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A review of the leaf oils of the 13 species now recognised in the genus Backhousia is presented. This review carries on from, and incorporates data from, an earlier (1995) review of the then recognised eight species. The leaf oils of two new species of Backhousia, B. gundarara and B. tetraptera are reported for the first time. B. gundarara contains a mixture of mono- and sesquiterpenes, with α-pinene (14%) and spathulenol (11%) being the main members. In B. tetraptera, the principal component of the mainly terpenoid leaf oil is myrtenyl acetate (20–40%). The review also incorporates the two species of the genus Choricarpia, which have been subsumed into Backhousia, viz. B. leptopetala and B. subargentea. Due to its history in Backhousia, Syzygium anisatum, which has been transferred out of Backhousia, is included in the review for historical reasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Syzygium cumini (Myrtaceae) is a tropical tree used in traditional medicines to treat several diseases. All parts of S. cumini are used for medicinal purposes and present antioxidant potential. In this study, we evaluated the phytochemical composition of the ethanolic extract of S. cumini leaves (EESC) and its biological activity in vitro and in vivo regarding some effects on the central nervous system. Behavioral tests of anxiety, depression, and memory were performed with mice and the cerebral cortex used to evaluate lipoperoxidation and the acetylcholinesterase activity ex vivo. The EESC showed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, and gallic acid esters-4-O-glucurosides, detected for the first time in the species. The EESC presented antioxidant capacity in vitro with EC 50 of 82.8 μg/mL in the DPPH assay and IC 50 of 1.27 μg/mL in the lipoperoxidation test. The EESC inhibited the in vitro acetylcholinesterase and monoamine oxidase activities presenting IC 50 of 44.54 and 432.7 μg/mL, respectively. However, the EESC did not show significant effects on the behavioral tests and ex vivo assays. Our results confirm the potential of EESC as a source of bioactive compounds acting on important target enzymes for central nervous system disorders, but the in vivo effects must be better evaluated. [Display omitted] • First identification of gallic acid ester-4-O-glucurosides in leaves of S. cumini. • A potent in vitro antioxidant capacity was demonstrated in brain homogenate. • S. cumini leaves extract presented a mild inhibitory effect on MAO activity. • The extract inhibited AChE activity in vitro but not ex vivo in mice's frontal cortex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A preliminary ethnopharmacological survey, achieved in French Polynesia, led to the collection of the most cited plants among 63 species used to treat "infectious" diseases, with a description of their medicinal uses. Bibliographical investigations and antimicrobial screening permitted the selection of the botanical species Syzygium malaccense (Myrtaceae) for phytochemical analysis. Leaves of Syzygium malaccense were usually used in mixture with rhizomes of Curcuma longa to treat infectious diseases such as cystitis. The methanolic plant extracts were tested in vitro with an agar microdilution method on 33 bacteria strains and 1 yeast to obtain their Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), and cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells were evaluated. Antimicrobial synergistic effects of methanolic plant extracts from leaves of Syzygium malaccense and rhizomes from Curcuma longa were also evaluated. The bio-guided isolation of leaf extract from Syzygium malaccense led to the identification of seven alkyl-salicylic acids (anacardic acids or ginkgolic acids C15:0, C15:1, C17:0, C17:1, C17:2, C17:3 and C19:1) described for the first time in this species. All compounds were tested against Staphylococcus aureus (18.75 < MIC < 75.0 µg/mL), Streptococcus pyogenes (2.34 < MIC < 18.75 µg/mL) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC = 150 µg/mL), and their structure–activity relationships were discussed. The methanolic extract and salicylic derivatives from S. malaccense showed an interesting antimicrobial activity against Gram+ bacteria, without toxicity on hepG2 cells at 400 μg/mL. Moreover, these antibacterial compounds have already been studied for their anti-inflammatory activity, which supports the therapeutic interest of S. malaccense against infectious diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macaranga tanarius (MT) and Syzygium jambos (SJ) are pharmacologically reported to have anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic effects, and can be neuroprotective agents. Our previous work revealed that MT and SJ exhibited 76.32% and 93.81% inhibition against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) at 50 μg/mL final concentration in their ethyl acetate and hexane fractions, respectively. This study was aimed to investigate the bioactive constituents of MT and SJ and their molecular mechanism toward AChE inhibition. Bioassay-guided isolation afforded prenylflavonoids 1–3 from MT and anacardic acid derivatives 4 and 5 from SJ that were confirmed by NMR and MS data. Compound 5 exerted the strongest anti-AChE potential (IC50: 0.54 μM), followed by 1, 4, 3, and 2 (IC50: 1.0, 2.4, 6.8, and 33 μM, respectively). In silico molecular docking revealed 5 formed stronger molecular interactions including three H-bonds than its derivative 4 based on the saturation of their alkyl chains. The addition of a five carbon-prenyl chain in 1 increased the number of binding interactions, justifying its greater activity than derivatives 2 and 3. This research reflects the first report of AChE inhibitors from these species, thereby adding pharmacological values to MT and SJ as potential remedies in neuroprotection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salam leaf has a -β-ocimene as a key volatile compound that gives a fresh aroma to the food when the salam leaves are involved in the cooking process. As a secondary metabolic product, enzymatic biosynthesis as the early stage of -β-ocimene is a factor that needs to be known. Thus, this study was done to identify the mechanism of the two wellknown terpenoid biosynthetic pathways, namely Mevalonate Acid (MVA) and 1-Deoxy-DXylulose 5-Phosphate (DXP) pathways, in the biosynthesis of -β-ocimene in salam leaves. The activity of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR)-MVA pathway-determining enzyme and 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS)-DXP pathway-determining enzyme in the crude enzyme and their derivative products of salam leaves were analysed for their changes by differences of substrate ratios and enzyme inhibitors. The results showed that the activity of the HMGR enzyme was lower significantly than the DXS enzyme based on the addition of variations to the substrate ratio. These results were also supported by the enzyme and substrate reaction products, MVA and Isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) intermediates from the MVA pathway, which were significantly lower when compared to DXP and IPP intermediates from the DXP pathway. As the end product of the reaction, -β-ocimene gave a significantly higher value of the DXP pathway than the MVA pathway. Therefore, it can conclude that the mechanism of the biosynthetic pathway of -β-ocimene in salam leaves was synthesised via the DXP pathway. The production of -β-ocimene could have crosstalk-pathway through the MVA pathway, especially when the DXP pathway was blocked. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diabetes is one of the fastest-growing global health problems of the 21st century. Antidiabetic medicine has been widely marketed with various mechanisms of action. However, there are side effects from these drugs. Therefore, most diabetic patients consume herbal as complementary. Plants that have been shown to have potential as an antidiabetic are Caesalpinia Sappan, Andrographis Paniculata and Syzygium Cumini. Objective: This study aims to examine the in vitro antidiabetic activity of single and combined ethanol extract of those three plants by inhibiting alpha-glucosidase and DPP-IV (Dipeptidyl peptidase IV) enzymes. Materials and Methods: The alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity was determined using the paranitrofenil alfa-D-glukopiranosida (pNPG) reaction at a wavelength of 405 nm. Acarbose was used as the positive control. The DPP-IV inhibitory activity using H-Gly-Pro-AMC substrate and detected by fluorescence at λex = 365 nm and λem=415-445 nm. Sitagliptin was used as the positive control. LC-MS analysis was performed to identify the compounds contained in the combined extract. Results: Caesalpinia sappan showed better activity to inhibit alpha-glucosidase enzyme than acarbose at IC50 of 9,29 μg/mL. The combined extract obtained higher inhibition as DPP-IV inhibitor than single extract at 63, 69%. The highest compound in the combined extract were 5,7-Dihydroxy-3-(4'-hydroxybenzyl) chromone, Protosappanin E-1, Saurufuran B and candidate mass C36H38N4O5. Conclusion: These results indicate that single extract or combined extract potential as antidiabetic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Andrographis paniculata, Syzygium cumini and Caesalpinia sappan (ASC) are plants that are widely used as traditional medicines in treating diabetes. The acute toxicity test results of the combination of these three plants were safe up to 5000 mg/Kg BB. Objectives: To evaluate subchronic toxicity of a combined ASC extract. Methods: Male and female Sprague Dawley rats were acclimatized for 14 days and then fed a normal diet with ASC extract at doses of 150, 575 and 1000 mg/kg BW daily for 135 days. At the end of the study, the rats were sacrificed and then blood, heart, pulmonary, liver, kidneys, spleen and pancreas were collected. Result: The results showed no abnormality in the experimental group compared with the control group. All values of other parameters assessed remained within the normal range. Conclusions: The combination of ASC extract given orally for 135 days to male and female rats did not show any subchronic toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The temperature and time for the pasteurization of jambolan/camu‐camu juice blend (37.5:12.5%, w/w) were determined based on their enzymatic activities (peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase, and pectin methylesterase), bioactive compounds contents (anthocyanins, total phenolic compounds, and ascorbic acid), and microbial counts (thermotolerant coliforms, aerobic mesophilic bacteria, and fungi). Moreover, the stability of the pasteurized blend was monitored for 35 days at room temperature. Response surface methodology and desirability function defined 75°C and 90 s as the best pasteurization conditions to provide a juice blend with safe microbial counts, inactivation of all deteriorative enzymes, 24.18 mg anthocyanins.100 ml−1, 325.83 mg total phenolic compounds.100 ml−1 and 1862.4 mg ascorbic acid.100 ml−1. Furthermore, the degradation kinetics of anthocyanins and ascorbic acid showed half‐life times of 18 and 126 days, respectively, during storage at room temperature, evidencing the effectiveness of the applied thermal treatment on the retention of bioactive compounds of the studied juice blend. Novelty impact statement: Jambolan and camu‐camu fruits are high anthocyanins and vitamin C sources, respectively, but no industrialized food products, such as blend juices, are available on the market. Here, for the first time, the optimal condition for the pasteurization of jambolan and camu‐camu juice blend was successfully defined to stimulate food industries to exploit the promising health potential of both fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the other hand, MO sample with Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles showed 16.64% degradation of MO dye after 1 h which increased continuously with the time and showed maximum degradation after 5 h as 47.28%. Keywords: green synthesis; methyl orange; methylene blue; optimization; solar light; ZnO EN green synthesis methyl orange methylene blue optimization solar light ZnO 659 671 13 05/12/22 20220501 NES 220501 1 Introduction The environmental pollution due to anthropogenic activities is one of major issues worldwide [[1]], [[2]], [[3]], [[4]], [[5]]. 4 Comparison of MO and MB dyes Photolytic removal on MO and MB dye in blank and in the presence of ZnO nanoparticles showed a different behavior and represent in Figures 5 and 6 respectively. [Extracted from the article]

Syzygium polycephalum is a plant that grows in several parts of Indonesia and belongs to Myrtaceae family. This research aims to reveal the isolation and structure elucidation of the bioactive compounds in this plant's fruit, seeds and leaves as part of overall research on the genus Syzygium. The isolation process included extraction, separation and purification, while the structure elucidation of isolated compounds was executed using the spectroscopic method. As a result, 1,5-dimethylcitrate and trimethyl citrate were isolated from the dichloromethane extract of the fruit, while from the ethyl acetate extract of the seeds, methyl gallate and gallic acid were isolated and identified. From the dichloromethane extract of the leaves, 3,4,3'-tri-Omethylellagic acid was isolated and identified. Determination of antioxidant activity was executed using the ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) approach, with Trolox as a standard. Gallic acid showed the best antioxidant activity among the five isolated compounds with an IC50 of 29.6 g/mL. From this study, five secondary metabolites were isolated. Some showed strong activity and some were inactive as antioxidant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The plants belonging to the genus Syzygium has received much attention since ancient times due to its multidimensional uses for mankind. These plants in general, reported to contain a wide array of phytomolecules with a broad spectrum of biological activities that include antihypoglycemic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, and antihypertensive properties. The pharmacological potential of S. palghatense which is endemic to Western Ghats has not yet been investigated. The present study was intended to examine the potential benefits of the leaves and bark of S. palghatense. Results Morpho-anatomical studies of S. palghatense provided useful details for the identification. The pharmacological characterization of the plants shows significant results in their studied parameters. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were higher in methanolic extracts of leaves and bark of S. palghatense. Methanolic extract of the leaves and bark have superior antioxidant capacity when compared with the chloroform, ethyl acetate, and distilled water extracts. A significant result in alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase enzyme activity was exhibited when antidiabetic study was performed. Conclusion The current study showed that the methanolic extract of S. palghatense leaves and bark have significant pharmacognostic properties and potential antioxidant and antidiabetic compounds. Phytochemical studies portray the presence of several biologically active secondary metabolites, including essential oil, alkaloid, glycosides, carbohydrate, tannins, reducing sugar, phenolics, and saponins, which may be the reason for its biological properties. As compared to bark, leaves of S. palghatense possess significant activity toward all the biological properties tested.

• Two new ursane-type triterpenoids (1 – 2), were isolated from the syzygium handelii. • Compounds 1 – 3 possess a caffeoyl group at C-27, which is rare for triterpenoids in natural products. • New compounds (1 and 2) showed weak cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells with IC 50 of 81.3 and 72.1 μM, respectively. Two new ursane-type triterpenoids with a rare caffeoyl group at C-27, 3 β -acetoxy-27- trans -caffeoyloxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid-methyl ester (1) and 3 β -acetoxy-27- cis -caffeoyloxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid-methyl ester (2), together with three known triterpenoids (3 – 5), were isolated from the leaves and twigs of Syzygium handelii. Their structures were elucidated by detailed NMR, MS spectroscopic data interpretation, calculated NMR, and DP4+ methods. Anti-microbial and cytotoxic activities of new compounds were evaluated. Compounds 1 and 2 showed weak cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells with IC 50 value of 81.3 and 72.1 μM, respectively. The optimal molecule docking results showed that compounds 1 and 2 could bind stably to COX-2 protein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A makiang seed powder (MSP) feeding trial was performed on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) for eight weeks to evaluate the effects on growth performance, immune response, and gene expression. Three hundred fingerlings (13.20 ± 0.04 g) were fed five diets with various amounts of MSP at 0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 g kg−1. After four and eight weeks of the feeding trial, growth rates and immune responses were tested, while relative immune and antioxidant gene expression were performed after eight weeks of MSP feeding. Accordingly, the growth indices (SGR, WG) and immune activity (skin mucus and serum lysozyme, skin mucus and serum peroxidase, alternative complement, phagocytosis and respiratory burst activities) in Nile tilapia were significantly increased in the treated diets compared with the control diet (P < 0.05). The maximum (P ≤ 0.05) growth and immune activity values were noted in fish fed 5 g kg−1 MSP. IL1, IL8, LBP, GPX, GSTa and GSR gene expressions were also shown to be upregulated in fish on MSP diets, with the highest value reported in fish fed 5 g kg−1 MSP. Finally, MSP has the potential to be employed as a feed supplement in the biofloc system for the cultivation of Nile tilapia. Visual representation of the results obtained in our paper by supplementing Nile Tilapia diet with MSP for a period of 8 weeks. Image created with biorender.com. [Display omitted] • MSP is a promising feed additive for the aquacultural practices of Nile tilapia. • MSP5 (5 g kg−1) can enhance growth performance and feed conversion ratio. • MSP5 boosts the skin mucus and serum immune responses of Nile tilapia. • MSP5 induces increased expression of immune response and antioxidant-relate genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Syzygium species are rich in dietary fiber, vitamins, phenolic compounds and bioactive compounds with beneficial health effects. • Syzygium species can reduce inflammation and oxidative stress and prevent and treat non-communicable diseases. • Syzygium species could be used to develop novel functionalized ingredients, food products, and nutraceuticals as strategies to stimulate their consumption, applicability, and valorization. Syzygium species are consumed worldwide, and their edible conventional and unconventional parts contain nutrients and bioactive compounds with beneficial health effects. This review aims to summarize and discuss available information on the nutritional composition and presence of bioactive compounds in Syzygium species, highlighting their ability to promote beneficial health effects, considering studies published in the last 10 years and screened in the databases PubMed Scopus, and Web of Science. These studies show that different parts of Syzygium species (fruits, leaves, bark, and seeds) contain phenolic acids, flavonoids, tannins, carotenoids, saponins, dietary fiber, vitamins, and minerals capable of promoting health. The body of evidence gathered from in vitro and animal model experiments shows that several Syzygium species exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antihyperglycemic, hepatoprotective, and antibacterial properties. Syzygium species could be used to develop novel functionalized ingredients, food products, and nutraceuticals as strategies to stimulate their consumption, applicability, and valorization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Syzygium maire is a highly threatened Myrtaceae tree species endemic to New Zealand. Due to its recalcitrant seed storage behaviour, cryopreservation is the only viable long-term ex situ conservation option for this species. This study investigated viability, oxidative stress, thermal properties, and ultrastructure of zygotic embryo axes (EAs) desiccated to various moisture contents (MC). Fresh EAs had a MC of c. 1.9 g/g with 100% viability but rapid desiccation to MC < 0.3 g/g significantly reduced viability and decreased the activities of the enzymatic antioxidants superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase, with a sevenfold increase in the production of protein carbonyls and lipid peroxides. Differential Scanning Calorimetry analysis showed no thermal events in EAs desiccated to a MC of <0.2 g/g, indicating that all freezable water had been removed, but this was lethal to both EAs and enzymatic antioxidants. The ultrastructure of desiccated EAs showed signs of plasmolysis, while fully hydrated EAs exposed to cryogenic temperature had ultrastructural disintegration and membrane damage. The decline in enzymatic antioxidant activities and the increase in lipid peroxidation suggest that S. maire EA viability loss is due to oxidative stress rather than structural impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work describes the chemical composition and bioactivity of essential oils and selected compounds belonging to the families Piperaceae, Myrtaceae and Rutaceae. GC-MS analysis of the oils enabled the identification of safrole, Dill apiole, (E)-nerolidol, 1,8-Cineole, Citronellal and limonene as major constituents of the oil of the Piper divaricatum, Piper aducum, Melaleuca, Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus citriodora and Citrus, respectively. Among the essential oils tested, P. aduncum was the most toxic by residual contact, topical and ovicide assay on Spodoptera frugiperda. Among the chemical compounds, safrole was the most toxic by residual contact whereas citronellal was the most toxic in the topical assay and ovicidal activity. The antifeedant activity was found for the oils from Piper, Melaleuca, Syzygium, C. aurantiifolia var amara, C. limon and Safrol. This work showed that Piper oils are the most promising for future use for the control of S. frugiperda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodegradable sodium alginate/gum Arabic (SG) films were obtained. The influence of Syzygium cumini seeds extract (SCSE) incorporation in SG films on morphological structure, polymer interaction, thermal behavior, antioxidant activity and physical characteristics were investigated. Moreover, the fabricated films were tested as wrapping materials to extend the shelf life of sunflower oil. Scanning electron microscopy micrographs showed heterogeneous and rough surface after incorporation by SCSE. Possible cross-linked interaction between alginate and gum Arabic and physical interaction between SCSE and SG films were assessed by FT-IR. Although, the addition of SCSE into SG films declined the thermal stability, elongation at break (EB), tensile strength (TS) and moisture content, films with better opacity, solubility and water vapor permeability were obtained. The SG-SCSE films showed obvious obstructing effects on the oil oxidation process during storage days. According to these results, it can be emphasized that edible films with the highest concentrations of added SCSE can serve as a good source of antioxidant compounds and physicochemical properties. Certainly, these properties can be usefully incorporated into the wrapped food commodity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five new phloroglucinol derivatives were isolated from Syzygium brachyantherum, and their structures were elucidated as brachyanones A–E (1–5) on the basis of the extensive spectroscopic analysis. Among them, compounds 1 and 3 exhibited significant inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase with IC50 of 2.57 and 0.97 μM, respectively. Furthermore, compound 4 showed protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) inhibitory effect with inhibition ratio of 89.42% at 100 μM. This discovery indicates that phloroglucinol derivatives with long aliphatic chain possibly play an important role in antidiabetic activity of Syzygium plants, and they could function as a promising antidiabetic agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pests are one of the constraints in agricultural crops, such as the army worm (Spodoptera exigua), that is considered as one of the most harmful pests in the vegetative phase. In this work, ethanolic leaf extracts of common plants Senna sophera (L.) Roxb., Syzygium cumuni, and Annona squamosa Linn. in Llanera, Nueva Ecija, Philippines were prepared and the phytochemical constituents were locally found. Direct spraying of the extracts was done to test the effectiveness of the biopesticides. Results showed that the extracts have varying effectivity as biopesticide against Spodoptera exigua and can be related to the chemical constituents present in the extracts. Considering the results from this investigation, the easy availability and effectiveness of these natural pesticides can be developed as alternatives to conventional synthetic pesticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first evidence of a green, single-step, and additive-free process for the fabrication of silver/silver chloride nanoparticles (Ag/AgCl NPs) by fruit extract of Syzygium cumini (S. cumini) without the usage of any stabilizer and halide source was provided. The formation of nanoparticles was optimized to control the shape, size, and stability via various pHs of the reaction mixture, the quantity of fruit extract, temperature, concentrations of silver ion, and reaction time. The optimal conditions were determined: pH = 7.0, the quantity of the leaf extract = 3.0 mL, silver ion concentration = 1.0 mM, temperature = 60 °C, and incubation time = 40 min. As an application in colorimetric sensing, the ability of the prepared Ag/AgCl NPs to sense clindamycin and Fe3+ ion in an aqueous medium was investigated. The SPR band and color of the solution of Ag/AgCl NPs undergo dramatic changes in exposure to clindamycin with new SPR peaks appearing at 500 nm, accompanied by a color change from yellow to pink due to the aggregation of NPs. Under the optimized pH of 3.0, this sensor was shown a linear dynamic range from 10.0 to 100.0 µM with a LOD of 1.2 µM and good linear relationships (R2 = 0.99) for clindamycin. On the other hand, the quenching of the SPR peak at 412 nm was used to monitor the Fe3+ ions with wide linear ranges of 10.0–350.0 µM under the optimized pH (pH = 9) with a LOD of 5.6 µM. In addition, the proposed sensor displayed applicability in the real sample containing clindamycin (in capsules and injection ampoules) and Fe3+ ions (in water samples) detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the variations in the phytochemical compositions and the antimicrobial activities of Syzygium grande and Oenanthe javanica leaf extracts against Bacillus sp. The antibacterial activity of the methanol, 70% methanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane extracts of both plant species were examined in vitro, against various Bacillus species. In addition, the 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy-based metabolomics was employed to gain insights into the correlations between the chemical constituents of the bioactive extract to the biological activity. The hexane extract of S. grande leaves and methanolic extract of O. javanica leaves showed more potent anti-Bacillus activity, among the test extracts. Principal component analysis (PCA) successfully differentiated the extracts on the basis of their metabolite profiles. The results of the Partial Least Square (PLS) analysis showed that the non-polar compounds of the hexane extract of S. grande (alanine, betulin, ß-sitosterol, ß-caryophyllene, acetic acid and 3-hydroxybutyric acid) were strongly correlated to its anti-Bacillus activity. On the other hand, choline, ellagic acid, and gallic acid, the metabolites present in the methanolic extract of O. javanica, were strongly correlated to its anti-Bacillus activity. On this basis, it was therefore concluded that these conmpounds could be the potential bioactive constituents, contributing to the anti-Bacillus activity of the individual plant species. Further in-depth investigations into the potential utilization of the two plants for useful applications in managing and control of Bacillus sp., will help pave the way towards their valorization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The Syzygium samarangense (Blume) Merr & Perry was first introduced in Taiwan and is now grown in Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand and a few humid regions in India. • The major phytochemicals present in the fruit are arjunolic acid, chalcones, flavones, jamboline, and vescalgin. • Syzygium samarangense exhibits pharmacological properties like anticancerous, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antioxidant properties, and CNS depressant activities. • The value added products like jams, jellies, candies, juice, wine and vinegar can be obtained from the fruit. • This underutilised fruit with its promising therapeutic properties and industrial applications has a potential to become a commercially important fruit and improve the economic status of the country. Syzygium samarangense (Blume) Merr & Perry is a tropical evergreen fruit tree from the family Myrtaceae majorly cultivated in South East Asia. The crispy and juicy fruits are highly nutritious and range from deep red to white color. This underutilized fruit is eaten raw or used in making jams, jelly, juice, salad, wine making and also used in garnishing. The cultivation of this fruit has been extended to a larger area with the improvement of technology. The fruit is rich in secondary metabolites like alkaloids, terpenes, and, tannins; minerals like calcium, copper, chlorine, iron, manganese, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, zinc, and vitamins such as niacin, riboflavin, thiamin, and vitamin C. The bark, fruit, and flower have pharmacological properties such as antibacterial, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammation, anti mutation, antinociceptive activity, antioxidation activities, antiulcerogenic effect, and wound healing activity. The present review discusses the biology, the improved varieties of fruit, and geographic distribution of S samarangense , the cultivation and harvesting practices, pharmacological activities, the industrial applications, and the economic importance of fruit. The review also emphasizes the future outlook and strategies that can be adopted to transform this underutilized fruit into a fruit of commercial importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Andrographis paniculata (AP) and Syzygium cumini (SC) are known for their antihyperglycemic effects. However, the combined effects of these plants have not yet been assessed. This study evaluated the oral acute toxicity and in vivo antihyperglycemic effects of the extract combining AP and SC (SCAP) in rats with high-fat diet- and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. Thirteen female DDY mice for toxicity test were divided into three groups and orally administered one dose SCAP (0, 300, or 2000 mg/kg). On day 15, animals were euthanized, their internal organs were observed, and blood samples were collected for clinical biochemistry analyses. In vivo antihyperglycemic activity was examined in male Sprague-Dawley rats-induced diabetes. Diabetic rats were assigned to once-daily oral treatment with metformin, AP, SC or SCAP for 1 week. Concerning toxicity, SCAP had no effects on liver and kidney and histology of these organs displayed no abnormalities. Blood glucose levels had a tendency to reduce in treatment groups compared with the findings in the diabetic control group. SCAP treatment protected rats against pancreatic damage. These results illustrated that the combined SCAP treatment had beneficial effects on blood glucose levels and pancreatic β-cell function, in rats-induced diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sugariness is one of the most important indicators to measure the quality of Syzygium samarangense, which is also known as the wax apple. In general, farmers used to measure sugariness by testing the extracted juice of the wax apple products. Such a destructive way to measure sugariness is not only labor-consuming but also wasting products. Therefore, non-destructive and quick techniques for measuring sugariness would be significant for wax apple supply chains. Traditionally, the non-destructive method to predict the sugariness or the other indicators of the fruits was based on the reflectance spectra or Hyperspectral Images (HSIs) using linear regression such as Multi-Linear Regression (MLR), Principal Component Regression (PCR), and Partial Least Square Regression (PLSR), etc. However, these regression methods are usually too simple to precisely estimate the complicated mapping between the reflectance spectra or HSIs and the sugariness. This study presents the deep learning methods for sugariness prediction using the reflectance spectra or HSIs from the bottom of the wax apple. A non-destructive imaging system fabricated with two spectrum sensors and light sources is implemented to acquire the visible and infrared lights with a range of wavelengths. In particular, a specialized Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) with hyperspectral imaging is proposed by investigating the effect of different wavelength bands for sugariness prediction. Rather than extracting spatial features, the proposed CNN model was designed to extract spectral features of HSIs. In the experiments, the ground-truth value of sugariness is obtained from a commercial refractometer. The experimental results show that using the whole band range between 400 and 1700 nm achieves the best performance in terms of °Brix error. CNN models attain the °Brix error of ± 0.552, smaller than ± 0.597 using Feedforward Neural Network (FNN). Significantly, the CNN's test results show that the minor error in the interval 0 to 10°Brix and 10 to 11°Brix are ± 0.551 and ± 0.408, these results indicate that the model would have the capability to predict if sugariness is below 10°Brix or not, which would be similar to the human tongue. These results are much better than ± 1.441 and ± 1.379 by using PCR and PLSR, respectively. Moreover, this study provides the test error in each °Brix interval within one Brix, and the results show that the test error is varied considerably within different °Brix intervals, especially on PCR and PLSR. On the other hand, FNN and CNN obtain robust results in terms of test error. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LC-HR-MS-coupled metabolic profiling of the methanol extracts from different parts of Syzygium cumini (L.), which was extensively identified via DNA fingerprinting, led to dereplication of 24 compounds. Cytotoxic investigation highlighted both extracts as the most potent, against both MCF-7 and MDA-231 Cell lines, with IC50 value of 5.86 ± 0.63 µg/ml and against HCT −116 cell line, with IC50 value of 1.24 ± 0.09 µg/ml, respectively. A molecular docking study was performed on the dereplicated compounds, which highlighted myricetin-3-glucoside (7), myricitrin (12), reynoutrin (15) and quercitrin (16) as the top scoring ligands within the protein active site (FIH-1). Interestingly, the extracts were significant against streptozotocin-induced diabetes in the order of flowers > seeds > leaves with BGL level of 98.9 ± 4.3, 123.2 ± 4.9 and 132.8 ± 5.9 mg/dl, respectively. The study highlights the health benefits of Syzygium cumini (L.) as a promising cytotoxic source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the difficulties for rapid biodiversity assessments in understudied regions, DNA barcoding appears as a suitable alternative. Still, this approach relies heavily on accurate reference sequence databases for correct taxonomic assignments. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of matK, rbcL, and ITS regions for the identification of Myrtaceae species with emphasis on the megadiverse genus Syzygium from Sumatra, Indonesia; and analyzed the applicability of species-tree inference for species assignment using barcode markers. ITS was the most variable barcode region (42.6% of variable sites), followed by matK (25.7%), and rbcL (14.9%). In terms of assignments of sequences using the BLAST algorithm, all markers were effective for genus-level attribution. For assignments at species rank, rbcL was able to attribute 30.15% of the samples at the species level, followed by matK (26.47%), and ITS (17.21%). These results are largely related to the availability of reference sequences for Myrtaceae in the databases since for the 27 species analyzed in this study, only 8 species had reference sequences for all three barcode regions available in GenBank. The species-tree inference based on the combination of matK, rbcL, and ITS markers recovered 41% of the species as monophyletic clades with strong node support. Due to its high level of differentiation, we recommend the ITS region as the most efficient barcode marker for the identification of Syzygium, and the traditional core-barcodes (matK + rbcL) as add-on barcodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although most of the species of I Syzygium i are important sources of essential oils, no information is yet available with regard to the quantitative and qualitative estimation and biological activities of the leaf essential oil of I Syzygium schmidii i . The yield of essential oil was higher than that of I Syzygium caryophyllatum i [[13]], I S. kanarense i [[14]], I S. grande i , I S. sterrophyllum i [[7]], I S. myrtifolium i [[15]] but lower than that of I S. cumini i [[16]] and I S. guianense i [[8]]. The leaf essential oil of I S. schmidii i is principally composed of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (60.55%), followed by monoterpene hydrocarbons (28.81%), oxygenated sesquiterpenes (2.78%), oxygenated monoterpenes (0.45%), and others (0.86%). [Extracted from the article]

Medicinal plants have been used since ancient times for human healthcare as drugs, spices, and food additives. The progress in technology and medicine observed, the last decades, has improved the quality of life and healthcare but with worrisome drawbacks. Side effects caused by synthetic drugs for instance originate sometimes irreversible health disorders. Natural substances, in contrast, are biologically and environmentally friendly. Syzygium jambos L. (Alston) also known as rose apple conveys a long history as essential traditional medicine with a broad spectrum of application in various cultures. The plant discloses a diverse group of secondary metabolites and extracts that displayed major susceptibilities towards various health concerns especially stress-related and inflammatory diseases. Despite a rich literature about the plant, the chemistry and biology of S. jambos have not been comprehensively reviewed yet. Accordingly, we present herein a literature survey of rose apple which aims to draw the chemical identity of the plant and establish a consistent discussion on the respective biological application of plant extracts and their corresponding traditional uses. The present work could provide a scientific basis for future studies and necessary information for further investigations of new drug discovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: The therapeutic value of Syzygium cumini (S. cumini) has been documented in traditional medicine for the treatment of many diseases and ailments. Various preparations of this plant have been made and used especially for liver inflammatory conditions in livestock. Further, many liver diseases in humans are inflammatory conditions, which are caused by alcohol intake. This study sought to examine the effect of S. cumini on ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar albino rats. Methods: Twenty-five rats were divided into five groups of five rats each. The first group was control and the other four were administered ethanol at varying doses to induce liver and kidney damages. Two doses of the S. cumini extract were administered at a concentration of 200 mg/kg or 400 mg/kg. Silymarin was administered to the last group at 10 mg/kg. The liver and kidney tissue samples were collected and preserved for histological analyses and the rat sera were analyzed for the associated biochemical biomarkers. Results: Histopathological analyses revealed pyknotic nuclei and distortion in the arrangement of the hepatocytes in extract-treated groups. The kidney tissue samples showed signs of interstitial bleeding and aggregation of lymphocytes in the peri-glomerular areas. The analyses of the biochemical parameters revealed that there were significant increases in the aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), Urea and creatinine in the sera of the groups treated with the extract compared to those of the controls (P<0.05). Conclusion: The S. cumini extract caused elevation of serum hepatic and renal biomarkers at 400 mg/kg and did not have a hepatoprotective effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Syzygium caryophyllatum, widely known as wild black plum, belongs to Myrtaceae. The tender leaves of Syzygium caryophyllatum are commonly used by folklore practitioners, particularly for stomatitis, diarrhea, blood-mucous stools, wounds, and ulcers. The plant contains numerous bioactive constituents like terpenoids, carotenoids, flavonoids, coumarins, saponins, glycosides, amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, lipids in significant amounts. The plant has reported anti-microbial effects, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anticancer activities. The present review describes the botanical aspects, phytochemical constituents, pharmacological actions of Syzygium caryophyllatum to authenticate its use as a multipurpose medicinal herb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to use the raw extract of jambolão (Syzygium cumini L.) and potassium sorbate as antimicrobial components in cellulose acetate films and evaluate their potential for application as active packaging for sugar-free banana preserve. The films were prepared using the casting method and evaluated for thickness and inhibition potential. The efficiency of the films as active packaging, in situ, was evaluated through the enumeration of aerobic mesophiles and mold and yeast over 36 days of storage of banana preserves. Furthermore, in order to analyze the fungicidal effect of the films against banana preserve with an initial load of microorganisms, mold and yeast were counted for 25 days of storage. The results showed that the incorporation of crude jambolão extract increased the film thickness, and its inhibition potential was similar to the film with incorporated potassium sorbate. Furthermore, the film with crude jambolão extract reduced mold and yeast growth by up to 1 log cycle over 36 days of storage. Furthermore, the use of the film with potassium sorbate promoted the same effect as this preservative added directly to the fruit preserve and proved to be efficient even with relevant initial contamination. Thus, the use of these active packagings presents an opportunity for industries as they reduce health risks and improve the safety and quality of preserves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new rainforest tree species of the myrtle family (Myrtaceae), Syzygium nusatenggaraense Sunarti & Y.W.Low is described here based on two collections from the Lesser Sunda Islands. This species is superficially similar to Syzygium arcanum P.S.Ashton, a Bornean endemic tree species, but differs in a suite of morphological characters and geographic distribution. The new species is illustrated, and description is here given. Satu spesies pohon hutan hujan baru dari suku jambu-jambuan atau Myrtaceae, Syzygium nusatenggaraense Sunarti & Y.W.Low diterbitkan disini berdasarkan kepada dua koleksi dari Kepulauan Nusa Tenggara. Spesies ini mirip dengan satu spesies pohon endemik Borneo Syzygium arcanum P.S.Ashton, tetapi berbeda dalam rangkaian karakter morfologi dan distribusi geografisnya. Spesies baru tersebut diilustrasikan dan deskripsi diberikan di sini. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the total anthocyanin content and IC50 value) of antioxidants from the ethanol extract of Lobi-lobi (Flacourtia Inermisand Jamblang (Syzygium Cuini L Skeel) fruit which were analyzed using the DPPH method. by UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The research was conducted at the Environmental Laboratory of the Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Khairun University. The results showed that the anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity of the lobi and jamblang fruit were analyzed using the Differences in pH and DPPH methods. For lobbies anthocyanin levels are 17.99 mg/L and 4.62 mg/L. Meanwhile, for IC50 antioxidants from fruit lobbies, 50.01 g/L was obtained, for jamblang it was 91,113 g/L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Syzygium cumini L., Indian blackberry, popularly known as 'jamun', is an extremely perishable fruit with high antioxidant, nutritive and medicinal values. The present study investigated the efficacy of biosurfactant alone and/or in combination with gum ghatti and xanthan gum as edible coating to enhance shelf life and quality of jamun fruit. Coating treatments included 3% gum ghatti (T1), 0.1% xanthan gum (T2), 2% biosurfactant (T3), 3% gum ghatti and 2% biosurfactant (T4), and 0.1% xanthan gum and 2% biosurfactant (T5). Fruit quality was checked at regular intervals by evaluating physiochemical parameters and enzyme assays. The coating treatments reduced weight loss and decay percentage of jamun compared to the control. The increase of total soluble solid concentration was less in fruits treated with gum ghatti ans well as xanthan gum and biosurfactant than in the control. Moreover, sugar (glucose, fructose and sucrose) concentration was lower in treated fruit, especially, in the treatment with biosurfactant alone and in combination with gum ghatti. Concentration of phenolic substances increased in fruit treated with biosurfactant and in combination with xanthan gum. Concentration of ascorbic acid remained unchanged in fruit coated with biosurfactant. Activity of cell wall degrading enzymes was reduced in biosurfactant-treated fruit throughout the storage period. Conclusively, biosurfactant can be used as a promising edible coating, as it delays metabolic changes, maintains firmness and quality of jamun, and therefore increases the shelf life of jamun during postharvest storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water purification by eco-friendly and cost-effective method is a challenge for scientists in the current era. The present study reports a facile and cost-effective green synthesis method of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) from leaves extract of Syzygium cumini plant. UV–visible spectroscopy verified the synthesis of nano-catalyst ZnO-NPs. X-ray diffraction technique and scanning electron microscopy explored the formation of pure crystalline hexagonal and spherical NPs. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis ascertains the existence of flavonoids, phenolic acids, enzymes and steroids in leaves extract of S. cumini to reduce zinc slat into ions during synthesis and hence capping of the NPs. The ZnO-NPs were analysed for seed germination activity which showed enhancement in seed germination of Pennisetum glaucum seeds. The synthesised NPs were likewise utilised as nano-catalyst for degradation and removal of Rhodamine B (RhB) dye. Moreover, the effect of light irradiation time, temperature and pH was also investigated for optimisation of best conditions for degradation of dye. The green synthesised ZnO-NPs showed 98% degradation of RhB dye and purified the dye polluted water and, therefore, is an emerging catalyst for dye degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study focused on evaluating the influence of ultrasonic-assisted pasteurization (UAP) on the quality and shelf stability of jambul squash. Squash was analyzed for physicochemical characteristics during a storage period of 4 months. There was a significant effect (p <.05) of storage period on the acidity, DPPH radical scavenging activity, and flavonoids of jambul squash with a significant increase in acidity and DPPH radical scavenging activity and decrease in flavonoids with the corresponding increases in sonication time and pasteurization temperature during storage. The microbial content of jambul squash during storage remained lower than untreated samples. Microstructure evaluation of jambul squash showed de-shaped middle lamella and cell wall after UAP treatment. Outcomes of the current study revealed that squash samples with increased sonication time and pasteurization temperature had less microbial content than untreated samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to profile and quantify sugars and organic acids metabolites in carambola, June plum and otaheite fruits during three different “on tree” stages: immature, green­mature and ripe stages. Metabolites were profiled and quantified by gas chromatography­mass spectrometry (GC-­MS). Results showed that glucose, fructose, galactose, arabinose, and the sugar alcohol myo­inositol were detected in all fruits, while sucrose was detected in carambola and June plum only. Organic acids identified in all fruits were malic acid, citric acid, propanoic acid, and acetic acid. Comparatively, June plum showed the highest content of total sugars and carambola the lowest, while the highest total in organic acids content was found in otaheite and the lowest in carambola. On the other hand, most sugars increased during ripening of the three fruits, while organic acids decreased. Total sugars increased by 37%, 8% and 46% in ripe carambola, June plum and otaheite, respectively. Total organic acids decreased by 20% and 49% in ripe carambola and otaheite, while they slightly increased by 3% in ripe June plum. Furthermore, sugars/organic acids ratio in all fruits increased during maturation and ripening stages. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed two main groups of highly scoring metabolites, while the hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) showed that the metabolites were grouped into three main clusters. Conclusively, results showed that glucose, fructose, malic acid and tartaric acids were the key marker metabolites of the maturation and ripening stages of the three fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Biology is the property of Instituto Internacional de Ecologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aim of this project is to develop oral thin films of Syzygium cumini seed powder. Though there were chewable tablets of Syzygium cumini reported in the literature, it has been chosen to formulate oral thin films of Syzygium cumini seed powder as they are expected to be more accepted by pediatrics, over the chewable tablets. Because of its high health benefits, these dosage forms have a potential to be nutraceuticals. Various phyto constituents present in the Syzygium cumini seed powder were screened through phytochemical screening. Four different formulations of oral thin films have been developed out of which two were optimized. Oral thin films were formulated with Syzygium cumini as the active ingredient and hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose, sodium alginate, glucose, guar gum, stevia, polyethylene glycol, water and dichloromethane were used as excipients. Different evaluation studies were performed for the oral thin films. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis was performed for the oral thin films to check the interactions between the active ingredients and the excipients. Antibacterial activity of the oral thin films was performed against two different bacterial species viz, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. It is concluded that the developed oral thin films were depicting antibacterial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant Based Natural Products (PBNPs) are the primary source of natural antioxidants capable of neutralizing or eliminating harmful Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). Oxidative stress contributes not only to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) but also to diabetic related vascular complications by lipid peroxidation. Oxidation induced DNA and protein damage leads to development of vascular complications like coronary heart disease, CVD, stroke, neuropathy, retinopathy, nephropathy, CKD, and other long term complications associated with diabetics. Likewise Multidrug resistance (MDR) is one of the major clinical challenges in cancer treatment and compromises the effectiveness of conventional anticancer chemotherapeutics. P-glycoprotein (P-gp) has been characterized as a major mechanism of MDR. Ellagic acid (EA) is a bioactive secondary metabolite widely distributed in vegetables and fruits (Strawberry, Grapes, Blackberry, Raspberry, Plums etc.) Chemically, EA is 2,3,7,8-tetrahydroxychromeno [5,4, -cde] chromene-5, 10-dione, a heterotetracyclic dimer of Gallic Acid (GA) molecules formed by oxidative aromatic coupling involving intramolecular lactonization. EA is associated with pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, cardio-protective, antioxidant, anti-mutagenic, multidrug resistance etc. EA has been marketed as a dietary supplement with claimed benefits against cancer, CVD, CKD and other metabolic disorders. However, pharmacological limitation of EA is attributed to its low solubility in water and reduced bioavailability. In the present study, bimolecular potential of EA has been bioprospected in the revised framework of ADMET pharmacoinformatics to further widen its biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current scenario health of people has been greatly incriminated due to heavy metal defilement. Modernization and industrial enterprise are the major cause for the incorporation of heavy metals in the environment. The most precarious heavy metals which are found to impinge water bodies are chromium, mercury, lead, cadmium, and iron etc. Most of the treatment techniques are found to be risk due to the production of secondary pollutant. Such problem can be rectified by the use of natural adsorbents which will reduce the secondary pollutant to large extent. The most efficacious and economic process for the removal of toxic heavy metal is biosorption. Present investigation aims to analyse the effluent water generated from steel plant and remove heavy metals like iron and chromium from it using Syzigium Cumini seed powder as adsorbent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Syzygium is the largest woody genus of flowering plants in the world and one of the most important components of the forest vegetation in Papua New Guinea (PNG). Although the systematics of the genus is improving, a comprehensive appraisal of the environmental features and gradients of its species is still lacking. Our work aims to fill this gap by analyzing the georeferenced specimens collected at the Lae National Herbarium of PNG. A data set of 1,563 records of 131 species was used to assess their altitudinal gradients and the correspondence with the main vegetation types and to model their spatial ecological niche with respect to climatic, topographical, and pedological variables. Several species were found to be widely distributed throughout the region, while other species were restricted to narrow altitudinal belts or only occurred in specific vegetation types. Overall, the genus is also characterized by an increasing altitudinal turnover likely due to topography-driven isolation. The improved knowledge of the ecological requirements of Syzygium assists in the elaboration of effective conservation strategies and improves in situ species identification of this taxonomically difficult group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jamun (Syzygium cuminii Skeels) is an indigenous nutritious medicinal fruit; every part of the tree is utilized by both urban and rural dwellers. The fruit is good source of iron, sugars, minerals, protein, carbohydrate etc. Fully ripe fruits are eaten fresh and can be processed into beverages like jelly, jam, squash, wine, vinegar and pickles. Fruits and powdered seeds are used as an effective medicine against diabetes. It is an underutilized fruit with a wide range of adaptation to varied edapho-climatic conditions. For better utilization and improvement of its genetic resources, there is a need to understand various aspects. Therefore, basic biology, genetic diversity and varietal wealth, systematic phenology, production technologies, propagation, canopy architecture, biotic and abiotic stress management and value-addition have been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was conducted using jamun to assess the physiology of seedless fruit formation. Seedless jamuns have higher content of gibberellic acid (GA3) (0.876 mg g-1) than seeded fruits (0.461 mg g-1) produced in the seedless genotype. Consequently, GA3 at 100 ppm was sprayed over the jamun trees that resulted in 99.5% seedless fruit production, which was higher than the unsprayed control (72.6%). Also, the application of GA3 at 300 ppm resulted in 36.4% seedless fruit formation in the seeded genotype. In corroboration with embryo abortion by GA3, the fruits sprayed with the latter at 100 ppm were analysed for their GA3 content. The results indicated that GA3 content was highest (5.609 mg g-1) in these fruits when compared to control (0.683 mg g-1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthesis of nanomaterials following green routes have drawn much attention in recent years due to the low cost, easy and eco-friendly approaches involved therein. Therefore, the current study is focused towards the synthesis of Fe3O4/α-Fe2O3 nanocomposite using waste pulp of Jamun (Syzygium cumini) and iron nitrate as the precursor of iron in an eco-friendly way. The synthesized Fe3O4/α-Fe2O3 nanocomposite has been extensively characterized through numerous techniques to explore the physicochemical properties, including X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Ultraviolet-Vis spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscope, high resolution transmission electron microscope and vibrating sample magnetometer. Further, efficiency of the Fe3O4/α-Fe2O3 nanocomposite has been evaluated to improve the incubation temperature, thermal/pH stability of the crude cellulase enzymes obtained from the lab isolate fungal strain Cladosporium cladosporioides NS2 via solid state fermentation. It is found that the presence of 0.5% Fe3O4/α-Fe2O3 nanocomposite showed optimum incubation temperature and thermal stability in the long temperature range of 50–60 °C for 15 h along with improved pH stability in the range of pH 3.5–6.0. The presented study may have potential application in bioconversion of waste biomass at high temperature and broad pH range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nine resorcinol derivatives including two new ones, 5-[(8Z,11Z,14Z)-nonadeca−8,11,14-trienyl] resorcinol (1) and 5-[(8Z,11Z,14E)-heptadeca-8,11,14-trienyl] resorcinol (2), were isolated from the leaves of Syzygium samarangense. The new structures were elucidated by means of extensive spectroscopic techniques including interpretation of 1D and 2D NMR spectra. Among them, compounds 3, 4, 6 and 7 exhibited significant α-glucosidase inhibitory activities with IC50 of 3.16, 3.16, 2.34 and 0.99 µM, respectively. This finding provides evidence that resorcinol derivatives with long aliphatic chain function as new promising antidiabetic alternatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Jamun is a medicinal plant used for the cure of ulcer, diabetes mellitus, diuretic and hepatoprotective. • The crude extracts and fractions shows significant urease inhibitory activity. • The crude extracts and fractions show potent α-glucosidase inhibitory potential. • The crude extracts and fractions show excellent phosphodiesterase inhibitory effects. Syzygium cumini L. (Jamun) is a Pakistani indigenous plant, which exhibits various diseases biological activities including antidiabetic, antiulcer, hepatoprotective, and even diuretic. The present work was carried out to provide a scientific justification to its use in folk medicine. In the current research work, the crude methanol extract and subsequent fractions of S. cumini fruits were subjected to phytochemical studies, along with urease, α-glucosidase, and phosphodiesterase inhibition profiling. Results showed that the plant is a rich source of various classes of compounds such as alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, phenols, glycosides, saponins, and tannins. In addition, results indicated that the crude extract and fractions significantly inhibit the aforementioned enzymes at tested concentrations. The observed urease inhibitory activity (IC 50 values) of methanol, ethyl acetate, n -butanol, and chloroform were 10.17 ± 1.00, 7.09 ± 2.00, 8.32 ± 1.76, and 12.23 ± 1.09 µg, respectively. Similarly, the crude methanol extract, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and n -butanol factions exhibited significant α-glucosidase inhibitory potential with IC 50 values of 129.98 ± 1.23, 702.74 ± 1.65, 430.21 ± 1.98, and 650.11 ± 1 0.00 µg, respectively, as compared to the standard. On the other hand, the ethyl acetate and n -butanol factions showed excellent phosphodiesterase inhibitory effect with IC 50 values of 270.77 ± 1.98 and 87.09 µg, respectively. The antagonistic effect of these samples is attributed to the presence of different phytochemicals. Moreover, the inhibition of these enzymes provided a sound scientific backup to the mentioned folklores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biodegradable and naturally available waste Syzygium cumini particulates filled E‐glass fiber laminate‐reinforced composites were fabricated with different weight percentages. The present work is to develop a new composite from huge waste of S. cumini seeds. The two different combinations of composites with different concentration (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 wt%) of reinforcement were fabricated through open layup molding techniques. Functional groups, X‐ray diffraction, surface morphology, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulphur (CHNS) elemental analysis, and mechanical characteristics (tensile, flexural strength, and hardness) of fabricated composites were evaluated. The maximum tensile strength, flexural strength, and maximum Shore D hardness of the composite were found to be 14.04 ± 0.5 MPa, 1603 ± 0.5 MPa, and 92 ± 0.5 SHN, respectively. By incorporating E‐glass fiber laminate on both sides of the S. cumini particulates filled epoxy composite enhanced mechanical properties compared with S. cumini particulates filled epoxy composites. The results showed that these composites can be utilized as panels for low strength applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]