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In the last few years, the increasing availability of large corpora spanning several time periods has opened new opportunities for the diachronic analysis of language. This type of analysis can bring to the light not only linguistic phenomena related to the shift of word meanings over time, but it can also be used to study the impact that societal and cultural trends have on this language change. This paper introduces a new resource for performing the diachronic analysis of named entities built upon Wikipedia page revisions. This resource enables the analysis over time of changes in the relations between entities (concepts), surface forms (words), and the contexts surrounding entities and surface forms, by analysing the whole history of Wikipedia internal links. We provide some useful use cases that prove the impact of this resource on diachronic studies and delineate some possible future usage. Source code and more details are available here:https://github.com/pippokill/dae

El present estudi pretén donar a conèixer l'actuació de les entitats del tercer sector en l'aplicació del Treball en Benefici de la Comunitat i, en concret, com actuen davant de la rehabilitació i la reinserció del penat. A partir de l'anàlisi teòric es vol conèixer quin és l'àmbit d'aplicació del TBC, el seu paper pel que fa la rehabilitació i la reinserció a nivell teòric i finalment l'actuació de les Entitats. Com a part pràctica, es proposa una metodologia qualitativa analitzant el discurs dels referents de les entitats del tercer sector i els Delegats d'Execució de Mesures Penals Alternatives. The present study aims to introduce the actions made by entities in the implementation of the community service and specifically how these entities deal with the rehabilitation and reinsertion of the convicted. Through theoretical analysis, it is wanted to know which is the scope of application of the community service, how is reinsertion and rehabilitation applied in the theoretical plane and the actuation of entities. As a practical part a qualitative methodology is suggested; the analysis of the speech of the main heads of the entities and the referents in justice administration.

This academic work presents a communications plan for Fundació ACE. This is a non-profit entity that fights against Alzheimer's disease. The project sets for the very first defined internal communications strategy for an entity with 25 years of history, formed by more than 80 workers spread across three buildings in the city of Barcelona. Nowadays, internal corporative communications are becoming part of the communication strategy of medium and large businesses that realize the importance of making an effort in maintaining a well-inform internal audience that is synchronized with the objectives of the organization. Fundació ACE created its first communications department five years ago, realizing to the need to have a professional team in the field. This investigation exemplifies a model to enforce the corporative requirements of Fundació ACE, that establishes the necessary steps to compose a referential model in internal communications. It designs a bundle of tactics to connect the entity with the workers. The study situates the business importance of the information needs of the internal public. It also analyzes the work climate to rate impact in team motivation. Related to practical methodology, an internal auditory has been performed by analyzing the corporate documents that register the data and impact of the entity. Afterwards, the information of the intern public was collected by using a survey mechanism. Consequently, a meeting with the Chief Communications Officer was arranged in order to discern the communications priorities. This analysis of the status of internal communications at Fundació ACE is a revealing study of the modus operandi with all the weaknesses and strengths of the communication and internal public of the entity. The analyzed position is justified by the answers of the workers to generate a new way of operations in the communications department. The communications plan opens brand new communicative possibilities while also being fortified by existing channels to generate a communication flow that improves the status of the employees. Aquest treball presenta un pla de comunicació interna per a Fundació ACE. És una entitat del tercer sector, que lluita per combatre la malaltia de l'Alzheimer. El projecte suposa la primera definició estratègica de comunicació interna per una entitat amb 25 anys d'història, en què suma més de 80 treballadors repartits en tres edificis de la ciutat de Barcelona. En l¿actual panorama, la comunicació corporativa interna està començant a ser part de les estratègies de comunicació de mitjanes i grans empreses, que s'adonen de la importància de dedicar esforços a mantenir un públic intern informat i en sincronia amb els objectius de l'organització. Fundació ACE va crear el primer departament de comunicació fa cinc anys, donada la necessitat de tenir un equip de comunicació professionalitzat a l'entitat. La investigació exemplifica un model dissenyat per reforçar les necessitats corporatives de la marca Fundació ACE, que estableixi les guien necessàries per esdevenir un model de referència en el camp de la comunicació interna. Es planteja una dinàmica d'accions a mida per connectar l'ens comunicatiu amb el públic intern. L'estudi emfatitza en la necessitat d'informació dels treballadors i analitza el clima laboral per valorar l'impacte en la motivació de l'equip. Pel que fa a la metodologia pràctica, es porta a terme una auditoria de comunicació interna mitjançant l'anàlisi dels documents corporatius, que registren les dades i l'impacte de l'organització. Seguidament, es recull informació del públic intern mitjançant el mecanisme d'enquesta. Consegüentment, es fixa una reunió amb la directora de comunicació de Fundació ACE per discernir les necessitats prioritàries en termes de comunicació interna. La present anàlisi de l'estat de la comunicació interna de Fundació ACE és un document revelador del modus operandi amb les debilitats i fortaleses de l'organització en termes de comunicació i el seu públic intern. La situació analitzada es justifica amb les respostes dels treballadors per tal de traçar les tàctiques d'un nou sistema operatiu del departament de comunicació amb els empleats. El pla de comunicació intern obre noves possibilitats comunicatives, alhora que es nodreix amb els canals existents per tal de generar un flux comunicatiu, que fomenti el reconeixent de les persones que formen part de Fundació ACE. Este trabajo presenta un plan de comunicación interna para Fundación ACE. Es una entidad del tercer sector, que lucha para combatir la dolencia del Alzheimer. El proyecto supone la primera definición estratégica de comunicación interna por una entidad con 25 años de historia, en que suma más de 80 trabajadores repartidos en tres edificios de la ciudad de Barcelona. En el actual panorama, la comunicación corporativa interna está empezando a ser parte de las estrategias de comunicación de medias y grandes empresas, que se dan cuenta de la importancia de dedicar esfuerzos a mantener un público interno informado y en sincronía con los objetivos de la organización. Fundación ACE creó el primer departamento de comunicación hace cinco años, dada la necesidad de tener un equipo de comunicación profesionalizado a la entidad. La investigación ejemplifica un modelo diseñado para reforzar las necesidades corporativas de la marca Fundación ACE, que establezca las guían necesarias por devenir un modelo de referencia en el campo de la comunicación interna. Se plantea una dinámica de acciones a medida para conectar el ente comunicativo con el público interno. El estudio enfatiza en la necesidad de información de los trabajadores y analiza el clima laboral para valorar el impacto en la motivación del equipo. En cuanto a la metodología práctica, se lleva a cabo una auditoría de comunicación interna mediante el análisis de los documentos corporativos, que registran los datos y el impacto de la organización. Seguidamente, se recoge información del público interno mediante el mecanismo de encuesta. Consiguientemente, se fija una reunión con la directora de comunicación de Fundación ACE por discernir las necesidades prioritarias en términos de comunicación interna. El presente análisis del estado de la comunicación interna de Fundación ACE es un documento revelador del modus operandi con las debilidades y fortalezas de la organización en términos de comunicación y su público interno. La situación analizada se justifica con las respuestas de los trabajadores para trazar las tácticas de un nuevo sistema operativo del departamento de comunicación con los empleados. El plan de comunicación interno abre nuevas posibilidades comunicativas, a la vez que se nutre con los canales existentes para generar un flujo comunicativo, que fomente el reconociendo de las personas que forman parte de Fundación ACE.

The author performs an analysis of the power that public entities have, under certain assumptions, to attend their own needs for goods, services and proyects without the need of contracting with private individuals, but using self-provision. The study covers the conditions under which entities can opt for this alternative, the limits that exist for it and the consequences they bring to the effectiveness of the entity’s management. In addition, the author proposes considerations that should be adopted by legislation in the field for greater control and verification of the conditions of effectiveness. El autor realiza un análisis de la facultad que tienen, bajo ciertos supuestos, las entidades públicas para atender sus propias necesidades de bienes, servicios y obras sin necesidad de contratar con privados, sino recurriendo a la autoprovisión. El estudio realizado abarca las condiciones en las cuales las entidades pueden optar por esta alternativa, los límites que existen para ello y las consecuencias que traen para la eficacia de la gestión de la entidad. Además, el autor propone consideraciones que debería adoptar la legislación en la materia para un mayor control y verificación de las condiciones de eficacia.

Miftari Florian, Salihu Hazir, Selimi Musa. Presentation of valid correlations in some morphological variables and basic and specific motor skills in young people aged 13-14 years engaged in basketball. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2018;8(5):95-101. eISNN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1242579 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/5250 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part b item 1223 (26/01/2017). 1223 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author(s) 2018; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 03.02.2018. Revised: 05.05.2018. Accepted: 06.05.2018. Presentation of valid correlations in some morphological variables and basic and specific motor skills in young people aged 13-14 years engaged in basketball Florian Miftari, Hazir Salihu, Musa Selimi Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Prishtina, Albania Abstract Study-research deals with younger students of both sexes aged 13-14, who, besides attending classes of physical education and sports, also practice in basketball schools in the city of Pristina. The experiment contains a total of 7 morphological variables, while four tests of basic motion skills and seven variables are from specific motion skills. In this study, the verification and analysis of the correlation of morphological characteristics and basic and situational motor skills in both groups of both sexes (boys and girls) were treated. Based on the results obtained between several variables, valid correlations with high coefficients are presented, whereas among the variables are presented correlations with optimal values. The experimentation in question includes the number of 80 entities of both sexes; the group of 40 boys and the other group consisting of 40 girls who have undergone the tests for this study-experiment. Key words: Basketball; Entities; morphological; motor; skills., Miftari Florian, Salihu Hazir, Selimi Musa. Presentation of valid correlations in some morphological variables and basic and specific motor skills in young people aged 13-14 years engaged in basketball. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2018;8(5):95-101. eISNN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1242579 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/5250

Knowledge is key to natural language understanding. References to specific people, places and things in text are crucial to resolving ambiguity and extracting meaning. Knowledge Bases (KBs) codify this information for automated systems — enabling applications such as entity-based search and question answering. This thesis explores the idea that sites on the web may act as a KB, even if that is not their primary intent. Dedicated kbs like Wikipedia are a rich source of entity information, but are built and maintained at an ongoing cost in human effort. As a result, they are generally limited in terms of the breadth and depth of knowledge they index about entities. Web knowledge bases offer a distributed solution to the problem of aggregating entity knowledge. Social networks aggregate content about people, news sites describe events with tags for organizations and locations, and a diverse assortment of web directories aggregate statistics and summaries for long-tail entities notable within niche movie, musical and sporting domains. We aim to develop the potential of these resources for both web-centric entity Information Extraction (IE) and structured KB population. We first investigate the problem of Named Entity Linking (NEL), where systems must resolve ambiguous mentions of entities in text to their corresponding node in a structured KB. We demonstrate that entity disambiguation models derived from inbound web links to Wikipedia are able to complement and in some cases completely replace the role of resources typically derived from the KB. Building on this work, we observe that any page on the web which reliably disambiguates inbound web links may act as an aggregation point for entity knowledge. To uncover these resources, we formalize the task of Web Knowledge Base Discovery (KBD) and develop a system to automatically infer the existence of KB-like endpoints on the web. While extending our framework to multiple KBs increases the breadth of available entity knowledge, we must still consolidate references to the same entity across different web KBs. We investigate this task of Cross-KB Coreference Resolution (KB-Coref) and develop models for efficiently clustering coreferent endpoints across web-scale document collections. Finally, assessing the gap between unstructured web knowledge resources and those of a typical KB, we develop a neural machine translation approach which transforms entity knowledge between unstructured textual mentions and traditional KB structures. The web has great potential as a source of entity knowledge. In this thesis we aim to first discover, distill and finally transform this knowledge into forms which will ultimately be useful in downstream language understanding tasks.

В роботі проведене дослідження особливостей правового регулювання припинення юридичних осіб за законодавством України.

Antecedentes: Las telecomunicaciones son servicios que se prestan con infraestructura de carácter multifactorial, la cual resulta relevante por su impacto sobre el desempeño económico y el nivel de vida de la población. No hay una propuesta que mida de manera exclusiva la infraestructura sectorial y que sea aplicada a nivel local, por lo que se hace necesario contar con una métrica con ese objetivo.Metodología: El estudio se estima a través del promedio ponderado de diversos indicadores, ensayando la idoneidad de la muestra mediante pruebas y técnicas de análisis multivariado, y calculando los pesos específicos de cada indicador a través de componentes principales. Además, presenta una estratificación de los mismos con base en su nivel relativo de equipamiento. Se valida la propuesta por medio de la estimación econométrica de una relación positiva y significativa con tres indicadores de progreso económico.Resultados: El índice compuesto que se estima genera una medida diseñada exclusivamente para detectar el avance o rezago en la dotación de infraestructura.Conclusiones: Se aporta un índice cuantitativo para determinar la infraestructura de telecomunicaciones con que cuentan las entidades de México, el cual es útil para el diseño de políticas públicas.

L'expansion du Web depuis la fin des années 90 a modifié en profondeur le fonctionnement des Systèmes de Recherche d'Information (SRI). Côté documents, des données sons, images et vidéos sont venues s'ajouter au texte traditionnellement traité par les SRI. Le texte lui-même s'est transformé, cette mutation étant soutenue par l'expansion des réseaux sociaux et les contenus générés par les utilisateurs. Côté modèles et présentation des résultats, les moteurs de recherche Web, après avoir longtemps proposé aux utilisateurs les fameux 10 liens bleus en réponse à leur requête, incluent maintenant dans leurs pages de résultats des images, des vidéos ou encore des actualités. Lorsque la requête est une entité, un cadre séparé peut également présenter des informations liées. L'idée n'est plus de restituer des documents relatifs à une requête, mais de donner directement à l'utilisateur un aperçu global de l'information liée à son besoin.C'est autour de cette dernière idée que la recherche d'information agrégée a été définie dès 2008, avec pour but de chercher et d'assembler dans une seule interface de l'information utile sous forme de granules d'information provenant d'une ou plusieurs sources. Dans ce cadre, mes recherches se sont plus particulièrement orientées vers:- la recherche de granules d'information. Cet axe porte sur des questions de Recherche d'Information adhoc classique relatives à la sélection de granules pertinents répondant à une requête. Nous avons considéré trois sources d'information spécifiques: (i) les collections de documents semi-structurés de type XML, afin de retrouver des granules textuels ou image; (ii) les plateformes de microblogging de type Twitter, nécessitant un traitement temps-réel des informations; (iii) le Web, pour des problématiques liées aux requêtes de type entité (recherche de relations autour de l'entités et d'informations nouvelles la concernant). - l'agrégation des résultats. Plus particulièrement, nous avons travaillé sur l'agrégation des relations liées à des entités, ainsi que sur le résumé temporel d'informations provenant de documents pertinents autour des entités.Enfin, une dernière partie de mes travaux concerne de façon transverse l'évaluation des systèmes, à travers le montage de collections de test ou la définition de protocoles d'évaluation.

23 páginas. El Sistema de Cuenta Única Nacional, ha sido desarrollado como herramienta eficaz para garantizar una buena gestión financiera, a través de la centralización de recursos generados por el Estado en una Tesorería Central, a fin de asegurar su uso eficiente, optimizar su administración, minimizar los costos de operación y mitigar los riesgos asociados a su manejo. En este ensayo, se hace una descripción inicial del contexto y normativa asociada al sistema, luego una breve conceptualización del mismo, seguido de los efectos que tuvo su implementación en el IDEAM y por último un análisis de la situación actual que presenta el sistema y los desafíos a los que se ve enfrentado para fortalecer y mejorar su estructura a futuro. The National Single Account System has been developed as an effective tool to guarantee a good financial management, through the centralization of resources generated by the State in a Central Treasury, in order to ensure its efficient use, optimizes its administration, minimize operating costs and mitigate the risks associated with their management. In this essay, an initial description is made of the context and regulations associated with the system, then a brief conceptualization of it, followed by the effects that its implementation had in the IDEAM and finally an analysis of the current situation presented by the system and the challenges to which it is faced to strengthen and improve its structure in the future.

This study takes a close look at the link between English sounds as realized in normal speech. Sounds are discrete entities that carry in them abstractions which is the import of phonology in every language. The physical properties of sounds which are realized in speech production undoubtedly have an interrelation with this discrete nature of sounds. The researcher adopted a purely analytical approach in viewing this topic, with little reliance on literature. It may be described as a purely scientific study as the researcher uses practical examples and correlates to drum home the interconnection between abstract sounds and their physical properties. The study notes that a letter of the English alphabet, for instance ‘y’, has different production realisations as both a vowel and a consonant based on the articulatory nuances a phonetic analyst associates with it. And secondly, the study finds that English speech sound may or may not have the same physiological identification with its phonetic symbol.&nbsp

Resumo Neste ensaio, estamos interessados menos em “objetos” do que em certos tipos de coisas: coisas como fumaça, gestos, imagens, encruzilhadas, pessoas e entidades. Tomando um evento em particular – uma festa de exu –, buscamos explorar a circulação de tais coisas, que se configuram numa nebulosa encruzilhada entre coisa e signo, ação e significado. Longe de explorarmos a festa por seus conteúdos simbólicos, abordamos o próprio jogo tenso entre significação e materialidade que ali ganha vida. Tais matérias nebulosas envolvem não movimentos claramente identificáveis ou transições entre coisas pré-constituídas, ou mesmo os processos ordenados/ordenadores pelos quais essas coisas são constituídas, mas estados potenciais indeterminados e atos imprevistos, processos materiais e performativos de circulação em que as coisas ganham vida na festa. Abstract In this paper, we are interested less in “objects” than in certain kinds of things: things such as smoke, gestures, images, crossroads, persons and entities. Turning to a particular event – a festa de exu, a celebration for exu –, we explore the circulation of things which in the festa coalesce in a nebulous crossroads between thing and sign, act and meaning. Far from exploring the festa for its symbolic meanings, we seek to engage with the tense play between signification and materiality that takes place there. We take such nebulous matters to involve not the clearly identifiable movement or transitions between pre-constituted things, or the ordered/ordering processes by which such things are constituted, so much as indeterminate states of potential and unforeseen acts, material and performative processes of circulation within which things come to life in the festa.

26 páginas. El presente trabajo aborda los elementos de un adecuado clima organizacional. Se orienta a determinar cuáles son los tipos, aspectos principales del mismo que inciden en este para establecer las formas efectivas de manejarlo asertivamente. A través del presente ensayo se destacan aspectos como: relaciones entre compañeros, liderazgo, la calidad de la comunicación, aspectos motivacionales salariales y no monetarios y la influencia de las jefaturas para administrar y conciliar estos factores. Adicionalmente para cumplir con los objetivos específicos de este ensayo se han tomado referencias de investigadores de gran trascendencia en la psicología y en las ciencias humanas para establecer cuáles son los elementos que determinan el llamado clima organizacional. Se abordan variables que prácticamente se consideran universales calidad laboral, compromiso emocional, estrés, comportamiento ético, liderazgo y que, por supuesto, deben gestionarse en una organización y que para el caso SALUD intentan determinar la condición de un adecuado clima laboral y su impacto en la productividad y crecimiento organizacional. I. TITULO 3 II. OBJETIVO GENERAL 3 III. HIPÒTESIS 3 IV. RESUMEN 4 V. PALABRAS CLAVE 4 VI. ABSTRACT 5 VII. KEY WORDS 5 VIII. INTRODUCCIÒN 6 IX. JUSTIFICACIÓN 8 X. MARCO TEÓRICO 12 Teorías del comportamiento en una organización 14 Factores de satisfacción y motivación laboral 15 XI. DESARROLLO 16 a. La organización de salud y las variables del clima laboral 16 b. Estructura de las organizaciones 17 c. Entidades de salud 18 d. Variables que inciden en el clima laboral 20 e. Acciones que más se relacionan con el mejoramiento del clima laboral en las instituciones de salud 27 XII. CONCLUSIONES 31 XIII. RECOMENDACIONES 33 XIV. REFERENCIAS This document addresses the elements of an adequate organizational climate. It aims to determine what are the main components of it to establish effective ways to influence or manage it assertively. It deals with the proposals of various authors and publications dealing with issues such as: relationships between peers and managers, the leader and his style, the quality of communication, the motivational aspects of salaries and non- monetary, employment and others. However, for specific purposes, the essay has taken references from researchers of great importance to psychology and human sciences to determine what are the elements that determine the so-called organizational climate. These are virtually considered universal variables, and of course, they must be managed in an organization. In this case of health. We try to determine the condition of an adequate working climate and its effect on productivity. The paper makes a theoretical presentation that exposes classical theories and concludes summarizing the most recent organizational management proposals as a contribution to executives and managements.

The working-experimentation, treats young basketball players aged 15-16 years (boys and girls), who in addition to attending classes, physical education and sport in schools they practice basketball in Pristina. The working-experiment contains a total of 7 morphological variables and four tests of basic motor skills and seven variables are situational motor abilities. In this research, it applied methods of t-test between morphological variables and basic motor skills and specific. Experimentation in question includes the number of 70 entities of both sexes; the group of 35 boys and the other group consist of 35 girls who have undergone the tests provided for this experiment.

El acertado título de este libro traduce cabalmente el intento de sus diez autores reunidos en torno a una problemática antropológica sobre la visión del pasado y de la acción sobre los hombres de entidades invisibles, vinculadas con determinados sitios y tiempos. Los textos presentan una serie de experiencias observadas o narradas por personas originarias de varios grupos indígenas : región andina y ceja de montaña (Bolivia, Perú), de México (Veracruz, Oaxaca, Sonora) y de los llanos venezol...

Web search engines are optimized for early precision, which makes it difficult to perform recall-oriented tasks using these search engines. In this article, we present our tool Needle Custom Search. This tool exploits semantic annotations of Web search results and, thereby, increase the efficiency of recall-oriented search tasks. Semantic annotations, such as temporal annotations, named entities, and part-of-speech tags are used to rerank and cluster search result sets.

Our time is characterized, among other things, by different kind of processes of associating of states in the world, as well as their integration into different international organisations. To the area where we live, and as it has been shown many time in political practice, striving that this area be integrated into European Union structures is of special importance. One of the questions related to that striving, the question that is being put for a long time, is not only what kind of governmental structure has Bosnia and Herzegovina but with what kind of governmental structure this state can become a member of European Union. This paper is devoted to this question. In the work the author, inter alia, points out on the experiences of the states (Belgium and Spain) whose complex governmental structure is not obstacle for their membership in European Union. For that reason neither Dayton Constitution is obstacle for membership of Bosnia and Herzegovina in that organisation (it is not obstacle for membership of this state in other international organisation as well), and exactly this is a main message of this paper.

Z zgodovino se je pojem in obseg človekovih pravic razvijal in širil. Ta razvoj je mogoče spremljati skozi različne dokumente, ki segajo od srednjega veka, ko so se človekove pravice začele uveljavljati za širši krog prebivalstva. Dvajseto stoletje je ustvarilo velik premik na tem področju, tako na univerzalni, kot na regionalni ravni in vprašanje položaja posameznika v mednarodnem pravu je pridobivalo na pomenu. To je bilo obdobje kodifikacije mednarodnega prava, tudi tistega, ki se nanaša na varstvo človekovih pravic. Nastala je množica deklaracij in tudi zavezujočih mednarodnih pogodb. Organizacija združenih narodov je bila še posebej dejavna, saj je kot prva določila temeljni kodeks človekovih pravic na univerzalni ravni s Splošno deklaracijo o človekovih pravicah in temeljnih svoboščinah. Čeprav Deklaracija ni predvidevala nobenega mehanizma za nadzor nad izvajanjem njenih določb, je bila njena vsebina podlaga za kasnejše normativno urejanje področja človekovih pravic tudi izven OZN. Začel se je proces pravne evolucije, ki je postopoma spreminjal pravne rede in izboljšal možnost uveljavljanja človekovih pravic, hkrati pa je postalo to področje tudi področje mednarodne ureditve in ne le del ustav in zakonov posameznih držav. Z diplomskim delom predstavljam splošni pregled razvoja človekovih pravic, kako se je krepila vloga posameznika na tem področju mednarodnega prava in na koncu tudi, katera sredstva so posamezniku na voljo za uresničevanje pravic, ki izhajajo iz mednarodnih dokumentov. With history the concept and scope of human rights developed and expanded. This development can be monitored through various documents, ranging from the Middle Ages, when they started to enforce human rights to a wider population. The twentieth century has created a major shift in the field, both in the universal as at the regional level, and the question of the position of the individual in international law has gained in importance. This was the period of the codification of international law, including those relating to the protection of human rights. A multitude of the declarations and binding treaties had been established. The United Nations has been particularly active as it was the first that set the basic code of human rights at the universal level of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. Although the Declaration did not provide any mechanism for monitoring the implementation of its provisions, the contents were the basis for subsequent normative regulation of human rights outside the UN. The process of the legal evolution has started and is gradually changing legal systems and improving the possibilities of promoting human rights, while this area has become a field of international organization and not just part of the constitutions and laws of individual countries. The thesis represents a general overview of the development of human rights, how to strengthen the role of the individual in the field of international law and ultimately, what resources are available for the individual exercise of rights arising from international documents.

En este ensayo lo que buscamos es abordar la siguiente temática de las contrataciones en las entidades estatales en Colombia y los riesgos que presentan, es de carácter civil y no laboral por lo tanto no está sujeto a la legislación de trabajo y no es considerado un contrato con vínculo laboral, estas personas que se contratan por este procesos no están expuestos a un periodo de prueba y es allí donde se exponen al riego de realizar procesos y procedimientos inadecuados, estos procesos les ha traído problemas con los principios constitucionales y legales vigentes, financiero, tiempo, pérdida de productividad y falta de credibilidad hacia los consumidores por una mala atención y falta de conocimiento. Los inadecuados manejos de la contratación se puede ver afectada la calidad de la organización la seriedad en el momento de elegir el personal y no se selecciona debidamente para el cargo que va a ocupar en la organización se puede presentar muchos errores ya que no es el perfil idóneo para desarrollar dichas actividades que se encuentra obligado a realizar por tal motivo no llega a la meta final que es el cumplimiento de sus objetivos dentro de la organización. Debido a la falta de una supervisión en los procesos contractuales de los seleccionados se puede evidenciar procesos fraudulentos en las organizaciones por el motivo de orientación y capacitación de cómo se debe de realizar este proceso, al ver que ya no pueden retroceder el proceso se enfrentan a procesos judiciales y a pagar altas sumas de dinero por una mala decisión hacia los procedimientos de las contrataciones de la organización. ¿Cuáles son los debidos lineamientos de control interno que se deben utilizar en el momento de realizar un proceso de contratación de prestación de servicios para evitar riesgos que pueden versen afectadas las organizaciones? In this essay we seek to address the following issue of recruitment in state entities in Colombia and the risks presented, is civil and non-work therefore is not subject to labor legislation and is not considered a contract with employment relationship, these people who are engaged in this process are not exposed to a trial period and it is there where they are exposed to the risk of performing processes and inadequate procedures, these processes has brought problems with the constitutional and legislative principles, financial , time, lost productivity and lack of credibility to consumers by poor care and lack of knowledge. The inadequate management of recruitment can be affected the quality of the organization's seriousness in time to choose the staff and not properly selected for the position they will occupy in the organization can present many mistakes and it is not profile ideal for carrying out those activities that are required to perform for that reason does not reach the ultimate goal is the fulfillment of its objectives within the organization. Due to the lack of supervision in contractual processes selected can prove fraudulent processes in organizations for the purpose of orientation and training how to perform this process, seeing that they can not reverse the process face judicial proceedings and to pay large sums of money for a bad decision to recruitment procedures of the organization. ¿What are the due internal control guidelines to be used when making a hiring process to provide services to avoid risks that may Versen affected organizations?

This paper summarizes the work completed during a 6-month internship in the R&D department at Expert System. For the most part this work concerns the enrichment of the French part of a multilingual semantic web known as extended Sensigrafo. The objective of this enrichment is to improve the quality of the semantic disambiguation. The Sensigrafo web is the semantic resource used by the semantic analysis engine which conducts a series of disambiguations (grammatical, semantic and syntactic) on textual content. Both test and enrichment tasks have been performed on the semantic resource. The test tasks provided us with the means of analysing the quality results of various disambiguations. The analysis of these results allow us to develop an error typology so as to determine those which need to be addressed in priority and to give thought to the various development strategies which could be implemented.; Ce document résume le travail effectué durant 6 mois de stage dans le département de Recherche & Développement de l’entreprise Expert System. Le travail portait principalement sur l’enrichissement de la partie française d’un réseau sémantique multilingue appelé Sensigrafo étendu. L’objectif est d’améliorer la qualité de la désambiguïsation sémantique. Le Sensigrafo FR est la ressource sémantique utilisée par un moteur d’analyse sémantique qui permet d’effectuer différentes désambiguïsations (grammaticales, sémantiques et syntaxiques) sur des contenus textuels. Différentes tâches de tests et d’enrichissements de la ressource sémantique ont été effectuées. Les tâches de test ont pour but d’obtenir une analyse de la qualité des résultats des différentes désambiguïsations. Les observations des résultats de cette analyse ont permis d’établir une typologie d’erreurs à traiter en priorité et de réfléchir aux différentes stratégies de développement possibles.

в данной статье исследуется механизм законотворческого процесса через правовой институт законотворчества. Целью статьи является определение элементов законотворчества, которые одновременно являются факторами воздействия на законотворческий процесс. Сформулированы основные компоненты законотворчества, вводится определение в единстве понимания законодательного процесса. Предложены раскрытие структуры элементов, обеспечивающих комплекс законодательных процедур, in this article the author investigates the mechanism of the law-making process through the legal institution of law-making. The aim of the article is to identify the elements of law-making which are simultaneously the factors of influence on the law-making process. Basic components of the law-making are formulated, the definition in the unity of the law-making process understanding is introduced. Disclosed elements of the structure are proposed, providing complex of legislative procedures

Здійснено аналіз існуючих уявлень про структуру механізмів державного управління. На основі узагальненого визначення поняття “механізм державного управляння” як системи запропоновано авторське бачення його загальної структури. Розроблено методичний підхід до формування структури механізмів державного управляння., The article provides an analysis of existing ideas about the structure of public administration mechanisms. Based on a generalized definition of the concept of “public administration mechanism” as a system, the author’s vision of its general structure is given. A methodical approach to structure formation of public administration mechanisms is developed.

Los funcionarios públicos tienen una gran responsabilidad debido a que sus labores están dedicadas el beneficio de la sociedad por medio de las entidades del Estado y por esto mismo están vigiladas por los entes de control así como por las veedurías y las personas en general, por estos motivos los funcionarios públicos deben ejercer sus funciones de acuerdo a un código de ética riguroso en el cual se especifican desde las actitudes de servicio a los demás que deben tener hasta sus funciones, también deben tener en cuenta los posibles delitos en que pueden incurrir ya que por omisión o faltas en sus acciones pueden ser juzgados por los entes judiciales. Public officials have a great responsibility because their efforts are dedicated the benefit of society through state entities and for this very reason are monitored by the control entities as well as by the observers and people in general, these reasons public officials should perform their duties according to a strict code of ethics which are specified from the attitudes of service to others that should have up their duties, they should also take into account the possible offenses that may be incurred as by omission or mistakes in their actions they can be judged by the judicial authorities.

International audience; This paper presents the participation of the IRIT laboratory (University of Toulouse) to the Microblog Track of TREC 2015. This track consists in a real-time filtering task aiming at monitoring a stream of social media posts in accordance to a user's interest profile. In this context, our team proposes three approaches: (a) a novel selective summarization approach based on a decision of selecting/ignoring tweets without the use of external knowledge and relying on novelty and redundancy factors, (b) a processing workflow enabling to index tweets in real-time and enhanced by a notification and digests method guided by diversity and user personalization, and (c) a step by step stream selection method focusing on rapidity, and taking into account tweet similarity as well as several features including content, entities and user-related aspects. For all these approaches, we discuss the obtained results during the experimental evaluation.

З 1 січня 2016 року набрала чинності нова редакція Закону України “Про державну реєстрацію юридичних осіб, фізичних осіб - підприємців та громадських формувань"(надалі - Закон про реєстрацію). Задекларовано, що внесені зміни спрямовані на реформування системи надання адміністративних послуг у сфері державної реєстрації і забезпечення її відкритості та прозорості, оперативності та своєчасності, раціональної мінімізації кількості документів та процедурних дій, оптимізацію витрат державних коштів.

У зв’язку зі зміною політичної й економічної ситуації в Україні після проголошення її незалежною державою значно посилився процес розшарування суспільства, в результаті чого з’явилася категорія громадян, які потребують соціальної допомоги й захисту. Держава, яка до вищевказаних процесів була гарантом такого захисту і здійснювала функції щодо соціального забезпечення громадян, нині зіткнулася з необхідністю залучення до вирішення зазначених проблем недержавних утворень, а саме – благодійних організацій.

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В бакалаврской работе представлены: характеристика МИ ФНС №18 по Санкт-Петербургу, причины возникновения задолженности и порядка ее урегулирования, проведен анализ показателей эффективности работы по принудительному взысканию. Сделаны выводы и представлены предложения по улучшению деятельности данного направления., The Bachelor's thesis contains the following: description of Interdistrict Federal Tax Service Inspection №18 in St. Petersburg, reasons of tax arrears emergence and its' settlement order, analysis of performance indicators on mandatory tax debt collection. As an outcome of conducted analyses, appropriate conclusions are stated and improvement proposals in that field presented.

International audience; This paper presents the participation of the IRIT laboratory (University of Toulouse) to the Real Time Summarization track of TREC 2016. This track consists in a real-time filtering the tweet stream and identifying both relevant and novel tweets to be pushed to user in real-time. Our team proposes three different approaches: (1) The first approach consist of a filtering model that combines several summarization constraints (2) The second approach for the scenario A is composed of three filters adjusted sequentially in which we use word similarity based function to evaluate the relevance of an incoming tweet. The generation of a batch of up to 100 ranked tweets is formulate as an optimization problem. (3) The third approach consist of a step by step stream selection method focusing on rapidity, and taking into account tweet similarity as well as several features including content, entities and user-related aspects. We describe in this paper the three proposed approaches and we discuss official obtained results for each of them.

Nowadays, knowledge bases such as Wikipedia and DBpedia are the main sources to access information on a wide variety of entities (an entity is a thing that can be distinctly identified such a person, an organization, a product, an event, etc.). However, the update of these sources with new information related to a given entity is done manually by contributors with a significant latency time particularly if that entity is not popular. A system that analyzes documents when published on the Web to filter important information about entities will probably accelerate the update of these knowledge bases. In this thesis, we are interested in filtering timely and relevant information, called vital information, concerning the entities. We aim at answering the following two issues: (1) How to detect if a document is vital (i.e., it provides timely relevant information) to an entity? and (2) How to extract vital information from these documents to build a temporal summary about the entity that can be seen as a reference for updating the corresponding knowledge base entry?Regarding the first issue, we proposed two methods. The first proposal is fully supervised. It is based on a vitality language model. The second proposal measures the freshness of temporal expressions in a document to decide its vitality. Concerning the second issue, we proposed a method that selects the sentences based on the presence of triggers words automatically retrieved from the knowledge already represented in the knowledge base (such as the description of similar entities).We carried out our experiments on the TREC Stream corpus 2013 and 2014 with 1.2 billion documents and different types of entities (persons, organizations, facilities and events). For vital documents filtering approaches, we conducted our experiments in the context of the task "knowledge Base Acceleration (KBA)" for the years 2013 and 2014. Our method based on leveraging the temporal expressions in the document obtained good results outperforming the best participant system in the task KBA 2013. In addition, we showed the importance of our generated temporal summaries to accelerate the update of knowledge bases.; Aujourd'hui, les bases de connaissances telles que Wikipedia et DBpedia représentent les sources principales pour accéder aux informations disponibles sur une grande variété d'entités (une entité est une chose qui peut être distinctement identifiée par exemple une personne, une organisation, un produit, un événement, etc.). Cependant, la mise à jour de ces sources avec des informations nouvelles en rapport avec une entité donnée se fait manuellement par des contributeurs et avec un temps de latence important en particulier si cette entité n'est pas populaire. Concevoir un système qui analyse les documents dès leur publication sur le Web pour filtrer les informations importantes relatives à des entités pourra sans doute accélérer la mise à jour de ces bases de connaissances. Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons au filtrage d'informations pertinentes et nouvelles, appelées vitales, relatives à des entités. Ces travaux rentrent dans le cadre de la recherche d'information mais visent aussi à enrichir les techniques d'ingénierie de connaissances en aidant à la sélection des informations à traiter. Nous souhaitons répondre principalement aux deux problématiques suivantes: (1) Comment détecter si un document est vital (c.à.d qu'il apporte une information pertinente et nouvelle) par rapport à une entité donnée? et (2) Comment extraire les informations vitales à partir de ces documents qui serviront comme référence pour mettre à jour des bases de connaissances? Concernant la première problématique, nous avons proposé deux méthodes. La première proposition est totalement supervisée. Elle se base sur un modèle de langue de vitalité. La deuxième proposition mesure la fraîcheur des expressions temporelles contenues dans un document afin de décider de sa vitalité. En ce qui concerne la deuxième problématique relative à l'extraction d'informations vitales à partir des documents vitaux, nous avons proposé une méthode qui sélectionne les phrases comportant potentiellement ces informations vitales, en nous basant sur la présence de mots déclencheurs récupérés automatiquement à partir de la connaissance déjà représentée dans la base de connaissances (comme la description d'entités similaires).L'évaluation des approches proposées a été effectuée dans le cadre de la campagne d'évaluation internationale TREC sur une collection de 1.2 milliard de documents avec différents types d'entités (personnes, organisations, établissements et événements). Pour les approches de filtrage de documents vitaux, nous avons mené nos expérimentations dans le cadre de la tâche "Knwoledge Base Acceleration (KBA)" pour les années 2013 et 2014. L'exploitation des expressions temporelles dans le document a permis d'obtenir de bons résultats dépassant le meilleur système proposé dans la tâche KBA 2013. Pour évaluer les contributions concernant l'extraction des informations vitales relatives à des entités, nous nous sommes basés sur le cadre expérimental de la tâche "Temporal Summarization (TS)". Nous avons montré que notre approche permet de minimiser le temps de latence des mises à jour de bases de connaissances.

Nowadays, knowledge bases such as Wikipedia and DBpedia are the main sources to access information on a wide variety of entities (an entity is a thing that can be distinctly identified such a person, an organization, a product, an event, etc.). However, the update of these sources with new information related to a given entity is done manually by contributors with a significant latency time particularly if that entity is not popular. A system that analyzes documents when published on the Web to filter important information about entities will probably accelerate the update of these knowledge bases. In this thesis, we are interested in filtering timely and relevant information, called vital information, concerning the entities. We aim at answering the following two issues: (1) How to detect if a document is vital (i.e., it provides timely relevant information) to an entity? and (2) How to extract vital information from these documents to build a temporal summary about the entity that can be seen as a reference for updating the corresponding knowledge base entry?Regarding the first issue, we proposed two methods. The first proposal is fully supervised. It is based on a vitality language model. The second proposal measures the freshness of temporal expressions in a document to decide its vitality. Concerning the second issue, we proposed a method that selects the sentences based on the presence of triggers words automatically retrieved from the knowledge already represented in the knowledge base (such as the description of similar entities).We carried out our experiments on the TREC Stream corpus 2013 and 2014 with 1.2 billion documents and different types of entities (persons, organizations, facilities and events). For vital documents filtering approaches, we conducted our experiments in the context of the task "knowledge Base Acceleration (KBA)" for the years 2013 and 2014. Our method based on leveraging the temporal expressions in the document obtained good results outperforming the best participant system in the task KBA 2013. In addition, we showed the importance of our generated temporal summaries to accelerate the update of knowledge bases.; Aujourd'hui, les bases de connaissances telles que Wikipedia et DBpedia représentent les sources principales pour accéder aux informations disponibles sur une grande variété d'entités (une entité est une chose qui peut être distinctement identifiée par exemple une personne, une organisation, un produit, un événement, etc.). Cependant, la mise à jour de ces sources avec des informations nouvelles en rapport avec une entité donnée se fait manuellement par des contributeurs et avec un temps de latence important en particulier si cette entité n'est pas populaire. Concevoir un système qui analyse les documents dès leur publication sur le Web pour filtrer les informations importantes relatives à des entités pourra sans doute accélérer la mise à jour de ces bases de connaissances. Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons au filtrage d'informations pertinentes et nouvelles, appelées vitales, relatives à des entités. Ces travaux rentrent dans le cadre de la recherche d'information mais visent aussi à enrichir les techniques d'ingénierie de connaissances en aidant à la sélection des informations à traiter. Nous souhaitons répondre principalement aux deux problématiques suivantes: (1) Comment détecter si un document est vital (c.à.d qu'il apporte une information pertinente et nouvelle) par rapport à une entité donnée? et (2) Comment extraire les informations vitales à partir de ces documents qui serviront comme référence pour mettre à jour des bases de connaissances? Concernant la première problématique, nous avons proposé deux méthodes. La première proposition est totalement supervisée. Elle se base sur un modèle de langue de vitalité. La deuxième proposition mesure la fraîcheur des expressions temporelles contenues dans un document afin de décider de sa vitalité. En ce qui concerne la deuxième problématique relative à l'extraction d'informations vitales à partir des documents vitaux, nous avons proposé une méthode qui sélectionne les phrases comportant potentiellement ces informations vitales, en nous basant sur la présence de mots déclencheurs récupérés automatiquement à partir de la connaissance déjà représentée dans la base de connaissances (comme la description d'entités similaires).L'évaluation des approches proposées a été effectuée dans le cadre de la campagne d'évaluation internationale TREC sur une collection de 1.2 milliard de documents avec différents types d'entités (personnes, organisations, établissements et événements). Pour les approches de filtrage de documents vitaux, nous avons mené nos expérimentations dans le cadre de la tâche "Knwoledge Base Acceleration (KBA)" pour les années 2013 et 2014. L'exploitation des expressions temporelles dans le document a permis d'obtenir de bons résultats dépassant le meilleur système proposé dans la tâche KBA 2013. Pour évaluer les contributions concernant l'extraction des informations vitales relatives à des entités, nous nous sommes basés sur le cadre expérimental de la tâche "Temporal Summarization (TS)". Nous avons montré que notre approche permet de minimiser le temps de latence des mises à jour de bases de connaissances.

El presente trabajo es mostrar la importancia del impuesto de industria y comercio de Tocancipá, que es uno de los factores más importantes para la financiación del municipio, por otra parte se hará un estudio donde se muestra como se ha desarrollado a lo largo de una década. The present work is show the importance of the tax of industry and Tocancipá trade, which is one of the most important factors for the financing of the municipality; on the other hand hara a study where it appears since has developed throughout a decade.

International audience; In order to reduce the size of constraint solution, this paper proposed a new method which decomposed geometry constraint relations of the model based on entity-parameter maps. It decomposed this problem into several independent sub-problems. At the same time, it applied particle swarm optimization algorithm to solve constraint equations in each sub-problem. Then, this paper integrated solutions of all sub-problems to obtain the original problem's solution. In experiments, it applied the proposed method to HUST-CAID system. Experimental results show that the method can effectively solve 2 dimensional geometry constraint relations.