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This research addresses a vehicle routing problem with simultaneous pickup and delivery with time windows from multiple depots (MVRPSPDTW) over a time horizon in the B2C e-commerce logistics system. We consider an e-commerce logistics system with a multi-period, which consists of customers, logistics service providers (LSPs), suppliers, and a decision-making platform. A mixed-integer non-linear programming (MINLP) model is developed and tested on small- and large-scale instances. To handle more realistic large-scale problems, we have used two approaches (i) exact optimisation approach using (i.e. CPLEX tool) and metaheuristic algorithms (i.e. Differential Evolutionary Algorithm (DE), Parallel Differential Evolutionary Algorithm (Par-DE), Genetic Algorithm (GA), and Block-based Genetic Algorithm (BBGA)) to minimise the total transportation cost and penalty due to the delay by logistics service providers. The computation experiment is conducted on the real practical scenario data and the comparative result is demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The International Transactions in Operational Research (ITOR) journal will be publishing a special issue on "Concepts for Sustainable and Responsive Transportation and Logistics" in conjunction with the 23rd Triennial Conference of the International Federation of Operational Research Societies (IFORS 2023) in Santiago, Chile. The special issue aims to explore the challenges and solutions related to sustainable and responsive transportation and logistics, considering factors such as climate change, technological advancements, and market competition. The journal is seeking original and innovative research papers that contribute to the existing knowledge in this field. The submission deadline for papers is December 31st, 2023. [Extracted from the article]

Although the adoption of green innovation has been explored in various contexts, there is still a lack of research on the determinants of green technology innovation adoption (GTIA) in the third-party logistics (3PL) industry of emerging economies and the resulting economic, environmental, operational, and intangible outcomes. This study aims to investigate the influence of different determinants of technological, organizational, and environmental factors in the TOE-DOI framework on the adoption of green technology innovation, as well as the outcomes of such adoption. The study utilizes sample data from 544 Chinese 3PL firms and employs two-stage structural equation modeling and artificial neural network analysis. Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) explains 85.4% of the variance in green technology innovation adoption, 21% in environmental outcomes, 18.5% in economic outcomes, 20.8% in operational outcomes, and 22.3% in intangible outcomes. The artificial neural network (ANN) model ranks the standardized importance of each predictive variable. The results indicate that institutional pressure is the most significant determinant of GTIA. Additionally, 3PL firms should consider the positive impact of green supplier integration and relative advantage. Complexity does not have a positive impact on GTIA. The longer a company has been established, the more experience and resources it accumulates, and the more opportunities it has to adopt green technology innovation. This study contributes to the existing research on emerging economies and other regions. Furthermore, this is the first study to successfully validate the nonlinear relationship within the Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) framework and diffusion of innovation (DOI) theory, namely the TOE-DOI framework. The research findings further enhance the current understanding of green technology innovation adoption and its impact. This study provides valuable insights for managers and policymakers in the 3PL industry to achieve various effects, such as environmental, economic, operational, and intangible outcomes.

The Urban Freight Fleet Composition (UFFC) problem addresses the need of a logistics service provider to define the optimal fleet mix in terms of types and number of vehicles to serve the demand for goods delivery in an urban area. Urban areas can be subject to access restrictions (e.g. based upon the time of the day or vehicles' characteristics) that could affect the performance of transport assets. In this paper, we consider time-window access restrictions based upon the characteristics of the vehicles, and we propose a human-in-the-loop decision support system (HIL-DSS) architecture using optimisation and simulation models to address the trade-off between vehicles characteristics, revenues, costs, and performance. We formulate both a deterministic and a stochastic optimisation decision model addressing the problem in the context of the HIL-DSS. In doing this, we emphasise the role of the human decision maker in tackling a complex problem affected by variability and uncertainty, and to overcome the rigidity of optimisation models thanks to the possibility to include qualitative information into the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Third-party logistics companies face a challenging task in minimizing inventory transportation costs due to the complexities of managing numerous suppliers. Effectively optimizing costs becomes a formidable problem for such companies. This empirical research has yielded strategies for minimizing the inventory transportation cost specifically for company D. Through a rigorous optimization process, the findings presented in this paper demonstrate an average reduction of 7.18% in company D's inventory transportation cost. By jointly optimizing inbound logistics inventory transportation under VMI-TPL mode, this study extends the theory of supplier managed inventory and improves the inbound logistics mode. The results of this study can provide quantitative support and decision-making references for the project operation management of company D and similar enterprises.

This document is a summary of a systematic review that examines existing studies on repurposing food supply chain management during the COVID-19 epidemic. The review covers various topics such as food waste management, food safety, insecurity, wellness, and the impact on alternative and local food systems. It also discusses the implications and research agendas for maintaining viability during the crisis. The study emphasizes the need for repurposing strategies to address shortages of vital food supplies, improve sustainability, and enhance wellness. The review includes 63 research papers published between 2019 and 2021. [Extracted from the article]

The distribution of passenger vehicles is a complex task and a high cost factor for automotive original equipment manufacturers (OEMs). On the way from the production plant to the customer, vehicles travel long distances on different carriers, such as ships, trains, and trucks. To save costs, OEMs and logistics service providers aim to maximize their loading capacities. Modern auto carriers are extremely flexible. Individual platforms can be rotated, extended, or combined to accommodate vehicles of different shapes and weights and to nest them in a way that makes the best use of the available space. In practice, finding feasible combinations is done with the help of simple heuristics or based on personal experience. In research, most papers that deal with auto carrier loading focus on route or cost optimization. Only a rough approximation of the loading subproblem is considered. In this paper, we present two different methodologies to approximate realistic load factors considering the flexibility of modern auto carriers and their height, length, and weight constraints. Based on our industry partner's process, the vehicle distribution follows a first in, first out principle. For the first approach, we formulate the problem as a mixed integer, quadratically constrained assignment problem. The second approach considers the problem as a two-dimensional nesting problem with irregular shapes. We perform computational experiments using real-world data from a large German automaker to validate and compare both models with each other and with an approximate model adapted from the literature. The simulation results for the first approach show that, on average, for 9.37% of all auto carriers, it is possible to load an additional vehicle compared with the current industry solution. This translates to 1.36% less total costs. The performance of the nesting approach is slightly worse, but as it turns out, it is well-suited to check load combinations for feasibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cross‐border electronic commerce (CBEC) was developed from traditional e‐commerce to cater to the growing demand for online transactions among global traders. Consumer behaviour is one of the most important topics that multistakeholders (e.g., e‐commerce platforms, entrepreneurs, governments and third‐party service providers) need to understand to develop CBEC. Although for over a decade studies across disciplines and regions have explored various consumer behaviours and their factors in CBEC through diverse research methods and theoretical lenses, the current literature is still fragmented and lacks consolidation of past contributions. In the present study, we conduct a systematic literature review based on 40 CBEC studies to present an overview of the current research status of the field. This study analyzes research contexts, theoretical applications and methods, and unifies a CBEC definition as a benchmark for future research. More importantly, we employ the Stimulus–Organism–Response (S–O–R) framework to categorize factors into the inner and outer CBEC ecosystem stimuli, cognitive and affective states, and approach and avoidance behaviours, and to generalize two consumer behavioural patterns to provide a comprehensive understanding of consumer behaviours in CBEC. With the proposed future research directions, we believe that this review can serve as a fundamental and informative guideline for researchers to continue advancing knowledge of the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Through the lens of ethical appreciation, this paper aims to discuss what it means for a company to claim taking responsibility for its supply chain and whether this is a reasonable demand to make by corporations. Design/methodology/approach: The place of ethics in economic and legislation is not selfevident. The intersection of ethics and economics through the topic of supply chains is approached by breaking down, respectively, the integral features of supply chains and the ethical considerations in compliance regulations. Findings: The transnational nature of global supply chains, the depth of manufacturing tiers and the power asymmetries between buyer and seller are some of the fundamental sticking points in dissecting corporate social responsibility. Originality/value: This paper uses a unique parallel perspective of the broad ethical concerns, which have developed under the umbrella term of responsibility, as well as the finer ethical details which are integral to supply chains as international structures of dependency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the benefits and challenges of diverse teams in driving business transformations and operational efficiency. It emphasizes the importance of cross-functional teams, which bring together professionals from different departments and specializations to achieve common goals. The article acknowledges the potential challenges of conflict resolution and maintaining team cohesion, but also highlights the advantages of broadened perspectives, innovation, risk identification, adaptability, and accelerated transformation. It provides strategies for fostering cross-functional collaboration and engagement, such as creating a diverse council, establishing clear roles and responsibilities, implementing centralized governance and project management, promoting transparent communication, and aligning individual, team, and company goals. The article concludes by emphasizing the significance of cross-functional leadership in driving organizational transformation and efficiency. [Extracted from the article]

This study intends to examine the complexity of the factors that influence truck drivers' intentions to adopt eco-driving behaviour. A total of 198 truck drivers from the third-party logistics service provides participated in the study survey. An asymmetrical analytical approach through fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) examined the casual recipes of the factors effecting driver's intention to adopt eco-driving behaviour. This research also applied symmetrical analysis by using partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM), to compare the analysis with the findings from fsQCA. Results revealed three models of factors that lead to an intention to adopt eco-driving behaviour. The findings have profound practical and theoretical implications for the growth of new theories in transportation and environmental sustainability. Highlights : • Symmetrical analysis revealed that both perceived knowledge and subjective norm had insignificant associations with attitude and intentions. • Whereas, asymmetrical analysis, compared to symmetrical analysis revealed that both subjective norm and attitude were found as the necessary component to achieve proposed outcome. • fsQCA yielded 76% of variance whereas symmetrical analysis by using PLS-SEM yielded 61.7% of proposed model's explanatory capacity, validating the use of asymmetrical methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Logistics networks are significant for successful implementation of supply chain networks. Different configurations of logistics network exist regarding application areas and industrial requirements. One important consideration currently attracted the attention of researchers is sustainability focusing on economic, social and environmental factors. When the players of logistics network rises, the need for splitting functions among elements of the logistics network also increases. Therefore, in this paper a three-tier logistics network including supplier, producer and consumer is configured. Transportation is outsourced to a third-party logistics partner. Main factors of sustainability and their corresponding indices are collected and integrated to the tiers of the proposed logistics network. Collaboration is considered as a new concept to be embedded on the sustainable logistics network. Collaboration parameters are analyzed in a cubic space with logistics tiers and sustainability indices. Benefit-Cost-Value-Risk technique is developed for the computation purposes. The output is the sustainable value of the logistics network and significance score of collaboration parameters. Sensitivity analyses are performed on the impacts of collaboration and sustainability using sustainable value, significance of collaboration parameters on sustainability indices using significance score, and multi-aspect analysis in cubic space based on scenario planning. The numerical study emphasizes the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed methodology. Also, comparative studies with the conventional multi-attribute decision-making approaches indicate the efficiency of the newly developed technique of this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study evaluated the enhancement of information sharing practices with third party logistics service providers (3PLs) in a supply chain solutions company that provides transport and warehousing software in Johannesburg, South Africa. Design/methodology/approach: A mixed methods case study was conducted to investigate the problem. Both strands of quantitative and qualitative data were given equal priority. Three rounds of primary data were sequentially collected, analysed and triangulated. An online questionnaire was distributed to a sampling frame of seventeen companies which were randomly selected from the population. Three company executives were purposively sampled to participate in a focus group interview. Data from an open-ended questionnaire were used to explain and validate the findings from clients and executives who participated in the two preceding rounds of data collection. Findings: It was found that information sharing improves the collaboration of channel members, increases competitive advantage and ultimately leads to better customer service. The improvement of relationships and continuous technological upgrades are recommended for improving visibility of information and effectiveness in the management of supply chains. Research limitations/implications: This study is limited by the characteristics of the case study methodology. Case study research suffers from restricted generalisability, problems with cross-checking and the risk of bias and subjectivity. This implies that the results of this case study may not be generalised to the overall population. The selection of a mixed methods design was intended to curb the limitations that are inherent to this study. Practical implications: This study was limited to a few respondents and participants, which raises concerns about both the statistical power and the generalisability of the results. However, the results provide useful insights into some of the information sharing practices in the industry. Originality/value: The value of the study contributes to the supply chain's dependence on 3PLs for value creation and the reliance on technology to share information amongst channel members. This study highlights a need for organisations to build collaborative relationships with 3PLs and continuously update technological infrastructure in order to meet supply chain network goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to identify service quality dimensions for logistics service providers (LSPs) and to examine their relationships with customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. Design/methodology/approach: Service quality dimensions are identified from vast literature review. Customers who take services from LSPs were surveyed to collect data on basis of developed survey instrument. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) is applied to test the proposed research hypotheses. Findings: The study shows that all the five service quality constructs, i.e. "Operational Quality", "Resource Quality", "Information Quality", "Personnel Contact Quality" and "Customization and Innovation Quality" have direct relationship with customer satisfaction. They also have indirect relationship with customer loyalty, implying the full mediation of customer satisfaction. Practical implications: The results of the study suggest that the logistics service quality (LSQ) can be measured multi-dimensionally. It provides clear implications to LSPs for improvement of service quality. The present research work is expected to be useful for both, logistics service providers and the customer organizations, which take services from LSPs. LSPs can develop strategies to improve their service quality on basis of findings from this study. Originality/value: The present research will help in extending the existing literature on service quality in context to LSPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article explores the implementation of environmental management practices (EMP) in small and medium-sized businesses (SMEs) in the logistics sector. It identifies factors that influence the adoption of EMP and highlights the importance of government involvement in enforcing stricter environmental regulations. The article also discusses stakeholder pressures and their impact on the adoption of environmental management practices in the logistics industry. It concludes by suggesting that financial incentives and government support can encourage the adoption of green practices in the logistics sector. Additionally, a document containing references from various academic articles related to environmental management practices, supply chain management, and logistics is provided, offering valuable resources for research in these areas. [Extracted from the article]

This document is a review of different approaches to creativity research in the workplace. It explores the concept of creativity and its significance in professional settings. The authors, Zhou and Shalley, discuss various perspectives and theories on creativity, including the cognitive, social, and organizational approaches. The review aims to deepen the understanding of creativity and its implications for innovation and problem-solving in the workplace. [Extracted from the article]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to identify and analyse the barriers to the implementation of innovation in a logistics service provider in the area of warehouse management. Design/methodology/approach: The process of identifying and analysing barriers consisted of several stages. The first stage was a literature search to carry out a classification of innovations in logistics services and to develop a set of potential barriers to their implementation. The second and third stages were carried out through a case study. In the second stage, barriers to implementing lean projects were identified and analysed, while in the third stage, barriers to implementing other innovative projects were identified and analysed. Findings: The result of the work is a set of barriers to the implementation of innovation in logistics services together with their relation to the type of innovation. Research limitations/implications: The empirical research was based on a single case study. This organically represents the results obtained and does not allow them to be related to all logistics operators. Practical implications: The research carried out provides recommendations on approaches to creating and implementing innovations for other logistics operators by inferring from the barriers that hindered the implementation of innovations. Originality/value: This paper supports existing research on innovation in logistics services by building a set of barriers to their implementation. The focus of the research on innovation in warehousing services is justified by the contemporary demand for these services and also by the need for continuous improvement of warehousing services in supply chains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study tries to investigate and examine the extent of power dynamics of diverse actors in supply chains (SCs) in affecting the (un)stable connections within the logistics service providers (LSPs) triad in manufacturing firms (MFs) in Australia as a developed country. Design/methodology/approach: This study adopted a qualitative research approach by conducting 28 face-to-face semi-structured interviews, which was performed over a five-month period, between May and October 2022 with the targeted respondents via several Case MFs studies focusing on the triadic SC relationships through the power dynamics of LSPs (e.g. Case 1/MF-A, Case 2/MF-B, Case 3/MF-C, Case 4/MF-D and Case 5/MF-E) in order to gather primary data from the perspectives of logistics service clients, providers and suppliers that are dealing with MFs in Australia country. Interviewees were selected based on their knowledge, professional, expertise and tasks that are related to the study context if they are from MFs and/or LSPs. The researchers performed NVivo 12 Software as a tool for analyzing the collected primary data from the targeted interviewees, thus using a purposive sampling approach. This study constitutes a cornerstone for a conceptual exploration of the field of B2B and as it expands existing fields of broadcasting and investigation that focus on B2C within the manufacturing firms' context. Findings: The findings clearly show the importance of stable purchase volume and resource ability for a focal company in the logistics triad. This leads it to have a strong long-term relationship through monitoring its partners and curbing evolutions in different dyads. Practical implications: Identifying influential factors offers complementary insights to practitioners for depicting the SC relationship dynamics using the dominant power used by logistics service providers. Such findings encourage investigating an issues in emerging countries. Originality/value: The study provides an extending novel piece of work on how to establish the relational embeddedness of two dyads through the power dynamics of the dominant player represented by LSPs that can significantly affect the triadic SC relationships in manufacturing firms (MFs). Such a perspective seems not to be similar to the classical standpoint in the SCM literature, in which the LSPs as a dominant and dynamic power derived from bridging the customer-supplier sustainable dyads relationship in the MFs context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Business actors, ranging from national to global levels, seek to capitalize on competitive advantages, and modern supply chains often adopt a globally distributed manufacturing system by outsourcing logistics processes to service providers. In the FMCG (Fast-Moving Consumer Goods) industry, companies must effectively control the supply chain through the establishment of a robust logistics and SCM (Supply Chain Management) management system. This study aims to analyze and describe an efficient logistics management model in the FMCG industry to enhance company performance. The research employs a qualitative descriptive method, utilizing a narrative literature study and conducting case studies on FMCG companies in Indonesia. The study's findings demonstrate that building and implementing an effective logistics model, particularly through the integration of information technology, service quality, and communication, along with optimizing delivery methods, can significantly improve company performance in the FMCG industry. Moreover, the study highlights the impact of commitment and trust on loyalty, attitudes, and behavior concerning logistics management within the FMCG sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to efficiently assist decision makers in evaluating global third-party logistics (3PL) providers from the perspectives of economic, social, and environmental sustainability and explore the determinants of the 3PL providers' performance. In doing so, an integrated framework for an MCDM-based entropy objective weighting method is proposed for the first time in a logistics industry assessment. In the first stage, the entropy method defines the weight of the decision criteria based on real data collected from the top 15 global 3PL providers. This study lists the prominent quantitative evaluation criteria, taking into consideration the sustainability perspective. The advantage of the entropy method is that it reduces the subjective impact of decision makers and increases objectivity. In the second stage, the measurement of alternatives and ranking according to compromise solution (MARCOS) method is used to rank the 3PL providers according to their performance on the basis of these criteria. Sensitivity analysis and comparative analysis are implemented to validate the results. The current research work is devoted to the emerging research topic of sustainable development in the logistics industry and supply chain management. The proposed model identifies key performance indicators in the logistics industry and determines the most efficient 3PL providers. Consequently, the results show that the carbon dioxide emissions (20.50%) factor is the most important criterion for the competitiveness of global logistics companies. The results of this study can help inefficient 3PL providers make strategic decisions to improve their performance. However, this study only focuses on 15 companies due to a lack of data. The integration of these two techniques provides a novel way to evaluate global 3PL providers which has not been addressed in the logistics industry to date and as such remains a gap that needs to be investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of sharing economy, a joint distribution mode has been increasingly adopted as the preferred cooperation mode of third-party logistics enterprises to achieve the efficient, resource-saving, and profit-optimal business goals of enterprises. In the joint distribution mode, the distribution price is one of key factors that influences the operation of the joint distribution. Thus, to acquire the optimal pricing for the logistics enterprises, we establish a pricing model based on dynamic game theory for a joint distribution system including one joint distribution company and two express enterprises. In the proposed model, two dimensions of games exist simultaneously, including the game between express competitors and the game between express and distribution enterprises. The multidimensional game leads to more complex system characteristics. Through the stability analysis, we find the Nash equilibrium point and its stability conditions. Numerical simulations are conducted to investigate the complex dynamical behaviors of the game model, such as the system stability region, the bifurcation diagram, the largest Lyapunov exponent, strange attractors, etc. The simulation results indicate that different price adjustment speeds and ranges have a significant impact on the system stability and the profits of all participants in the game. The parameter adjustment control can well dominate the chaotic behaviors of the system. Enterprises should make pricing decisions based on their market positions to promote the continuous and stable development of the operation mode of the multi-agent joint sharing distribution center. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the operation decisions of a dual-channel supply chain consisting of a capital-constrained manufacturer, an e-commerce platform (ECP), and a third-party logistics company (3PL). This study first proposes two game models to obtain the equilibrium solutions of the supply chain members. Then, it compares and analyzes the equilibrium strategies under the two financing modes. This study has obtained the following interesting findings. The increase of the ECP interest rate will reduce the profit of the unit product in the distribution channel. However, the total income of the ECP will increase with the increase in the financing income. Under the 3PL financing mode, if the transportation fee of the direct sales channel is lower than that of the distribution channel, the ECP will reduce the sales price to compete with the direct sales channel of the manufacturer. Under the same conditions, the ECP financing mode is more competitive than the 3PL financing mode, and ECP financing services are the dominant strategy for the manufacturer, ECP, and consumers. If a 3PL company wants to win in the financing service, lowering interest rate or implementing differentiated transportation charges are important measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasingly fierce market competition and the rapid development of advanced logistics technology, service quality guarantee and demand updating become effective ways to promote procurement decisions in logistics supply chain. However, information asymmetry and obedience behavior have made it more complicated. In this paper, we considered the above factors, and studied the capacity procurement issue in a logistics service supply chain consisting of a logistics service integrator (LSI) and a functional logistics service provider (FLSP) in two periods. First, we find the optimal purchase quantities increase with the FLSP's obedience factor, in specific conditions, the LSI's guaranteed service quality and FLSP's obedience behavior can reach the upper limit (or lower limit). Second, the information symmetry creates a win–win situation iff the penalty cost to the FLSP is moderate and the demand is incompletely revealed. Third, demand updating relaxes the condition for the LSI's service quality guarantee reaching to the upper limit. For FLSP, when the penalty cost is moderate, the demand updating makes FLSP less obedient in case that the demand is completely revealed and more obedient when the demand is incompletely revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incident reports show the high risk of losing trust in global supply chain management. Under the covid-19 pandemic, cloud-based global supply chains have been vulnerable to malicious attacks. The goal of this paper is to show the high risk caused by third-party access in the current global supply chains and how to mitigate it. Based on the incident reports, global supply chain leaders are unaware of the risks of third-party access. The current global supply chains must be transformed into robust and resilient systems against malicious attacks. This paper shows methods on how to mitigate the high-security risk. Incident reports show the high risk of losing trust in global supply chain management against malicious attacks. The high risk caused by third-party access in the current global supply chains will be illustrated. Global supply chain leaders are unaware of the risks of third-party access. The global supply chains must be transformed into robust systems. This paper shows methods on how to mitigate the high-security risk in third-party logistics. The lower the risk, the lower the chance of losing trust. The more a leader is aware of the high risks, the less likely he or she is to lose trust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to determine the classification of legal relationships between platform service providers and online transportation drivers as gig workers (platform workers). The choice of theme is motivated by the fact that so far the legal relationship that occurs between platform service providers and online transportation drivers is a partnership relationship, but the partnership relationship that occurs does not implement the principles of partnership in its implementation in the business world. This partnership cooperation relationship is not regulated in the Law Number 20 of 2008 regarding Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises or the Indonesian labour law because the Indonesian labour law only recognizes working relationships, while in the Law Number 20 of 2008 regarding Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises because the original intent of the partnership in Law No.20/2008 is very different from the partnership relationship that is currently happening between platform service providers and online transportation drivers. Then the writing of this paper uses a normative juridical method with a statutory approach and an analytical approach. The legal material obtained by the author will be analyzed using descriptive analytical analysis techniques, namely a method of analyzing legal material by determining the content or meaning of legal rules in terms of partnership cooperation relationships, as well as the Civil Code. From the results of research with the above methods, the classification of legal relationships between platform service providers and online transportation drivers as gig workers (platform workers) is classified as a partnership relationship based on the Subordinate union of partnership, namely a partnership based on the merger of two or more parties that are subordinately related. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]