome is briefly described. • Sesquiterpene lactones isolated from medicinal plants used in traditional medicine. • In vivo and in vitro biological activities of sesquiterpene lactones are considered. • Chemical and biological properties of natural sesquiterpene lactones are documented. Metabolic syndrome comprises a cluster of metabolic disorders related to the development of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. In latter years, plant secondary metabolites have become of special interest because of their potential role in preventing and managing metabolic syndrome. Sesquiterpene lactones constitute a large and diverse group of biologically active compounds widely distributed in several medicinal plants used for the treatment of metabolic disorders. The structural diversity and the broad spectrum of biological activities of these compounds drew significant interests in the pharmacological applications. This review describes selected sesquiterpene lactones that have been experimentally validated for their biological activities related to risk factors of metabolic syndrome, together with their mechanisms of action. The potential beneficial effects of sesquiterpene lactones discussed in this review demonstrate that these substances represent remarkable compounds with a diversity of molecular structure and high biological activity, providing new insights into the possible role in metabolic syndrome management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discovery of novel pharmacological effects of berberine hydrochloride (BH) has made its clinical application valuable. However, further development and applications of BH are hampered by its short half-life and the side effects associated with its intravenous (iv) injection. To improve the hypolipidemia efficacy and reduce side effects, we encapsulated BH into biocompatible red blood cells (RBCs) to explore its sustained-release effect by hypotonic pre-swelling method. From in vitro evaluation, BH loaded RBCs (BH-RBCs) presented similar morphology and osmotic fragility to native RBCs (NRBCs). After the loading process, the BH-RBCs maintained around 69% of Na+/K+-ATPase activity of NRBCs and phosphatidylserine externalization value of BH-RBCs was about 26.1 ± 2.9%. The survival test showed that the loaded cells could circulate in plasma for over 9 d. For in vivo evaluation, a series of tests including pharmacokinetics study and hypolipidemic effect were carried out to examine the long-acting effect of BH-RBCs. The results showed that the release of BH in the loaded cells could last for about 5 d and the hypolipidemic effect can still be observed on 5 d after injection. BH-loaded autologous erythrocytes seem to be a promising sustained releasing delivery system with long hypolipidemic effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Spirulina is blue-green algae that grows mainly in tropical and subtropical lakes and is commonly used due to its nutritional features including high concentrations of protein, vitamins, mineral salts, carotenoids and antioxidants. This study aimed to investigate the anti-hypercholesterolemic potential of aqueous extract of Spirulina platensis cultivated in different colored flasks under artificial illumination; in vitro and in the diet induced hypercholesterolemic Swiss albino mice. Methods: Spirulina platensis was cultivated in red, blue, green and colorless Erlenmeyer flasks containing Zarrouk's medium under aerobic conditions, with incessant illumination by artificial cool white fluorescent with light intensity of 2500 lux (35 µmol photon m-2 s-1). Chlorophyll a and total carotenoid contents were estimated using colorimetric methods, fatty acids composition was determined by GC-Mass, in vitro and in vivo anti-cholesterol assays were used in assessing the anti-hypercholesterolemia potential of obtained Spirulina cells. Results: The results showed that the highest cell dry weight, chlorophyl a, and carotenoid of S. platensis were observed in colorless flasks and that the lowest values were recorded with the green colored flasks. Also, the hot water extract of S. platensis obtained from colorless flasks at a concentration of 15 mg/mL after 60 min of incubation exhibited the greatest reduction of cholesterol level. Gas chromatographymass spectrometry analysis of S. platensis methanolic extract showed 15 bioactive compounds were identified and grouped according to their chemical structures. An experimental model of hypercholesterolemic mice had been examined for impact of S. platensis individually and combined with atorvastatin drug. All S. platensis groups resulted in a remarkable decrease in plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides and low density lipoprotein; and increase in high density lipoprotein. Conclusion: The present study concluded that the hot aqueous extract of S. platensis developed in colorless flasks is recommended as a natural source for bioactive compounds, with anti-cholesterol and antioxidant potentialities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A high diet in saturated fat and lack of physical activity can increase blood plasma fat content and can cause obesity, which is a risk factor for coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemic, atherosclerosis, liver function dan hypertension. This study aimed to observe effect of andong leave extract (Cordyline terminalis) on the profile of lipid, obesity and function of liver onrats. The study was conducted using 24 wistar rats, which was divided into 4 groups: six rats were as control with a standard diet (group I) and 18 rats were obese induced by high-fat diet for 3 groups: Group II obesity with high-fat diet (HFD), Group III and IV (obesity plus extract 100 mg / kgbw and 200 mg / kgbw). Rats received andong leaf extract orally after induction of obesity. After 30 days of research the rat’s blood was drawn for testing of lipid profile, obesity, and liver function. The results showed that a decrease in body weight, Lee Obesity Index (LOI), abdominal circumference (AC),visceral fat weights, organs weight, daily diet intake, and serum total cholesterol (TC), LDL cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and an increase in serum HDL cholesterol, daily fecal weight, total cholesterol and fat in feces by significant (p < 0.05) in the treatment extract of andong leave than HFD group. According to the research results it can be concluded that the andong leaf extract are proven to have hypolipidemic effects, antiobesity and improve liver function in rats [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present study was carried out to investigate hypoglycaemic and hypolipidemic effect of Euphorbia caducifolia latex powder in Alloxan induced diabetic rats by administering oral doses (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight). Animals were divided into diabetic and nondiabetic groups. Rats were fed with a high fat diet and induced with a single dose of Alloxan (150 mg/kg) intraperitoneally. Diabetic rats were treated with ECL powder (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) and Glibenclamide (5 mg/kg/day). To determine fasting blood glucose, blood was drawn on days 0, 7, and 14 while it was drawn on day 14 for the determination of lipids and relative body weight was measured at days 0 and 14. After 2 weeks of treatment, the fasting blood glucose and triglyceride levels of the ECL treated groups were significantly lower when compared with the DM group (P < 0.001). Treatment with the ECL also resulted in a significant decrease in serum total cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P< 0.001). Decreases in both total cholesterol, triglycerides and lowdensity lipoprotein cholesterol were accompanied by a significant increase in serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P< 0.001). The overall results suggest that the ECL powder possesses potential hypoglycaemic and hypolipidemic activity in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of obesity is a global problem that is being faced in the world. One of the precautions taken is functional food. Fermented soy milk is a functional food that has a hypolipidemic effect. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between the hypolipidemic effect of fermented soymilk and the content of lactic acid bacteria in animal experiments. The results showed that the provision of fermented soymilk and unfermented soymilk could increase the total content of lactic acid bacteria in rat feaces. This is in line with the decrease in total blood cholesterol levels in rats. Giving soy milk and fermented soymilk increases the total lactic acid bacteria in feaces thereby increasing cholesterol secretion in feaces [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Trichosanlhes kirilowii Maxim seed oil (TSO) is rich in conjugated linolenic acids, and the flavonoids (FLA) combined with n‐3 fatty acids can effectively change the plasma antioxidant capacity. Hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress are one of the most important risk factors for cardiovascular disease. This study aims to evaluate the effect of the TSO, FLA, and TSO combined with FLA (TSOFLA) intake on hyperlipemia mice. TSO and TSOFLA administration resulted in a significant decline in serum levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low density lipoprotein‐cholesterol. TSOFLA improved the hepatic and serum antioxidant status as assessed by superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase activities, and reduced the levels of lipid peroxidation. Hematoxylin‐eosin staining of liver and aorta tissue has shown a marked reduction of the hyperlipidemia‐induced lesions by gavage TSOFLA. Compared with TSO and FLA, TSOFLA has more significant hypolipidemic and antioxidant activities, which effects may be correlated to the synergy between TSO and FLA. Practical applications: Dyslipidemia is a common metabolic disorder, which is characterized by triglyceride levels increased, total cholesterol, and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol. Lipid‐lowering treatment can reduce the expansion of coronary atherosclerosis, and particular the dietary lipids have important roles in controlling the concentrations of these risk factors. This is the first study evaluating the hypolipidemic and antioxidant activities effects of Trichosanlhes kirilowii Maxim seed oil (TSO), flavonoids (FLA), and TSO combined with FLA (TSOFLA) intake on hyperlipemia mice caused by a high‐fat diet. The pharmacological effects of dietary TSOFLA are correlated to its high content of unsaturated fatty acids and flavonoids. This information can be of interest to the development of food supplements in the field of diseases associated with high‐fat intakes such as cardiovascular diseases and adiposis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Biologia Marina y Oceanografía (RBMO) is the property of Universidad de Valparaiso, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Black ginseng (BG), which is produced by repeated steaming and drying of fresh ginseng, has various pharmacological and therapeutic properties. This study investigated the anti-hyperglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of BG ethanolic extract in type 2 diabetic db/db mice. The levels of fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, insulin levels and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances values were decreased in the groups fed BG extract (BG) (100 and 900 mg/kg BW/day), compared to the control group (CON). In the BG compared with the CON, hepatic steatosis in the liver and the size of adipocytes in muscle tissue were improved. The administration of BG regulated the glucose transporter type (GLUT) 4 and 2, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α and γ in muscle and liver. Moreover, ginsenosides (Rh4, Rg5, and Rk1), which profiled by HPLC, regulated the markers for lipid metabolism and glucose metabolism; PPARs and GLUTs in muscle and C2C12 rather than liver cells and tissue. These findings suggested that ginsenosides (Rh4, Rg5, and Rk1) from BG extract can ameliorate type 2 diabetes through their anti-hyperglycemic and hypolipidemic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chrysophyllum albidum peel ethanol extract (CAPEE) was investigated for its antioxidant and hypolipidemic effects in rats. Dried peel was extracted in 70% ethanol and tested for phenolic content and in vitro antioxidant properties. Acute toxicity effect of CAPEE was tested at dose level of 2,000 mg/kg. The antioxidant and hypolipidemic effects in serum and hepatic tissues were evaluated in normal and triton-X-100-injected rats following 14 days of repeated treatment with CAPEE (50 and 200 mg/kg). Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of CAPEE were 49.49 ± 2.48 mg GAE/g of sample and 14.71 ± 0.90 mg RE/g sample, respectively. The extract scavenged DPPH radical in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC50 of 63.1 ± 0.5 µg/mL. CAPEE (2,000 mg/kg) showed no sign of toxicity in mice. CAPEE (50 and 200 mg/kg) did not alter lipid profile in normal rats but ameliorated triton-X-100-induced increases in triglycerides and cholesterol and decrease in high-density lipoprotein (HDL). CAPEE showed hepatoprotective as well as antioxidant activity in serum and liver of normal and hyperlipidemic rats. The results revealed that Chrysophyllum albidum fruit peel ethanol extract possesses antioxidants and hypolipidemic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Brewing is the property of China Brewing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

• The structural features of LEHSDF were characterized. • LEHSDF effectively inhibited the lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells and PL activity. • LEHSDF did not bind to BS, but exhibited a strong binding effect to PL. • LEHSDF-PL showed interaction forces of hydrophobic forces, electrostatic forces, encapsulation and adsorption. Aimed to evaluate the hypolipidemic effects of high molecular weight soluble dietary fiber extracted from L. edodes (LEHSDF), this study investigated the structure and interaction mechanism of LEHSDF with pancreatic lipase (PL) and bile salts (BS) that were involved in lipid digestion. 1D/2D NMR spectra indicated that the main chain of LEHSDF consisted of (1 → 2,4)-linked β-D-arabinopyranosyl, (1 → 3)-linked α-L-rhamnopyranosyl, (1 → 4)-linked β-D-xylopyranosyl, (1 → 6)-linked and (1 → 4)-linked β-D-glucopyranosyl, with β-D-galactopyranosyl and α-D-mannopyranosyl as terminal unit. Oil red O staining results suggested that LEHSDF had an effective inhibitory effect on lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells. Isothermal titration calorimetry, fluorescence and circular dichroism spectra showed that BS did not specifically bind to LEHSDF, and the strong inhibitory effect of LEHSDF on lipase was dominated by hydrophobic forces, electrostatic forces, encapsulation and adsorption interactions. The results will be helpful for the design of food containing LEHSDF as a functional additive to control lipid digestion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: To determine the nutraceutical effect of mixtures containing Lactobacillus nagelii/betanin on the carbohydrate and lipid metabolism of mice. Methods: Lactobacillus nagelii and betanin were isolated from the raw materials. These components were subsequently assessed for their anti-hyperglycemic and hypolipidemic activities, and administered individually or combined in normoglycemic and diabetic mice. These animals were subjected to a standard OGTT and given an atherogenic diet. Results: The combination of L. nagelii (2.0 × 109 CFU/mL) and betanin (30 mg/kg body weight) exerted a significant (p < 0.01) and prolonged reduction of postprandial blood glucose (30 - 120 min). Interestingly, a mixture of L. nagelii (1 ×107 CFU/mouse/day) with betanin (10 mg/kg body weight) administered for 30 days, produced favourable effects (p < 0.01) in the lipid profile of mice previously treated with an atherogenic diet. These mixtures significantly ameliorated (p < 0.01) hypoinsulinemia, hyperleptinemia and increased the levels of adiponectin. Conclusion: The simultaneous administration of L. nagelii and betanin in mice produced a beneficial change in blood glucose and lipids in mice, indicating a synergistic nutraceutical effect. However, there is a need to develop this therapy further for potential application in humans [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was performed to evaluate the hypolipidemic and anti‐atherogenic activities of the crude polysaccharides extracted from abalone viscera (AVCP). The major functional groups of purified polysaccharides were analyzed by infrared spectroscopy (IR). Male Kunming mice (SPF) were divided into six groups and were treated with normal diet or high‐fat diet with AVCP or Xuezhikang (hypotensive drug) for 5 weeks. Physicochemnical analysis of AVCP showed the presence of 60.4% polysaccharides, 17.9% protein, 6.0% fat and 10.9% moisture. The IR analysis of AVP showed the presence of functional groups of sugar moiety and sulfate groups. The results demonstrated that AVCP not only led to significant reduction of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C), and increase of high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) in plasma, but also to significant increments of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities. However, AVCP played no role in mice weight. Furthermore, the results of the photomicrograph of liver tissue showed that AVCP reduced lipid droplets and prevented the disordered structure of the liver. The results suggested that AVCP exhibited significantly hypolipidemic and anti‐atherogenic activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicinal plants are increasingly been investigated for potentials to provides active, safe and cost-effective alternative to synthetic antidiabetics. In the present study, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities of crude methanol, hexane and ethylacetate fractions of Annona senegalensis (A. senegalensis) in alloxan-induced diabetic rats were evaluated. The extract and fractions of A. senegalensis were administered to alloxan (120 mg/kg bw) induced diabetic rats at doses of 100, 300 and 600 mg/kg bw. Glibenclamide (5 mg/kg bw) was used as the reference drug. All treatments were administered daily for 14 days through oral route with the aid of esophageal cannula. Effect of the treatments on blood glucose levels, body weight, packed cell volume (PCV) and lipid profiles were monitored. The crude extract had significantly (p < 0.05) higher percentage glucose reduction range of 71.61 ± 2.34% and 75.59 ± 1.09% when compared with the metformin (69.15 ± 2.90%). Ethyl acetate and n-hexane fractions had reduction range of 60.17 ± 3.56 to 67.74 ± 2.67, and 55.63 ± 1.09% to 68.05 ± 2.98% respectively. The crude extract and fractions of A. senegalensis significantly (p < 0.05) decreases the serum concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and increase high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol when compared with diabetic untreated rats. The serum total cholesterol and triglyceride in rats treated with 100 and 300 mg/kg n-hexane and those treated with ethylacetate fractions were comparable (p > 0.05) with the normal control rats but significantly (p < 0.05) lower than those treated with 600 mg/kg bw of the fractions and crude extract (100, 300 and 600 mg/kg bw). A. senegalensis carpel contains significant amount of phytochemicals with hypoglycemic reputation. The crude extract, ethylacetate and hexane fractions exhibited dose-dependent hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Medicinal plants have always been a consummate source for drugs and already provided us with lead compounds for numerous currently available drugs with no or less side effects. This supports the usage of herbal drugs for the treatment and management of various diseases. However, an assessment with available techniques has become an essential aspect to establish a valid scientific rationale for their usage in major healthcare problems. Methods: Ethanolic extract of Antigonon leptopus flower was screened for antioxidant activity by DPPH method and its effects on blood glucose levels (OGTT, acute and sub-acute study) in Alloxan induced diabetic rats, effects on serum lipid profiles and histopathological study of pancreas. Results: The extract showed potent in-vitro antioxidant activity. Treatment with ethanolic extract of Antigonon leptopus exhibits remarkable reduction in fasting blood glucose level (OGTT) at 2nd and 4th hr with a percentage of 26% and 11% respectively, whereas in acute study (at 6 hr) it was found to be 16 % and in sub acute study (15 days) it was reported to be 54%. Also, a significant lipid lowering activity was observed. Conclusion: This potent antioxidant, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic efficacy may be attributed to the secondary metabolites (phenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, phytosterols and proteins) present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity and other degenerative disorders have evolved as a big crisis to the society. To combat this, people have turned to all sorts of supplements in order to improve the results of the medication. Green coffee bean extract is one such supplement which is gaining popularity among masses. It contains chlorogenic acid which reduces high cholesterol level, high blood sugar and prevent weight gain. The purpose of this review paper is to assess the health benefits of Green coffee extract as a hyperglycaemic, hypolipidemic and a weight loss supplement. A total of Eighty research papers were collected through electronic and non-electronic methods while there was no restriction on time and language. Out of them Thirty-Nine were sorted out for quality and subject adherence in accordance to clinical trials. There were potential clinically significant differences in cholesterol level, sugar level and weight in some published studies. The exact dosage and physiology of action of Green coffee bean extract is also been clearly defined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the antidiabetic, hypolipidemic and antioxidant potential of seed oil of Nigella sativa L (NSO). Methods: Nigella sativa seed oil (NSO) was extracted with Soxhlet apparatus using petroleum ether, and was given orally at a dose of 2.5 ml/kg body weight to alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits daily for 24 days. Biochemical parameters including total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), very low lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL) and plasma glucose were determined in the treatment and control groups. Furthermore, bilirubin, vitamin C, catalase and mean body weight were assessed. Results: NSO treatment significantly lowered serum blood glucose levels and lipid contents, but increased the mean body weight, HDL-C and vitamin C levels of diabetic rabbits (p < 0.001). Moreover, NSO significantly decreased catalase activity, TC, TGs, LDL-C and VLDL-C levels, but normalized bilirubin levels in diabetic rabbits. Conclusion: These results indicate that NSO possesses significant antidiabetic potential. Thus, it may be useful as an adjunct with antidiabetic medication but further studies are required to ascertain this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress are major risk factors for the development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. This study was designed to investigate the hypolipidemic and hepatic antioxidant potentials of the methanol Leek extract (LE) in a high-fat diet (HFD)-fed rat model. Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups (n = 6/groups) as 1) control fed standard diet, 2) HFD, 3) HFD+(Atorvastatin) (20 mg/kg), and HFD+LE (100, 200, or 300 mg/kg). All treatments were administered by gavage and conducted for 6 weeks, daily. At all tested, but in a dose-independent manner, LE significantly reduced final body weights and food intake and suppressed serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Besides, in inhibited serum and hepatic levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) but increased serum and hepatic levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Concomitantly, LE, at all tested doses increased the activity of superoxidase dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), increased the levels of catalase (CAT) and decreased the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the livers of HFD-fed rats. In conclusion, LE exerts potent hypolipidemic and hepatic antioxidant potentials in HFD-fed rats which highlight its beneficial effects in various metabolic-related disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The leaf and twig aqueous extracts of Arabian balsam tree (Commiphora gileadensis) were tested to protect against alloxan-induced hyperglycaemia in hypercholesterolemic male rats. The antioxidants, high density lipoproteins, IgE and α-Amylase were decreased, whereas kidney function indices, liver function enzymes, triglycerides, cholesterol, low density lipoproteins and all immunoglobulins except IgE were increased as a result of alloxan administration. Moreover, the renal, hepatic and pancreatic tissue showed a drastic pathological damage. In G3 and G4, treating the diabetic rats with C. gileadensis leaf and twig extracts, respectively greatly ameliorated all biochemical parameters and the injured tissues and restored them nearly to the normal. In G4, the aqueous extract of C. gileadensis twig was more efficient in treating the diabetic rats than the leaf aqueous extract in G3. Both C. gileadensis leaf and twig aqueous extracts succeeded in adjusting the glucose levels of diabetic rats under hypercholesterolemic condition due to their antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solvent fractions (n-hexane, cholorofrom, methanol) and fractions containing sterols of Jolyna laminarioides was evaluated in triton-induced and high-fat-diet induced hyperlipidemic rats. Oral administration of J. laminarioides significantly reduced the elevated level of serum total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL-c, both in triton induced and high fat diet induced hyperlipidemic rat models with increased serum HDL-c. Chloroform: methanol fraction (2:1) and n-hexane fraction containing sterol showed promising results in reducing LDL-c. The methanol fraction showed hypolipidemic effect by increasing HDL-c (90%). The extracts and fractions of the seaweed also decreased the increased level of cardiac and hepatic marker enzymes beside lowering lipid profile. J. laminarioides exhibited high antihyperlipidemic effects both in triton induced and high fat diet induced hyperlipidemic rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The polyherbal mixture made of Centaurium erythraea aerial parts and Cichorium intybus roots and Potentilla erecta rhizomes has been used for centuries to treat both the primary and secondary complications of diabetes. As a continuation of our search for the most effective herbal mixture used as an ethnopharmacological remedy for diabetes, this study aimed to compare the in vitro biological activities of this polyherbal mixture and its individual ingredients, and, most importantly, to validate the ethnopharmacological value of the herbal mixture through evaluation of its phytochemical composition, its potential in vivo toxicity and its effect on diabetes complications. Phytochemical analysis was performed using HPLC-UV. Antioxidant activity was estimated via the DPPH test. Potential cytotoxicity/anticytotoxicity was assessed using an in vitro RBCs antihemolytic assay and an in vivo sub-chronic oral toxicity method. Antidiabetic activity was evaluated using an in vitro α -amylase inhibition assay and in vivo using a chemically induced diabetic rat model. The HPLC-UV analysis revealed the presence of p -hydroxybenzoic acid, p -hydroxybenzoic acid derivative, catechin, five catechin derivatives, epicatechin, isoquercetin, hyperoside, rutin, four quercetin derivatives, caffeic acid, and four caffeic acid derivatives in the polyherbal mixture decoction. Treatment with the decoction has shown no toxic effects. The antioxidant and cytoprotective activities of the polyherbal mixture were higher than the reference's ones. Its antidiabetic activity was high in both in vitro and in vivo studies. Fourteen days of treatment with the decoction (15 g/kg) completely normalized blood glucose levels of diabetic animals, while treatments with insulin and glimepiride only slightly lowered glycemic values. In addition, lipid status of treated animals as well as levels of serum AST, ALT, ALP, creatinine, urea and MDA were completely normalized. In addition, the polyherbal mixture completely restored the histopathological changes of the liver, kidneys and all four Cornu ammonis regions of the hippocampus. The polyherbal mixture was effective in the prevention of both primary and secondary diabetic complications such as hyperlipidemia, increased lipid peroxidation, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, nephropathy and neurodegeneration. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thinned peach polyphenols (TPPs) were extracted by ultrasonic disruption and purified using macroporous resin. Optimized extraction conditions resulted in a TPPs yield of 1.59 ± 0.02 mg GAE/g FW, and optimized purification conditions resulted in a purity of 43.86% with NKA-9 resin. TPPs composition was analyzed by UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS; chlorogenic acid, catechin, and neochlorogenic acid were the most abundant compounds in thinned peaches. Purified TPPs exhibited scavenging activity on DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl radical, and FRAP. TPPs inhibited α-amylase and α-glucosidase by competitive and noncompetitive reversible inhibition, respectively. TPPs also exhibited a higher binding capacity for bile acids than cholestyramine. In summary, TPPs from thinned peaches are potentially valuable because of their high antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and hypolipidemic capacities, and present a new incentive for the comprehensive utilization of thinned peach fruit.

Coriandrum sativum (C. sativum), belonging to the Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) family, is widely recognized for its uses in culinary and traditional medicine. C. sativum contains various phytochemicals such as polyphenols, vitamins, and many phytosterols, which account for its properties including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and analgesic effects. The cardiovascular benefits of C. sativum have not been summarized before, hence this review aims to further evaluate and discuss its effectiveness in cardiovascular diseases, according to the recent literature. An electronic search for literature was carried out using the following databases: PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, preprint platforms, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Articles were gathered from the inception of the database until August 2021. Moreover, the traditional uses and phytochemistry of coriander were surveyed in the original resources and summarized. As a result, most of the studies that cover cardiovascular benefits and fulfilled the eligibility criteria were in vivo, while only a few were in vitro and clinical studies. In conclusion, C. sativum can be deemed a functional food due to its wide range of cardiovascular benefits such as antihypertensive, anti-atherogenic, antiarrhythmic, hypolipidemic as well as cardioprotective effects.

α-Glucosidase and lipase inhibitors play important roles in the treatment of hyperglycaemia and dyslipidemia.To identify novel naturally occurring inhibitors, a bioactivity-guided phytochemical research was performed on the pu-erh tea. One new flavanol, named (–)-epicatechin-3-O-(Z)-coumarate (1), and 16 known analogs (217) were isolated from the aqueous extract of the pu-erh tea. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic and chemical methods. Furthermore, the water extract of pu-erh tea and its fractions exhibited inhibitory activities against α-glucosidases and lipases in vitro; compound 15 showed moderate inhibitory effect against sucrase with an IC50 value of 32.5 μmol/L and significant inhibitory effect against maltase with an IC50 value of 1.3 μmol/L. Compounds 8, 10, 11 and 15 displayed moderate activity against a lipase with IC50 values of 16.0, 13.6, 19.8, and 13.3 μmol/L, respectively.

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and anti-inflammatory potentials of ethanolic extract of leaves of Amaranthus paniculatus linn. (EEAP) on alloxan-induced diabetic rats scientifically. Hyperglycemia induces the generation of free radicals which can affect antioxidant defenses, thus leading to the disruption of beta cellular functions, oxidative damage to membranes, leading to the release of C-reactive protein and altered lipid metabolism. Methods: Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of ice-cold aqueous alloxan monohydrate at the dose of 150 mg/kg body weight. Results: After a daily single oral administration of the EEAP for 28 days starting from the study protocol, the blood glucose, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were assessed. The results obtained from the study administration of daily dose of EEAP significantly reduced the blood glucose, SGPT, SGOT, TC, TG, and CRP in a dose-dependent manner. The results obtained were comparable to those of glibenclamide. The serum levels of TC, TG, and CRP were significantly altered in the diabetic control group, but it was significantly decreased in the extract-treated group and standard glibenclamide-treated group, except at a dose of 100 mg/kg where there was no significant effect on the TG level. The finding obtained suggests that EEAP acts through molecular level, modifying the altered pathways in diabetes and associated complications. Conclusion: The results obtained suggest that EEAP possesses a potential for the management of diabetes and associated complications in experimentally-induced diabetic rats.

Context: The decoctions of Ficus carica Linn. (Moraceae) leaves are used in the folklore treatment of diabetes. Objective: To evaluate the effect of F. carica on glucose and lipids levels, carbohydrate metabolism enzymes and β-cells protective effects in type 2 diabetes. Material and methods: Diabetes was induced in 15 days high-fat diet (HFD)-fed Wistar rats by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (40 mg/kg). The ethyl acetate extract (250 and 500 mg/kg) of F. carica leaves was administered for 28 days. Oral glucose tolerance (OGTT) and intraperitoneal insulin tolerance tests (ITT) were evaluated on 15th and 25th days, respectively. Results: The ethyl acetate extract (250 and 500 mg/kg) of n F. carica leaves showed significant effect (p

Objectives: This study examines the metabolic consequences of saponin and flavonoid extracts of Gongronema latifolium leaves in rat offspring whose mothers consumed sucrose during breastfeeding., Methods: Thirty-two female albino Wistar rats were randomly assigned to control group, given water only: sucrose group, given sucrose solution only; flavonoid groups, given sucrose solution and 100 mg/kg b.w. and 200 mg/kg b.w. of flavonoid and saponin groups, given sucrose solution and 100 mg/kg b.w. and 200 mg/kg b.w. of saponin extracts, for 3 weeks during lactation. Then the body, hepatic and pancreatic weights, food intake, glucose tolerance, lipid profile, insulin, and leptin levels of their offspring were measured., Results: There was a significant decrease in the body weight (BW), food intake, and glucose level among the flavonoid and saponin groups compared to the control group. However, when compared to the sucrose group, there was a significant decrease in food intake, blood glucose level, triglyceride, and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and a significant increase in the BW. There was no significant difference in insulin and leptin levels, hepatic, and pancreatic weights among groups., Conclusion: This study shows that G. lactifolium consumption among lactating rats maintains metabolic homeostatic as it protects against elevated blood glucose level and dyslipidemia in offspring post-weaning. It also suggests that the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties of G. latifolium maybe as a result of saponin and flavonoids inherent in the plant., Competing Interests: In accordance with the standardized disclosure form recommended by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (IJMJE), each author hereby affirms the following: Funding and Support: The authors affirm that they did not receive any financial assistance or services from any organization for the research presented in this submission. Financial Associations: All authors assert that they do not currently have any financial affiliations or have had any financial interactions within the last 3 years with organizations that may have a vested interest in the research presented. Other Associations: The authors confirm that there are no other personal or professional relationships or activities that might be perceived as having an influence on the research submitted., (Copyright: © International Journal of Health Sciences.)

Strong evidence showed that many medicinal plants have the potential to reduce hyperlipidemia disease. The aim of this study was to determine the hypolipidemic activity of aqueous extracts of Fucus vesiculosus, Coleus forskohlii, Curcuma longa L., Rosmarinus officinalis L., Camellia sinensis L. and Melissa officinalis L. on lipid profile in serum taken from the blood of rats. Fifty-seven female albino rats were divided into 19 groups, each with three rats, that were treated orally with an aqueous plant extract in three different doses, except the control group which was treated with normal saline only. The chemical compositions of these extracts were analyzed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).The results showed that the dose of 5 mg/kg ofCurcuma longa was the powerful extract which reduced levels of cholesterol (CHO) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in serum rats' blood by 31 and 55%, respectively, compared with the control treatment. While, the effective extract to reduce triglycerides (TG) level was that ofFucus vesiculosus(50mg/kg) which reduced TG by 38% compared with the control. Also, Melissa officinalis(50 mg/kg ) extract reduced 30% of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) level as compared to the control treatment. In addition, Coleus forskohlii(100 mg/kg) extract increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level by 115% after being orally given to rats for four weeks. The results of the study indicated significant differences among the concentrationsof the secondary compoundswithin their extracts, which maybe responsible for the observed variations of hypolipidemic activity for each extract. Based on these results, further investigation should target understanding the mechanismsby which these plants can be used as food additives and as dietary supplement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditionally fermented yak yogurt as a Tibetan dairy product is high not only in nutrients but also in probiotics. A probiotic strain with a potential lipid reducing effect was isolated from yak yogurt. An animal model for hyperlipidemia was evaluated using the blood index and expression levels of lipid metabolism‐related proteins in mice to determine the effect of Lactobacillus casei YBJ02 (LC‐YBJ02) on lipid metabolism in hyperlipidemic mice and the underlying mechanism. LC‐YBJ02 at different concentrations exhibited certain inhibitory effects on the increase in blood lipid in mice. Particularly, high concentrations of LC‐YBJ02 can reduce the cholesterol, triglycerides, and low‐density lipoprotein content; however, no significant effect on the high‐density lipoprotein of the body has been reported. LC‐YBJ02 can effectively increase the reduction in cholesterol level by fecal excretion. In this study, the gene‐affecting mouse obesity was determined using experimental results in mice. The expression levels of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPARγ), CCAAT enhancer binding protein alpha (CEBP)/α, sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP)‐1c, and FAS could improve because of the high‐fat diet in kidney fat. Bacteria at different concentrations could also decrease these expression levels. Specifically, the high concentration of LC‐YBJ02 could suppress the expression of PPARγ, CEBP/α, and SREBP‐1c; however, the expression of FAS was not significantly inhibited. PPARγ and FAS expression levels in the liver were low, but no significant difference was indicated. CEBP/α and SREBP‐1c expression in mouse liver was further detected by Western blot analysis; CEBP/α was considerably low and could not be detected. On the basis of these results, LC‐YBJ02 could be used as probiotics through its lipid reduction effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenolic extract from banana peel was extracted with 95% ethanol and characterized by LC-TOF-MS/MS. Epicatechin, rutin, 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, myricetin, ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, and gallic acid were detected in the extract. Cholate test was performed for the initial examination of the hypolipidemic effect of the dietary fibres. The dietary fibres prepared by sequential treatment with sulphuric acid then sodium hydroxide (SST) and sodium hydroxide treatment (SHT) had high water-holding capacities (7.48 and 6.91 g g−1) and swelling capacities (4.8 and 4.3 ml g−1). The dietary fibres prepared by sequential treatment with trypsin then sulphuric acid (TST) and sulphuric acid treatment (SAT) had high oil-holding capacities (5.52 and 5.10 g g−1) and enhanced capacities for sodium cholate adsorption. Results indicated the potentials of banana peel as functional ingredient in food applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fucoidan is a kind of brown algae-derived macromolecule suggested to have hypolipidemic activity. Saccharina sculpera has attracted interest because it is rich in fucoidan. The monosaccharide composition and structural characteristics of isolated fractions (F1, F2 and F3) were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). The hypolipidemic effects of fucoidan fractions from Saccharina sculpera cultured in northern China were clarified by measuring cholesterol levels, antioxidative indicators and hepatic gene mRNA expression using an established hyperlipidemic Wistar rat model. The results showed that F1 is an acetylated galactofucan and that F2 consists of fucose, galactose, mannose and glucuronic acid. F3 is an acetylated galactofucan with high fucose. Fucoidan fractions from Saccharina sculpera could effectively reduce the level of lipids in serum by reducing the TG, TC, and LDL-C levels and increasing HDL-C levels and could effectively prevent lipid accumulation in the liver. The findings obtained from hepatic gene expression showed that fucoidan could inhibit cholesterol synthesis via downregulation of HMG-CoA-R and upregulation of LCAT, slow the synthesis of fatty acids via downregulation of SREBP-1c, and promote β-oxidation of fatty acids via upregulation of PPARα, PPARγ and LPL. These results demonstrated that the hypolipidemic activity of fucoidan was related to the inhibition of cholesterol synthesis and reverse transport, the regulation of fatty acid synthesis, and acceleration of mitochondrial β-oxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the in vivo hypolipidemic effect of west Cameroonian Passiflora edulis variety seed oil (PE) was assessed in female and male Wistar rats. The chemical properties of the oil were evaluated through the determination of the peroxide, iodine, and thiobarbituric acid values, as well as its fatty acid composition using gas chromatography. Results showed that the oil extraction yield was 19.90% and its quality indexes were as follows: peroxide value = 2.10 ± 0.20 meq O2/kg; thiobarbituric acid value = 0.25 ± 0.00 ppm; and iodine value = 97.40 ± 0.45 g I2/100 g. Its fatty acid composition showed that it contains about 84.88% of unsaturated fatty acid, linoleic acid being the most represented (68.39%), followed by oleic acid (14.31%). The administration of this oil resulted in a significant reduction (p < .05) in the level of triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol in rats. The PE groups showed a significant increase (p < .05) in high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol compared with untreated male rats. A similar trend was observed with female rats for triglycerides, but lowest values were observed with olive oil at 1 ml. This study suggests that P. edulis seed oil is rich in linoleic acid, which might be responsible for its hypolipidemic effect comparable to that of olive oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Effects of Commiphora mukul and Commiphora myrrha ethanolic extracts and Terminalia chebula hydro-ethanolic extract combination were evaluated in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: Male Wistar rats (n=48) were randomly assigned into: control; diabetic; diabetic+metformin (300 mg/kg); diabetic+dose 1 of herbal combination (438 mg/kg of C. mukul+214 mg/kg of C. myrrha+857 mg/kg of T. chebula); diabetic+dose 2 (642 mg/kg of C. mukul+214 mg/kg of C. myrrha+642 mg/kg of T. chebula); and diabetic+dose 3 (857 mg/kg of C. mukul+438 mg/kg of C. myrrha+1714 mg/kg t of T. chebula). All treatments were given orally by gavage. Diabetes was induced by STZ (60 mg/kg, i.p.). At the end of study (day 28), blood glucose, insulin and lipid profile; as well as hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) and thiol content, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities were determined. Results: In diabetic rats, plasma glucose, triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and LDL-C, as well as hepatic MDA levels were elevated but plasma HDL-C and insulin, and hepatic thiol content and SOD and CAT activities were reduced compared to control (p<0.01-p<0.001). In diabetic+dose 3, plasma TC, TG, and LDL-C and hepatic MDA level decreased (p<0.001), while plasma HDL-C and insulin, and hepatic thiol content, and SOD and CAT activities increased compared to diabetic (p<0.01-p<0.001). Treatment with dose 1 and 2 improved such abnormalities in diabetic rats except for insulin level (p<0.05-p<0.001). The herbal combination effects were comparable to those of metformin. Metformin did not significantly change serum insulin and HDL-C levels, and hepatic SOD activity; however, serum levels of TC, TG, and LDL-C, as well as hepatic MDA levels, thiol content and CAT activity were improved compared to diabetic (p<0.05-p<0.001). Conclusion: These results indicate that this herbal combination acts as an anti-diabetic, antioxidant and hypolipidemic agent and it may be suggested as a beneficial remedy for diabetic patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work is to characterize the primary structure and physicochemical properties of natural polysaccharides (GLP) and degraded polysaccharides (GLP UD) from Ganoderma lucidum , and evaluate their hypolipidemic and antioxidant activities. The results of particle size distribution and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides were effectively degraded by ultrasonic method. GLP UD was composed of the same monosaccharide units as GLP but with different molar ratios. Infrared spectra and NMR showed that the primary structure of polysaccharides had not been changed by ultrasonic degradation. Meanwhile, the thermal stability of polysaccharides increased after ultrasonic treatment. After administration by GLP and GLP UD four weeks, body weight, visceral index, atherosclerosis index (AI) and biochemical indicators in serum and in liver were determined. The results showed that GLP UD had stronger hypolipidemic and antioxidant activities than GLP. GLP UD was more effective than the GLP for reducing AI, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), raising high density lipoprotein (HDL-C) (p < 0.01), reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) content, as well as increasing the glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in mice serum, increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and reducing MDA content in liver (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). In addition, the histopathological observations of mice livers showed that GLP UD could significantly improve lipid metabolism disorder in hepatocytes. Thus, GLP UD might be tested as a more effective hypolipidemic drug. • The primary structure of the polysaccharides had not been changed by ultrasonic degradation. • Degraded polysaccharides had higher hypolipidemic and antioxidant activities than of natural polysaccharides. • GLP UD could significantly improve lipid metabolism disorder in hepatocytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Puerariae radix (PR) is a traditional Chinese food and medicine. In this study, the chemical profile and bioactivities of PR fermented with Aspergillus niger (PFA) were investigated. Based on HPLC analysis, PFA chemical profile changed and total phenols increased by 12.5% relative to PR. Consequently, the in vitro antioxidant activity significantly improved. According to the blood lipid analysis in mice, PFA showed a better ability to inhibit the increased blood lipid levels induced by Triton WR-1339 than PR. In a quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) study, PFA up-regulated cholesterol 7-alpha hydroxylase (CYP7A1) and low-density lipoprotein receptor mRNA expression, which were 50% and 44.8% higher than the levels induced by high-dose PR. Conversely, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCoAR) mRNA expression was down-regulated to 46.8% lower than the levels induced by high-dose PR. The qRT-PCR results suggested that PFA displayed better hypolipidemic activity than PR, due to its superior ability to regulate mRNA expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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