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O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a possibilidade de uso de dados parciais na seleção de codornas de corte para produção de ovos. Foram avaliados os grupos genéticos de codornas de corte UFV1 e UFV2, de origens distintas. Utilizaram-se informações de 1.632 matrizes, das quais 816 provieram do grupo genético UFV1, e 816 do grupo UFV2. Os parâmetros genéticos foram obtidos nos períodos parciais da 6ª semana até a 24ª (P24), a 32ª (P32), a 40ª (P40) e a 48ª (P48) semanas, e no período total de produção de ovos(P52), da 6ª à 52ª semana. Os componentes de variância e covariância e os parâmetros genéticos foram estimados pelo método da máxima verossimilhança restrita, pelo modelo animal unicaracterístico. A produção parcial e a total de ovos foram estimadas pelo modelo animal multicaracterístico, por meio do aplicativo Wombat. Para UFV1, os valores de herdabilidade foram: 0,09, P24; 0,09, P32; 0,09, P40; 0,08, P48; e 0,07 para P52; as correlações genéticas variaram de 0,79 a 0,99. Para UFV2, os valores de herdabilidade foram: 0,09, P24; 0,09, P32; 0,10, P40; 0,11, P48; e 0,13 para P52; as correlações variaram de 0,70 a 0,99. Para a seleção de UFV1, recomenda-se considerar a produção de ovos até a 40ª semana e, para UFV2, até a 48ª semana. As baixas estimativas de herdabilidade indicam que se devem fazer mudanças de manejo para controlar os efeitos de ambiente. The objective of this work was to verify the possibility of using partial data in the selection of meat-type quail for egg production. The genetic groups UFV1 and UFV2 of meat-type quails, which are from different origins were evaluated. Information from 1,632 mothers, of which 816 from UFV1 and 816 from UFV2 genetic group, was used. The genetic parameters were obtained at the partial periods from the 6th to 24th (P24), 32th (P32), 40th (P40) and 48th (P48) weeks, and at the total period of egg production (P52), from the 6th to 52th week. The components of variance and covariance and the genetic parameters were estimated by restricted maximum likelihood, using a univariate animal model. The partial and total production of eggs were estimated by the multivariate animal model through the Wombat application. For UFV1, the heritability values were: 0.09, P24; 0.09, P32; 0.09, P40; 0.08, P48; and 0.07 for P52; and the genetic correlations ranged from 0.79 to 0.99. For UFV2, the heritability values were: 0.09 for P24; 0.09, P32; 0.10, P40; 0.11, P48; and 0.13 for P52; and correlations ranged from 0.70 to 0.99. For UFV1 selection, it is recommended to consider egg production up to 40 weeks, and for UFV2 selection, egg production until the 48th week. The low heritability estimates suggest that management changes should be done in order to control environmental effects.

Cabbage is a relatively robust vegetable at low temperatures. However, at high temperatures, cabbage has disadvantages, such as reduced disease tolerance and lower yields. Thus, selection of heat-tolerant cabbage is an important goal in cabbage breeding. Easier or faster selection of superior varieties of cabbage, which are tolerant to heat and disease and have improved taste and quality, can be achieved with molecular and biological methods. We compared heat-responsive gene expression between a heat-tolerant cabbage line (HTCL), “HO”, and a heat-sensitive cabbage line (HSCL), “JK”, by Genechip assay. Expression levels of specific heat stress-related genes were increased in response to high-temperature stress, according to Genechip assays. We performed quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) to compare expression levels of these heat stress-related genes in four HTCLs and four HSCLs. Transcript levels for heat shock protein BoHsp70 and transcription factor BoGRAS (SCL13) were more strongly expressed only in all HTCLs compared to all HSCLs, showing much lower level expressions at the young plant stage under heat stress (HS). Thus, we suggest that expression levels of these genes may be early selection markers for HTCLs in cabbage breeding. In addition, several genes that are involved in the secondary metabolite pathway were differentially regulated in HTCL and HSCL exposed to heat stress.

The objective of this work was to assess the genetic parameters and to estimate genetic gains in young rubber tree progenies. The experiments were carried out during three years, in a randomized block design, with six replicates and ten plants per plot, in three representative Hevea crop regions of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Twenty-two progenies were evaluated, from three to five years old, for rubber yield and annual girth growth. Genetic gain was estimated with the multi-effect index (MEI). Selection by progenies means provided greater estimated genetic gain than selection based on individuals, since heritability values of progeny means were greater than the ones of individual heritability, for both evaluated variables, in all the assessment years. The selection of the three best progenies for rubber yield provided a selection gain of 1.28 g per plant. The genetic gains estimated with MEI using data from early assessments (from 3 to 5-year-old) were generally high for annual girth growth and rubber yield. The high genetic gains for annual girth growth in the first year of assessment indicate that progenies can be selected at the beginning of the breeding program. Population effective size was consistent with the three progenies selected, showing that they were not related and that the population genetic variability is ensured. Early selection with the genetic gains estimated by MEI can be made on rubber tree progenies. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os parâmetros genéticos e estimar ganhos genéticos em progênies jovens de seringueira. Os experimentos foram realizados durante três anos, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com seis repetições e dez plantas por parcela, em três regiões representativas da heveicultura paulista. Vinte e duas progênies foram avaliadas, dos três aos cinco anos de idade, quanto à produção de borracha e incremento anual do caule. O ganho genético foi estimado com o índice multiefeitos (IME). A seleção pela média das progênies proporcionou maior ganho genético do que a seleção baseada em indivíduos, já que os valores de herdabilidade das médias de progênies foram maiores do que os da herdabilidade individual, para ambas as variáveis, em todos os anos de avaliação. A seleção das três melhores progênies quanto à produção de borracha proporcionou um ganho de seleção de 1,28 g por planta. Os ganhos genéticos estimados pelo IME com dados das primeiras avaliações (dos 3 aos 5 anos) foram altos em geral, para produção de borracha e incremento anual do caule. Os elevados ganhos genéticos obtidos para incremento anual no primeiro ano de avaliação indicam que as progênies podem ser selecionadas no início do programa de melhoramento. O tamanho efetivo da população foi condizente com as três progênies selecionadas e mostrou que elas não são aparentadas e que a variabilidade genética da população está garantida. A seleção precoce, com os ganhos genéticos estimados pelo IME, pode ser feita em progênies de seringueira.

Objetivou-se verificar a eficiência da seleção de cafeeiros em geração F4 para características agronômicas e resistência a doenças mediante o emprego da metodologia de modelos mistos de Henderson. O experimento foi instalado na Fazenda Experimental da EPAMIG, em Machado, MG, sendo utilizadas progênies F4 derivadas do cruzamento entre cultivares do grupo Icatu com Catuaí Amarelo IAC 62 e IAC 17 e com as progênies IAC 5002 e IAC 5010. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o látice com quatro repetições e as avaliações foram realizadas ao longo de dois anos (2010 e 2011). Foram avaliadas as seguintes características: produção (litros planta-1), reação à ferrugem, vigor vegetativo e reação à cercosporiose. Foram utilizados o procedimento REML/BLUP para estimar os parâmetros genéticos, o índice de seleção de Mulamba e Mock a fim de verificar os ganhos para múltiplos caracteres, a acurácia e eficiência, calculadas a partir do diferente número de medições e, ainda, o agrupamento multivariado de progênies pelo método de Tocher. Verificou-se, a partir da análise dos parâmetros genéticos, um maior sucesso na seleção entre famílias para todas as características avaliadas. A adoção de quatro colheitas poderá elevar a acurácia a 80% na seleção de indivíduos para as características produção, reação à ferrugem e vigor vegetativo. A seleção das 12 melhores progênies para caracteres múltiplos pelo índice de Mulamba e Mock proporcionaria um ganho médio de 70,4%. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the selection efficiency in the F4 generation of coffee for agronomic traits and disease resistance through the use of mixed model methodology of Henderson. The experiment was carried out in Machado (MG) Brazil, using F4 progenies from a cross between cultivars of Icatu group with Catuaí Amarelo IAC 62 and IAC 17 and with the progenies IAC 5002 and IAC 5010. The experimental design was a square lattice with four replications and the evaluations were taken during two years (2010 and 2011). The traits evaluated were: production (L plant- 1), reaction to rust, vegetative vigor and reaction to Cercospora. We used the REML/BLUP procedure to estimate genetic parameters, the Mulamba & Mock selection index to verify the gains for multiple characters, the accurary and efficiency and also the multivariate clustering progenies through the Tocher method. The analysis of genetic parameters using mixed models was successful for selecting families for all characteristics under consideration. The adoption of four crop harvests may increase to 80% the accuracy in selecting individuals for production characteristics, reaction to rust and vegetative vigor. The selection of the 12 best progenies for multiple characters by Mulamba and Mock index provided an average gain of 70.4%.

There has been an increasing interest in very early selection of radiata pine to reduce the breeding cycle for solid wood products. For such selection, new approaches are required to assess wood quality in wood from very young stems. Nursery seedlings of clones of radiata pine were grown in leant condition using two leaning strategies for 18–20 months. Opposite wood and compression wood were isolated from the leaning stems and tested for dynamic modulus of elasticity, density, longitudinal shrinkage, volumetric shrinkage and compression wood area using new methods evolved for testing small size samples quickly and reliably. The methods were tested for their efficiency in differentiating clones by their wood properties. Leaning of stems provided distinct opposite and compression wood for testing. Automated image analysis method used for compression wood area assessment was found to be a quick and effective method for processing large number of samples from young stems. Compression wood was characterised by high basic density, high longitudinal shrinkage and low volumetric shrinkage than that of opposite wood. Acoustic velocity in opposite wood had a strong negative association with longitudinal shrinkage. The study signifies the importance of preventing mixing of opposite wood with compression wood while assessing wood quality in young stems thus making leaning a critical strategy. The comparison of wood properties of opposite wood revealed significant differences between clones. Opposite wood of the clone with the lowest dynamic modulus of elasticity exhibited the highest longitudinal shrinkage. Significant differences in measurable wood properties between clones suggest the prospects of early selection for solid wood products.

Objetivou-se, no presente estudo, identificar quais são os caracteres morfológicos de maior importância na discriminação entre genótipos juvenis de Coffea arabica.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico The study aimed to evaluate the silvicultural performance of Eucalyptus spp. clones and select superior clones with higher quality of the wood. The material used for the study was from a clonal test of interspecific hybrids of Eucalyptus spp., in the municipality of Tapes - state of Rio Grande do Sul, belonging to company CMPC Celulose Riograndense. The forest stand was established in August 2003, with initial spacing of 3.0 x 3.0 m, containing 138 clones. The clones were grouped by the diameter at breast height (DBH) and overall height (h), and 29 of them were selected for the study. For the sampling of trees DBH, h, bark thickness (EC), dynamic modulus of elasticity (Ed) using ultrasound and longitudinal residual strain (DRL) resulting from growth stresses. The DRL was measured in living trees with the extensometer method CIRAD-Fôret. Afterwards, 58 trees were felled and broken into logs to evaluate end splitting planks were taken to prepare speciments for wood physical and mechanical properties according to D 143-94 - ASTM (2000) standards. The end logs splitting (IRT) was evaluated in the field, covering the logs end during five days for subsequent measurement. The phenotypic variance components and indirect gain selection estimate for the clones in this study were determined by DRL, wood volume (Vsc), basic density (ρpond) and IRT. The clones showed enough genetic variability to be separated into groups according to DHB at three and seven years, and for h at seven years of age. The early selection at three years after planting can be used to identify Eucalyptus spp. clones with best growth. The DRL showed variability among clones, but no correlation with the dendrometric variables. The mean value for IRT was 0.46%. The DRL was highly correlated with TCL and IRT, however the ρpond and mechanical properties showed no correlations with the DRL. The clones belonging to group 1, which present the lowest levels for TCL and consequently lower IRT, can be considered potential for forest breeding programs. Clone selection performed by the variable DRL, Vsc, ρpond and IRT, provided satisfactory genetic gains, by improving the growth characteristics or improving quality of the wood. DESEMPENHO SILVICULTURAL E SELEÇÃO DE CLONES DE Eucalyptus spp. PARA A QUALIDADE DA MADEIRA Autor: Rafael Beltrame Orientador: Dr. Clovis Roberto Haselein Data e Local da Defesa: Santa Maria, 14 de dezembro de 2012. O estudo teve como objetivos avaliar o desempenho silvicultural de clones de Eucalyptus spp. e selecionar clones superiores visando à qualidade da madeira. O material utilizado foi procedente de um teste clonal de híbridos interespecíficos de Eucalyptus spp., conduzido no município de Tapes-RS, pertencente à empresa CMPC Celulose Riograndense. O povoamento foi implantado em agosto de 2003, com espaçamento inicial de 3,0 x 3,0 m, contendo 138 clones. Os clones foram avaliados e agrupados quanto ao diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP) e altura total (h), selecionandose 29 deles para o estudo. Nas árvores, foram medidos o DAP, a h, a espessura de casca (EC), o módulo de elasticidade dinâmico (Ed) com auxílio do ultrassom e a deformação residual longitudinal (DRL) decorrente das tensões de crescimento. A DRL foi medida em árvores vivas, utilizando o extensômetro, pelo método CIRADFôret. Em seguida, 58 árvores foram abatidas e desdobradas em toras para avaliação das rachaduras de topo e confecção de amostras para a realização dos testes físicos e mecânicos, conforme a norma D 143-94 - ASTM (2000). O índice de rachaduras de topo das toras (IRT) foi avaliado a campo, ensacando as extremidades dessas por um período de cinco dias para posterior medição. A estimativa dos componentes da variância fenotípica e o ganho indireto de seleção para os clones do estudo foram determinadas por meio da DRL, volume sem casca (Vsc), massa específica básica ponderada (ρpond) e IRT. Os clones apresentaram variabilidade genética suficiente para serem separados em grupos quanto ao DAP, aos três e aos sete anos, e quanto à h das árvores, aos sete anos de idade. A seleção precoce aos três anos após o plantio pode ser empregada para identificar clones de Eucalyptus spp. com melhor vigor de crescimento. A DRL apresentou variabilidade entre os clones, porém não apresentou correlações com as variáveis dendrométricas. O valor médio do IRT foi de 0,46%. A DRL apresentou alta correlação com a TCL e o IRT, entretanto, a ρpond e as propriedades mecânicas não apresentaram correlações com a DRL. Os clones pertencentes ao grupo 1, por apresentarem os menores níveis para a TCL e, consequentemente, menores IRTs, podem ser considerados potenciais para programas de melhoramento genético florestal. A seleção de clones realizada por meio das variáveis DRL, Vsc, ρpond e IRT proporcionaram ganhos genéticos satisfatórios, tanto para o melhoramento das características de crescimento quanto para a qualidade da madeira.

Con el fin de determinar la estructura genética de las características de crecimiento y densidad de la madera (evaluada de manera directa y a través de la penetración del Pilodyn) y estimar la respuesta esperada a la selección masal en una población de Eucalyptus grandis formada por familias del NE de Queensland (Australia), se evaluó un ensayo de progenies a los 4.5 y 8.5 años de edad, establecido en tres sitios del NE argentino. Aunque se encontró una amplia variabilidad genética en todas las características evaluadas, las características de crecimiento [diámetro (DAP), altura (HT) y volumen (VOL)] mostraron diferente estructura y grado de control genético con respecto a las otras características [rectitud de fuste (FORM), proporción de corteza (COR) y penetración de Pilodyn (PILO)]; el efecto de orígenes fue importante en estas últimas y despreciable en las primeras; además, la heredabilidad individual de las características de crecimiento (0.11 – 0.16) fue menor que la de las otras características (0.20 – 0.35). Las correlaciones genéticas entre sitios fueron suficientemente altas (rgB >0.6) en todas las características como para considerar que la interacción genotipo-ambiente no afectaría al programa de selección. Las correlaciones genéticas entre las características de crecimiento fueron altas (rg>0.8), y prácticamente nulas entre éstas y FORM. PILO solo tuvo correlaciones moderadas con HT y COR. Las correlaciones edad-edad en las características de crecimiento y FORM fueron muy altas (rg>0.9). FORM, VOL y PILO a los 8.5 años de edad presentaron las mayores respuestas relativas a la selección, con valores de 8.74, 7.81 y 5.09%, respectivamente. DAP fue más eficiente (97%) que HT (90%) para aumentar el volumen por selección indirecta. La selección temprana (a los 4.5 años) para las características de crecimiento y rectitud de fuste presentó una eficiencia relativa por año superior al 155% con respecto a la selección directa a los 8.5 años de edad. Dado que PILO mostró un control genético más elevado (h2 = 0.33) que la densidad de la madera (h2 = 0.22) y una alta correlación genética con ésta (rg = -0.86) la selección indirecta por medio del Pilodyn puede ser tan eficiente como la selección directa pero con un ahorro del 95% del costo. Los resultados señalan que es posible llevar a cabo un programa de mejora genética manejando las características evaluadas de manera independiente o combinada, sin impactar de manera significativa sobre las demás, y utilizar selección temprana para las características de crecimiento y forma del tronco con un ahorro importante de tiempo y dinero.______With the purpose of determining the genetic structure of growth traits and wood density (evaluated directly and through Pilodyn penetration) and to estimate the expected response to masal selection in a Eucalyptus grandis population formed by families from NE Queensland, Australia, a progeny test established in three sites in NE Argentina was evaluated at 4.5 and 8.5 years of age. Although a broad genetic variability was found in all traits assessed, growth traits [diameter (DBH), height (HT) and volume (VOL)] showed different genetic structure and degree of genetic control with respect to the other traits [stem straightness (FORM), bark proportion (COR) and Pilodyn penetration (PILO)]. The origin effect was important in the latter traits and negligible in the former. Also, individual heritability of growth traits (0.11-0.16) was lower than that of the other traits (0.20-0.35). Genetic correlations between sites for all traits were high enough (rgB >0.6) to indicate that genotype-environment interaction would not affect the selection program. Genetic correlations between growth traits were high (rg>0.8), and negligible between these and FORM. PILO correlated only moderately with HT and COR. Age-age correlations for growth traits and FORM were very high (rg>0.9). FORM, VOL and PILO at 8.5 years-old presented the highest relative responses to selection, with 8.74, 7.81 and 5.09%, respectively. DAP is more efficient (97%) than HT (90%) to increase volume by indirect selection. Early selection (at age 4.5 years) for growth traits and stem straightness presented a relative efficiency per year superior to 155% with regard to direct selection at 8.5 years. Since PILO showed a higher genetic control (h2 = 0.33) that wood density (h2 = 0.22) and a high genetic correlation with it (rg = -0.86), indirect selection using the Pilodyn can be as efficient as direct selection but saving 95% of the cost. Results suggest that it is possible to conduct a genetic improvement program using the traits evaluated, independently or combined, without impacting in a significant way on the others, and to use early selection for growth traits and stem straightness with important savings in time and money.

Individual and family heritabilities and juvenile–mature genetic correlations were estimated for growth and biomass traits recorded in treatment with optimal and limiting water and/or nutrient availability to study how the different growth environments affected genetic parameter estimates. Thirty open-pollinated families, randomly selected among the 58 families used in field progeny tests in Galicia, were cultivated for 30 weeks in a climatic chamber under controlled conditions. Two water regimes (high and low water supply) combined with two nutrient regimes (high and low nutrient supply) were applied by subirrigation. Several growth, branching and dry mass traits were assessed 30 weeks after sowing and compared with field performance (height, diameter and volume) of 4-year-old progeny tests established at three different sites in Galicia (NW Spain). Both the irrigation and the fertilization treatments had a strong effect in all the assessed traits except irrigation for the number of branches. Heritabilities for growth and biomass traits were moderate to high (0.13–0.77) in individual treatments. However, when analyzing all treatments together, the impact of the family × treatment interactions led to a reduction (0.20–0.35) in the heritability estimates. The results indicated that the genotype × water and genotype × nutrient interactions may be important and could not be ignored in the Galician radiata pine breeding program. Climatic chamber–field correlations were different between different traits measured at climatic chamber experiments and the three field tests. The correlations were larger with the well-watered treatments, suggesting that further development of early testing methods for radiata pine in Galicia should include treatments with no limiting water availability., This study was supported by INIA project RTA2-109.

Switch and Examine combining (SEC) diversity scheme is one of the simplest yet efficient diversity schemes. Earlier in [1] and [2], we proposed sequential power loading algorithm to reduce the average power used at the transmitter in transmit diversity systems. In this paper, we propose the usage of a maximum ratio combining (MRC) receiver on top of sequential power loading, and provide a complete performance analysis of this proposed scheme in terms of average power used, average number of used antennas, average feedback load, and outage probability. Numerical results show that the proposed MRC enhanced scheme provides lower average number of used antennas and average feedback load with better outage performance than post selection and early selection schemes that were proposed earlier. This improved performance comes at the expense of a slightly higher average transmit power used. Scopus

No melhoramento genético de batata, para alguns caracteres, é possível eliminar genótipos inferiores já nas gerações iniciais, o que permite reduzir o número de genótipos avaliados a campo, proporcionando redução de custos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a influência do tamanho de vaso na expressão de caracteres de tubérculo, em famílias de batata, na geração de plântula. Em casa de vegetação, dez famílias de batata foram avaliadas em dois tamanhos de recipientes, vaso grande (1 L) e vaso pequeno (250 ml). Os caracteres de tubérculos avaliados foram: cor, aspereza, profundidade de olho, sobrancelha, formato, uniformidade de formato, apontamento, curvatura, achatamento, aparência geral, massa por planta, massa média e número de tubérculos. O vaso grande proporciona maior expressão da variação genética para os caracteres profundidade de olho, sobrancelha, curvatura, achatamento, aparência geral e todos os componentes de rendimento. As maiores médias de produção de tubérculos em número, tamanho e massa foram obtidas no vaso grande, enquanto o maior coeficiente de variação genético para os caracteres formato, uniformidade de formato e apontamento de tubérculo foi obtido no vaso pequeno.

In this study, body measurements of Turkish Arabian foals at different ages was obtained from Anadolu state farm in Turkey which included body length, cannon bone circumference, heart girth and withers height measurements. Effects of sex, birth month, birth year and age of foal at different growth periods on withers height, body length, heart girth and cannon bone circumference were significant (p

O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o uso de valores fenotípicos e genotípicos na análise de trilha envolvendo características agronômicas em cana-de-açúcar, nos estágios de cana-planta e cana-soca. Sob esses dois enfoques, foram computados os efeitos diretos e indiretos dos componentes de produção - número de colmos por parcela, diâmetro médio de colmos e altura média de colmos - sobre a produtividade de colmos por hectare. Para garantir uma melhor consistência nos resultados, os dados foram obtidos em dois experimentos, no delineamento em blocos casualizados com cinco repetições. Os experimentos foram alocados no Centro de Experimentação em cana-de-açúcar da UFV, em Oratórios, MG, Brasil. Cada experimento foi constituído de 22 famílias de irmãos completos de cana-de-açúcar. Os coeficientes de determinação foram elevados em todas as análises de trilha, indicando que os componentes avaliados explicam grande parte da variação existente na produção de colmos. Praticamente não houve diferença de interpretações e conclusões entre as análises baseadas nas matrizes de correlações fenotípicas ou genotípicas. Pela análise dos efeitos diretos fenotípicos e genotípicos, o número de colmos foi o caractere que melhor se correlacionou com toneladas de cana por hectare, em ambos os experimentos e estágios. Isso demonstra a possibilidade de obtenção de ganhos significativos por meio da seleção indireta para toneladas de cana por hectare via número de colmos. Houve variação em relação às estimativas de correlação na comparação entre os experimentos, o que provavelmente se deve à origem diferenciada das famílias avaliadas em cada experimento. The aim of this study was to investigate the use of phenotypic and genotypic values in the path analysis involving agronomic characteristics in sugarcane at the stages of plant cane and ratoon cane. Under these two approaches it was calculated the direct and indirect effects of yield components - number of stalks per plot, diameter of stalk and average height of stalk - on sugarcane yield per hectare. To ensure a better consistency of results, data were obtained in two experiments in randomized blocks with five replications. The experiments were carried out at the Center of Sugarcane Experimentation of the UFV, Oratórios, MG, Brazil. Each experiment consisted of 22 full-sib families of sugarcane. The coefficients of determination were high in all path analysis, indicating that the evaluated components explain most of the variation in straw yield. Practically there was no difference in interpretations and conclusions from the analysis based on arrays of genotypic or phenotypic correlations. From the analysis of the direct phenotypic and genotypic effects, number of stalks was the variable that best correlated with sugarcane yield per hectare in both experiments and harvest stages, demonstrating the possibility of obtaining significant gains by means of indirect selection of sugarcane yield per hectare using number of stalks. There was variation in the estimates of correlation in the comparison between experiments, probably due to different origin of the families surveyed in each experiment.

The objective of this work was to estimate the genetic parameters, genotypic and phenotypic correlations, and direct and indirect genetic gains among and within rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) progenies. The experiment was set up at the Municipality of Jaú, SP, Brazil. A randomized complete block design was used, with 22 treatments (progenies), 6 replicates, and 10 plants per plot at a spacing of 3x3 m. Three‑year‑old progenies were assessed for girth, rubber yield, and bark thickness by direct and indirect gains and genotypic correlations. The number of latex vessel rings showed the best correlations, correlating positively and significantly with girth and bark thickness. Selection gains among progenies were greater than within progeny for all the variables analyzed. Total gains obtained were high, especially for girth increase and rubber yield, which were 93.38 and 105.95%, respectively. Young progeny selection can maximize the expected genetic gains, reducing the rubber tree selection cycle. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar os parâmetros genéticos, as correlações genotípicas e fenotípicas, e os ganhos genéticos diretos e indiretos entre e dentro de progênies de seringueira (Hevea brasiliensis). O experimento foi instalado no Município de Jaú, SP. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com 22 tratamentos (progênies), 6 repetições e 10 plantas por parcela, no espaçamento de 3x3 m. Progênies de três anos de idade foram avaliadas quanto ao perímetro do caule, à produção de borracha e à espessura de casca, pelo método de ganhos diretos e indiretos e por correlações genotípicas. A variável que apresentou as melhores correlações foi o número de anéis dos vasos laticíferos, que se correlacionou positiva e significativamente com perímetro do caule e espessura de casca. Os ganhos de seleção entre progênies foram maiores que dentro de progênies, para todas as variáveis avaliadas. Os ganhos totais obtidos foram altos, principalmente para incremento do caule e produção de borracha, com valores de 93,38 e 105,95%, respectivamente. A seleção de progênies jovens pode maximizar os ganhos genéticos, o que reduz o ciclo de seleção da seringueira.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-06-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:08:04Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 gomes_je_dr_botfca.pdf: 647583 bytes, checksum: 8b10d73f3a2dce680ecff366505adea0 (MD5) O objetivo do presente trabalho foi o estudo de caracteres de crescimentos, bem como dos parâmetros envolvidos no ato da seleção precoce, visando obter respostas mais precisas em programas de melhoramento florestal, e dos seus efeitos nas correlações juvenil x adulto das progênies e procedências e Dipteryx alata Vog. Os dados utilizados para o estudo foram provenientes de um experimento instalado no município de Brasilândia de Minas, noroeste de Minas Gerais. Foram utilizadas três procedências de baru, totalizando 66 famílias de meio-irmãos de polinização livre. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. O espaçamento utilizado foi de 3 x 4 metros, ou seja, 12 m2 por planta, totalizando, uma área de aproximadamente 1,19 ha, com 990 plantas. O experimento foi avaliado nas idades de 1, 3, 5, 10 e 11 anos. Foram medidas cinco plantas de cada parcela, obtendo-se o Diâmetro do Coleto (DC – somente nos dois primeiros anos), o Diâmetro à Altura do Peito (DAP) e a Altura Total. Para as estimativas dos parâmetros genéticos foram utilizados os programas estatísticos GENES e o Selegen-REML/BLUP. E para análises padronizadas e teste de normalidade dos dados experimentais foi empregado o programa estatístico Statgraphics Plus. A propagação assexuada apresentou-se como uma melhor alternativa para obtenção dos maiores ganhos de seleção, até mesmo na formação de pomares de sementes clonais para as progênies as quais apresentaram os melhores resultados nos caracteres avaliados. O caráter mais indicado para o processo de seleção foi o Diâmetro a Altura do Peito por ter apresentado os maiores valores de correlação genotípica ( 2 C ˆ ) variando de 0,03 a 0,12, e a melhor correlação entre as idades de 5 e 11 anos The objective of this work was to study characters of growth, as well as the parameters involved in early selection procedures in order to obtain more accurate responses in forest improvement programs, and its effects on adult x juvenile correlations and provenances and progenies of Dipteryx alata Vog. The data used for the study came from an experiment installed in Brasilândia de Minas, northwestern of Minas Gerais, Brazil. We used three provenances of Baru, totaling 66 families of open pollinated half sibs. The experimental design was a randomized block design with three replications. The spacing used was 3 x 4 meters, or 12 m2 per plant, totaling an area of about 1.19 ha, with 990 plants. The experiment was evaluated at ages of 1, 3, 5, 10, and 11 years. Five plants from each plot were measured, obtaining the stem base diameter (only the first two years), diameter at breast height (DBH) and total height. For the estimates of genetic parameters was used GENES and Selegen-REML/BLUP statistical software. For analysis and standardized test of normality of the experimental data was used the Statgraphics Plus statistical software. The asexual propagation presented himself as a better alternative to obtain higher gains from selection, even in the implementation of clonal seed orchard for progenies which showed the best results regarding characters. The most suitable character for selection process was the diameter at breast height because it presented the highest values of genetic correlations ( 2 C ˆ ) from 0.03 to 0.12, and the best correlation between the ages of 5 and 11 years old

Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-27T14:53:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 WOS000286283300005.pdf: 1420837 bytes, checksum: 5d3e37b4f68045a13aba378c50a4597f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T17:58:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 WOS000286283300005.pdf: 1420837 bytes, checksum: 5d3e37b4f68045a13aba378c50a4597f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:17:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 WOS000286283300005.pdf: 1420837 bytes, checksum: 5d3e37b4f68045a13aba378c50a4597f (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:17:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 WOS000286283300005.pdf: 1420837 bytes, checksum: 5d3e37b4f68045a13aba378c50a4597f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-01 Com o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência da seleção precoce em Eucalyptus spp. foram usados dados de dois testes clonais avaliados quanto ao crescimento em altura (ALT), diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP) e volume individual de madeira (VOL) aos 25, 50 e 72 meses de idade. O delineamento experimental nos dois testes clonais foi o de blocos casualizados, com trinta tratamentos (clones), seis repetições, sendo um deles com seis e o outro com dez plantas em linha por parcela, no espaçamento de 3,0 m x 3,0 m. Foi feita a análise de variância para cada caracter e idade. Foram obtidas as estimativas de coeficiente de determinação genotípico e de correlações genotípicas entre os caracteres nas idades juvenis e na idade de rotação. Para verificar a viabilidade da aplicação da seleção precoce, foi simulada a seleção de 30% dos clones nas idades juvenis e na idade de rotação para cada um dos caracteres e idades avaliadas, obtendo-se as estimativas de ganhos genéticos com a seleção direta e indireta. Houve diferenças significativas entre os clones avaliados nos dois experimentos para todos os caracteres e idades. Com base nos resultados obtidos, é possível efetuar a seleção precoce aos 2 anos de idade sobre o caracter DAP em testes clonais de eucalipto. With the aim of evaluating Eucalyptus spp. for early selection efficiency, the height (HGT), diameter at breast height (DBH) and individual wood volume (VOL) of two clonal tests were assessed at the ages of 25, 50, and 72 months. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks, containing 30 treatments (clones), 6 replications and linear plots, one of them with 6 plants and the other with 10 plants, at the spacing of 3.0m x 3.0m. Variance analysis for each trait and age were carried out in the trials. The estimates of genotypic determination coefficient and the correlation between the early and mature ages for each trait were obtained. In order to confirm the viability of early selection, a simulated selection was performed at young and mature ages, adopting 30% of selection proportion for each trait and age considered. The genetic gains were estimated by using both direct and indirect selection. There were significant differences among clones evaluated in the two experiments for all traits and ages. Based on the results obtained for DBH in eucalyptus clonal tests, the use of early selection at the age of 2 years is feasible. Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil Empresa Fibria Celulose SA, Unidade Jacarei, BR-12340010 Jacarei, SP, Brazil Fibria Celulose SA, Unidade Tres Lagoas, BR-79601970 Tres Lagoas, MS, Brazil Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil

The objective of this work was to identify genotypes with high general combining ability for resistance to witches'-broom (Moniliophthora perniciosa) in populations formed from a first cycle of recurrent selection. Highly productive and resistant clones from different origins were interbred using the North Carolina II design. The clones SCA 6, CSUL 7, RB 39, CEPEC 89, OC 67, BE 4, EEG 29 and ICS 98 were used as paternal parents, while the maternal ones were NA 33, CCN 10, IMC 67, P 4B, CCN 51, CEPEC 86, SGU 54 and ICS 9. Twenty days after germination, 56 seedlings of each cross (four replicates of 14 seedlings) received the inoculation of a 1-mL suspension with 7.5x10(4 ) basidiospores mL-1. Symptoms were evaluated 60 days after inoculation. Significant differences were observed among paternal and among maternal parents, for resistance to witches'-broom assessed according to the proportion of progeny seedlings with the disease symptoms. Differences were also observed between groups of mothers or fathers previously defined as resistant, and groups previously defined as susceptible. It is possible to obtain a combination of genes that can increase the level of resistance to witches'-broom directly from the first cycle of recurrent selection. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar genótipos com alta capacidade geral de combinação quanto à resistência à vassoura-de-bruxa (Moniliophthora perniciosa), em populações formadas a partir do primeiro ciclo de seleção recorrente. Clones altamente produtivos e resistentes à vassoura-de-bruxa, de diferentes procedências, foram intercruzados com uso do delineamento Carolina do Norte II. Como progenitores paternos, foram utilizados os clones SCA 6, CSUL 7, RB 39, CEPEC 89, OC 67, BE 4, EEG 29 e ICS 98 e, como maternos, NA 33, CCN 10, IMC 67, P 4B, CCN 51, CEPEC 86, SGU 54 e ICS 9. Vinte dias após a germinação, 56 plântulas de cada cruzamento (quatro repetições de 14 plântulas) receberam inoculação de 1 mL de suspensão com 7,5x10(4) basidiósporos mL-1. Os sintomas foram avaliados 60 dias após a inoculação. Foram observadas diferenças significativas, entre os progenitores paternais e entre os progenitores maternais, quanto à resistência à vassoura-de-bruxa avaliada pela proporção de plântulas das progênies com sintomas da doença. Diferenças também foram observadas entre grupos de progenitores paternais ou maternais previamente definidos como resistentes, e grupos previamente definidos como suscetíveis. É possível obter, diretamente de primeiros ciclos de seleção recorrente, uma combinação de genes que possa aumentar a resistência à vassoura-de-bruxa.

6 páginas, 4 figuras.-- Trabajo presentado Actes du 3º Meeting International "Aridoculture et Cultures Oasisennes: Gestion et Valorisation des Ressources et Applications Biotechnologiques dans les Agrosystèmes Arides et Sahariens" celebrado en Jerba (Túnez) del 15 al 17 de Diciembre de 2009. 15-16-17/12/2009, Root exudates have important, yet incompletely known, roles in plant physiology, mainly in rhizosphere interactions with other organisms. Proline might play a critical role in protecting plants under stress, particularly under saline conditions. However, as far as we know, no attempts have been made to determine the proline content of root exudates. Here, we present preliminary results of the quantification of proline in root exudates of excised root cultures of Prunus rootstocks. Roots from micro-propagated Prunus rootstocks (‗Masto de Montaðana,‘ GF677 and ‗Adesoto 101‘) were cultured in vitro under increasing NaCl concentrations (0, 20, 60, 180 mM) to detect their early tolerance to salt stress. After three weeks of culture, the proline content of both the root tissues and the MS-based liquid medium in which the roots were cultured was determined. The proline concentration in root tissues and root exudates from all rootstocks increased as salt concentration in the medium increased, following a trend similar to that of whole plant tissues. This indicated that the role of proline exudates in plant responses to salt stress could be studied using non-destructive methods. In addition, proline exudates could be useful for the early detection of salt stress tolerance, provided that a relationship between proline and salt stress tolerance could be found., This work was partly funded by the INIA-FEDER projects RF2008-00029-C02-01 and RF2008-00028-C02-02 and by Group A-43 Excellence grant by the Government of Aragon.

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais In agreement with the convenience of the breeders, some modifications can be made in the traditional methods of conductions of the populations segregating. In bean, a common strategy used by breeders is the aspect selection for grain from early generations. Therefore, the aspect of grains is an important feature to obtain new cultivar. However, there is little information regarding the effect of such selection on other characteristics, especially when it is practiced in each generation. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of method bulk whit selection by comparing it with traditional bulk and SSD, and evaluate the effect of selection for the advancement of segregating populations on other characteristics of interest. Therefore, we used the population from the cross between the cultivars Ouro Negro and Meia Noite , which was conducted by three methods. In the bulk whit selection (bulksel) selection was performed to grain in each generation. To compare the effectiveness of the current methods under study, were conducted two independent experiments: the first was to evaluate the population in generations F4 to F8 conducted by three methods, and the second experiment was to evaluate the families that derived from each method. In the first case the experiment was conducted in the dry season of 2008, the cities of Coimbra and Florestal, in Minas Gerais. The experiment was delineated according to a factorial scheme 3 x 5 + 4, three methods (bulk, bulksel and SSD), five generations (F4 to F8) and four checks in a randomized block design with four replications. We evaluated the productivity, thousand grain weight and percentage of grain pattern of Ouro Negro cultivar. In the second experiment it was evaluated 131 families derived from each method in the F6 generation and seven cheks, a total of 400 treatments. The families were evaluated at the experimental station of Coimbra in Minas Gerais during the seasons of winter/07, dry/08 and winter/08. A triple square lattice design was applied. It was evaluated the productivity, the appearance of grain, the severity of rust and plant height. In the evaluation generations, it was observed that the bulksel was appropriate method that provided the best results, with higher average yield and thousand grain weight and, most importantly, the percentage of grains with the Standard Ouro Negro . Regarding the assessment of families from each method, the bulksel also stood out. This method provided the greatest number of families among the most productive and of best appearance of grains, surpassing, in some cases, the average of the best parent (Ouro Negro). The behavior of families for resistance to rust and plant bearing, in general, the methods didn't differ significantly. In both experiments, it was found that selection for grain with the advanced generations did not affect the genetic variability for grain yield. Bulksel method proved to be an effective strategy in the genetic improvement of common bean, especially when it is wanted improvement in terms of aspect of grains. De acordo com a conveniência do melhorista, algumas modificações podem ser efetuadas nos métodos tradicionais de condução das populações segregantes. No caso do feijoeiro, uma estratégia normalmente utilizada pelos melhoristas é a seleção para aspecto de grãos a partir de gerações iniciais. Essa é uma característica importante para a cultura, pois dela pode depender a aceitação de um novo cultivar. Contudo, há poucas informações a respeito do efeito desse tipo de seleção sobre outras características, sobretudo, quando ela é praticada a cada geração. Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência do método aqui denominado bulk com seleção, comparando-o aos métodos tradicionais bulk e SSD, e avaliar o efeito dessa seleção, durante o avanço das populações segregantes, sobre outras características de interesse. Para isso, utilizou-se a população oriunda do cruzamento entre os cultivares Ouro Negro e Meia Noite, que foi conduzida pelos três métodos. No bulk com seleção (bulksel), foi realizada seleção para aspecto de grãos a cada geração. Para comparação da eficiência dos métodos, foram conduzidos dois experimentos distintos: no primeiro avaliou-se a população nas gerações F4 a F8 conduzida pelos três métodos; e no segundo avaliaramse as famílias derivadas de cada método. No primeiro caso, o experimento foi conduzido na safra da seca de 2008, nos municípios de Coimbra e Florestal, em Minas Gerais. O experimento foi delineado segundo um esquema fatorial 3 x 5 + 4, sendo três métodos (bulk, bulksel e SSD), cinco gerações (F4 a F8) e quatro testemunhas, em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Foram avaliadas as características produtividade, massa de mil grãos e porcentagem de grãos com padrão do Ouro Negro. No segundo experimento, foram avaliadas 131 famílias derivadas de cada método na geração F6 e sete testemunhas, totalizando 400 tratamentos. As famílias foram avaliadas na estação experimental de Coimbra, em Minas Gerais, durante as safras do inverno/07, seca/08 e inverno/08. Adotou-se o delineamento experimental em látice quadrado triplo. Avaliaram-se a produtividade, o aspecto de grãos, a severidade de ferrugem e o porte da planta. Levando-se em consideração o experimento de avaliação das gerações, observou-se que o bulksel foi o método que proporcionou os melhores resultados, apresentando maior média de produtividade e de massa de mil grãos e, principalmente, maior porcentagem de grãos com padrão do Ouro Negro . No que se refere à avaliação das famílias derivadas de cada método, o bulksel também se destacou. O referido método proporcionou maior número de famílias entre as de melhor produtividade e melhor aspecto de grãos, superando, em alguns casos, a média do melhor genitor (Ouro Negro). Quanto ao comportamento das famílias em relação à resistência à ferrugem e ao porte da planta, de modo geral, os métodos não diferiram significativamente. Para ambos os experimentos, verificou-se que a seleção para grãos com o avanço das gerações não comprometeu a variabilidade genética para produtividade de grãos. O método bulksel demonstrou ser uma estratégia eficiente no melhoramento genético do feijoeiro, especialmente quando se deseja melhoria em termos de aspecto de grãos.

10 pag., 3 fig., [ES] La salinidad es una causa de estrés abiótico muy importante para el desarrollo de las plantas y un grave problema para la agricultura. La presencia de sal disminuye las cosechas en una gran variedad de plantas, por lo que la tolerancia a la salinidad es un carácter importante en mejora de plantas. Sin embargo, estas técnicas son largas y costosas, sobre todo en especies frutales debido a sus dilatados periodos de crecimiento y se beneficiarían del desarrollo de técnicas de selección precoz. Por otra parte, la acumulación de prolina, tanto en los tejidos de hoja como de raíz, ha sido relacionada con el estrés salino, indicando un papel esencial en la tolerancia. En este trabajo se estudia el contenido de prolina en raíces y en sus exudados, a partir de cultivos asépticos de raíces aisladas como modelo experimental, bajo estrés salino, para conocer el posible papel de la prolina como marcador de tolerancia. En los tejidos de las raíces la prolina aumentó con el estrés siendo muy elevada a 180 mM de NaCl cuando no hubo crecimiento de las raíces. Además, la presencia de prolina en el exudado de raíces aisladas estuvo también relacionada con la concentración de sal y siguió un patrón similar en tres patrones frutales que pertenecen a diferentes especies del género Prunus (P. insititia, 'Adesoto 101'; P. cerasus, 'Masto de Montañana' y P. dulcis x persica, GF 677). Estos resultados resaltan la necesidad de nuevos estudios para establecer si la prolina puede ser, en determinadas condiciones, un marcador de la tolerancia de los frutales a la salinidad. Los exudados permitirían, entonces, estudiar la tolerancia con test no destructivos., [ENG] The aim of this work is to demonstrate the presence of proline in both root tissues and root exudates as a response of excised rootx cultures to salt stress and to ascertain the possible relationship between proline content and NaCl concentration. Roots from micropropagated Prunus rootstocks have been cultured in vitro under increasing NaCl concentrations (0, 20, 60 and 180 mM) to early detect their tolerance to salt stress. After 3 weeks of culture, the proline content of the MS-based liquid medium, in which roots were cultured, was determined. As far as we know, no attempts have been made to determine the proline content of excised root cultures and root exudates under stress. Proline concentration in root tissues and root exudates from all rootstocks increased as salt concentration in the medium increased, following a trend similar to that of whole plant tissues in all three Prunus rootstocks (P. insititia, 'Adesoto 101'; P. cerasus, 'Masto de Montañana' and P. dulcis x persica, GF 677). This opens the possible role of proline exudates to study plant responses to salt stress using non-destructive methods. In addition, proline exudates can be of great interest for the early detection of salt stress tolerance, provided that a relation between proline and salt stress tolerance could be found., Este trabajo ha sido financiado, en parte, como Grupo de Excelencia A-43 por el Gobierno de Aragón.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-12-01Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:54:07Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 massaro_ram_me_jabo.pdf: 216510 bytes, checksum: 2763687448a6171d058929194d17b2a2 (MD5) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Com o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência da seleção precoce e tamanho ótimo de parcelas em Eucalyptus spp., foram usados dados de dois testes clonais avaliados quanto ao crescimento em altura (ALT), diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP) e volume individual de madeira (VOL) aos 25, 50 e 72 meses de idade. O delineamento experimental nos dois testes clonais foi o de blocos casualizados, com 30 tratamentos (clones), seis repetições, sendo um deles com seis plantas por parcelas (teste clonal 1) e o outro com 10 plantas (teste clonal 2). Foram obtidas as estimativas de coeficiente de determinação genotípico e de correlações genotípicas entre os caracteres nas idades juvenis e na idade de rotação. Para verificar a viabilidade da aplicação da seleção precoce foi simulada a seleção de 30% dos clones nas idades juvenis e na idade de rotação, para cada um dos caracteres e idades avaliadas, obtendo-se as estimativas de ganhos com a seleção direta e indireta. Para verificar o tamanho de parcelas, foi utilizado o coeficiente de repetibilidade calculado através dos métodos: Análise de Variância, dos Componentes Principais e o de Análise Estrutural, os dois últimos calculados através da matriz de correlação. Houve diferenças significativas entre os clones avaliados nos dois experimentos para todos os caracteres e idades. Com os resultados obtidos, recomenda-se a seleção precoce sobre DAP praticada em torno de dois anos de idade. O uso de seis repetições constituídas de pelo menos quatro plantas por parcela e a avaliação em apenas uma idade proporciona coeficiente de determinação superior a 80%. Aiming evaluate the Eucalyptus spp. early selection efficiency and optimum size of plots, were used data of height, diameter at breast height and individual wood volume evaluated in two clonal tests at 25, 50, and 72 months old. The experimental design in both clonal tests was randomized blocks, using 30 treatments (clones), 6 replications, at 3.0 x 3.0m spacing and linear plots, and one of them with 6 plants per plot (clonal test 1) and the other with 10 plants (clonal test 2). Variance analysis to each trait and age was done to each experiment. The estimates of genotypic determination coefficient and the correlation between the early and mature age traits were obtained. To check the viability of early selection, was simulated the selection in young and mature age, adopting 30% of selection to each one of the traits and ages evaluated, estimating the gains by the direct and indirect selection. To check the size of plots, we used the repeatability coefficient calculated by the methods: Analysis of Variance, and the Principal Components of Structural Analysis, the last two calculated through the matrix of correlation. There were significant differences among clones evaluated in the two experiments to all traits and ages. From the results obtained is suggested the practice of early selection from 2 years old age to eucalyptus clonal tests. The use of six replications consisting of at least four plants per plot and evaluation at one age provides a coefficient of determination more than 80%.

São apresentados coeficientes de correlações fenotípicas obtidos entre diferentes idades de alguns caracteres relacionados ao desenvolvimento vegetativo de açaizeiros (Euterpe oleracea Mart). Visa-se auxiliar na identificação de caracteres que possam ser utilizados para a seleção precoce de plantas superiores dessas palmeiras com vistas ao melhoramento genético. Correlações entre os caracteres mensurados em diferentes estádios foram estatisticamente significativas para a quase totalidade das avaliações efetuadas, com magnitude aumentando gradativamente com o tempo. Dada a taxa crescente apresentada pelos coeficientes de correlação e as estimativas de ganho esperado por seleção praticada, especialmente sobre o caráter circunferência da planta, sugere-se que a seleção em açaizeiros possa ter início logo aos 17 meses após o plantio, com maior probabilidade de selecionar genótipos superiores dessas palmeiras a partir do segundo ano de campo.Juvenile-mature correlation coefficients relating two vegetative traits of Euterpe oleracea Mart. are presented as an aid to early and indirect selection for heart of palm yield in breeding work with this palm. Significant age to age correlation coefficients were found for almost all paired comparison for plant girth and tillering number, with increasing values overtime. This fact together with the expected gain obtained by selection practiced, especially over palm girth, suggest that indirect phenotypic selection on this palm could start as early as seventeen months, with greater probability of selecting superior genotypes after two years after planting.

The purpose of this study was to estimate the impact of genotype × nutrient and genotype × water availability interactions in the maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) breeding program in Galicia (northwestern Spain). Twenty-nine open-pollinated families, randomly selected in a seed orchard, were cultivated for 23 weeks in a greenhouse in a split-plot design under controlled conditions. Two water regimes (high and low water supply) combined with two nutrient regimes (high and low nutrient supply) were applied by subirrigation. Both the irrigation and the fertilization treatments had a strong effect in all the assessed traits. Heritabilities for growth and biomass traits were moderate to high (0.2–0.5) in individual treatments, especially in those treatments that led to intermediate growth. However, when analyzing all treatments together, the impact of the family × treatment interactions led to an important reduction (0.1–0.2) of the heritability estimates. The results indicated that the genotype × water and genotype × nutrient interactions may be important and could not be ignored in the Galician maritime pine breeding program. However, the study of the family ecovalence values indicated that interactions are mainly due to some interactive families (7 to 31% of families). Culling several of the female parents with high ecovalence values would result in a stable breeding population and would be enough to overcome the interaction handicap in the breeding program., This study was supported by the INIA project RTA2-109.

En: XIII GREMPA Meeting on almonds and pistachios = XIIIème Réunion du GREMPA sur l'amandier et le pistachier . Zaragoza : CIHEAM-IAMZ, 2005. Eds: Oliveira M.M., Cordeiro V.-- Meeting of the Mediterranean Research Group for Almond and Pistachio, 2003/06/01-05, Mirandela (Portugal).-- 6 pages, 4 tables., [EN] The correlations between seed germination or leafing time and flowering time in almond [P. dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb] were studied in a population of 502 seedlings from 13 families. The aim of the study was to discover the possibilities of an early selection of those seedlings with late flowering in relation to germination of seeds or leafing time in the following year. The crosses were conducted in 1997. The seeds obtained were germinated by conventional stratification at 7°C, and the number of weeks necessary for the germination of each seed recorded. The trees were planted in 1998. Between 1999 and 2002 their leafing time was recorded, and in 2001 and 2002 also their flowering time. The results indicated that these characteristics bear a relation when considering the population globally, but with a high variability. However, within each family, the correlations between these characteristics were not important and, in most cases, not significant. In the case of germinationflowering, the lack of correlation seems to be the consequence of the germination depending mainly on the female parent. In the case of leafing-flowering, the lack of correlation was due to the positive or negative correspondence between leafing and flowering and to the genotype x environment interaction. In our opinion, to obtain seedlings with an extra-late flowering time, the selection of parents with very late flowering time is essential, with subsequent selection of the seedlings during their first flowering. An early selection regarding the leafing period could be applied with a certain degree of success when, for any reason, interested in selecting late-flowering trees coming from parents with very late and very early-flowering periods. In such cases, the high variability expected could compensate, to a certain degree, for the differences between leafing and flowering., [FR] "Sélection précoce d'amandiers à floraison tardive". Les corrélations entre la germination de la graine ou la date de débourrement et la date de floraison chez l'amandier [P. dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb] furent étudiées dans une population de 502 plantes issues de 13 familles. L'objectif de l'étude était de découvrir les possibilités d'une sélection précoce de ces plantes ayant une floraison tardive en relation avec la germination des graines ou la date de débourrement dans l'année suivante. Les croisements furent réalisés en 1997. Les graines obtenues ont germé selon une stratification conventionnelle à 7°C, et le nombre de semaines nécessaires à la germination de chaque graine est enregistré. Les arbres furent plantés en 1998, et leur date de débourrement enregistrée entre 1999 et 2002, ainsi que leur date de floraison en 2001 et 2002. Les résultats indiquèrent que les caractéristiques ont mis en évidence une relation si l'on considère la globalité de la population, mais avec une forte variabilité. Cependant, dans chaque famille, les corrélations entre ces caractéristiques se sont avérées peu importantes et dans de nombreux cas, non signifiantes. Dans le cas de la germination-floraison, la faible corrélation semble être la conséquence du fait que la germination soit contrôlée principalement par le parent femelle. Dans le cas du débourrement-floraison, la faible corrélation serait due à une asynchronie positive ou négative entre le débourrement et la floraison, et aussi à l'interaction entre le génotype et l'environnement. Selon nous, afin d'obtenir des sélections aux dates de floraison très tardives, la sélection de parents avec une date de floraison très tardive est essentielle, avec la sélection de plantes pendant leur première floraison. Une sélection précoce prenant en compte la période de débourrement pourrait être appliquée avec un certain taux de réussite quand, quelle que soit la raison, nous voulons obtenir des sélections très tardives à partir d'un croisement entre un géniteur très précoce et un autre très tardif. Dans ce cas, la grande variabilité attendue pourrait compenser, à un certain degré, des différences entre le débourrement et la floraison., This work has been financed by the project AGL2001-1054-C03-01 ("Mejora Genética del Almendro") from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology. The authors also acknowledge the support of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology for the contract of Dr. P. Martínez-Gómez.

O presente trabalho objetivou identificar características em cinco clones de eucalipto crescendo em tubete plástico de 60 mL, de modo a subsidiar a seleção precoce de material genético para plantios em ambientes com disponibilidade diferenciada de água no solo. Avaliaram-se a condutância estomática, a transpiração foliar, o potencial hídrico foliar e a fotossíntese líquida de plantas mantidas plenamente irrigadas e de plantas sob deficiência hídrica. Com a suspensão da irrigação, os clones 1250 e 1260 apresentaram menor condutância estomática e transpiração, produzindo ligeira diminuição nos valores de potencial hídrico foliar nas plantas. Observaram-se uma acentuada redução no potencial hídrico e abscisão foliar nos clones 0321 e 1277, e, ao final de vários ciclos de seca, estes dois clones apresentaram as maiores taxas de fotossíntese líquida, em resposta à suspensão da irrigação. Com a re-irrigação, o clone 1277 emitiu, imediatamente, novas folhas, indicando sua capacidade de recuperação quando as condições hídricas do solo se tornam favoráveis. Esses resultados evidenciam que o clone 1277 deve tolerar ambientes sujeitos à deficiência hídrica. This study was undertaken to identify physiological characteristics of cuttings from five eucalypt clones, growing in small plastic tubes (60 mL) to subsidize early selection for planting in sites with varying soil water availability. Stomatal conductance, leaf transpiration, leaf water potential and net photosynthesis of plants maintained fully irrigated and under water deficit were studied. The clones 1250 and 1260 presented reduction in stomatal conductance and leaf transpiration in water stressed plants, which maintained high leaf water potential. On the other hand, the clones 0321 and 1277 kept exhibiting high leaf stomatal conductance and transpiration and presented sharp decrease in leaf water potential under water stress condition. These two clones presented the highest net photosynthesis after several drying cycles. The clones 1277 presented a significant leaf abscission after the first drying cycle and a prompt recover after being re-watered, which indicates that this clone may tolerate dryer environments.

Juvenile – mature (JM) correlations and selection efficiencies among one-year old Pinus pinaster seedlings and 8-yr field performance were analyzed in order to study the possibilities of early selection in the maritime pine breeding program in Galicia (NW Spain). Twenty four open-pollinated families from a first generation clonal seed orchard were grown in the greenhouse under two nutrient crossed with two water regimes. Several growth and dry mass traits were assessed 30 weeks after sowing and compared with field performance (height, diameter and volume) of four 8-yr-old progeny tests established in the coastal area of Galicia. Family mean correlations and genetic correlations were computed for each greenhouse trait, greenhouse treatment, field test site and field trait combination. Except for a few cases, most of the JM correlations were weak and in many cases negative. There was no detectable pattern of JM correlations regarding to combinations of greenhouse treatments and test site water availability and/or fertility. The large variation in the JM correlations for the same traits in different environments and sites (even changing sign in several cases) suggest a large influence of the genotype x environment interaction in the JM estimations. Other possible causes of the weak JM correlations are discussed. Based on the results of this study it may be concluded that none of the combinations of trait and treatment included in this experiment can be recommended for incorporation into early testing in the Galician Pinus pinaster breeding program. Indications for further research to optimize an early selection procedure are included., This study was supported by the INIA project RTA2-109

Micro-chipping was carried out in a clonal bank of Pinus pinaster with 17 clones and 69 ramets and 10 control (non grafted trees) trees. The micro-chipping consisted on the tapping of an area of 2.5 square cm above the graft union, every two weeks. Six tapping were made during the 3 months of the maximum resin yield (June, July and August). A high clonal heritability value (h2 = 0,501) for resin yield was computed. This demonstrates that more than 50 % of clonal resin yield variation is due to genetic factors. Moderately strong correlation was recorded between resin yield of the ortets and their micro-chipped clones (r = 0,63, with " = 0,05) showing the effectiveness of both evaluation methods. The resin yield of clones has been very superior to the production of the control trees. The resin yield has been positively correlated with the total height (r = 0,45, & = 0,01) and with the diameter (r = 0,43, & = 0,01) of the trees., El presente trabajo analiza la eficacia de la minirresinación en árboles injertados de Pinus pinaster para evaluar la selección de árboles grandes productores de miera realizada en campo, así como estimar la heredabilidad clonal de la producción de miera. La minirresinación se realizó en 69 ramets de 17 clones de árboles grandes productores de miera y en 10 árboles controles (árboles no injertados, de producción normal) situados en el banco clonal de Carbonero (Segovia). La técnica consistió en picas cuadradas de 2,5 cm de lado durante los tres meses de máxima producción de miera (junio-agosto). Se dieron en total seis picas, una cada 15 días con posterior aplicación de estimulante (ácido sulfúrico en forma de pasta). La producción media de los árboles seleccionados es de 183 g, frente a una media de 107 g para los árboles control. Se han obtenido correlaciones positivas entre la producción de miera con la altura total del árbol evaluado (r = 0,45, & = 0,01) y con su diámetro (r = 0,43, & = 0,01). Existe un efecto significativo del clon en la producción de miera. La heredabilidad clonal (o repetibilidad) tiene un valor de 0,501 para la producción de resina, tras ajustar la producción mediante las covariables de altura y diámetro de cada uno de los árboles evaluados. La alta correlación (r = 0,63; " = 0,05) entre la superioridad del ortet (árbol seleccionado en monte, medida por su intensidad de selección) y la producción media de sus ramets (evaluados mediante minirresinación) demuestra la eficacia de ambos métodos de evaluación en los programas de mejora de la especie Pinus pinaster.

Micro-chipping was carried out in a clonal bank of Pinus pinaster with 17 clones and 69 ramets and 10 control (non grafted trees) trees. The micro-chipping consisted on the tapping of an area of 2.5 square cm above the graft union, every two weeks. Six tapping were made during the 3 months of the maximum resin yield (June, July and August). A high clonal heritability value (h2 = 0,501) for resin yield was computed. This demonstrates that more than 50 % of clonal resin yield variation is due to genetic factors. Moderately strong correlation was recorded between resin yield of the ortets and their micro-chipped clones (r = 0,63, with " = 0,05) showing the effectiveness of both evaluation methods. The resin yield of clones has been very superior to the production of the control trees. The resin yield has been positively correlated with the total height (r = 0,45, & = 0,01) and with the diameter (r = 0,43, & = 0,01) of the trees. El presente trabajo analiza la eficacia de la minirresinación en árboles injertados de Pinus pinaster para evaluar la selección de árboles grandes productores de miera realizada en campo, así como estimar la heredabilidad clonal de la producción de miera. La minirresinación se realizó en 69 ramets de 17 clones de árboles grandes productores de miera y en 10 árboles controles (árboles no injertados, de producción normal) situados en el banco clonal de Carbonero (Segovia). La técnica consistió en picas cuadradas de 2,5 cm de lado durante los tres meses de máxima producción de miera (junio-agosto). Se dieron en total seis picas, una cada 15 días con posterior aplicación de estimulante (ácido sulfúrico en forma de pasta). La producción media de los árboles seleccionados es de 183 g, frente a una media de 107 g para los árboles control. Se han obtenido correlaciones positivas entre la producción de miera con la altura total del árbol evaluado (r = 0,45, & = 0,01) y con su diámetro (r = 0,43, & = 0,01). Existe un efecto significativo del clon en la producción de miera. La heredabilidad clonal (o repetibilidad) tiene un valor de 0,501 para la producción de resina, tras ajustar la producción mediante las covariables de altura y diámetro de cada uno de los árboles evaluados. La alta correlación (r = 0,63; " = 0,05) entre la superioridad del ortet (árbol seleccionado en monte, medida por su intensidad de selección) y la producción media de sus ramets (evaluados mediante minirresinación) demuestra la eficacia de ambos métodos de evaluación en los programas de mejora de la especie Pinus pinaster.

International audience; Gas exchange parameters were monitored during the first growing season on Pinus pinaster young seedlings belonging to six provenances and submitted to two water supply regimes in the open air under cover. Significant differences were found between water supply regimes and measurement dates; sometimes also between provenances. Gas exchange rate responses to needle water potential were similar for all the provenances, and rate changes were only detected as water potential went down to less than $-1.3$ MPa. The Iberian provenances, in contrast to the Landes, showed a tendency to save water at the end of Spring, which indicates an adaptation to locations with Summer drought. The growth differences between provenances were not expressed in terms of differences in the instantaneous net photosynthetic rate, since this will depend on other factors, such as seedling water status and the time that the measurement was made. However, provenance growth differences may be partially explained by the differences in water use efficiency and nitrogen productivity.; Effets de l'alimentation en eau sur les échanges gazeux des provenances de Pinus pinaster Ait. au cours de leur première saison de végétation. Les échanges gazeux ont été étudiés au cours de la première saison de végétation de jeunes semis de Pinus pinaster appartenant à six provenances et soumis à deux régimes d'alimentation en eau sous couvert en plein air. Des différences significatives ont été trouvées entre les régimes d'alimentation en eau et les dates de mesures, parfois aussi entre les provenances. Les réponses des taux d'échanges gazeux au potentiel hydrique des aiguilles étaient similaires entre toutes les provenances, et les changements de taux ne furent seulement détectés que lorsque le potentiel hydrique devint inférieur à $-1,3$ MPa. Les provenances ibériques, contrairement à celles des Landes, montrèrent une tendance à économiser l'eau à la fin du printemps, ce qui indique une adaptation à la situation de sécheresse estivale. Les différences de croissance entre provenances ne se sont pas exprimées en terme de différences de taux nets instantanés de photosynthèse, car cela dépend aussi d'autres facteurs comme le statut hydrique des semis et de l'époque où les mesures ont été effectuées. Cependant, les différences d'accroissements entre provenances peuvent être partiellement expliquées par des différences dans l'efficience d'utilisation de l'eau et de l'azote.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência da seleção precoce para o caráter produtividade de grãos na cultura do feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Para tanto foi utilizado o cruzamento entre os cultivares Carioca (P1) e FT- Tarumã (P2). Foram avaliadas 192 famílias, 64 das quais derivadas de plantas F2, outras 64 de plantas F2 do RC1 (F1 x P1) e 64, ainda, de plantas F2 de RC2 (F1 x P2). As famílias foram conduzidas empregando-se o método Bulk dentro de famílias F2 e avaliadas nas gerações F2:3 (fevereiro de 1997), F2:4 (julho de 1997), F2:5 (novembro de 1997), F2:6 (fevereiro de 1998), na área experimental do Departamento de Biologia da Universidade Federal de Lavras (MG). Utilizou-se o delineamento látice simples 14 x 14 na avaliação das 192 famílias juntamente com os pais e duas testemunhas. A partir das análises de variância dos dados da produtividade de grãos, foram estimados os componentes da variância genética e fenotípica, a herdabilidade realizada, as estimativas de correlações entre as famílias nas sucessivas gerações e o ganho observado com a seleção divergente. Constatou-se que: as famílias de melhor desempenho foram observadas no RC2; a interação genótipos x ambientes afetou a seleção precoce, valendo destacar que, para melhorar sua eficiência, as famílias devem ser avaliadas no mínimo durante duas gerações; a seleção precoce foi eficiente principalmente para a eliminação das famílias com pior desempenho, reduzindo, dessa forma, o trabalho dos melhoristas em gerações avançadas. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of the early selection of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grain yield. 192 families from the cross 'Carioca' (P1) x 'FT-Tarumã' (P2), which 64 from F2 generation and 128 from F2 of the backcrosses (64 of the BC1 and 64 of the BC2) were assessed. These families were conducted by within F2 family bulk breeding and evaluated in the generations F2:3 (February/1997), F2:4 (July/1997), F2:5 (November/1997) and F2:6 (February/1998), in the Department of Biology of the Federal University of Lavras, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. It was used the simple lattice design , 14 x 14, including the 192 families, the parents and two checks. The following genetic and phenotypic parameters were estimated: genetic and phenotypic variances; realized heritability; correlations between families of the evaluated generations; and genetic gain observed based on divergent selection. General results indicated that the best families were observed in all generations derived from BC2 and genotypes x environments interaction affected the early selection. Therefore, to improve its efficiency, the families should be evaluated for at least two generations. The early selection was efficient mainly for elimination of the worst families, reducing in that way the work of breeder in advanced generations.

Um teste envolvendo dezoito procedências de araucária (Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) O. Ktze.) foi plantado, por semeadura direta no campo, em Ribeirão Branco, SP. Avaliações aos nove, onze e 23 anos demonstraram efeitos significativos da procedência (somente na altura, aos onze anos, não foi possível detectar o efeito da procedência). As procedências de maior produção volumétrica foram Campo Mourão, Barracão, Santa Maria, Campos do Jordão e Telêmaco Borba. O efeito dos blocos foi altamente significativo, mostrando que o crescimento da araucária está sob forte influência ambiental (condições do solo). Para aumentar a produtividade de madeira de araucária, nesse local, recomendam-se medidas como seleção criteriosa de sítios apropriados para essa cultura, complementada com tratos silviculturais, a fim de proporcionar ambientes mais propícios para que as árvores possam expressar todo o seu potencial genético. Avaliações precoces para seleção de procedências, visando maior produtividade de madeira na idade adulta, são ineficazes, devido a mudanças substanciais na posição hierárquica entre as procedências, ao longo dos anos.

Change of branching defects over time was studied in a progeny test of. A sample of 337 trees was measured seven years after their first evaluation (ages 9 and 16). The change in the frequency of forks and ramicorns over time, and the influence of different whorl traits on these changes were studied. The percent of forks and ramicorns that could be recognised at age 16 was only 31.6 p. 100. About 55 p. 100 of ramicorns disappeared, due to the flattening of the branch angle with time. Trees with stable ramicorns were characterised by a narrow initial branch angle, a high level of polycyclism on branches and a large branch diameter. With time and diameter growth of the stem, the supplementary whorls on polycyclic branches may be progressively inserted in the stem before natural pruning occurs, resulting in a big local defect. Consequences for early selection are discussed., Se ha estudiado el cambio habido en los defectos de ramificación observados en un ensayo de progenies de Pinus nigra Arn. ssp. laricio (Poir) Schwarz var. corsicana (Loud) Franco tras siete años de su primera evaluación. Se midieron 337 árboles a las edades de 9 y 16 años. Se analiza el cambio de la frecuencia de bifurcaciones y ramicornes y la influencia de diferentes caracteres de los verticilos en estos cambios. El porcentaje de bifurcaciones y ramicornes que se reconocieron a la edad de 16 años fue solo del 31.6 p. 100 de los registrados a los nueve años. Alrededor del 55 p. 100 de los ramicornes desaparecen, debido a un aplanamiento del ángulo de las ramas con la edad. Los árboles con ramicornes estables se caracterizan por un ángulo de ramas inicial muy agudo, un alto grado de policiclismo en las ramas y un gran diámetro de ramas. Debido al crecimiento del diámetro, los verticilos adicionales formados en las ramas policíclicas pueden insertarse progresivamente en el tronco antes de que se produzca la poda natural, lo que ocasiona un efecto local de gran importancia. Se discuten las consecuencias con vistas a una selección precoz.

Change of branching defects over time was studied in a progeny test of. A sample of 337 trees was measured seven years after their first evaluation (ages 9 and 16). The change in the frequency of forks and ramicorns over time, and the influence of different whorl traits on these changes were studied. The percent of forks and ramicorns that could be recognised at age 16 was only 31.6 p. 100. About 55 p. 100 of ramicorns disappeared, due to the flattening of the branch angle with time. Trees with stable ramicorns were characterised by a narrow initial branch angle, a high level of polycyclism on branches and a large branch diameter. With time and diameter growth of the stem, the supplementary whorls on polycyclic branches may be progressively inserted in the stem before natural pruning occurs, resulting in a big local defect. Consequences for early selection are discussed. Se ha estudiado el cambio habido en los defectos de ramificación observados en un ensayo de progenies de Pinus nigra Arn. ssp. laricio (Poir) Schwarz var. corsicana (Loud) Franco tras siete años de su primera evaluación. Se midieron 337 árboles a las edades de 9 y 16 años. Se analiza el cambio de la frecuencia de bifurcaciones y ramicornes y la influencia de diferentes caracteres de los verticilos en estos cambios. El porcentaje de bifurcaciones y ramicornes que se reconocieron a la edad de 16 años fue solo del 31.6 p. 100 de los registrados a los nueve años. Alrededor del 55 p. 100 de los ramicornes desaparecen, debido a un aplanamiento del ángulo de las ramas con la edad. Los árboles con ramicornes estables se caracterizan por un ángulo de ramas inicial muy agudo, un alto grado de policiclismo en las ramas y un gran diámetro de ramas. Debido al crecimiento del diámetro, los verticilos adicionales formados en las ramas policíclicas pueden insertarse progresivamente en el tronco antes de que se produzca la poda natural, lo que ocasiona un efecto local de gran importancia. Se discuten las consecuencias con vistas a una selección precoz.

In order to compare family differences in stem form determination, seedlings of eight half-sib progenies of Pinus pinaster were exposed to three different light treatments: fixed lateral light (T1), alternate lateral light (T2), and direct sunlight (T3). From spatial coordinates of several points along the stem we computed four variables: global leaning (GL), apical leaning (APL), flexuosity index (FL) and length of the stem (LEN). Based on comparisons of the four variables, the phototropic stimulus caused different responses in stem form at the familial level. Treatment had an important effect on stem form, although the familial response to treatments was quite variable. Heritability values (h2) of the four analyzed variables showed a different pattern of variation for the three treatments, being very stable for LEN and FL, whereas h2 of APL was much greater based on T1 and T2 compared to T3, and h2 of GL based on T2 was much greater compared to T3 and T1. Differences in stem form were due not only to photomorphogenetic response to different light stimuli, but also to the straightening processes such as compression wood formation. The results suggest that lateral light treatments may be useful in revealing differences in efficiency of the mechanisms involved in stem form determination.