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At the beginning of the 21st century, a series of great earthquakes were recorded in northeastern Tibet, along the periphery of the Bayan Hara lithospheric block. An earthquake with MS = 8.1 occurred within the East Kunlun fault zone in the Kunlun Mountains, which caused an extended surface rupture with left-lateral strike slip. An earthquake with MS = 8 occurred in Wenchuan (China) on May 12, 2008, giving rise to an extended overthrust along the Lunmanshan fault zone. An earthquake with MS = 7.1 occurred in Yushu (China) on April 14, 2010; its epicenter was on the Grazze-Yushu-Funchuoshan fault; a left-lateral strikeslip offset was observed on the surface. An earthquake with MS = 7 occurred in the vicinity of Lushan on April 20, 2013; its epicenter was within the Lunmanshan fault zone, 103 km southwest of the zone of the catastrophic Wenchuan earthquake. An earthquake with MS = 8.2 occurred in Nepal on April 25, 2015. Based on the CSN seismic catalog, the energy of all earthquakes in eastern Tibet at the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st centuries was estimated. It was found that Tibet was seismically quiet from 1980 to 2000. The beginning of the 21st century has been marked by seismic activation with earthquake sources migrating southward to surround the Bayan Hara lithospheric block from every quarter. Therefore, this block can be regarded as one of the most seismically active regions of China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Neospora caninum is an intracellular parasite that causes significant economic losses in cattle industry. Understanding the host resistance mechanisms in the innate immune response to neosporosis could facilitate the exploration of approaches for controlling N. caninum infection. The NLR inflammasome is a multiprotein platform in the cell cytoplasm and plays critical roles in the host response against microbes. Methods: Neospora caninum-infected wild-type (WT) macrophages and Nlrp3-/- macrophages, and inhibitory approaches were used to investigate inflammasome activation and its role in N. caninum infection. Inflammasome RT Profiler PCR Arrays were used to identify the primary genes involved in N. caninum infection. The expression of the sensor protein NLRP3, processing of caspase-1, secretion of IL-1β and cell death were detected. Neospora caninum replication in macrophages was also assessed. Results: Many NLR molecules participated in the recognition of N. caninum, especially the sensor protein NLRP3, and further study revealed that the NLRP3 distribution became punctate in the cell cytoplasm, which facilitated inflammasome activation. Inflammasome activation-mediated caspase-1 processing and IL-1β cleavage in response to N. caninum infection were observed and were correlated with the time of infection and number of infecting parasites. LDH-related cell death was also observed, and this death was regarded as beneficial for the clearance of N. caninum. Treatment of N. caninum-infected macrophages with caspase-1, pan-caspase and NLRP3 inhibitors led to the impaired release of active IL-1β and a failure to restrict parasite replication. And Neospora caninum infected peritoneal macrophages from Nlrp3-deficient mice displayed greatly decreased release of active IL-1β and the failure of caspase-1 cleavage. Conclusions: The NLRP3 inflammasome can be activated in N. caninum-infected macrophages, and plays a protective role in the host response to control N. caninum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Progress in Modern Biomedicine is the property of Publishing House of Progress in Modern Biomedicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Progress in Modern Biomedicine is the property of Publishing House of Progress in Modern Biomedicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Zhang Ruzhao (1900-69), also known as Zhang Shenghui, was ordained as a Buddhist nun, with the title Tiantai Master Benkong. In early life, Zhang established a reputation as a poet, and was actively engaged in many of the political and feminist movements of the 1920s. Disillusioned both politically and personally, she turned to Buddhism and reinvented herself as China's premier female lay Buddhist scholar, writer and educator during the 1930s and 40s. From 1949, she took ordination as a Buddhist nun and was officially designated a lineage holder in the Tiantai lineage. She was persecuted severely during the early years of Cultural Revolution, and died in 1969. This study offers a historical overview of the life of this relatively unstudied twentieth-century Buddhist woman, with a special focus on a selection of autobiographical writings published in the early 1930s in which Zhang reflects, in both poetry and prose, on her first three decades of personal and emotional turmoil, and how they contributed to her decision to dedicate the second half of her life to the practice and propagation of Buddhism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tropospheric ozone (O3) is a trace gas playing important roles in atmospheric chemistry, air quality and climate change. In contrast to North America and Europe, long-term measurements of surface O3 are very limited in China. We compile available O3 observations at Mt. Tai - the highest mountain over the North China Plain - during 2003-2015 and analyze the decadal change of O3 and its sources. A linear regression analysis shows that summertime O3 measured at Mt. Tai has increased significantly by 1.7 ppbv yr-1 for June and 2.1 ppbv yr-1 for the July-August average. The observed increase is supported by a global chemistry-climate model hindcast (GFDL-AM3) with O3 precursor emissions varying from year to year over 1980-2014. Analysis of satellite data indicates that the O3 increase was mainly due to the increased emissions of O3 precursors, in particular volatile organic compounds (VOCs). An important finding is that the emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) have diminished since 2011, but the increase of VOCs appears to have enhanced the ozone production efficiency and contributed to the observed O3 increase in central eastern China. We present evidence that controlling NOx alone, in the absence of VOC controls, is not sufficient to reduce regional O3 levels in North China in a short period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An inverted pendulum with multiple impulse effect is constructed to detect chaotic threshold for a class of impulsive differential system. These impulsive excitations do not necessarily act on the equilibria of the non-smooth system, which leads to a barrier for the conventional nonlinear techniques. How to solve this barrier is an issue on the top of our agenda. Normally, these non-smooth factors were considered term by term. Using Hamiltonian function and principle perturbation theory, a reasonable compromise is applied to detect the extended Melnikov function based on the characteristics of the non-smooth homoclinic orbits with multiple jump discontinuities. It is a critical step that the perturbation solutions are examined from two points of view in order to obtain their small-perturbation expansions. Furthermore, the Melnikov function is employed to obtain the criteria for chaotic motion, which shows the effects of these impulsive excitations, the perturbation of damping and external forcing on the behaviors of the non-smooth dynamical system. The efficiency of the criteria for chaotic motion obtained in this paper is verified by bifurcation diagram, phase portraits and Poincaré surface of section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

C26H28Cl2N2O3, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 13.422(3) Å, b = 7.0011(14) Å, c = 26.249(5) Å, β = 101.06(3)°, V = 2420.8(9) Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0516, wRref(F2) = 0.1370, T = 296 K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to determine what the discourses on Chinese fantasy narrative are, how the discourses have been delivered, and the historical developments of these fantasy narratives and their contents. This paper also reveals that Confucian ideas and the chauvinism of the true record formed the political and cultural grounds for the underestimation of the Chinese fantasy narratives. In order to focus on the unique features of this kind of narratives, the temporal scope of the research was limited to the period from the mythical age to the Qing Dynasty, before Western rationalism was introduced to China. I explore topics ranging from discourses on fantasy and the strange (幻奇論) to discourses of emptiness and actuality (虛實論), and I discuss general features of the fantasy narratives from Classic of Mountains and Seas (山海經) to Dream of the Red Chamber (紅樓夢). When reading this kind of narratives, we should pay attention neither to the Confucian lessons nor to whether the narratives are true records, but to the meanings implied in the narratives and their cultural interpretations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars have portrayed the 1963 ‘Buddhist crisis’ in South Vietnam as a struggle for religious freedom, as a political conspiracy, or as a manifestation of ancient religious beliefs and practices. This paper, in contrast, argues that the crisis emerged from a clash of modernizing visions. The Buddhist-led protests that took place in South Vietnam in 1963 were linked to the Vietnamese Buddhist revival, a nationalist reform movement that began during the early twentieth century. The protests also reflected growing Buddhist anxieties about the Ngo Dinh Diem government's nation-building agenda for South Vietnam. By the time the crisis began, Buddhist leaders had concluded that this agenda (which Diem referred to as the ‘Personalist Revolution’) was incompatible with their plans to realize Vietnam's destiny as a ‘Buddhist nation’. In addition to reinterpreting the origins of the crisis, this paper examines how the course of events was shaped by the personalities and agendas of particular Buddhist and government leaders, and especially by fierce rivalries among members of Diem's family. These internal tensions help to explain the failure of attempts to end the crisis through negotiations, as well as Diem's decision to crush the movement by force in August 1963. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

On the basis of a study of an international Buddhist movement, this article defines "ethical conversations across borders" - acts of ethical deliberation, evaluation or argument that take place in cognisance of multiple ethical regimes - and proposes the conditions under which they can take place. Fo Guang Shan, described in the first part of the article, is a Buddhist movement that originated in Taiwan, but which now has branches around the world. It seeks to promote the cultivation of virtue among its members and among other people with which it has contact. The teachings of Master Hsing Yun, the movement's founder, advocate two methods through which this project can be realised, "sowing seeds of affinity" and "convenience". The second part of the article generalises observations made in relation to Fo Guang Shan and draws the conclusion that all "ethical conversations across borders" require two things, namely, the identification of similarities or "affinities", and an account of difference that stipulates the units between which the conversation is to be carried on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1999, Judith Nagata wrote the article: The Globalization of Buddhism and the Emergence of Religious Civil Society: The Case of the Taiwanese Fo Kuang Shan Movement in Asia and the West". According to his experience of the world religious movement today, the Fo Guang Shan Monastery (hereafter called "FGS"), has shown its features of a globalizing religion as - worldly social engaged engagement and value of various dimension to the civil society and the masses. The result of his study was to figure out the ideal of Humanistic Buddhism and the achievement of Master Hsing Yun (hereafter called "MHY") before 1999. After more than one decade the global movement and socially engaged activities of the FGS will be the core of this article. The author attempts to argue how the Buddhist Sangha (community) of the FGS, which was established by MHY since 1967, was considered as an International standard and what is a global connection. Master Hsing Yun is supposed to be a case study in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this paper is to give an estimation of the global convergence rate for the standard monotone multigrid method applied to variational inequalities whose constraints are of the two-obstacle type. The numerical experiments using this method have highlighted global upper bounds of the convergence rate, but, to our knowledge, no theoretical justification exists so far. The method was introduced by Mandel in 1984 for complementarity problems and named later by Kornhuber as the standard monotone multigrid method. First, we introduce the method as a subspace correction algorithm in a reflexive Banach space, prove its global convergence and estimate the error after making some assumptions. By introducing finite element spaces, this algorithm becomes a multilevel or multigrid method. In this case, we prove that the assumptions that we made in the general theory are satisfied and write the convergence rate as a function of the number of levels. Finally, we compare our results with the estimations of the asymptotic convergence rate existing in the literature for complementarity problems. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2007.01.051 Byline: Chen-bing Guan (1)(2), Hua-tai Xu (1), Ming Jin (1), Xiao-bing Yuan (1), Mu-ming Poo (1)(3) Keywords: CELLBIO; MOLNEURO; DEVBIO Abstract: Neuronal migration and growth-cone extension are both guided by extracellular factors in the developing brain, but whether these two forms of guidance are mechanistically linked is unclear. Application of a Slit-2 gradient in front of the leading process of cultured cerebellar granule cells led to the collapse of the growth cone and the reversal of neuronal migration, an event preceded by a propagating Ca.sup.2+ wave from the growth cone to the soma. The Ca.sup.2+ wave was required for the Slit-2 effect and was sufficient by itself to induce the reversal of migration. The Slit-2-induced reversal of migration required active RhoA, which was accumulated at the front of the migrating neuron, and this polarized RhoA distribution was reversed during the migration reversal induced by either the Slit-2 gradient or the Ca.sup.2+ wave. Thus, long-range Ca.sup.2+ signaling coordinates the Slit-2-induced changes in motility at two distant parts of migrating neurons by regulating RhoA distribution. Author Affiliation: (1) Institute of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China (2) Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China (3) Division of Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Institute of Neuroscience, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA Article History: Received 19 July 2006; Revised 16 November 2006; Accepted 26 January 2007 Article Note: (miscellaneous) Published: April 19, 2007

Seeing the limitation of the thesis of ‘mediatisation of religion’ (Hjarvard 2008; 2011), I would like to present a case study of Buddhist organisational usage of televisual discourse in Taiwan in this article. The example of one of the most watched prime-time docudramas—Da-Ai Drama (produced by an iconic Taiwanese Buddhist organisation, Tzu-Chi)—challenges the limited scope of ‘mediatisation of religion’ and encourages a critical review of the terms ‘religions’ and ‘secularisation’. The article also explicates the way in which Tzu-Chi utilizes multimedia approach to transfer the ideal of celestial Bodhisattva into a discourse of ‘human Bodhisattva’, which encourages the laity to participate in Tzu-Chi's voluntary programmes. A sect of acting philosophy is reinforced through multimedia approach and a wide range of voluntary programmes in the organisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise of humanistic Buddhism in the early twentieth century was a direct reaction against the practice of rituals for the dead by highlighting the importance of serving and benefiting the livings in this world here and now. Nevertheless, almost one hundred years later today, rituals for the dead continue to play very important role in Humanistic Buddhism. This paper analyses the ritual theory of Master Xing Yun (星雲), one of the leading figures in contemporary Humanistic Buddhism, and examines how Fo Guang Shan—founded by Xing Yu—has recreated rituals not only for the sake of the dead but also for the spiritual advancement of living human beings. I argue that (1) Humanistic Buddhism does not entirely reject rituals; (2) ritual practice in Humanistic Buddhism has maintained the idea of transcendence of Buddhism, thus actually sanctifying the secular life of Buddhists and extending the sacred space to the public arena beyond the temple walls. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

HO2 uptake coefficients for ambient aerosol particles, collected on quartz fiber filter using a high-volume air sampler in China, were measured using an aerosol flow tube coupled with a chemical conversion/laser-induced fluorescence technique at 760 Torr and 298K, with a relative humidity of 75%. Aerosol particles were regenerated with an atomizer using the water extracts from the aerosol particles. Over 10 samples, the measured HO2 uptake coefficients for the aerosol particles at the Mt. Tai site were ranged from 0.13 to 0.34, while those at the Mt. Mang site were in the range of 0.09-0.40. These values are generally larger than those previously reported for single-component particles, suggesting that reactions with the minor components such as metal ions and organics in the particle could contribute to the HO2 uptake. A box model calculation suggested that the heterogeneous loss of HO2 by ambient particles could significantly affect atmospheric HOx concentrations and chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The achievement in mathematics among the Chinese has aroused the interest of educationalists, sociologists and psychologists worldwide. The coining of the term Confucian Heritage Culture learner's phenomenon mistakenly led researchers to look for direct attributions from Confucianism, without realizing that Confucianism is just one Chinese school of thought, and it is over-simplistic to draw causal relationships between schools of thought and social phenomena. This paper begins by introducing three major Chinese schools of thought-Confucianism, Daoism and Buddhism-and their views on education. The discussion will then focus on how these schools of thought might impact education in general and mathematics education in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optical flow analysis of the image sequence based on the formal lattice Boltzmann equation, with different DdQm models, is discussed in this paper. The algorithm is based on the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM), which is used in computational fluid dynamics theory for the simulation of fluid dynamics. At first, a generalized approximation to the formal lattice Boltzmann equation is discussed. Then the effects of different DdQm models on the results of the optical flow estimation are compared with each other, while calculating the movement vectors of pixels in the image sequence. The experimental results show that the higher dimension DdQm models, e.g., D3 Q15 are more effective than those lower dimension ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to its high Young's modulus and strong bond with Sn, Co has been considered as one of the most promising alloying elements to improve the strength and reliability performance of Pb-free solders. In this study, the microstructual characteristics and mechanical properties of Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu + XCo ( X = 0 wt.%, 0.1 wt.%, 0.2 wt.%, 0.45 wt.%, and 1.0 wt.%) solder joints on Cu substrates were investigated. Moreover, an exploration on different joint fabrication methods and undercooling of solder alloys with both solder preform and paste was carried out. Experimental results indicated that the undercooling of the solder alloy can be altered by Co additions. During the metallurgical process, the added Co can dissolve into the solder matrix before rolling the preform. In addition, Co can form reinforcement particles in the solder paste. The tendency for the formation and growth of an intermetallic compound (IMC) layer can be enhanced after incorporation of Co elements into the preform. However, a proper amount of Co addition to the paste can suppress IMC growth. The shear strength of solder joints reinforced with 0.1 wt.% or 0.2 wt.% Co addition can be increased. The solder joint made by paste with 0.2 wt.% Co addition exhibited the highest shear strength among all the solder joints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every philosophical mode has a unique conceptual system. ' Qi' has consistently been a fundamental part of ancient Chinese philosophy, and its significance is obvious. Guided by the idea of 're-evaluating all values,' Yan Fu, who was deeply influenced by Western philosophy and logic, used 'reverse analogical interpretation' to present a new explanation of the traditional Chinese concept of qi. Qi thus evolved into basic physical particles. Yan's philosophical effort has great significance: The logical ambiguity that had haunted qi was overcome. However, qi gradually evolved into a particular existence as it was 'Westernized.' It completely lost its internal 'flavor' as indigenous Chinese philosophy. Its previous philosophical abstraction and universality diminished and at the same time it was not 'Westernized' into the 'pure concept' of Hegel's philosophy.' [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the trajectories of handicraft cloth production in three major sub-regions of Jiangsu Province in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In contrast to traditional focus on the bankruptcy of rural handicrafts in the face of competition from the modern industry, it argues that the fate of handicrafts depended on the specific characteristics of each sub-regional economy. Thus in Song-Tai, handicraft weaving declined as labour was drawn off into modern industry. In Tong-Hai the availability of machine-spun yarn in the market enabled the development of a commercialised handicraft weaving sector. Finally, in Xu-Huai-Hai machine-spun yarn enabled the inhabitants to substitute their own subsistence handicraft production for cloth purchased from elsewhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By analyzing Zhu Xi and Zhang Zai’s three representative explanatory paradigms—that of Feng Youlan, Mou Zongsan and Zhang Dainian, the paper tries to show that studying Chinese philosophy in a Western way and emphasizing logical consistency will unavoidably lead to the defects of simplicity and partiality. In addition to Buddhism and Daoism, Song-Ming philosophy had also absorbed thoughts from the Pre-Qin, Han, Wei and Jin dynasties. The existence of multiple philosophical thoughts and their new synthesis lead to internal contradictions in Song-Ming philosophy and Li Xue 理学 (Neo-Confucianism in the Song and Ming dynasties). The contradiction between the doctrine of tiandao 天道 (the way in which the world runs) and that of xinxing 心性 (mind and human nature) was even sharper. Li Xue and Xin Xue also overlapped one another. The transition from the doctrine of tiandao to that of xinxing was a long journey. It was begun by Zhu Xi in his later years, and was finally completed by Wang Yangming. Unveiling the complexity and special characteristics of Song-Ming philosophy is a task for scholars on the history of Chinese philosophy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the basis of newly discovered archival materials and the work of mainland scholars interested in the current Confucian revival, Fan Cunwu offers a new appraisal of Duan Zhengyuan and his Morality Society. While providing an overview of the organization and history of the group, Fan emphasizes the importance of Duan's effort to found a Confucian-based religion and connects this undertaking with the long-term evolution of Confucianism in the Ming-Qing period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the life and times of Lee Choon Seng (李俊承), exploring his role as a prominent lay Buddhist leader in Singapore and the broader Chinese Buddhist world. Lee Choon Seng's influence in society, as well as his adherence to Chinese Mahayana Buddhism, laid an important foundation for him to carry out philanthropic activities within the Buddhist community in Singapore. Before World War II, Lee Choon Seng acted as a patron of the Dharma, sponsoring Buddhist activities and advocating for the idea of revitalizing China in the spirit of Buddhism. During the Japanese Occupation, Lee Choon Seng initiated and led the Buddhist philanthropy movement, which converged into a huge developmental trend in society. In the postwar period, Lee Choon Seng established and served as the inaugural chairman of the Singapore Buddhist Federation, making him a key figure in unifying the Buddhist community in Singapore. As this article demonstrates, Lee Choon Seng's socio-religious model, which was comprised of a combination of Mahayana Buddhism with social charity and welfare, was an important factor for the promotion of Buddhism among the Chinese community in Singapore. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mount Putuo in Zhejiang Province, China, is the most important holy land of Guanyin in East Asia. Landscape sacralization is a key modality by which sacred meaning is constructed. This paper takes several examples—the Tidal Sound Cave ("chaoyin dong" 潮音洞), the Well of the Immortal Mei ("Meixian jing" 梅仙井), the Well of Ge Hong ("Ge Hong jing" 葛洪井), the Well of the Immortal ("xianren jing" 仙人井), and Duangu Pier ("Duan Gu daotou" 短姑道頭)—to analyze the three types of processes of sacralization. The Tidal Sound Cave is a re-construction of the founding myths; Well of the Immortal Mei, the Well of Ge Hong and the Well of the Immortal reflect harmony between local legends of Daoist immortals and the sacred Buddhist site; and the Duangu Pier accomplished its sanctification process in the course of local pilgrimage activities. By sorting out the mechanism and process of landscape sanctification and exploring the generation and renewal of landscape meaning, we can observe the logic of the construction of this sacred site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the meanings of "qi" on five various levels and aims to clarify misunderstandings about "qi" including its pan-vitalistic, conscious and pan-ethical characters. In Chinese philosophy, the general idea of "qi" is not completely without order or chaotic although it has numerous meanings. In general, "qi" has various levels of meanings such as in philosophy, physics, physiology, psychology, as well as, ethics. On the philosophical level, "qi" is comparable to "air" and to the "matter-energy" or "field" in physics. The meanings of "qi" in physiology, psychology, ethics and aesthetics are derived from this point.

This article compares Chinese nationalism of the 1990s with the historic beginning of modern Chinese nationalism in the 1910s and argues that they are two different nationalisms. While the post-imperial May Fourth nationalism of the 1910s arose in a poor and backward China to seek wealth and power for the nation, the 1990s saw the resurgence of nationalism rooted in China's late communist authoritarian prosperity. Following a Weberian framework to examine nationalism's connections with material interests, political power and cultural orientations, the paper finds that the Chinese nationalism of the 1990s reversed all the radical features of early 20th century developmental and cosmopolitan nationalism, as it defended the Chinese model of development, endorsed political authoritarianism, and sought sources of legitimacy and identity in traditional Chinese culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study the relationship between grouting effect and grouting factors, three factors (seven parameters) directionless pressure and small cycle grouting model experiment on sandy gravel was done, which was designed according to uniform design method. And regressing was applied to analysis of the test data. The two models test results indicate that when the diffusing radius of grout changes from 26 to 51 cm, the grouted sandy gravel compressing strength changes from 2.13 to 12.30 MPa; the relationship between diffusing radius( R) and water cement ratio( m), permeability coefficient( k), grouting pressure( p), grouting time( t) is R=19.953 m 0.121 k 0.429 p 0.412 t 0.437; the relationship between compressing strength( P) and porosity( n), water cement ratio, grouting pressure, grouting time is P=0.984 n 0.517 m −1.488 p 0.118 t 0.031. So the porosity of sandy gravel, the permeability coefficient of sandy gravel, grouting pressure, grouting time, water cement ratio are main factors to influence the grouting effect. The grouting pressure is the main factor to influence grouting diffusing radius, and the water cement ratio is the main factor to influence grouted sandy gravel compressing strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information about the theory on the cultivation of cognitive subjects which is given significance in the epistemology in Chinese philosophy. According to it, intelligence comes from benevolence, and in order to possess knowledge, morality should be valued. The theory focuses in stance, attitudes, ways of thinking and feeling of a cognitive subject. On the other hand, it is suggested that the improvement of the said theory is significant for the structure of a modern Chinese-style Marxist philosophy system.