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Background and objective The aim of this study was to investigate whether the maximum inspiratory and expiratory pressure are correlated with the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Methods Fifty-two patients with OSAS were divided into two groups (AHI, events/hours

College students are often under great pressure, and their physical and mental health is the focus of attention in college education. In order to cultivate high-quality talents and relieve the pressure of college students, many colleges and universities have set up a variety of sports courses, including tennis courses. Analyzing the influence of tennis on the physical and mental health of college students, this study studies the situation of college students participating in tennis by consulting literature, designing questionnaires and using an experimental measurement method, while it constructs the physical health evaluation index and mental health evaluation index of college students. On this basis, this study evaluates the influence of tennis on students’ physical and mental health. The results show that tennis has a positive impact on the physical and mental health of college students. Tennis can not only enhance college students’ cardiopulmonary function and muscle strength, but also cultivate students’ independent personality, eliminate depression tendency, make students independent, flexible and active, which is conducive to the development of students’ mental health. It is hoped that this study can provide some reference for the research of college students’ physical and mental health exercise based on tennis. RESUMO Los estudiantes universitarios a menudo se encuentran bajo una gran presión y su salud física y mental es el centro de atención en la educación universitaria. Para cultivar talentos de alta calidad y aliviar la presión de los estudiantes universitarios, muchos colegios y universidades han establecido una variedad de cursos deportivos, incluidos cursos de tenis. Al analizar la influencia del tenis en la salud física y mental de los estudiantes universitarios, este estudio considera la situación de los estudiantes universitarios que participan en el tenis. Para ello usa la consulta de literatura, el diseño de cuestionarios y un método de medición experimental para construir el índice de evaluación de la salud física y la salud mental. Sobre esta base, este estudio evalúa la influencia del tenis en la salud física y mental de los estudiantes. Los resultados muestran que el tenis tiene un impacto positivo en la salud física y mental de los estudiantes universitarios. El tenis no solo puede mejorar la función cardiopulmonar y la fuerza muscular de los estudiantes universitarios, sino también cultivar la personalidad independiente de los estudiantes, eliminar la tendencia a la depresión, hacer que los estudiantes sean independientes, flexibles y activos, lo que favorece el desarrollo de la salud mental de los estudiantes. Se espera que este estudio pueda proporcionar alguna referencia para la investigación del ejercicio de salud física y mental de estudiantes universitarios basado en el tenis. RESUMEN Estudantes universitários estão frequentemente sob grande pressão, e sua saúde física e mental é o foco da atenção na educação universitária. A fim de cultivar talentos de alta qualidade e aliviar a pressão dos estudantes universitários, muitas faculdades e universidades criaram diversos cursos de esporte, incluindo cursos de tênis. Analisando a influência do tênis na saúde física e mental dos estudantes universitários, este estudo investiga a situação dos estudantes universitários que praticam tênis através de consultas de literatura, elaboração de questionário e do método de medição experimental, enquanto constrói o índice de avaliação da saúde física e da saúde mental de avaliação dos estudantes universitários. Nesta base, o estudo avalia a influência do tênis na saúde física e mental dos estudantes. Os resultados mostram que o tênis tem um impacto positivo na saúde física e mental dos estudantes universitários. O tênis pode não só aumentar a função cardiopulmonar e a força muscular dos estudantes universitários, mas também cultivar a personalidade independente dos estudantes, eliminar a tendência de depressão, torna-los alunos independentes, flexíveis e ativos, o que favorece o desenvolvimento da saúde mental dos estudantes. Espera-se que este estudo possa fornecer alguma referência para a pesquisa do exercício de saúde física e mental dos estudantes universitários com base no tênis.

Background: Coronary heart disease (CHD) is one of the highest mortality diseases in the world, which seriously threatens human health and quality of life (QOL). The purpose of this study is to systematically analyze the effects of mind-body exercise on cardiopulmonary function, blood pressure and QOL in CHD patients, and to provide scientific evidence-based exercise prescription for patients with coronary heart disease. Methods: This research review will include the following electronic databases from its establishment to December 2020: PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, the Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database, and Wanfang. Objective to search randomized controlled trials (RCTs) about the effects of mind-body exercise on cardiopulmonary function, blood pressure and QOL in patients with coronary heart disease. Conclusion: This systematic review and meta-analysis will provide strong evidence for the efficacy and safety of mind-body exercise in patients with coronary heart disease. Systematic review registration: INPLASY202120016. Ethics and dissemination: Ethical approval will not be necessary since this systematic review and meta-analysis will not contain any private information of participants or violate their human rights.

We study the effect of surgical masks on cardiopulmonary function based on a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET). This study shows that surgical masks reduce cardiopulmonary exercise capacity and ventilation in healthy young subjects and wearing masks might affect aerobic exercise capacity more in female subjects than in male subjects.

Repair of pectus excavatum has cosmetic benefits, but the physiologic impact remains controversial. The aim of this study was to characterize the relationship between the degree of pectus excavatum and cardiopulmonary dysfunction seen on cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging, cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), and pulmonary function testing (PFT).A single-center analysis of CMR, CPET, and PFT was conducted. Regression models evaluated relationships between pectus indices and the clinical end points of cardiopulmonary function.Data from 345 CMRs, 261 CPETs, and 281 PFTs were analyzed. Patients were a mean age of 15.2 ± 4 years, and 81% were aged18 years. The right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) was0.50 in 16% of patients, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was0.55 in 22%, RVEF Z-score was -2 in 32%, and the LVEF Z-score was -2 in 18%. CPET revealed 33% of patients had reduced aerobic fitness. PFT results were abnormal in 23.1% of patients. Adjusted analyses revealed the Haller index had significant (P.05) inverse associations with RVEF and LVEF.The severity of pectus excavatum is associated with ventricular systolic dysfunction. Pectus excavatum impacts right and left ventricular systolic function and can also impact exercise tolerance. The Haller index and correction index may be the most useful predictors of impairment.

Background: Habitual school backpack carriage causes neuro-musculoskeletal vertebral, shoulder and hand pain; deviated posture compromised cardiopulmonary function and proprioception. Objective: Present a novel literature summary of the influence of backpack carriage associated with deviated cervical posture and compromised pulmonary function. Method: An electronic literature appraisal adopting the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews, using Google Scholar, Science Direct, EMBASE, AMED, OVID, PubMed and Sabinet search engines, was instituted during 2009–2019. Key search words: schoolbag, backpack, carriage, cervical posture and children. The quality of the studies was assessed using the Downs and Black Appraisal Scale. Results: 583 records were initially identified which was reduced to 14 experimental and observational studies. A total of 1061 participants were included across the 14 studies, with an average age of 11.5 ± 1.3 years, body mass of 37.8 ± 6.6 kilograms (kg), height of 1.41 ± 0.05 meters (m), backpack mass of 5.2 ± 0.9 kg and percentage backpack mass to child’s body mass of 13.75%. The studies mean rating according to the Downs and Black Appraisal Scale was 76.3%. The average craniovertebral angle (CVA) was 53.9° ± 14.6° whilst standing without carrying a backpack was reduced to 50.4° ± 16.4° when loaded ( p < 0.05). Backpack loads carried varied from 5% – 30% of the participant’s body mass that produced a mean CVA decline of 3.5°. Conclusion: Backpack carriage alters cervical posture, resulting in smaller CVA and compromised pulmonary function. There is no consensus of the precise backpack mass that initiates postural changes. Girls’ posture begin changes when carrying lighter backpacks as compared to boys of the same age strata.

The university stage is an important period for college students to improve their physical fitness. Extracurricular physical exercise is the main way for college students to improve their physical fitness. To improve the physical fitness of college students, it must be based on reality and pay attention to the management of college students’ extracurricular physical exercise. This research takes Chongqing University of Technology as an example to study the effect of using GPS and sensor technology-based sports apps to promote college students’ extracurricular exercises. The research results show that Chongqing University of Technology uses the “Trail Run” APP to promote college students’ extracurricular exercises, which increases the number of college students' extracurricular exercises, invigorates the sports atmosphere of campus and improves the physical fitness of college students, especially the cardiopulmonary function and endurance quality. However, some problems were encountered in the application process. In order to make better use of information technology to promote college students' extracurricular exercise, it is necessary to continuously improve the rules of extracurricular sports management, continuously enhance the level of information technology, and better improve the physical fitness of college students.

Objective. To investigate the changes in cardiopulmonary function, negative emotion, self-efficacy, and quality of life in patients with acute respiratory failure (ARF) after stress psychological intervention. Methods. A prospective study was conducted on 104 patients with ARF admitted to our hospital from March 2019 to March 2021. According to the random number method, the patients were divided into a control group (n = 52) and an experimental group (n = 52). Routine intervention was implemented in the control group, and stress psychological intervention was implemented in the experimental group on the basis of the control group. The cardiopulmonary function, negative emotion, self-efficacy, and quality of life in the two groups were compared. Results. The left ventricular ejection fractions and fraction shortening in the experimental group were higher than those in the control group, as well as the left ventricular mass index was lower than that in the control group ( P < 0.05 ). The first forced expiratory volume (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and FEV1/FVC in the experimental group were higher than those in the control group ( P < 0.05 ). The Self-Rating Anxiety Scale scores and Self-Rating Depression Scale scores in the experimental group were lower than those in the control group ( P < 0.05 ). The General Self-Efficacy Scale scores of the experimental group were higher than those of the control group ( P < 0.05 ). The Concise Health Measurement Scale scores of the experimental group were higher than those of the control group ( P < 0.05 ). Conclusion. Stress psychological intervention in patients with ARF can improve cardiopulmonary function, reduce negative emotions, improve self-efficacy, and improve quality of life.

Globally, 20% to 50% older adults have been found to have thoracic hyperkyphosis. Negative effects on physical performance have been reported. However, there has been a lack of research on the prevalence and negative effects of thoracic hyperkyphosis among Chinese community-dwelling elderly. A cross-sectional study. The communities in Wuhan, China. Three hundred and ninety-five Chinese community-dwelling older adults with thoracic hyperkyphosis. Chinese community-dwelling older adults aged 60 or above lived in Wuhan, China from August to December 2018 were recruited for spine and physical performance assessments. The primary outcome was the prevalence of thoracic hyperkyphosis estimated according to the angle of kyphosis which was measured by manual inclinometers. The secondary outcomes were the effects of thoracic hyperkyphosis on physical performance measured by One-leg Standing Test (OLS), Timed Up & Go Test (TUG), Chest Expansion Test (CE), Six Minutes Walking Test (6MWT), and Farsi Version of Functional Gait Assessment (FGA). The socio-demographic and health-related information were collected by a questionnaire. Among 395 participants, the mean angle of kyphosis was 49.0° ± 10.5°, 75.2% of participants had the angle of kyphosis >40° (i.e., having thoracic kyperkyphosis). Compared with older adults having no thoracic hyperkyphosis, older adults with thoracic hyperkyphosis had increased risks performing impaired in OLS (OR=4.55, 95% CI 2.18–9.53, p

Background: This study aimed to compare and analysis of cardiopulmonary function, energy metabolism, and exercise intensity and time according to the number of repetitions of Taekwondo Taegeuk Poomsae in Taekwondo players.Methods: The participants were 29 healthy men (19.5 ± 1.2) who could perform Taekwondo Taeguek Poomsae 1 to 8 Jang.Results: Minute ventilation, oxygen consumption, and carbon dioxide excretion, which assess cardiopulmonary function, were highest in 1st repetition of Taegeuk 6–8 Jang and 5th and 10th repetitions of Taegeuk 4 and 5 Jang, respectively. The respiratory exchange ratio was highest in 1st repetition of Taegeuk 1 Jang and 5th and 10th repetitions of Taegeuk 8 Jang. Regardless of the number of repetitions, carbohydrate oxidation was highest in Taegeuk 8 Jang, and energy consumption was highest in Taegeuk 5–8 Jang. The amount of fat oxidation was higher in 1st repetition of other Taegeuk Poomsaes than in 1st repetition of Taegeuk 1 and 2, and a similar occurrence was observed with 5th repetitions. However, at the 10th repetition, Taegeuk 8 Jang was the lowest. Regarding exercise intensity and time, the percentage heart rate maximum exercise intensity for 1st repetition of the Poomsaes was 54%–63%, for 5th repetitions was 69%–82%, and for 10th repetitions was 72%–87%. The time duration according to the number of repetitions was 0.31 to 0.66 minutes for 1st repetition, 2.05 to 3.79 minutes for 5th repetitions, and 4.22 to 7.70 minutes for 10th repetitions.Conclusions: This study suggests that as the number of repetitions of Taekwondo Taegeuk Poomsae increased, the cardiopulmonary function, exercise intensity, and energy metabolism increased. In particular, cardiopulmonary function and exercise intensity were similar for all but Taegeuk Poomsae 1 Jang, but the energy consumption was higher in Taegeuk 5–8 Jang than in Taegeuk 1–4 Jang.

Background:Interstitial lung disease (ILD) and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are major causes of death in systemic sclerosis (SSc). Six-minute-walk test (6MWT) is a standard outcome measure for exercise capacity in cardiopulmonary diseases. However, the results of 6MWT may not reflect real cardiopulmonary function of SSc patients in whom musculoskeletal system is frequently inflicted.Objectives:This study aimed to evaluate the clinical utility of breath-holding test (BHT) in evaluating cardiopulmonary function in SSc patients, as compared with 6MWT.Methods:Seventy-two patients with SSc were prospectively enrolled and underwent BHT and 6MWT with measurement of Borg score and Scleroderma Health Assessment Questionnaire (SHAQ). Data on diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO, %), forced vital capacity (FVC, % and liters), and ejection fraction and pulmonary arterial systolic pressure (PASP) measured by transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), were also collected. For BHT, participants were required to make a maximum expiration followed by a maximum inspiration and to hold the breath as long as possible at maximum inspiratory level. This procedure was repeated three times, with 5-minute intervals. 6MWT was performed according to the American Thoracic Society guidelines. Pearson’s correlation test was applied to demonstrate the relationship between BHT results and each clinical parameter.Results:Among 72 (66 female) patients, mean (SD) age was 57.1 (11.1) years, modified Rodnan skin score 10.6 (10.5), SHAQ 0.64 (0.61) and 6MWT distance 473.5 (95.5) m. Mean BHT time was 35.05 (14.90) sec at the first time, 38.92 (16.14) sec at the second time, and 41.11 (17.71) sec at the third time. The BHT time showed a statistically significant negative correlation with Borg scale (pre-test, r = -0.336, p = 0.002; post-test, r = -0.252, p = 0.034; Figure 1 and Table 1), while 6MWT showed a negative correlation with only post-test Borg scale (pre-test, r = -0.113 p = 0.343; post-test, r = -0.351 p = 0.002; Table 1). The BHT time was positively correlated with DLCO (%, r = 0.409, p < 0.001) and FVC (liters, r = 0.402, p < 0.001) (Table 1). We also found a statistically significant correlation between BHT time and SHAQ score (r = -0.451, p < 0.001; Table 1). However, EF and PASP by TTE showed no significant relationship with BHT time (EF, r = -0.108, p = 0.374; PASP, r = -0.246, p = 0.054; Table 1).Table 1.Pearson’s correlation coefficients (r) for the relation between BHT and clinical parameters in comparison to 6MWT.Pre-test Borg scalePost-test Borg scaleDLCO(%)FVC(L)FVC(%)FVC/DLCOEF(%)PSAP(mm Hg)SHAQ (score)BHT (sec)-0.366**-0.252*0.409***0.402**0.191-0.244***-0.108-0.246-0.451***6MWT (m)-0.113-0.351**0.297*0.321**0.063-0.250*0.137-0.354**-0.531***BHT, breath-holding test; 6MWT, 6-minute-walk test; DLCO, diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide; FVC, forced vital capacity; EF, ejection fraction estimated by transthoracic echocardiography; SHAQ, Scleroderma Health Assessment Questionnaire.* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001Figure 1.Association of Borg dyspnea scale with breath-holding time.Conclusion:The BHT is a simple, safe, and less time-consuming test, reflective of pulmonary parameters and SHAQ, as compared with 6MWT. Our results suggest that the BHT might be a useful surrogate marker of cardiopulmonary capacity in SSc patients.References:[1]Villalba WO, Sampaio-Barros PD, Pereira MC, Cerqueira EM, Leme CA, Jr., Marques-Neto JF, et al. Six-minute walk test for the evaluation of pulmonary disease severity in scleroderma patients. Chest. 2007;131(1):217-22.[2]Garin MC, Highland KB, Silver RM, Strange C. Limitations to the 6-minute walk test in interstitial lung disease and pulmonary hypertension in scleroderma. J Rheumatol. 2009;36(2):330-6.[3]Barnai M, Laki I, Gyurkovits K, Angyan L, Horvath G. Relationship between breath-hold time and physical performance in patients with cystic fibrosis. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2005;95(2-3):172-8.Acknowledgements:This study would not have been possible without help from research assistant, Sung-Soon Cho.Disclosure of Interests:Jina Yeo: None declared, Mi Hyeon Kim: None declared, Jun Won Park: None declared, Jin Kyun Park: None declared, Eun Bong Lee Consultant of: Pfizer, Grant/research support from: GC Pharma and Handok Inc.

We aimed to investigate the prevalence of sarcopenia using new diagnostic criteria and association of sarcopenia with cardiopulmonary function and physical activity (PA) in preoperative lung cancer patients. The data of 614 patients were obtained from the CATCH-LUNG cohort study. Patients were classified into three groups&mdash, normal (n = 520), pre-sarcopenia (n = 60, low skeletal muscle mass index only), and sarcopenia (n = 34, low SMI and strength). Cardiopulmonary function was measured using the 6-min walk test (6MWT), and PA was objectively measured using a wearable device. The adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for a &lt, 400-m distance in 6MWT was 3.52 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.34&ndash, 9.21) and 6.63 (95% CI 2.25&ndash, 19.60) in the pre-sarcopenia and sarcopenia groups, respectively, compared to that in the normal group. The aOR (95% CI) for &lt, 5000 steps/day was 1.64 (0.65&ndash, 4.16) and 4.20 (1.55&ndash, 11.38) in the pre-sarcopenia and sarcopenia groups, respectively, compared to that in the normal group. In conclusion, the prevalence of pre-sarcopenia and sarcopenia was 9.8% and 5.5%, respectively, among preoperative lung cancer patients. Cardiopulmonary function and physical activity were significantly lower in the pre-sarcopenia and sarcopenia groups than in the normal group. Patients with sarcopenia had more robust findings, suggesting the importance of muscle strength and mass.

Introduction Maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV) and flow expiratory volume in the first second (FEVı) are important spirometric parameters. They are both gender‐dependent. However, estimating the MVV, which is widely practiced in cardiopulmonary function testing, by multiplying FEVı by a constant value (equal to MVV/FEVı ratio) does not seem to take this into account. The purpose of this study was to compare the MVV/FEVı ratio by gender among healthy young adults. Methods This cross‐sectional prospective study involved 67 medical sciences students, including 36 females of the same race, height, and age group. Their ventilatory function was assessed using a computerized spirometer, according to international recommendations. Pearson's test made it possible to correlate different spirometric parameters and linear regression was established between MVV and FEVı. The nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis test was used to compare the MVV/FEVı ratio between females and males. Comparisons by gender were made also between our data and previous prediction equations. Results In both females and males, FEVı was the spirometric parameter with which MVV had the highest correlation (r = .91 in females, r = .63 in males). A comparison of the means of the MVV/FEVı ratio by gender showed a statistically significant (p, MVV/FEV1 ratio was 35.68 in females and 38.87 in males, significantly different (p = .005). Thus, estimating MVV value should take gender into account.

More than one hundred million people reside worldwide at altitudes in excess of 2500 m above sea level. In the millions more who sojourn at high altitude for recreational, occupational or military pursuits, hypobaric hypoxia drives physiological changes affecting the pulmonary circulation, haematocrit and right ventricle (RV) [1]. Coincident with these, maximal left ventricular (LV) stroke volume (SV) falls [2], with a reduction of 20% reported after a 2-week stay at 4300 m [3]. A rise in heart rate (HR) compensates at rest and during submaximal exercise but is insufficient during maximal intensity exercise, constraining maximal cardiac output (CO). Previously, it was considered that a reduction in plasma volume or a direct effect of hypoxia on LV myocardial contractility were probably responsible [4]. More recently it has been suggested that increased RV afterload may be of greater importance [5]., Intravenous iron supplementation at sea level is associated with enhanced stroke volume and higher SpO2 on ascent to very high altitude (5100 m). These effects appear to result from reduced pulmonary vascular resistance and improved right heart function. https://bit.ly/2VQX5fR

Background\ud Cardiorespiratory impairments are considered the main cause of mortality in the late stages of Parkinson's. Aerobic exercise has been shown to improve pulmonary function in asthmatic patients and in healthy people. However, effects of aerobic exercise on cardiopulmonary function in people with Parkinson's have not been investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to review the effects of aerobic exercise on cardiopulmonary function in people with Parkinson's.\ud \ud Method\ud A systematic search was conducted using MEDLINE, AMED, and CINHAL Plus, and relevant associated keywords, from January 1970 to January 2020. Inclusion criteria for the studies were: aerobic exercise as part of the intervention, pulmonary function test and/or cardiopulmonary exercise test as outcome measures.\ud \ud Results\ud In total, 329 citations were identified from the search, of which nine were included in this review. In general, aerobic exercise was found to have positive effects on cardiac function for people with Parkinson's, but there is a lack of studies on the effects of aerobic exercise on pulmonary function.\ud \ud Conclusion\ud People with early stages of Parkinson's may experience positive effects of aerobic exercise on cardiac fitness. Further research is needed in this area, particularly into the effects of aerobic exercise on pulmonary function in early stages of the disease.

Based on the wide range of problems to effectively perform cardiopulmonary testing in young children, this study strives to develop a new cardiopulmonary exercise test for children using a mobile testing device worn in a backpack in order to test children during their natural movement habits, namely, running outdoors. A standard cardiopulmonary exercise ramp test on a cycle ergometer was performed by a group of twenty 7–10-year-old children. The results were compared with a self-paced incremental running test performed using a mobile cardiopulmonary exercise measuring device in an outdoor park. The children were able to reach significantly higher values for most of the cardiopulmonary exercise variables during the outdoor test and higher. Whereas a plateau in$${\dot{\text{V}}\text{O}}_{{2}}$$V˙O2was reached by 25% of the children during the outdoor test, only 75% were able to reach a reasonable VT2, let alone$${\dot{\text{V}}\text{O}}_{{{\text{2peak}}}}$$V˙O2peak, during the bicycle test. The heart rate at VT1, the O2-pulse, and the OUES were comparable between both tests. OUES was also positively correlated with$${\dot{\text{V}}\text{O}}_{{{\text{2peak}}}}$$V˙O2peakin both tests. Testing children outdoors using a mobile cardiopulmonary exercise unit represents an alternative to standard exercise testing, but without the added problems of exercise equipment like treadmills or bicycles. It allows for individualized exercise testing with the aim of standardized testing durations instead of standardized testing protocols. The running speeds determined during the outdoor tests may then be used to develop age-adapted testing protocols for treadmill testing.

Printers emitted nanoparticles (NPs), ozone (O3) and volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) during operation that elicited adverse effects on indoor air quality of the printing room, which may affect the health of exposed workers. The aim of this work was to explore the health effects of occupational exposure to printer emissions on workers, especially cardiovascular and lung function. We sampled particles in the print shop for characterization, including particle size distribution and elemental composition, and measured PM1 number concentrations in print shops and other workplaces. We assessed blood pressure, heart rate and pulmonary function in 53 printing room workers and 54 controls in Beijing, China. Multiple linear regression analysis were used to examine health effects of exposure to printer emissions. The PM1 number concentration in the print shop was more than 2 times that of the control group. Compared with controls, the exposed workers with lower education and income had heavier workload with a median of 7 days per week and 12 h per day on working days, and presented cardiopulmonary function injury with increased the diastolic blood pressure (DBP), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP). The most significant changes of cardiopulmonary function were found in exposed workers with more than 10 years of working age. Multiple linear regression also showed printer emissions exposure was associated with increased SBP and MAP, while decreased lung function indices. This study found changes in the cardiopulmonary function of staff members exposed to printer emissions, which prompted the necessity and urgency of improving the environment of printing rooms and protecting the health of exposed workers.

Ultrafine particles (UFPs) are of concern because of their high pulmonary deposition efficiency. However, present control measures are generally targeted at fine particles (PM2.5), with little effect on UFPs. The health effects of UFPs at different PM2.5 concentrations may provide a basic for controlling UFPs but remain unclear in polluted areas. School children spend the majority of their time in the classrooms. This study investigated the different short-term effects of indoor UFPs on school children in Beijing, China when indoor PM2.5 concentrations exceeded or satisfied the recently published Chinese standard for indoor PM2.5. Cardiopulmonary functions of 48 school children, of whom 46 completed, were measured three times. Indoor PM2.5 and UFPs were monitored in classrooms on weekdays. Measurements were separated into two groups according to the abovementioned standard. Mixed-effect models were used to explore the health effects of the air pollutants. Generally, UFP-associated effects on children's cardiopulmonary function persisted even at relatively low PM2.5 concentrations, especially on heart rate variability indices. The risks associated with high PM2.5 concentrations are well-known, but the effects of UFPs on children's cardiopulmonary function deserve more attention even when PM2.5 has been controlled. UFP control and standard setting should therefore be considered.

Background and Aims It is well known that L-Carnitine is a cardioprotective agent, which balances cardiac energy metabolism, by promoting mitochondrial β-oxidation and facilitating transport of long chain fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix. It has been shown that L-Carnitine level in plasma and tissue is lower in hemodialysis patients and they may lose the benefits of this substance. As far as our knowledge, the effect of L-Carnitine on cardiopulmonary function has not been evaluated by ergospirometry up to now. The aim of this randomized clinical trial was to assess the effects of L-carnitine supplementation on cardiopulmonary Function in hemodialysis patients through ergospirometry. Method This randomized clinical trial was conducted on 46 chronic hemodialysis patients. The patients were divided into two groups. In both groups ergospirometry parameters (VE Max, VO2-Max, VCO2 Max, AT, VE/VCO2 Slope) were recorded for a 3-month period. During this period, one group received L-Carnitine at doses of 2 gr/day orally and the other group received only placebo. After three months, all of the mentioned parameters were rechecked and statistical analysis performed by SPSS software. Results Only CRP was different between the two groups increasing in placebo group significantly after 3 months (P = 0.018). No significant difference was detected in Cardiopulmonary factors. In terms of ergospirometry factors, PET-CO2 was the only parameter significantly increased in the treatment group (P = 0.026). Conclusion The present results indicate that L-Carnitine can improve cardiopulmonary function among hemodialysis patients.

Objective We aimed to assess the effects of physical activity (PA) on depression symptoms in patients with IgA nephropathy (IgAN). Methods We developed a 6-month personalized PA training program for patients with IgAN. At the beginning and after completion of the training intervention, patients’ cardiopulmonary function was assessed via a spiroergometric study. Prior to the start of and after the intervention, we administered the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ), Quality of Life Index (QLI), Life Satisfaction Index, and Short Form-36 (SF-36) to all participants. Scores of the QLI were used as the dependent variable. Results A total of 216 patients were included in our analysis. After completing the PA training program, cardiopulmonary function and depressive symptoms were significantly improved in patients with IgAN, as compared with baseline values. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that regular PA; extended hemodialysis interval; decreased scores of the BDI-II, EPQ, and SF-36 Mental Component Scale; and increased SF-36 Physical Component Scale scores were independently associated with improved QLI. Conclusions Regular PA may improve cardiopulmonary function, depression symptoms, and health-related quality of life in patients with IgAN.

Echocardiography-guided percutaneous intervention for perioperative refinement is essential for early detection of complications and early recovery of patients. Post-procedural treatment focuses on the maintenance of cardiopulmonary function, anticoagulant therapy, etc. Post-procedural complications should be detected and treated in time, and long-term follow-up should be done to objectively evaluate the therapeutic effect. This chapter introduces post-procedual management of PAN procedure.

BACKGROUND: There are increasing reports of cardiac and exercise dysfunction in adults with small, unrepaired ventricular septal defects (VSDs). The primary aim of this study was to evaluate pulmonary function in adults with unrepaired VSDs, and secondly to assess the effects of 900 μg salbutamol on lung function and exercise capacity.METHODS: Young adult patients with small, unrepaired VSDs and healthy age- and gender-matched controls were included in a double-blinded, randomised, cross-over study. Participants underwent static and dynamic spirometry, impulse oscillometry, multiple breath washout, diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide, and ergometer bicycle cardiopulmonary exercise test.RESULTS: We included 30 patients with VSD (age 27 ± 6 years) and 30 controls (age 27 ± 6 years). Patients tended to have lower FEV1, 104 ± 11% of predicted, compared with healthy controls, 110 ± 14% (p = 0.069). Furthermore, the patient group had lower peak expiratory flow (PEF), 108 ± 20% predicted, compared with the control group, 118 ± 17% (p = 0.039), and showed tendencies towards lower forced vital capacity and increased airway resistance compared with controls. During exercise, the patients had lower oxygen uptake, 35 ± 8 ml/min/kg (vs 47 ± 7 ml/min/kg, p CONCLUSION: At rest, young adults with unrepaired VSDs are no different in pulmonary function from controls. However, when the cardiorespiratory system is stressed, VSD patients demonstrate significantly impaired minute ventilation and peak oxygen uptake, which may be early signs of parenchymal dysfunction and restrictive airway disease. These abnormalities were unaffected by the inhalation of salbutamol.

The effect of wearing a surgical mask on cardiopulmonary function and anaerobic threshold (AT) has not been reported. Thus, we aimed to determine whether cardiopulmonary function and AT vary while wearing surgical masks. Six healthy men were enrolled and underwent the cardiopulmonary exercise (CPX) stress test under two different conditions (with and without a commercially available surgical mask) to evaluate their AT. To confirm that there was no breath leakage, a gas mask connected with a respiratory gas analyser was worn over the surgical mask when the participants performed the CPX. The AT was measured by the V-slope method. Moreover, the AT time, exercise load, oxygen consumption, and ventilation values after the CPX were determined. No significant differences were found between the two conditions. The number of complaints of respiratory distress, however, was significantly higher while wearing a surgical mask. The exercise intensity achieved by each participant was equivalent, irrespective of whether they wore the surgical mask; therefore, wearing a surgical mask does not affect cardiopulmonary function during vigorous exercise.

Rationale: Spinal cord injury (SCI) patients who experience difficulties with independent walking use gait-assistive devices such as a cane, walker, or wheelchair. Few studies have explored gait patterns or cardiopulmonary function in chronic SCI patients after powered exoskeleton training. We investigated whether the cardiopulmonary function of a patient with an incomplete chronic cervical SCI and a hemiplegic gait pattern could be improved by walking training using a powered exoskeleton (Angelegs). Patient concerns: A 57-year-old male was diagnosed with an SCI at C3-C4. The right upper and lower limb motor functions differed when evaluated before entry into the program. Motor function was good in the right leg but poor in the left one. Before program entry, the patient could walk for about 10 m using a cane. He did not have a history of severe medical or psychological problems and was not cognitively impaired. Diagnosis: The patient was tetraplegia with incomplete SCI at C3-C4. Interventions: The patient was trained for 6 weeks using a powered exoskeleton. The training program consisted of sit-to-stand and stand-to-sit movements, maintenance of balanced standing for 5 minutes, and walking for 15 minutes. Outcomes: After 6 weeks of training, gait speed improved in the timed up-and-go test, and cardiac function was enhanced as measured by the metabolic equivalent and VO2 tests. Lessions: Walking training using a powered exoskeleton can facilitate the effective rehabilitation and improve the gait speed and cardiopulmonary function of patients with chronic SCIs or strokes.

To assess cardiopulmonary capacity, autonomic heart function, and oxygen recovery kinetics during exercise testing before and after bariatric surgery. This is a prospective cohort study. Symptom-limited cardiopulmonary exercise testing was performed with 24 patients, 1 week before and 4 months after bariatric surgery. The main variables were maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max), the time elapsed until the appearance of the first ventilatory threshold (TLV1), and VO2 oxygen kinetics during recovery with a 50% reduction in peak oxygen uptake in the recovery period after exercise (50%VO2RP). The study demonstrated that the peak VO2\kg increased significantly after bariatric surgery. When analyzed without adjusting for weight, the peak VO2 paradoxically and significantly decreased after the surgical procedure (p = 0.007). The exercise time until the anaerobic threshold was longer after surgical procedure than before it (p = 0.001). Regarding post-exercise oxygen recovery kinetics, there was a faster reduction in the peak oxygen uptake after bariatric surgery than before the procedure (p

Key Clinical Message Thoroughly planned labor with immediate postnatal resuscitation and percutaneous decompression is mandatory for a large mediastinal lymphangioma that compromises the cardiopulmonary function, and close observation with the administration of Eppikajutsuto (TJ‐28), a Japanese herbal medicine, may be a reasonable treatment, especially when resection of the lesion seems technically challenging.

BackgroundBalloon pulmonary angioplasty (BPA) has been demonstrated to improve cardiac function and exercise capacity in patients with inoperable chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH), but its instant impact on cardiopulmonary function has seldom been evaluated. This study aims to determine the safety and efficacy of BPA and its immediate and lasting effects on cardiopulmonary function among CTEPH patients.MethodsFrom May 2018 to January 2019, patients with inoperable CTEPH who underwent BPA sessions were consecutively enrolled. Hemodynamics were measured by right heart catheterization, selective pulmonary angiography and BPA were successively conducted. Hemodynamic variables, WHO functional class (WHO-FC), 6-min walk distance (6MWD) and serum NT-proBNP were evaluated before and after BPA sessions during hospitalization. Pulmonary function testing (PFT) and cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) were performed within 1–3 days pre and post BPA to evaluate the effect of BPA on cardiopulmonary function.ResultsTwenty-five patients with inoperable CTEPH who underwent a total of forty BPA sessions were consecutively enrolled. A total of 183 segmental or subsegmental vessels (4.6 ± 1.9 vessels per session) in 137 segments (3.4 ± 1.6 segments per session) were dilated. No procedure-related complications occurred. Instant hemodynamics, WHO-FC, 6MWD and NT-proBNP were all significantly improved after a single BPA session. Significant improvement in cardiopulmonary function was also evident as assessed by PFT indexes (forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in the first second, maximal voluntary ventilation) and CPET parameters (peak work rate, peak VO2, oxygen uptake efficiency slope). Further analysis among ten CTEPH patients receiving multiple BPA sessions (2–4 sessions) indicated BPA resulted in lasting improvements in hemodynamics and cardiopulmonary function.ConclusionsBPA, a safe and effective approach, can bring instant improvements after a single session and lasting benefits after multiple sessions to hemodynamics and cardiopulmonary function for patients with inoperable CTEPH.

Background Preliminary evidence based on clinical observations suggests that meditative exercise may offer potential benefits for patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). Cardiac rehabilitation (CR), as a class-IA indication in clinical practice guidelines, has been established as an effective strategy to improve quality of life and prognosis of CHF patients. Baduanjin exercise is an important component of traditional Chinese Qigong exercises. However, its benefits for CHF have not been rigorously tested. We sought to investigate whether Baduanjin, as an adjunct to standard care, improves cardiopulmonary function, exercise tolerance, and quality of life in patients with CHF caused by coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods/design In this randomized controlled trial, 120 patients will be randomly allocated in a 1:1 ratio to Baduanjin exercise combined with conventional exercise of CR (Baduanjin exercise group) or conventional exercise of CR alone (conventional exercise group). In addition to conventional physical activity, participants in the Baduanjin exercise group will participate in a 45-min Baduanjin exercise training session twice a week, for 12 weeks. The primary outcome is walking distance in the 6-min Walk Test (6MWT), and the secondary outcomes are peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak), ventilatory anerobic threshold (VAT), The minute ventilation to carbon dioxide production relationship (VE/VCO2 slope), left ventricular end-diastolic volume index (LVEDVi), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), quality of life assessed by the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ), amino-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), hs-CRP, heart rate variability (HRV), New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification, and major adverse cardiovascular events. Discussion This is the first trial to evaluate the effects of a Baduanjin exercise-based CR program on cardiopulmonary function and exercise tolerance in ischemic CHF patients. If successful, it will prove the value of Baduanjin exercise in improving cardiopulmonary function and exercise tolerance in patients with ischemic heart failure on phase-II CR, and may further develop a Chinese Qigong exercise-based CR framework. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, ID: NCT03229681. Registered retrospectively on 23 July 2017. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13063-018-2759-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Objectives To investigate the effect of smoking upon cardiopulmonary function, maximal oxygen uptake, and obesity index, in middle-aged and older workers to propose guidelines on healthcare for these age groups. Methods This study analyzed medical data from 2,753 white-collar workers aged 50 years or older from workplaces located in Seoul, South Korea. Blood pressure (BP), resting heart rate, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), and body mass index (BMI) of each subject were measured. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 21.0. Results In the smoking group BP and resting heart rate were significantly higher than in the non-smoking and smoking-cessation groups (p < 0.05). In addition, VO2max was lower in the smoking group compared to the other 2 groups. BP closely correlated with resting heart rate, abdominal fat ratio, and BMI. BMI was the highest in the group that stopped smoking and, BMI and abdominal fat ratio negatively correlated with VO2max. Conclusion Smoking increases the risk of cardiopulmonary disease but obesity may be caused by stopping smoking. Therefore, healthcare guidelines on smoking cessation should also include nutritional advice.

This study sought to clarify the correlation of individual exposure measurements and PM2.5 measurements collected at regulatory monitoring sites in short-term panel study settings. To achieve this goal, 30 young, healthy adult participants were assigned to three groups with 4 samplers in each group to collect individual exposures during four weekends in March 2016. Participants also completed cardiopulmonary function tests during the same periods. For comparison, ambient air pollution data were obtained from the Air Pollution Surveillance Network in Guangzhou, China. The 8-h ambient pollutant averages and group sampler concentrations were used as separate indicators of air pollution exposure. Results showed that the 8-h mean concentration of personal PM2.5 exposure was 65.09 ± 22.18 μg/m3, which was 24.34 μg/m3 statistically higher than the ambient concentrations over the same period (p

The significance of the isocapnic buffering (IB) phase - the period between the first ventilatory threshold (1This retrospective study included data of sixty-two CAD patients after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) performed in a single medical center between 2010 - 2014. According to their physical conditions, the patients performed incremental cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) using a cycle ergometer by the ramp of 5-20 W/min. Correlations between the corrected IB phase duration and age, body mass index (BMI), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and CPET parameters were evaluated using Pearson correlation coefficients. Variables predicting peak oxygen consumption (VOPeak VOThe findings indicate that the IB phase duration is a useful indicator of peripheral cardiopulmonary function and endurance performance in CAD patients. These findings could assist the exercise prescription of cardiac rehabilitation for patients with CAD.

Background Short-term exposure to ambient air pollution has been associated with lower pulmonary function and higher blood pressure (BP). However, controversy remains regarding the relationship between ambient multiple daily ozone (O3) metrics and cardiopulmonary health outcomes, especially in the developing countries. Objectives To investigate and compare the short-term effects of various O3 metrics on pulmonary function, fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) and BP in a panel study of COPD patients. Methods We measured pulmonary function, FeNO and BP repeatedly in a total of 43 patients with COPD for 215 home visits. Daily hourly ambient O3 concentrations were obtained from central-monitoring stations close to subject residences. We calculated various O3 metrics [daily 1-h maximum (O3-1 h max), maximum 8-h average (O3-8 h max) and 24-h average (O3-24 h avg)] based on the hourly data. Daily indoor O3 concentrations were estimated based on estimated indoor/outdoor O3 ratios. Linear mixed-effects models were used to estimate associations of various O3 metrics with cardiopulmonary function variables. Results An interquartile range (IQR) increase in ambient O3-8 h max (80.5 μg/m3, 5-d) was associated with a 5.9% (95%CI: −11.0%, −0.7%) reduction in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and a 6.2% (95%CI: −10.9%, −1.5%) reduction in peak expiratory flow (PEF). However, there were no significant negative associations between ambient O3-1 h max, O3-24 h avg and FEV1, PEF. An IQR increase in ambient O3-1 h max (85.3 μg/m3, 6-d) was associated with a 6.7 mmHg (95%CI: 0.7, 12.7) increase in systolic BP. The estimated indoor O3 were still significantly associated with reduction of FEV1 and PEF. No significant associations were found between various O3 metrics and FeNO. Conclusions Our results provide clues for the adverse cardiopulmonary effects associated with various O3 metrics in COPD patients and highlight that O3-8 h max was more closely associated with respiratory health variables.

This study assessed the effects of aerobic exercise on cardiac autonomic nervous system function (based on heart rate variability [HRV]) and executive function among individuals with methamphetamine use disorder (MUD). We further examine the role of autonomic nervous system control in aerobic exercise (assessed via cardiopulmonary fitness) and executive function. A total of 330 individuals with MUD were randomly divided into exercise (n = 165) and control (n = 165) groups, who underwent eight-week aerobic exercise/health education program consisting of five 60–minute sessions a week. The outcome measures included cardiopulmonary fitness, HRV time-domain and frequency-domain parameters, and executive function. Our statistical analyses comprised repeated-measures analyses of variance, correlation analyses, and mediation and moderation effect tests. The results indicated that aerobic exercise could simultaneously improve autonomic nervous system function and executive function among individuals with MUD. Moreover, the changes in cardiopulmonary fitness, high frequency HRV, and executive function were positively correlated. HRV did not significantly mediate the relationship between aerobic exercise and executive function; however, it did have a moderating effect, which was eliminated after adjusting for demographic and drug-use covariates. Among the covariates, age was the greatest confounder and was inversely proportional to cardiopulmonary function, HRV, and executive function. Cardiac autonomic nervous system function exerted a moderating, rather than a mediating, effect on the relationship between aerobic exercise and executive function. However, this potential effect was largely influenced by covariates, particularly age.