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El objetivo es determinar la efectividad antiinflamatoria del eugenol frente al croton lechleri en el tratamiento de la estomatitis aftosa recurrente. Se trata de un estudio experimental donde fueron incluidos 60 muestras, divididas en tres grupos de estudio (G.E): G.E. 1 (croton lechleri), con 20 sujetos; G.E. 2 (eugenol), con 20 sujetos; y el grupo control (G.C), con otros 20 sujetos. Se evaluaron las características clínicas, el dolor, el eritema, el tiempo de cicatrización; así como el recuento de los leucocitos y la proteína Creactiva, antes y dos días después de la aplicación del tratamiento. Se utilizó la prueba t de Student, la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis y la U de MannWhitney. Las aftas menores presentaron mayor frecuencia, con el 93,3 %; la forma redonda predominó en los sujetos estudiados, con un 63,3 %; con un 28,3 % en varias localizaciones; seguidas de la lengua, con el 25 %, y la mucosa labial, con el 16,7 %. El dolor cesó al 100 % en los pacientes al segundo día de aplicado el eugenol, el eritema al tercer día y la cicatrización culminó al cuarto día. Con el uso del croton lechleri, al tercer día cesó el dolor y eritema, culminando el proceso de cicatrización. Los resultados del presente estudio demuestran que tanto la aplicación tópica de croton lechleri, como la del eugenol, son efectivos en el tratamiento de la estomatitis aftosa recurrente.

Background Pregnant women, healthcare workers (HW), and adults >= 60 years have shown an increased vulnerability to seasonal influenza virus infections and/or complications. In 2012, the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) initiated a national influenza vaccination program for these target groups. A cost-effectiveness evaluation of this program was undertaken to inform program sustainability. Methods We designed a decision-analytical model and collected influenza-related medical resource utilization and cost data, including indirect costs. Model inputs were obtained from medical record abstraction, interviews of patients and staff at hospitals in the national influenza sentinel surveillance system and/or from literature reviews. We compared the annual disease and economic impact of influenza illnesses in each of the target groups in Lao PDR under scenarios of no vaccination and vaccination, and then estimated the cost-effectiveness of the vaccination program. We performed sensitivity analyses to identify influential variables. Results Overall, the vaccination of pregnant women, HWs, and adults >= 60 years could annually save 11,474 doctor visits, 1,961 days of hospitalizations, 43,027 days of work, and 1,416 life-years due to laboratory-confirmed influenza illness. After comparing the total vaccination program costs of 23.4 billion Kip, to the 18.4 billion Kip saved through vaccination, we estimated the vaccination program to incur a net cost of five billion Kip (599,391 USD) annually. The incremental cost per life-year saved (ICER) was 44 million Kip (5,295 USD) and 6.9 million Kip (825 USD) for pregnant women and adults >= 60 years, respectively. However, vaccinating HWs provided societal cost-savings, returning 2.88 Kip for every single Kip invested. Influenza vaccine effectiveness, attack rate and illness duration were the most influential variables to the model. Conclusion Providing influenza vaccination to HWs in Lao PDR is cost-saving while vaccinating pregnant women and adults >= 60 is cost-effective and highly cost-effective, respectively, per WHO standards.

In today's era of Internet of Things (IoT), where massive amounts of data are produced by IoT and other devices, edge computing has emerged as a prominent paradigm for low-latency data processing. However, applications may have diverse latency requirements: certain latency-sensitive processing operations may need to be performed at the edge, while delay-tolerant operations can be performed on the cloud, without occupying the potentially limited edge computing resources. To achieve that, we envision an environment where computing resources are distributed across edge and cloud offerings. In this paper, we present the design of CLEDGE (CLoud + EDGE), an information-centric hybrid cloud-edge framework, aiming to maximize the on-time completion of computational tasks offloaded by applications with diverse latency requirements. The design of CLEDGE is motivated by the networking challenges that mixed reality researchers face. Our evaluation demonstrates that CLEDGE can complete on-time more than 90% of offloaded tasks with modest overheads., This paper has been accepted for publication by the 46th IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN)

Background: Zygomatic implants have been described as a therapeutic alternative for patients with severe maxillary atrophy in order to avoid bone augmentation procedures. Taking that into account, in these treatments, the key factor is the position of the implant, the virtual surgical planning (VSP) is widespread among most clinicians before surgery on the patient. However, there are no studies which evaluate the clinical relevance of these VSP. The aim of this study is to determine whether digital planning on zygomatic implants has any influence on the implant dimensions and position, even when performing conventional surgery afterwards. Results: Fourteen zygomatic implants were placed in four patients. Pre-operative and post-operative helicoidal computed tomography were performed to each patient to allow the comparison between the digital planning and the final position of implants. Tridimensional deviation (TD), mesio-distal deviation (MDD), bucco-palatine deviation (BPD), and apico-coronal deviation (ACD) were evaluated as well as angular deviation (AD). Significative differences in apical TD were observed with a mean of 6.114 ± 4.28 mm (p < 0.05). Regarding implant position, only implants placed in the area of the first right molar reported significant differences (p < 0.05) for ACD. Also, implant length larger than 45 mm showed BPD significative differences (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Zygomatic implant surgery is a complex surgical procedure, and although VSP is a useful tool which helps the clinician determine the number and the length of zygomatic implants as well as its proper position, surgical experience is still mandatory., peer-reviewed

In this work, improvements to the vector control loops of a double fed induction generator (DFIG) are discussed, the first is the addition of anti-windup algorithms at the speed controller, which allows to limit the torque and its associated currents, without losing controllability of the system while reducing mechanical stress at the shaft when performing speed changes in systems with high moment of inertia. The second improvement intends to mitigate the effects produced by unbalanced grid voltages, where the machine currents and torque are strongly impacted by such unbalance. When analyzed at the synchronous reference frame (dq) the unbalance appears as a ripple with a frequency of 2ω s , such imbalance can be mitigated by adding resonant controllers at the (dq) components of the current control loops of a vector control scheme. The control of the DFIG is realized by connecting a drive to the rotor side, instead of the stator, this work presents the results when these controllers are used in the DFIG. A simplified PI+Resonant control structure is included, as well the tunning methods.

A super-twisting algorithm is proposed in this paper for wind energy conversion systems. This algorithm is designed to be robust against the dead-time distortion that commonly affects a permanent magnet synchronous generator. The super-twisting algorithm is compared against conventional vector control based on PI controllers to demonstrate its advantages. Simulations carried out in MATLAB and experimental results are presented, where: the generator drive is switched at 30 kHz, the control system is sampled at 60 kHz, and a dead-time equal to 4 μs is used. The generator current distortion is reduced from 9.9 % to 0.74 % in simulation and from 22.79 % to 1.23 % experimentally, showing the proposed super-twisting algorithm excellent performance.

In this work, the implementation of a sliding mode controller (SMC) on the current loops of a double fed induction generator (DFIG) is discussed, this improvement intends to mitigate the effects produced by unbalanced grid voltages, where the stator currents as well as the torque are strongly impacted by such unbalance. When analyzed at the synchronous reference frame (dq) the unbalance appears as a ripple with a frequency of 2ωs, such imbalance can be mitigated by implementing a sliding mode controller at the (dq) components of the rotor current control loops, of a vector control scheme. The system is also aimed to reduce the distortion in the stator currents produced by grid voltages polluted with harmonics. The use of a SMC provides the current controller with a high speed response that allows it to perform a precise tracking of the rotor current references, this is done by controlling the rotor side currents, where the cancelation can be applied from the rotor side, and its effects are observed on the stator side currents.

A robust super-twisting algorithm for harmonic perturbation rejection in permanent magnet synchronous motors is proposed in this paper. The algorithm design is related with the back electromotive force harmonics affecting the motor. Thus, robust performance is achieved under these perturbations. The proposed algorithm is compared against proportional integral control to demonstrate its advantages. Simulations in MATLAB and experimental results are presented. The stator current quality improvement is demonstrated experimentally by reducing the THD from 8.28 0/0, obtained with proportional-integral control, to 0.88 % by using the proposed algorithm. In simulations the reduction is from 19.93 % to 0.68 % THD. All the results show the excellent performance of the proposed algorithm.

Objective Evaluate and model the advantage of a situation awareness (SA) supported by an augmented reality (AR) display for the ground-based joint terminal attack Controller (JTAC), in judging and describing the spatial relations between objects in a hostile zone. Background The accurate world-referenced description of relative locations of surface objects, when viewed from an oblique slant angle (aircraft, observation post) is hindered by (1) the compression of the visual scene, amplified at a lower slang angle, (2) the need for mental rotation, when viewed from a non-northerly orientation. Approach Participants viewed a virtual reality (VR)-simulated four-object scene from either of two slant angles, at each of four compass orientations, either unaided, or aided by an AR head-mounted display (AR-HMD), depicting the scene from a top-down (avoiding compression) and north-up (avoiding mental rotation) perspective. They described the geographical layout of four objects within the display. Results Compared with the control condition, that condition supported by the north-up SA display shortened the description time, particularly on non-northerly orientations (9 s, 30% benefit), and improved the accuracy of description, particularly for the more compressed scene (lower slant angle), as fit by a simple computational model. Conclusion The SA display provides large, significant benefits to this critical phase of ground-air communications in managing an attack—as predicted by the task analysis of the JTAC. Application Results impact the design of the AR-HMD to support combat ground-air communications and illustrate the magnitude by which basic cognitive principles “scale up” to realistically simulated real-world tasks such as search and rescue.

This study analyzes the air–water flow properties in overflow nappe jets. Data were measured in several cross-sections of rectangular free-falling jets downstream of a sharp-crested weir, with a maximum fall distance of 2.0 m. The flow properties were obtained using a conductivity phase-detection probe. Furthermore, a back-flushing Pitot-Prandtl probe was used in order to obtain the velocity profiles. Five specific flows rates were analyzed, from 0.024 to 0.096 m3/s/m. The measurements of the air–water flow allowed us to characterize the increment of the air entrainment during the fall, affecting the flow characteristic distributions, reducing the non-aerated water inner core, and increasing the lateral spread, thereby leading to changes in the jet thickness. The results showed slight differences between the upper and lower nappe trajectories. The experimental data of the jet thickness related to a local void fraction of 50% seemed to be similar to the jet thickness due only to gravitational effects until the break-up length was reached. The amount of energy tended to remain constant until the falling distance was over 15 times greater than the total energy head over the weir crest, a distance at which the entrained air affected the entire cross-section, and the non-aerated core tended to disappear. The new experiments related with air–water properties in free-falling jets allow us to improve the current knowledge of turbulent rectangular jets.

Carbon-based nanostructures and nanocomposites include a wide range of technological useful materials for applications ranging from advanced electronic to environment pollution remediation. Among them, graphene-derived nanostructures such as fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, graphene, graphene oxide (GO), and reduced-graphene oxide (rGO) are of current interest. These nanostructures have been embedded into inorganic, polymeric matrices to prepare a great variety of nanocomposites, which display unique physicochemical properties. This chapter focuses on graphene-related nanostructures, including graphene oxide, graphite quantum dots, carbon nanotubes, and their composites, which originate from the graphene oxide self-assembly. The synthetical methods and applications of the carbon nanomaterials are also presented.

The penetration of renewable energies in the context of distributed generation represents challenges such as maintaining the reliability and stability of the system and considering the random behavior proper of generation and consumption. In this context, microgrids make it possible to manage effectively the generation and consumption of this energy, incorporating, electronic power converters, energy storage systems, and hierarchical control schemes. This paper presents the modeling, design, and application of controllers for a photovoltaic inverter operating in island mode. For this application, the photovoltaic inverter regulates the inverter output voltage via two control configurations implemented to follow the voltage reference imposed by the scheme droop. The first control scheme is configured with a two-degrees-of-freedom controller plus a repetitive controller. In this configuration, the repetitive controller is implemented in the direct loop. The second scheme is configured with an integral proportional controller—proportional controller plus a resonant controller. This configuration is formed by an integral proportional control in the direct loop plus a resonant controller and a proportional controller in the feedback loop. Both control configurations are implemented to improve the inverter disturbance rejection capability when it feeds both linear and non-linear local loads. In addition, these configurations allow the parallel connection of inverters with good performance, using a droop scheme that allows the parallel connection of converters. The tests are carried out by means of simulations using PSIMTM, which shows that, with the implemented controllers, the total harmonic distortion of the inverter output is below 5%, as recommended by the IEEE 519-1992 standard.

Ultrasound can be used as a feasible method for estimating temperature changes during hyperthermia therapies due to its high capability of tissue penetration and relative ease of signal processing. During hyperthermia therapies, the proportionality constant between echo-shift and temperature is determined by the local change in the speed of sound due to temperature and the linear coefficient of thermal expansion of the material. A model of the interaction of an ultrasonic pulse with the displacement of a muscle tissue scatterer is presented in this work using the Finite Element Method to estimate temperature changes in a non-invasive way. The method is based on quantifying the time-delays of an ultrasonic pulse passing through a section of muscle tissue with ideal characteristics that has a 1 mm diameter glass scatterer inside; this latter is displaced due to the tissue thermal expansion phenomenon that appears as a result of heat application (37- $61^{\circ}C)$ during hyperthermia therapies. A time-delay of 0.913 ns/°C is quantified in this paper by comparing seven ultrasonic signals that represent the scatterer displacement.

Augmented reality headsets have become increasingly consumer-available. Often gesture and speech are the main input modalities provided by these headsets. For some tasks, users may need a more precise input method. Tracked controllers can be added by using image tracking; however, this is not always the most accurate solution. This work outlines how to use off-the-shelf products to create a collaborative cross-device mixed reality experience. In that experience, the positionally tracked inputs from one headset can be used by another headset that may not natively support them.

In order to facilitate the preoperative prediction of complicated appendicitis, we propose a complementary approach by selecting an endpoint defined by the intraoperative finding of peritoneal soiling (PS).Over a 6-month period, 38 centers (5% of all public hospitals) attending emergency general surgery patients on a 24-h, 7-days a week basis, enrolled consecutive adult patients requiring appendectomy. Patients were stratified according to the absence or the finding of PS during the surgical procedure.A total of 2645 patients were included; median age (IQR) was 35 (22-51) years, 44.3% were female. The laparoscopic approach was used in 70.8% of appendectomies. In a third of patients (31.7%), there was PS with pus around the appendix, or bowel contents, free pus, or blood in the peritoneal cavity. To develop the prediction model, 1764 patients were randomly selected for the derivation cohort and the remaining 881 patients were assigned to the validation cohort. On multivariable logistic regression analysis of all patients, two clinical variables (age, and pulse) and three laboratory variables (serum urea, serum sodium, and white blood cell count) were individually associated (P .05) with a greater probability of having PS (Hosmer-Lemeshow chi, 1.63; P = .99; C-statistic, 0.7). Based on the multivariable regression model, both static and dynamic nomograms were developed for the prediction of PS in patients with acute appendicitis.The entry of simple clinical and laboratory variables in the dynamic nomogram may be useful in guiding the initial management of patients with acute appendicitis in resource-limited settings.

Turf-Toe includes a wide variety of traumatic injuries of the metatarsophalangeal joint of the first toe (MTF1). It is a potentially severe injury and there is no consensus for surgical management. The objective of this case report was to describe a patient with traumatic Turf-Toe injury grade III with a sesamoid fracture treated surgically.24-year-old male with motorcycle fall with hyperflexion of the MTF1 joint, presented pain, edema and functional limitation; the radiographs showed soft tissue edema, lateral displacement of lateral sesamoid with fracture. Traumatic Turf-Toe was established. The ultrasound of the MTF1 joint showed breakage of the plantar plate and collateral ligaments. Patient was surgically managed with sesamoid reduction and plantar plate repair; postoperative evolution was satisfactory. At 8 weeks the patient was assessed with the AOFAS forefoot scale, obtaining 82 points, SF-12 with 87% and VAS of two and returned to his daily activities.We describe a patient with traumatic Turf Toe grade III injury, not related to sports practice; first report in the literature of the use of ultrasound in the evaluation of patients with lesion of the metatarso-phalangic joint of the first toe.Turf-Toe incluye una gran variedad de lesiones traumáticas de la articulación metatarsofalángica del primer dedo del pie (MTF1). Es una lesión potencialmente grave y no existe consenso para el manejo quirúrgico. El objetivo de este reporte fue describir el caso de un paciente con lesión Turf-Toe traumática grado III con fractura sesamoidea tratado quirúrgicamente.Masculino de 24 años con caída de motocicleta con hiperflexión de la articulación MTF1 presentó dolor, edema y limitación funcional; las radiografías mostraron edema de tejidos blandos, desplazamiento lateral de sesamoideo lateral con fractura. Se estableció el diagnóstico de Turf-Toe traumático. En el ultrasonido de la articulación MTF1, se demostró rotura de la placa plantar y ligamentos colaterales. Se manejó quirúrgicamente con reducción del sesamoideo y reparación de la placa plantar. La evolución postoperatoria fue satisfactoria; a las ocho semanas el paciente fue valorado con escala AOFAS­ de antepié obteniendo 82 puntos, SF-12 con 87% y EVA de 2 y retornó a sus actividades cotidianas.Describimos un paciente con lesión Turf-Toe traumática grado III, no relacionada con la práctica deportiva. Primer reporte en la literatura del uso del ultrasonido en la evaluación de pacientes con lesión de la articulación metatarso-falángica del primer dedo del pie.

Objective: This is a critical review of published economic analyses on congenital cytomegalovirus infection and strategies for its detection and prevention. Findings: The review identified four cost-of-illness studies and nine cost-effectiveness analyses: three of vaccination of young women, two of prenatal screening, and four of newborn screening. All reported either large economic costs or favorable cost-effectiveness of interventions. However, sensitivity analyses did not address some of the most critical assumptions. Conclusions: Reviewed economic analyses overattributed certain adverse long-term outcomes to congenital cytomegalovirus infection, while other long-term costs were not included. Overall, limited conceptual frameworks, unrepresentative data sources, and unsupported or inadequately documented assumptions regarding outcomes and costs hinder the ability of policymakers to draw conclusions. A major challenge is the limited information on long-term outcomes and costs for representative cohorts of individuals with congenital cytomegalovirus, which further research could helpfully address.

Technology is intertwined in our lives. We can be characters preparing to slay dragons in video games or seek help from approachable virtual service representatives to make medical appointments. In this special issue focused on prevention science in the field of research on intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDDs), readers might be surprised to find an article addressing the use of avatars and agents. These virtual characters provide a friendly interface to represent a computer program. The application of avatars and agents in preventative intervention for children and youth with IDDs is in an early stage of development. However, this technology has the potential to innovate the field. Computerized agents can project human-like emotions. These qualities provide unique behavioral and motivational reinforcement for engagement in agent-administered computer programs. Equally important, agents hold the promise of reducing disparities in access to prevention efforts, as they can be delivered (virtually) anywhere. Accordingly, preventative interventions could reach children with IDDs in rural populations or children with low-incidence IDDs who would not commonly have access to a specifically targeted program. In this review, we first define avatars and agents in more detail and provide a brief history of their evolution for context. We then synthesize the extant research that informs our understanding of how children with IDDs respond and engage with agent-based computer programs. We conclude our review with an appraisal of the methodological approaches used and recommendations for future research efforts.

Background During the COVID-19 pandemic, decreased volumes of stroke admissions and mechanical thrombectomy were reported. The study's objective was to examine whether subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) hospitalisations and ruptured aneurysm coiling interventions demonstrated similar declines. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional, retrospective, observational study across 6 continents, 37 countries and 140 comprehensive stroke centres. Patients with the diagnosis of SAH, aneurysmal SAH, ruptured aneurysm coiling interventions and COVID-19 were identified by prospective aneurysm databases or by International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, codes. The 3-month cumulative volume, monthly volumes for SAH hospitalisations and ruptured aneurysm coiling procedures were compared for the period before (1 year and immediately before) and during the pandemic, defined as 1 March-31 May 2020. The prior 1-year control period (1 March-31 May 2019) was obtained to account for seasonal variation. Findings There was a significant decline in SAH hospitalisations, with 2044 admissions in the 3 months immediately before and 1585 admissions during the pandemic, representing a relative decline of 22.5% (95% CI -24.3% to -20.7%, p

OBJECTIVE: To measure the global impact of COVID-19 pandemic on volumes of IV thrombolysis (IVT), IVT transfers, and stroke hospitalizations over 4 months at the height of the pandemic (March 1 to June 30, 2020) compared with 2 control 4-month periods. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional, observational, retrospective study across 6 continents, 70 countries, and 457 stroke centers. Diagnoses were identified by their ICD-10 codes or classifications in stroke databases. RESULTS: There were 91,373 stroke admissions in the 4 months immediately before compared to 80,894 admissions during the pandemic months, representing an 11.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] -11.7 to -11.3, p < 0.0001) decline. There were 13,334 IVT therapies in the 4 months preceding compared to 11,570 procedures during the pandemic, representing a 13.2% (95% CI -13.8 to -12.7, p < 0.0001) drop. Interfacility IVT transfers decreased from 1,337 to 1,178, or an 11.9% decrease (95% CI -13.7 to -10.3, p = 0.001). Recovery of stroke hospitalization volume (9.5%, 95% CI 9.2-9.8, p < 0.0001) was noted over the 2 later (May, June) vs the 2 earlier (March, April) pandemic months. There was a 1.48% stroke rate across 119,967 COVID-19 hospitalizations. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection was noted in 3.3% (1,722/52,026) of all stroke admissions. CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic was associated with a global decline in the volume of stroke hospitalizations, IVT, and interfacility IVT transfers. Primary stroke centers and centers with higher COVID-19 inpatient volumes experienced steeper declines. Recovery of stroke hospitalization was noted in the later pandemic months. © 2021 American Academy of Neurology.

Survival and growth of Salmonella and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) were investigated in kombucha prepared from four brands of commercially available kombucha kits intended for use by home brewers. Changes in populations of the indigenous microbiota responsible for fermentation of kombucha were also determined. An initial population of Salmonella (6.77 log CFU/mL) decreased to below the detection limit (0.30 log CFU/mL) within 10 days in kombucha prepared from two of the test brands. Populations of 1.85 and 1.20 log CFU/mL were detected in two brands fermented for 14 days. An initial STEC population of 7.02 log CFU/mL decreased to

Background Natriuresis is gaining growing interest in identifying diuretic resistance (DR) patients. However, it has not been proved useful beyond the first day with intravenous (iv) furosemide. Moreover, data regarding urinary chlorine (uCl) or urinary potassium (uK) are scarce. We sought to assess the urine electrolyte pattern in acute heart failure (AHF) outpatients to identify those who will present DR. Methods Single-center prospective registry of outpatients with AHF who need iv furosemide. In visit 1 (V1), baseline spot urine sample was collected. Furosemide iv bolus plus intensification of oral diuretics were performed. In control visit (V2), baseline spot urine sample was collected and congestion data were evaluated. Urine electrolytes were assessed in relation to DR (defined as need of iv furosemide in V2 due to persistent congestion). Results From June to December 2019, 76 patients were included: median age of 75.5 years (68.2–82), glomerular filtration 40 ml/min/1.73m2 (29.2–59.2) and NT-proBNP 3340 ng/L (1296–7044). In V1, DR patients showed higher levels of uK and lower uNa/uK than NDR (p=0.014 and p=0.007, respectively). In V2, after a median of 6 (6–15) days of intensified diuretic treatment, uNa and uCl dropped with adequate decongestion but not in DR patients (p=0.020 and p=0.001, respectively). Thus, DR patients showed in V2 higher uCl and similar uNa than NDR (table). Conclusions After several days of intensified diuretic treatment, uCl and uNa dropped during proper decongestion but not in DR patients, showing higher levels of uCl than NDR. Mantained levels of uCl could help to identify patients with persistent congestion. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: None

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Presented at the GENEA 2020 Workshop, part of IVA'20.

In this work, a method for tuning Proportional Integral plus Resonant controllers (PI+Res) is shown, this method is based in the utilization of a more complete model of the converter, which includes the dynamics of the filters in the signal measurement and conditioning system, as well the time delay introduced by the A/D conversion and the delay produced by the PWM modulation. This controller was implemented on a grid side converter to eliminate the current harmonics produced by the non-linear characteristics of this type of inverters and those produced by the interaction of the inverter with voltage harmonics. The main characteristic of this controller is its implementation on the synchronous reference frame (dq) which allows to compensate the pairs of frequencies $1+6\mathrm{k}$ and $1-6\mathrm{k}$ by each resonant controller.

Even though dead-time prevents shoot-though in grid-tied inverters, it has some drawbacks, such as the harmonic distortion of inverter output voltages. This voltage distortion can spread into the inverter output currents if dead-time effects are not considered by the control system. Rejecting dead-time effects permits to improve the energy quality delivered into the grid by renewable energy conversion systems, which is an important concern. Therefore, to reduce dead-time effects on three-phase grid-tied inverters, a super-twisting sliding mode control algorithm is proposed in this paper. This algorithm has the following advantages: robustness against grid frequency variations, low chattering, and fast dynamics. To highlight these advantages, the proposed algorithm is compared against PI control. Simulation results of a three-phase grid-tied inverter switched at 40 kHz demonstrate how the proposed algorithm maintains the inverter output current TRD at 0.8%, when deadtime is equal to $1 \ \mu\mathrm{s}$ , meeting Std IEEE 1547.

This research establishes a better understanding of the syntax choices in speech interactions and of how speech, gesture, and multimodal gesture and speech interactions are produced by users in unconstrained object manipulation environments using augmented reality. The work presents a multimodal elicitation study conducted with 24 participants. The canonical referents for translation, rotation, and scale were used along with some abstract referents (create, destroy, and select). In this study time windows for gesture and speech multimodal interactions are developed using the start and stop times of gestures and speech as well as the stoke times for gestures. While gestures commonly precede speech by 81 ms we find that the stroke of the gesture is commonly within 10 ms of the start of speech. Indicating that the information content of a gesture and its co-occurring speech are well aligned to each other. Lastly, the trends across the most common proposals for each modality are examined. Showing that the disagreement between proposals is often caused by a variation of hand posture or syntax. Allowing us to present aliasing recommendations to increase the percentage of users' natural interactions captured by future multimodal interactive systems.