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This article summarizes 27 years of observations on the growth status of Scots pine artificial stands established after treating seeds with para-aminobenzoic acid (concentration range: 3.7-18.2 mM) one time. A long-term stimulating effect of PABA on the height growth (up to 47%) and diameter (up to 42%) of artificial stands is discovered. By the age of 27 years, self-pruning of the artificial stands increased by 18%. Possible mechanisms of long-term PABA physiological effect are now being discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today's European Union is keen to point out that one of Europe's main characteristics is its linguistic diversity. Some early-modern scholars, however, emphasised the notion of European monolingualism, even though Europe's linguistic diversity was as obvious in the sixteenth through eighteenth centuries as it is today. These scholars advanced the argument that, in a distant past, Europeans had spoken one single language. This article focuses on the first scholar to really substantiate this idea. In his voluminous Germania antiqua (1616), the Leiden founder of historical geography, Philippus Cluverius, set out to prove that Europe had once largely been populated by people who shared one single language and a set of distinctive customs. After analysing Cluverius' argument and his linguistic image of Europe, the article will outline the intellectual background behind his claims and map his work's impact on later representations of Europe in terms of language. Even when most early-modern scholars admittedly rejected the idea of Europe as a historical linguistic unity, the paper will show that the notion of Europe was a crucial point of reference in the linguistic scholarship of the early-modern period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented in which the editors discuss articles in the issue on topics including Celtic sacred objects and places, differentiating between sacred and non-sacred objects, and how secular objects can function as relics of spirituality.

The longstanding debate about the interpretation of the Concilium Galliarum, celebrated at Lugdunum on Augusts 1st has been traditionally divided among those in favor of a 'Celtic' tradition and those advocating for a 'Roman' praxis. We advocate, following the works by Audin, that the study of the urban layout may shed light into this controversy. We find that this Roman grid has a remarkable orientation consistent with the orientation towards the rising sun on days close to this festivity. The location of the main sanctuaries of the city, the municipal sanctuary devoted to the imperial cult and the Three Gaul sanctuary, situated on both sides of the river, reveals interesting astronomical relations. These could be interpreted as an attempt at the time of the early Empire to include the Augustus and Rome cult even in areas with a strong pre-existent tradition, like the Gaul [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the Dünsberg archeological site located in the valley of the River Lahn in Germany. Topics addressed include burial mounds at the site that provide evidence of its occupation in the Neolithic and Bronze Age periods, its use during the Celtic period, and the process and findings of excavations of the site between 1999 to 2004.

Copyright of Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, Historia is the property of Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents a report from a January 23-25, 2014 conference in Munich, Germany on the history of monarchic rulers in antiquity and the early modern era. Topics of discussion included the political organization of Celtic societies, the stability of societies ruled by monarchs, and the problem of succession of monarchs.

On the borderland of myth and history the western Bebryces seem to discourage all attempts at identification. Seen alternately as a legendary construction of the Greeks – they are to be found in epic poems dealing with Herakles feats in the West- or as a real ethnic group settled on the margins of the Iberian area, they gave rise to a bibliography all the more vast as their importance in the sources is modest. We wish to formulate here a new proposal founded on a comparison with two other peoples of the area, the Tasgoduni of the Toulouse area and the Spanish Volciani of the Pyrenean foothills, whose existence is more solidly established. Such a comparison allows us to see in the Bebrukes a historic people linked to the settlement of the Volcs in Southern Gaul and Spain during the IIIrd c. B.C.

The oppidum of Châteaumeillant is one of the major enclosed sites in the civitas of the Bituriges Cubi. Situated on the route between Argentomagus and Néris-Les-Bains, it still has an impressive fortification which attains almost 12 m in height. This rampart occupies the southern extremity of an inland promontory of 60 hectares set between two stream courses. The La Tène occupation seems however to be restricted to an area of some 24 hectares at the highest, southern part of the promontory. The rampart was excavated between 1957 and 1961 by E. Hugoniot and Jacques Gourvest who identified two successive structures: first a murus gallicus and then a massive dump bank. New excavations from 2001 have confirmed the presence of this substantial fortification, and have shown that it is fronted by a very wide (40 m) flat-bottomed ditch. Whilst the murus gallicus, constructed around 100 BC, seems to have been designed as a symbolic limit to the oppidum, the extra-high dump was defensive in intent. It was probably built during the Gallic War.

This article investigates the changes in foodways and cooking practices-especially in regard to the ceramic cooking assemblages-among the Celtic-speaking peoples of ancient Mediterranean France following the Roman conquest at the end of the second century B.C.E. I specifically examine the region of modern Languedoc-Roussillon using the ceramic data from the indigenous oppida of Lattara (modern Lattes), Castels à Nages, and Ambrussum, covering a period from the beginning of the third century B.C.E. through the first century C.E. I suggest that prior to the Roman conquest, during Iron Age II, there were few differences in cooking practices among the different blocks of houses at these sites. Although food was used for practices of social and political differentiation, these differences were probably manifested and articulated generally through differences in the quantity, rather than the quality, of the food. After the Roman conquest, however, particularly at the urban centers in the region, a new "high" cuisine emerged, one characterized by differences in taste and the quality of food among different social groups. These transformations were in turn likely related to important sociopolitical changes occurring in the region as local society became increasingly integrated with larger Roman colonial society [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Many consumers around the world are familiar with Celtic-related themes having been exposed to them in their consumption practices. Identifying who the Celts were is relatively straightforward as, despite having no language, they have left their impression on the landscape and in artefacts. In this paper, we ask whether there is such a thing as a Celtic Feeling that consumers identify with and marketers can utilize. The authenticity of Celtic Marketing Practice is assessed using indexical and iconic cues, and the pursuit of personal goals as a framework applied to three case studies-Guinness, the Irish Pub Company and the Orkadian jewellery industry. Findings suggest an authenticity to Celtic Marketing in terms of brand positioning and, to a lesser extent, marketing management philosophy. Links are made to place marketing, storytelling and experiential marketing. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This contribution presents the preliminary findings on the remains of the La Tène warrior graves discovered in the Early Roman in-fill deposit during the investigation of the Auersperg Palace building area in Ljubljana in 2002. Especially noteworthy is a conglomerate of iron objects, in which there are a four times folded sword of a Middle La Tène scheme, a band-shaped shield boss, a shaft-hole axe and perhaps also a ring, which had been a part of a belt set. Adherent to the conglomerate are fragments of burnt human bones and several fragments of one or two reconstructed vessels, which were found in the same deposit in larger numbers. The presence of two hand-built pots with the characteristics of the local La Tène pottery, as well as the shaft-hole axe, typical of the Late Hallstatt warrior's equipment, foreign to the Celtic armament, indicates that this is the grave of a native, roughly from the transition between the LT C1 and LT C2 phases or slightly later. Discovered in the same deposit, there was a once folded scabbard with its mouth decorated with unique composite motif of a dragon pair and a snake, combined with vegetative ornamentation. The scabbard is a typical piece of the LT C1b phase weaponry and belongs to another burial, supposedly slightly older than the first one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the crucial role of a nineteenth-century multiform of ATU 675: The Lazy Boy, in the development of the otherwise highly literary legend of the City of Ys (Ker- Is in Breton). The City of Ys is not simply evoked as a setting that was fashionable at the time; instead the tale-type is appropriated for use as a complete alternative retelling of the mainstream legend, into which it later comes to be incorporated in various ways. The complex interactions of folktale, literature, drama, art and even sculpture are fascinating to observe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analysis of the occupation of the northwestern territory of the Iberian Peninsula during the first millennium BC, with reference to the Castro Culture (Hill-forts) of the region, under the influence of Indo-European models well assimilated by Celtic behaviors, closely related with nature, especially evidenced in etnonimic etymologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces the education and knowledge management research background and current requirement. We make a research in system design based on ontology representation and the Semantic Web model. This paper puts forward a method to represent ontology in XML. This method has a well result and general purpose. Based on this method, we design and realize the ontology layer and the Semantic Web model in the knowledge management system. We use the ontology as the semantic information layer in the system, thus we can share education information automatically and intelligently. Further of the work is to add more support of reasoning functions and research the exchange mechanism of the ontology in Internet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the Germanic language family, which is a branch of the Indo-European language family. It mentions the terms Germani and Germania and defines the Germanic people as a group of tribes with a common past originating from the Scandinavian Peninsula. How the Germanic language was influenced through the Germanic people's contact with the Celts, the Balts, and the Italic people is discussed. Additional topics covered include the three types of successive writings used, including the runic, Gothic, and Latin alphabets, the main characters in the proto-Germanic language, and the Gothic language.

The paper seeks to investigate the ramifications in Viking Age Norway of the comprehensive contact with the Insular area, based on an analysis of penannular brooches. During the 7th and 8th centuries, the penannular brooch becomes a distinctive part of the Celtic jewellery tradition, associated with the elite. The most striking parallels to the Insular brooches are found in Norway. These brooches are introduced to Norway in the beginning of the 9th century, and are found almost exclusively in female burials. At the end of the century, a marked change occurs and various copies of Insular brooches are now locally produced. In the period from around 850–950, a large number of these are found in both upper-class male burials and hoards in Norway. It is argued that the transfer and alteration of these brooches could be taken as an indication of how the westward contact, especially towards Ireland and Scotland, had far-reaching consequences in Norway and was integrated into the perception and negotiation of gender, power and authority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An overview is presented on the construction of Manx ethnicity and identity during the late Victorian era. Topics include the role of anthropological and antiquarian interests, input from both Norse and Celtic heritage, and the importance of preserving Manx gaelic as a living language.

The article presents an examination of witch-hunting in early modern Celtic societies in an effort to better understand the role that regional differences played in the development of witchcraft beliefs and persecutions. It does so by utilizing a framework that accounts for distinct and persistent regional cultures. Topics discusses include witchcraft in the Scottish Highlands and the British Isles, the witchcraft-related beliefs of Scottish Gaels, the fear of fairies and the relationship between the fear of witchcraft and instances of witchcraft persecutions.

Copyright of Maetagused is the property of Estonian Literary Museum, Department of Folkloristics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the Celtic Oppidum near Carnok (Backa, Vojvodina, Serbia) remains of four mud-plastered granarybaskets were discovered. They are all dated to the period Gomolava VI-B (first half of the 1st century B.C.). Hulled barley and broomcorn millet were stored in the granary-baskets. The mesh of the granary-baskets was composed of young branches of oak tree (Quercus), common English elm tree (Ulmus cf. campestris L.), poplar / willow (Populus / Salix), purgin buckthorn (Rhamnus cf. cathartica L.), wayfaring tree (Viburnum cf. lantana L.), spindle tree (Euonymus cf. europaeus L.), barberry (Berberis vulgaris L.) and a Pomoidae-tree. At least four different tree taxa were used for basket making. Construction of two-thousand-year old mud-plastered granary-baskets from the Pannonian plain is very similar to that of traditional granaries in some present-day villages in Africa. Additionally, one non-plastered basket was also discovered at Oppidum. It was build out of maple (Acer), barberry, buckthorn (Rhamnus) and branches of a pomaceous fruits tree (Pomoidae). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Archeologické Rozhledy is the property of Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Archaeology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)