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The advocacy for writing in science and STEM‐related fields through reasoning‐based writing, critical thinking and argumentation has been accentuated as a core competence in curriculum documents. In South Africa, the CAPS document for Physical Sciences acknowledged the importance of writing and consequently, call on teachers to engage in teaching language across the curriculum. This study examined the characteristics of writing prompts in three selected samples of textbooks to understand how writing is addressed in the Physical Sciences textbooks. Specifically, the study examined the frequency and characteristics of writing prompts included in the chemistry component of three selected Physical Sciences textbooks for Grade 12 learners. A total of 533 writing prompts were identified and analyzed using a coding scheme adopted for the study. Findings revealed that learners are prompted to write in variety of ways, with prompts that positioned them to explain why, discuss your ideas, explain how and explain what. While the prompts that ask learners to explain why and discuss your ideas were the most frequently coded, the press to write their reasoning with specific features that are inherent in the respective topics were inadequate. The implications for curriculum developers are the need for explicit instructions on the length of writings required, and for authors to develop adaptable guidelines to enable textbook users understand the writing expectations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With thermal fluctuation strongly suppressed, low temperature environment is essential for studies of condensed matter physics and developments of quantum technologies. Ultra-low temperature below 20 mK has demonstrated its importance and significance in physical sciences and information techniques. Dilution refrigeration is by far the best feasible and reliable method to generate and keep lattice temperature in this range. With a potential shortage of helium supply, cryogen-free dilution refrigerator (CFDR), eliminating the necessity of regular helium refill, becomes the main facility for the purpose of creating ultralow temperature environments. Here we describe our successful construction of a CFDR which reached a base temperature of around 10.9 mK for continuous circulation and 8.6 mK for single-shot operation. We describe its operating mechanism and the designs of key components, especially some unique designs including heat switch and alumina thermal link. Possible improvements in the future are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shares findings from a teacher designed physics and computing unit that engaged students in learning physics and computing concurrently thru inquiry. Using scientific inquiry skills and practices, students were tasked with assessing the validity of local rollercoaster g-force ratings as posted to the public. Students used computational electronic textile circuits (e-textiles) to engage in "myth busting" amusement park g-force ratings. In doing so, students engaged computing and computational thinking skills in service to answering their scientific inquiry. Findings from this study indicate that physics classes are ideal spaces for engaging in computing's Big Ideas as laid out by Grover and Pea (Educational Researcher 42, 38–43, 2013) as well as the pillars of computational thinking (Wing, Communications of the ACM 49, 33–35, 2006). However, essential to this dual engagement is a need for computing content to act in service to the better acquisition of physics content within the physics classroom space. Findings indicate that the teachers' use of e-textiles to integrate physics and computing broadened and deepened student learning by providing affordances for computational thinking within the structure of physical science inquiry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seaborne movement underpins frontier research in prehistoric archaeology, including water-crossings in the context of human dispersals, and island colonisation. Yet, it also controls the degree of interaction between locations, which in turn is essential for investigating the properties of maritime networks. The onset of the Holocene (circa 12,000 years ago) is a critical period for understanding the origins of early visitors/inhabitants to the island of Cyprus in the Eastern Mediterranean in connection with the spread of Neolithic cultures in the region. The research undertaken in this work exemplifies the synergies between archaeology, physical sciences and geomatics, towards providing novel insights on the feasibility of drift-induced seaborne movement and the corresponding trip duration between Cyprus and coastal regions on the surrounding mainland. The overarching objective is to support archaeological inquiry regarding the possible origins of these visitors/inhabitants—Anatolia and/or the Levant being two suggested origins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

GLO:65TF/01dec22:wea4331-fig-0002.jpg PHOTO (COLOR): 2 (a) Emission pathways and (b) temperature outcomes for scenarios with 2030 emissions less than 2030 nationally determined contributions (NDCs) (grey) and equal or greater than the assessed NDCs (red) for FaIR simulations. gl Pathways with higher 2030 emissions tend to require more rapid emission cuts post 2030 than those in scenarios with early emission reductions, and on average require net negative emissions to be achieved earlier in the century. Scenarios with 2030 emissions less than the 2030 nationally determined contributions (NDCs) are highlighted using filled triangles and those that are equal to or greater than the assessed NDCs are shown by plus signs. gl Discussion The analyses presented here consider year 2030 emission pledges in the context of available global emission pathways from the SR15 database. One of the COP26 aims was to keep 1.5°C within reach by asking countries to come forward with ambitious year 2030 emission reductions targets to further pursue the necessary action to meet the Paris climate targets. The COP26 emission pledges are approximately in the middle of the range of 2030 emissions considered in the SR15 database and are lower than the pre COP26 Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) for 2030 from IEA (53 GtCO SB 2 sb e, IEA, [16]). [Extracted from the article]

Concentrations of greenhouse gases reached record levels in 2021, and energy continued to accumulate in the climate system with the ocean heat content reaching a new record high. Despite La Niña, annual average sea-surface temperatures in the tropical Pacific were not unusually cold (unusually cold years are defined here as those in the coolest 10% of years observed in the dataset). European and UK climate In the UK, the annual average temperature was nearly 1 degC warmer than the 1961-1990 average (Table 1, Figure 7), but close to the more recent 1991-2020 average. January was the UK's coldest month since March 2013, and 12 February saw a temperature of -23°C recorded at Braemar, the lowest temperature recorded in the UK since 1995. [Extracted from the article]

The article presents a study on the positive legacies of extreme droughts in inner glasslands in Mongolia and their underlying mechanisms. Topics discussed include an increase in annuals as a result of severe droughts, the legacy effects of different levels of precipitation, and the mechanisms explaining the thriving of annuals under drought treatments.

The article presents a study on the role of glacier calving in internal tsunamis and ocean mixing in Antarctica. Topics discussed include the global climatic influence of transformations of Antarctic continental shelf waters, internal tsunami generation and breaking, and the significant implications of the injection of mixing energy at the ocean/ice interface and across the shelf.

The article presents a study on the use of graph neural networks in catalyst screening to predict strain effects on adsorption energy. Topics discussed include the effectiveness of the trained model in predicting the adsorption of energy response for strains in unseen test data, the identification of copper-based alloy catalysts as suitable for strain engineering, and strains that break scaling relations.

Yang I et al. i discovered that VO SB I x i sb doping in a NeFe layer coated on a porous nickel cobalt phosphide (NiCoP) electrocatalyst supported by a titanium mesh would reduce the overpotential for both OER and HER.[12] This modified electrocatalyst could be employed as a low-cost bifunctional catalyst to construct both the positive and negative electrodes in an electroyzer.[12] The doping with VO SB I x i sb made the NeFe surface superhydrophilic. While alkaline and PEM electrolyzers are used for commercial-scale hydrogen production, solid-oxide electrolyzers are in the demonstration/pilot-plant stage. In a two-step cycle, a redox material, typically a binary oxide, is reduced to a metallic or oxygen deficient (non-stoichiometric) state at high temperatures and then exposed to water vapor or carbon dioxide or both where the catalyst gets oxidized with the formation of hydrogen and CO. "Global warming of 1.5 °C to 2 °C will be exceeded during the 21st century unless deep reductions in CO SB 2 sb and other greenhouse gas emissions occur in the coming decades" states the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in its Sixth Assessment Report.[1] In the recent years, IPCC published several reports and presented undisputable evidence associating greenhouse gas accumulation in the atmosphere with global average surface temperature increase and unprecedented changes in the weather patterns and the Earth's ecosystems. [Extracted from the article]

Doxorubicin, a prominent anti-tumor agent obtained mainly for the diagnosis of breast and ovarian cancer, suffers tremendous disservices, such as poor solvency, some harmfulness and clear resistance by other tumor cells to the drug. The integration of doxorubicin with a bio-compatible substrate, such as hyaluronic acid, has been listed among the different systems suggested. In general, linking a bio-active material to a bio-compatible polymer provides various points of concern, such as improved solubilization of drugs, improved modification, specific restriction and regulated discharge. Several medical analyses have confirmed that the characteristics of medical drugs have a nearby connection with their atomic structure. Medication properties can be acquired by considering the atomic structure of relating drugs. The calculation of the topological index of a medication structure empowers researchers to have a superior comprehension of the physical science and bio-organic attributes of drugs. The algebraic polynomials play an important role in the computation of topological descriptor. In this paper, we evaluated M-polynomial and NM-polynomial with graphical representations of the structure of hyaluronic acid-doxorubicin (HAD) and then we have computed some degrees based and neighborhood degrees sum based topological indices from the expression of these polynomials which commonly used to study the pharmaceutical properties of drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise of China as a scientific research superpower has been frequently discussed in media and literature. However, past analyses are usually based on the geographical database and they ignore how the millions of emigrated Chinese students, who are now being considered the major research workforce in many countries, affect their academic outputs. Here we quantitatively analyze the contribution of Chinese scholars in physical science around the globe by their publications in a country's papers from 2010 to 2021 as well as their citations. Contrary to common perception, we find that increasing the number of Chinese scholars does not correlate with the net publication growth or decline in their host countries before the Chinese population exceeds a critical value. On the other hand, increasing Chinese authors in a paper improves its citations. The phenomena, though anomalous, are observed in many subfields of physics across the globe. Our analysis suggests that although Chinese scholars do not change the perceived publication capabilities of many countries but may have reshaped their research culture as well as workforce distributions. The results would be valuable for R&D, higher education, and immigration policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explore how physical science doctoral students navigate their role identities throughout their graduate programme. Physical science doctoral students take on many academic roles in addition to the role of scientist, including researcher, educator, and student. When social expectations of roles become internalized, they become role identities. We examined doctoral students' academic role identities as a complex system to unpack factors that constrain the behavior and define the nature of doctoral students' academic role identities. This multiple case study used open‐ended reflective questions and narrative‐style interviews with eight physical science doctoral students to explore how physical science doctoral students navigate their role identities throughout their graduate programme and the factors that may influence these identities. Responses to the reflective questions and narrative interview transcripts were qualitatively coded and salient themes are drawn through cross‐case analysis. Themes were compared across data sources to further validate the findings. Participants ascribed the most value to researcher and student identities and the least value to an educator identity. Time spent in a role, institutional recognition, advisor relationships, community in graduate school, and interest were factors that participants perceived to influence their role identities, along with the gender identity of women. Implications highlight the ways in which institutions may be able to support doctoral students in graduate school, including increased support for time management, equitable opportunities for authentic research experiences, equitable support in advisor relationships, and the importance of intentionally fostering community within science departments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many methods have been developed for estimating the parameters of biexponential decay signals, which arise throughout magnetic resonance relaxometry (MRR) and the physical sciences. This is an intrinsically ill‐posed problem so that estimates can depend strongly on noise and underlying parameter values. Regularization has proven to be a remarkably efficient procedure for providing more reliable solutions to ill‐posed problems, while, more recently, neural networks have been used for parameter estimation. We re‐address the problem of parameter estimation in biexponential models by introducing a novel form of neural network regularization which we call input layer regularization (ILR). Here, inputs to the neural network are composed of a biexponential decay signal augmented by signals constructed from parameters obtained from a regularized nonlinear least‐squares estimate of the two decay time constants. We find that ILR results in a reduction in the error of time constant estimates on the order of 15%–50% or more, depending on the metric used and signal‐to‐noise level, with greater improvement seen for the time constant of the more rapidly decaying component. ILR is compatible with existing regularization techniques and should be applicable to a wide range of parameter estimation problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

4D-STEM datasets obtained from EMPAD detectors broke the TEM resolution limits of 0.4Å in 2018 [[37]] and 0.25Å in 2021 [[38]] by using electron ptychography. Optical microscopes inspired the first TEM, and since then several new imaging modalities have been implemented, such as electron holography [[6]], Lorentz electron microscopy [[8]], and scanning TEM (STEM) [[9]]. Multidimensional Electron Microscopy Enabled by Detector Advances Electronic detectors have been used for TEM image acquisition since the early nineties. Keywords: electron microscope; edge computer; high-performance computing; 4D STEM; electron detectors EN electron microscope edge computer high-performance computing 4D STEM electron detectors 10 19 10 11/29/22 20221101 NES 221101 Introduction Ernst Ruska built the first transmission electron microscope (TEM) during his doctoral studies, and it celebrates its eightieth anniversary this year [[1]-[3]]. [Extracted from the article]

Assessment of the influence of human activities on recent, current, and future global and regional climate conditions and extremes has advanced sufficiently to provide a reasonable measure of its impact across the globe. The lack of concurrent adaptation of the design base for load bearing structures results mainly from the absence of a clear signal that climate change will have a significant effect on the climate actions that are accounted for in the structural design basis. The recent IPCC assessment of the physical science basis of climate change reports significant advances in observing and projecting changes in weather and climate extremes due to human influences. This provides an opportunity to reassess projections of future climate action conditions. Whilst the IPCC assessment confirms previous indications that, for example extreme wind will respond moderately globally, improvements in understanding and projecting changes show that trends will be overshadowed by uncertainties. The implication is that the design base will need to account for increasing uncertainties as climate actions are projected into the future, over the service life of existing structures, as well as those designed to current standards. The design base consequently in advance need to reflect continuous changes of existing structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To buy equipment, build infrastructure, foster collaborations, and more, scientists are benefitting from—and relying on—private money. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Equating the emissions of Annex 1 developed countries with those of the former Soviet bloc and China equates industrialization linked to the North's historical abrogation of other countries' sovereignty with industrialization meant to resist that abrogation, since the USSR and China took resource-intensive development paths in large measure because of defensive industrialization (Kontorovich, [57]; Kueh, [58]: 708). Sometimes implicitly, sometimes explicitly, these documents suggest modern capitalism has gone awry - prices are "wrong", finance is running rampant (see, for example, UNCTAD, [100]: 27) and democratic institutions and social movements need to re-tame capitalism so that it does not fatally undermine its natural-ecological substrate. It seems reasonable to interpret such irreconcilable contradictions as linked to the inherent impossibility of harnessing forces with fundamentally antagonistic agendas, for example Indigenous peoples fighting for treaty rights and for their unceded land or nations struggling for climate debt reparations against settler-colonial nations and those which benefited from enclosing atmospheric space - often the same states. Clearly, HDR 2020 is uninterested in the perspectives of Indigenous people who are critical of capitalism and colonialism, and therefore such "voices" are not represented in the Report. [Extracted from the article]

The IPCC's scientific assessment of the timing of net‐zero emissions and 2030 emission reduction targets consistent with limiting warming to 1.5°C or 2°C rests on large scenario databases. Updates to this assessment, such as between the IPCC's Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C (SR1.5) of warming and the Sixth Assessment Report (AR6), are the result of intertwined, sometimes opaque, factors. Here we isolate one factor: the Earth System Model emulators used to estimate the global warming implications of scenarios. We show that warming projections using AR6‐calibrated emulators are consistent, to within around 0.1°C, with projections made by the emulators used in SR1.5. The consistency is due to two almost compensating changes: the increase in assessed historical warming between SR1.5 (based on AR5) and AR6, and a reduction in projected warming due to improved agreement between the emulators' response to emissions and the assessment to which it is calibrated. Plain Language Summary: The IPCC's latest physical science report, the Working Group 1 Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report (AR6), was released in August 2021. That report includes an update to the tools used to project the climate outcome of emission scenarios. Here we apply these newly calibrated tools, called earth system model emulators, to the set of scenarios assessed in the IPCC's Special Report on warming of 1.5°C (SR1.5). We find that two compensating changes lead to a remarkable consistency (peak warming projections within 0.1°C) between the projections made by the emulators used in SR1.5 and their descendants used in AR6. First, updates to the historical warming assessment since the SR1.5 (which was based on the IPCC's 2013 physical science report (AR5)) increase future warming projections. However, improved consistency between the emulators and the assessment of the underlying physics, particularly the short‐term warming response to emissions, lowers warming projections by an approximately equivalent amount. Our work reinforces the key messages from the IPCC: limiting warming to around 1.5°C is a great and urgent challenge, and it is up to us to decide whether we pull out all the stops to hold temperatures around 1.5°C or whether we sail on by. Key Points: Emulators used in IPCC Special Report on warming of 1.5°C and Sixth Assessment Report are remarkably consistent, despite their entirely new calibrationsThe consistency is due to two compensating factors: change in assessed historical warming and improvements to emulator calibration methods [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying underlying governing equations and relevant information from high-dimensional observable data has always been a challenge in physical sciences. With the recent advances in sensing technology and available datasets, various machine learning techniques have made it possible to distill underlying mathematical models from sufficiently clean and usable datasets. However, most of these techniques rely on prior knowledge of the system and noise free data obtained by simulation of physical system or by direct measurements of the signals. Hence, the inference obtained by using these techniques is often unreliable to be used in the real world where observed data are noisy and require feature engineering to extract relevant features. In this work, we provide a deep-learning framework that extracts relevant information from real-world videos of highly stochastic systems, with no prior knowledge and distills the underlying governing equation representing the system. We demonstrate this approach on videos of confined multi-agent/particle systems of ants, termites, fishes as well as a simulated confined multi-particle system with elastic collision interactions. Furthermore, we explore how these seemingly diverse systems have predictable underlying behavior. In this study, we have used motion tracking to extract spatial trajectories of individual agents/particles in a system, and by using LSTM VAE we projected these features on to a low-dimensional latent space from which the underlying differential equation representing the data was extracted using SINDy framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organ-on-chip devices (OoCs) provide more nuanced insights into (patho)physiological processes of the human body than static tissue models, and are currently the most promising approach to emulating human (patho)physiology in vitro. OoC designs vary greatly and questions remain as to how to maximize biomimicry and clinical translatability of the in vitro findings. Scaling is critical, yet has largely been ad hoc, consisting in matching one or a few variables between the OoC and the target organ. This has limited the predictive value of OoCs. Here, we propose a systematic approach based on the principle of similitude widely used in the physical sciences, and present three case studies from the recent literature to demonstrate how the approach works. A lung-on-a-chip and a liver-on-a-chip both satisfied important similarity criteria, and therefore yielded results that were in good agreement with clinical data. A gut–liver system failed to satisfy a key criterion of kinematic similarity, and yielded unphysiological pharmacokinetic responses in vitro. The similarity scaling approach promises to improve markedly the design and operation of organ- and human-on-chip devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is based on the annual reports presented by the Head of the Physical Sciences Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences at the General Meetings of the Division in April 2021 and April 2022. It describes some scientific results in physics obtained in 2020–2021 at the research institutions (institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences) under the individual powers of the Russian Academy of Sciences stipulated by the regulations of the Government of the Russian Federation no. 521 dated June 5, 2014, and no. 1652 dated December 24, 2018. The information about the research in different fields of physics carried out at these institutions is summarized briefly and illustrated by examples of some bright scientific breakthroughs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivated by the problem of optimization of force-field systems in physics using large-scale computer simulations, we consider exploration of a deterministic complex multivariate response surface. The objective is to find input combinations that generate output close to some desired or “target” vector. Despite reducing the problem to exploration of the input space with respect to a 1-D loss function, the search is nontrivial and challenging due to infeasible input combinations, high dimensionalities of the input and output space and multiple “desirable” regions in the input space, and the difficulty of emulating the objective function well with a surrogate model. We propose an approach that is based on combining machine learning techniques with smart experimental design ideas to locate multiple good regions in the input space. Note to Practitioners—ReaxFF is a force field that incorporates complex functions with associated inputs in order to describe the inter- and intra-atomic interactions in materials systems. A typical ReaxFF force field consists of hundreds of parameters (inputs) per element type. During the development of a force field for a molecular system of interest, using computer simulations, these parameters are optimized to reproduce hundreds of material properties close to some benchmark reference values. Finding “good” combinations of hundreds of parameters that produce hundreds of reference values close to their gold standards is a challenging problem because there may be several parameter combinations that may be “almost equally good” or “equally desirable.” To add to the complication, several input combinations simply lead to a system crash, not producing any output at all. Standard global optimization methods do not address such a problem. We propose a novel framework that can address this problem. Beyond the ReaxFF optimization, it can be applied to multiobjective optimization in engineering and the physical sciences, where there are unknown constraints and the focus is on obtaining several good points that can serve as alternatives to a single global optimum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses three recent discussion on counterpossible and counterfactuals. It first discusses cases of scientific modeling requiring counterpossible conditionals, second grounding theorists who see metaphysical explanations as structurally similar to causal explanations need counterpossibles to explicate grounding-dependence relations and discussed; and that laws of nature metaphysically supervene and examines how same situation would be under different scientific conditions.

Keywords: bivalve; fisheries; nearshore; semi-quantitative; thermal stress EN bivalve fisheries nearshore semi-quantitative thermal stress 1 7 7 10/06/22 20221001 NES 221001 From 26 to 28 June 2021, an unprecedented atmospheric heatwave coincided with the lowest low tides of the year in the Pacific Northwest (i.e., the region consisting of the northwestern corner of the contiguous United States and southwestern Canada). Butter clams, which often burrow >15 cm deep in sediment and live at lower tidal elevations than other clam species (Dethier, 2006), were less affected by the heatwave than surface-dwelling cockles. Given that all of the bivalve species discussed here were likely reproductive during the heatwave (Anderson et al., 1982), it is possible that high mortality in certain species (e.g., cockles) may manifest itself in reduced adult populations in ~4 years. However, we did observe a range in butter clam condition among sites separated by ~30 km, indicating that local scale factors may also contribute to postheatwave clam condition. [Extracted from the article]

When only higher-confidence net-zero targets are included on top of current policies (case B), global warming is projected to increase to 2.4°C by 2100 (range due to emissions projection uncertainties: 1.7° to 3.0°C) - missing global climate goals by a long way. INSIGHTS Clobal climate policy is undergoing a rite of passage. Global warming projections mirror this uncertainty, with best-estimate emissions leading to a median temperature projection for the year 2100 of 2.6°C, with a range of 1.7° to 3.0°C, depending on how policies are assumed to continue after 2030 (see the figure) (table S6). [Extracted from the article]

Khotkevych willingly changed his profile of education and in 1935, having graduated from the Faculty of Physics and Mechanics, he received a diploma of "physicist-researcher." These works, to a certain extent, reflect the versatility of the scientific interests of V. G. Khotkevych as a materials scientist, a physicist-experimentalist, and an outstanding organizer of Ukrainian physical science. The development of these materials is carried out at the School of Physics founded by V. G. Khotkevych within the V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University (KhNU), where Khotkevych was its first dean. [Extracted from the article]

The absorption of electromagnetic radiation by fluids or solids results in a temperature change, which, in turn, causes a change in volume resulting in the generation of a mechanical wave. When the emitted acoustic waves are recorded, the effect is referred to as a photoacoustic or optoacoustic effect. Many of the modern thermal measurement methods rely on photothermal and photoacoustic effects, including thermoreflectance, Raman scattering, Brillouin light scattering, and thermal radiation. Using two different photothermal techniques, micro-Raman thermometry and scanning thermal microscopy, Massoud I et al. i [6] measured the thermal conductivity of porous silicon, showing that both methods yielded consistent results. [Extracted from the article]

The article focuses on the departure of Asmeret Asefaw Berhe, the director of the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Science, after 22 months, and discusses her initiatives to study climate change effects in cities and her efforts to promote diversity in research.

This article from Physics in Perspective explores the divergent stories that can arise in the history of physics. It begins with physicist N. David Mermin reflecting on his collaboration with Walter Kohn and the disputed amount of time it took to solve a problem. The article then delves into the history of "Hitler's Atomic Bomb" and the different narratives that have been created over the years. The author emphasizes that historical questions are often reevaluated and that historians have different aims and perspectives. The article concludes by stating that the uses of history may not display the markers of progress seen in the physical sciences, but they are still valuable. [Extracted from the article]

A recent article published in SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences titled "The dry-hot feedback between soil moisture and atmosphere and the accelerated global warming" explores the relationship between soil moisture and global warming. The study finds that the interaction between soil moisture and the atmosphere contributes to more than 20% of global land warming in the past 20 years and significantly accelerates the process of global warming. The authors project that this feedback loop will lead to additional warming in the future, with some regions experiencing an increase of more than 2.0°C. The "dry-hot" feedback loop is most pronounced in the dry-wet transition zones, such as North America and Europe, and can lead to extreme climate events and the deterioration of ecosystems and human settlements. [Extracted from the article]

This document is an interview with Calin Dragoi, the first author of a paper titled "The oscillation of mitotic kinase governs cell cycle latches in mammalian cells" published in the Journal of Cell Science. The paper explores the cell cycle and how it can be experimentally perturbed to produce abridged cell cycle variants. The researchers constructed a cell cycle model and used computer simulations to propose a mechanism for the alternation of DNA replication and mitosis. The findings were confirmed in a non-transformed cell line. Calin Dragoi discusses their research, mentors, motivation for pursuing a career in science, and future plans. [Extracted from the article]

This document titled "Highlights from Microscopy and Microanalysis" provides summaries of three articles related to microscopy techniques. The first article discusses the challenges of sample preparation for cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) using primary neuronal cell cultures from Drosophila melanogaster. The authors highlight their efforts to optimize sample preservation and caution practitioners about potential artifacts that could affect biological interpretations. The second article introduces a new imaging technique using a pixelated electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) detector to visualize threading dislocations and surface steps in nitride thin films. The third article presents a versatile and reproducible cryo-sample preparation methodology for atom probe studies, which allows for reliable analysis of sensitive materials specimens at cryogenic temperatures. The authors demonstrate the attachment and preparation of frozen liquids and provide examples of APT results from various materials. [Extracted from the article]

This document is an editorial note from the journal "Radiation Effects & Defects in Solids: Incorporating Plasma Techniques & Plasma Phenomena." The note expresses gratitude to the editorial team members for their contributions and announces the celebration of Professor Anand Pathak's 20 years of contribution to the journal. Professor Pathak is recognized for his ongoing dedication and is described as a Fellow of various prestigious organizations. The note also provides a brief overview of Professor Pathak's academic and professional background, including his research interests and publications. [Extracted from the article]

The inflammation around poorly osseointegrated bioimplant is one of the root causes of its failure. Therefore, the biomedical industry constantly strives for new ways to develop bioactive surfaces in permanent implants to enhance the service life. In this regard, implant surface modification at micro/nanoscales is carried out to enrich substrate with higher engineering attributes and biocompatibility. Considering the complexities of post-processing of implants, this study evaluates the potentiality of an integrated process of implant machining and surface modification, namely, powder-mixed electric discharge machining (PMEDM). Ti6Al4V ELI implant material, as substrate, is machined under two distinct (Si, SiC) mixed additive conditions using a full factorial design of experiments. The surface quality, surface morphology, recast layer depth, surface chemistry, and work hardening have been holistically investigated. The bioactivity analysis of machined surfaces shows more porosity in the case of Si powder particles (200 to 400 nm) compared to SiC (100 to 250 nm). Furthermore, the study optimized the process parameters for minimum roughness and recast layer depth considering 5 g/L powder concentration, 5A pulse current, 50 µs pulse on time for Si, and 100 µs pulse on time for SiC. A comprehensive review of surface features based on process physical science is established, and nanoscale surface topography influencing protein absorption is analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Type-2 fuzzy sets possess higher capability of capturing uncertainties than ordinary fuzzy sets due to the presence of secondary membership degree. As a consequence, type-2 fuzzy set has remarkably progressed as a promising tool for dealing uncertainties in both theoretical as well as practical perspectives of various domains, like engineering, social sciences, arts and humanities, computer sciences, medical sciences, physical sciences, business and management, as well as in other areas. In this paper, a comprehensive literature survey on type-2 fuzzy set theory is presented. With the help of graphical representations, it is elaborately explained how type-2 fuzzy sets are gradually attracting the researchers years after years since its initiation. This article explores on the subject areas on which type-2 fuzzy sets have already established their potentiality to tackle imprecise information. Also, various extensions and developments of type-2 fuzzy sets have been presented in a systematic manner. Finally, future research directions of type-2 fuzzy set theory have been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphite carbon nitride (g- C 3 N 4 ) is well recognized as among the most important products for photocatalytic processes, such as for CO2 elimination, water isolation, water purification and remediation of environment by the processing of organic contaminants, and also have remarkable characteristics includes outstanding properties of optical and good thermal and physiochemical efficiency with broad applications. The calculation of the topological index of a molecular structure empowers researchers to have a superior comprehension of the physical science and bio-organic attributes of the product. The algebraic polynomials play important role for computation of topological descriptor. In this paper, we have evaluated M-polynomial and NM-polynomial with graphical representations for the structure of graphite carbon nitride (g- C 3 N 4 ) and then we have computed some degrees based and neighborhood degrees sum based topological indices from the expression of these polynomials which commonly used to study the pharmaceutical properties of drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The UK's Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council supported a series of meetings in 2021 to develop a roadmap for future research in Quantitative Modelling in Cleaning and Decontamination. Quantitative modelling in this context is the development of numerical and predictive tools, based on scientific principles, which can support design, operation and decision making associated with cleaning and decontamination. The activity involved identifying past and current activities on this topic across a range of different fields, including food and drink, consumer goods, healthcare, pharmaceuticals, nuclear, civil defence and biofilms. Input was received from operators, manufacturing companies, government agencies and researchers. The exercise identified a series of common needs which span sectors, and the challenges which need to be addressed to facilitate transfer of knowledge between sectors and develop the expertise required to tackle new challenges including those posed by sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electromyography (EMG) is a multidisciplinary field that brings together allied health (kinesiology and physical therapy) and the engineering sciences (biomedical and electrical). Since the physical sciences are used in the measurement of a biological process, the presentation of the theoretical foundations of EMG is most conveniently conducted using math and physics. However, given the multidisciplinary nature of EMG, a course will most likely include students from diverse backgrounds, with varying levels of math and physics. This is a pedagogical paper that outlines an approach for teaching foundational concepts in EMG to kinesiologists and physical therapists that uses a combination of analogies, visual descriptions, and qualitative analysis of biophysical concepts to develop an intuitive understanding for those who are new to surface EMG. The approach focuses on muscle fiber action potentials (MFAPs), motor unit action potentials (MUAPs), and compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) because changes in these waveforms are much easier to identify and describe in comparison to the surface EMG interference pattern (IP). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]